In this issue:

Beauty: the Antidote to Death

The Saints of England
The Children of Light
A Souvenir of the Holy Land
and much more . . .

Vol 12, Number 3

March 2009

X
O R T H O D O X E N G L A N D V O L . 1 2 N O . 3
w w w .o rth o d o x e n g la n d .o rg .u k
A Q u a rte rly Jo u rn a l o f E n g lis h O rth o d o x R e a d in g
M a rc h 2 0 0 9
C O N T E N T S
E d ito ria l: B e a u ty th e A n tid o te to D e a th
F ro m

th e H o ly F a th e rs : S t C o lu m b a

.......................................................................... 1

.................................................................................. 2

T h e S a in ts o f E n g la n d 7 . A t th e C ro s s ro a d s
8 . A M ild A u s te rity

...................................................................... 2

T h e C h ild re n o f L ig h t (P a rt 1 ) .......................................................................................... 1 0
T o w a rd s a n O rth o d o x V ie w

o f th e S e c o n d W o rld W a r .................................................... 1 5

Q u e s tio n s a n d A n s w e rs .................................................................................................... 2 0
O p in io n P a g e : E s s e n tia lly o n ly T w o R e lig io n s in th e W o rld .............................................. 2 2
O b itu a ry : T h e P ris o n e r h a s E s c a p e d fro m

th e V illa g e

...................................................... 2 3

A S o u v e n ir o f th e H o ly L a n d ............................................................................................ 2 5

P u
o f
E d
A r
A d
P u

O R T H O
b lis h e d
th e C h u
ito r:
t W o rk :
d re s s:
b lic a tio

D O X E N G
w ith th e b
rc h O u ts id
F

n d a te s :

L A N D
le s s in g o f th e V e ry R e v e r e n d M a r k , A r c h b is h o p o f th e D io c e s e o f G re a t B r ita in a n d Ir e la n d
e R u s s ia .
r A n d re w P h illip s .
Eadmund (Daysign).
S e e k in g s H o u s e , G a r fie ld R o a d , F e lix s to w e , S u ffo lk IP 1 1 7 P U , E n g la n d .
1 S e p te m b e r, 1 D e c e m b e r, 1 M a rc h , 1 Ju n e .

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

E d ito ria l:
B E A U T Y T H E A N T ID O T E T O

s p rin g 2 0 0 8 , in a fe e b le
o ld d e b t, I w e n t to th e c ity
U S A . T h e re I re c e iv e d a b le
th e m o s t b e a u tifu l O rth o d o x c
s e e n . O n ly re c e n tly c o m p le te d
b y th e m a y o r o f th a t g re a t c ity
b u ild in g in h is m e tro p o lis .

a tte m
o f R
s s in g
h u rc
, it h
th e

p t to re p a y a n
o c h e s te r in th e
, s e e in g o n e o f
h e s I h a v e e v e r
a d b e e n c a lle d
m o s t b e a u tifu l

T h is s e t m e th in k in g a b o u t th e n a tu re o f b e a u ty .
a u
v e
k n
o r
sa

B e a u ty w ill s a v e
th o r D o s to y e v s k y .
ry s tra n g e to a n y
o w , it is C h ris t W h
a t le a s t th a t p a rt o
lv a tio n .

H o w e v e r, if w e g o
e c a n u n d e rs ta n d
u th o r u n d e rs to o d
e a n in g o f k a lia in
a n b e tra n s la te d a s
s th e lo v e o f G o o d

th e w o rld ,
T h e se w o rd
O rth o d o x C
o h a s a lre a d
f th e w o rld

w ro te
s m a y
h ris tia
y sa v e
w h ic h

th e R u s s ia n
a t firs t s e e m
n fo r, a s w e
d th e w o rld ,
a c c e p ts H is

a little d e e p e r in to th e
th a t b y B e a u ty , th e R
C h ris t. In d e e d , th is
th e w o rd P h ilo k a lia ,
b o th th e lo v e o f B e a u
n e s s .

m a tte
u s s ia
is th
w h ic
ty a n

r,
n
e
h
d

In a s im ila r w a y th e E n g lis h a u th o r, Jo h n
M a s e fie ld , c o n s ta n tly w ro te in h is w o rk s o f a trin ity
o f G o o d n e s s , B e a u ty a n d T ru th , w h ic h re p re s e n ts
th e T rin ity o f F a th e r, S o n a n d H o ly S p ir it. T h u s , in
h is S o n n e t L II, h e w ro te : B e a u ty , th is g ra c e , th is
s p rin g , th is g iv e n b re a d , T h is life , th is d a w n , th is
w a k e n in g fro m th e d e a d . A n d h e c a lle d th e s a in ts
th e B rin g e rs D o w n o f B e a u ty fro m th e s ta rs . F o r
G o d is th e s o u rc e o f a ll G o o d n e s s , C h ris t is th e
G iv e r o f L ife , th e s o u rc e o f a ll B e a u ty , a n d th e S p irit
is , a s S t Jo h n s G o s p e l t e ll s u s , th e S p i r it o f T r u th .
H e re w e u n d e rs ta n d b e a u ty n o t a s s o m e m e re
s h a llo w , s th e tic , w o rld ly , c o ld -h e a rte d , s n o b b is h ,
s k in -d e e p , c o s m e tic p re ttin e s s , b u t a s s p iritu a l a n d
th e re fo re m o ra l B e a u ty . W h a t is th e re m o re b e a u tifu l th a n th e s a c rific ia l re d e m p tio n , th e d e a th o n th e
C ro s s , in e v ita b ly fo llo w e d b y th e R e s u rre c tio n ? T h e
B e a u ty o f s a c rific e a lw a y s le a d s to R e s u rre c tio n .

T h u s it c a n b
lo v e o f C h ris t.
a n d th e E n g lis
re a lis e d it o r n o

D E A T H
e s a id th a t th e lo v e o f B e a u ty is th e
A n d th a t is w h a t b o th th e R u s s ia n
h m a n m e a n t, w h e th e r th e y fu lly
t.

h a t th e n is g o o d
c o m e fro m ? T h is q u e s
m a n y y e a rs . F o r in s ta n c
e d u c a te d p e o p le w h o h
th e re a re p o o r a n d u n
h a v e g o o d ta s te . B u t th e
S o m e y
g o o d ta st
u ltim a te ly
w h o b y d
ta s te . P ile s
n o is e s a re
m o d e s ty .
e

e a rs a g o
is a lw
h u m ility .
e fin itio n
o f g o ld ,
a lw a y s b

ta s te a n
tio n h a s
e , th e re a
a v e n o ta
e d u c a te d
n th e o p p

w h e re d o e s it
p u z z le d m e fo r
re m a n y ric h a n d
s te a t a ll a n d y e t
p e o p le w h o d o
o s ite is a ls o tru e .

I c a m e to th e c o n c lu s io n th
a y s lin k e d w ith m o d e s ty
T h is is w h y th e n o u v e a u ric h
is im m o d e s t, n e v e r h a s g o o
b lin g , g a u d y c o lo u rs a n d lo u
a d ta s te , b e c a u s e th e y h a v e n

S p e a k in g o f m e re p h y s ic a l b e a u ty , th e p re
th a t p a s s e s a n d ro ts in th e g ra v e , e v e n th e s
fa s h io n g u ru , G e n e v ie v e A n to in e -D a ria u x ,
in h e r G u id e to E le g a n c e : B e in g b e a u tifu l
g u a ra n te e o f h a p p in e s s in th is w o rld . In s te a d
fo r e le g a n c e , g ra c e a n d s ty le .

a t

e ,
d
d
o

ttin e s s
e c u la r
w ro te
is n o
s triv e

W e s h o u ld s triv e to s h o w o u r c h ild re n a n d
g ra n d c h ild re n b e a u ty fro m th e e a rlie s t a g e . W e
s h o u ld s h o w
th e m
la n d s c a p e s a n d s u n s e ts ,
s ta rs c a p e s a n d m o o n s e ts , th e o c e a n s a n d th e
c lo u d s , m o u n ta in s a n d fo re s ts , la k e s a n d m e a d o w s ,
n a tu ra l b e a u ty , a s w e ll a s s h o w in g th e m re a l a rt
a n d a rc h ite c tu re , g o o d d e s ig n a n d fin e fu rn itu re ,
g o o d m u s ic a n d p o e try . W e c a n e n c o u ra g e th e m to
re c o rd th e s e th in g s in s c ra p b o o k s a n d d ia rie s . In
th is w a y th e y m a y b e g in to u n d e rs ta n d th e h ig h e r
m o ra l a n d s p iritu a l b e a u ty o f k in d a c tio n s ,
u ltim a te ly th e liv e s o f th e s a in ts , th e h ig h e s t fo rm s
o f B e a u ty . F o r a ll tru e B e a u ty s te m s fro m h o lin e s s ,
fro m h u m a n ity re d e e m e d , a n d in th is s e n s e B e a u ty
is th e o n ly a n tid o te to d e a th .
F r A n d re w

F ro m

N G L A N D

th e H o ly F a th e rs :
S T C O L U M B A

S c o tla n d C o lu m b a m e t a y o u n g fa rm la b o u re r
c a lle d M o llu c h . A lth o u g h th e y o u n g m a n c o u ld
n o t re a d o r w rite , C o lu m b a th o u g h t to o rd a in
h im a p rie s t.
If I w e re a p rie s t, s a id M o llu c h , I w o u ld b e
a b le to c a re fo r o th e r C h ris tia n s in th is a re a , a n d I
c o u ld a ls o b rin g o th e rs to th e F a ith .
C o lu m b a d e c id e d to te s t M o llu c h
to a n e a rb y la k e , a n d fo u n d a c o ra c
th is c o ra c le , s a id C o lu m b a , a n d try
M o llu c h w a s p u z z le d , b u t d id
in s tru c te d . F o r tw o d a y s a n d tw o n
s a t in th e c o ra c le , h o ld in g a ro d o v e
h e c a u g h t n o th in g . T h e n a t d a w n o n
th e re w a s a b ite a n d M o llu c h h a
a b o a rd . B u t a s s o o n a s M o llu c h s a w
th e h o o k in its m o u th , h e to o k p ity
e x tra c te d th e h o o k a n d th re w th e fis h
w a te r. T h e n h e ro w e d b a c k to th e s h

R T H O D O X

. H e to o k h im
le . G o o u t in
to c a tc h fis h .
a s C o lu m b a
ig h ts M o llu c h
r th e s id e , b u t
th e th ird d a y ,
u le d th e fis h
th e fis h w ith
. H e c a re fu lly
b a c k in to th e
o re .

A fte r
h e
h a d
e x p la in e d to C o lu m b a
w h a t h a d
h a p p e n e d ,
C o lu m b a s m ile d , a n d
s a id : Y o u h a v e p ro v e d
th a t y o u h a v e th e th re e
q u a litie s n e c e s s a ry fo r
th e p rie s th o o d . F irs tly ,
y o u a re p a tie n t. If y o u
a re w illin g to w a it fo r
tw o d a y s a n d tw o n ig h ts
to c a tc h a fis h , y o u w ill
w a it fo r tw o y e a rs , e v e n
tw o d e c a d e s , to c a tc h a
c o m p a s s io n a te . If y o u c a n
y o u w ill s h o w fa r g re a te r
T h ird ly , y o u a re h u m b le . E
c a u s e o f th e f is h s d is tr e s
y o u fro m s a v in g it.

so u
ta k
p ity
v e n
s, p

l. S e c
e p ity
fo r p
th o u g
rid e d

o n d ly
o n a
e o p le
h y o u
id n o

, y o u a re
fis h , th e n
in n e e d .
w e re th e
t p re v e n t

S o C o lu m b a o rd a in e d M o llu c h , w h o p ro v e d to
b e a n e x c e lle n t p rie s t.

S A IN T S O F E N G L A N D
7 . A t th e C ro ssr o a d s .

T a rs
a g e
e ffo
T h e
to d

H E n e w ly fo rm e d C h u rc h h a d its e d ific a tio n s

a n d its re v e rs e s . Q u ite e a rly o n , S t T h e o d o re ,
a G re e k fro m th e c ity o f th e A p o s tle P a u l,
u s in A s ia M in o r, tr a v e lle d to E n g la n d a t th e
o f 6 7 to d is c ip lin e th e flo c k . H e m a d e g re a t
rts to s m o o th o u t th e d iffe re n c e s o f o p in io n .
re s is ta n c e h e m e t o b lig e d h im m o re th a n o n c e
e la y re fo rm s w h ic h w e re o b v io u s ly re q u ire d .

O f th e s e d iffe re n c e s th e m o s t s e rio u s w a s th a t
id e n tifie d w ith B is h o p W ilfrid o n th e o n e h a n d ,
a n d , o n th e o th e r, a g ro u p o f s a in ts , s o m e C e lts a n d
o th e rs E n g lis h , b u t b ro u g h t u p in th e C e ltic
tra d itio n . T h is w a s a b a ttle o f s p iritu a l g ia n ts a n d it
la s te d fo r m o re th a n h a lf a c e n tu ry , in fa c t u n til th e
c o m b a ta n ts w e re a ll in th e ir g ra v e s .
T h e d a
c o n te n tio n
w h ic h it o
a g ita te d th
W ilfrid c la
w h ile th e
Jo h n th e E

tin g o f E a s te r
, th e q u e s tio n
u g h t to b e c e le
e C h ris tia n b o d
im e d to fo llo w
Iris h c ite d th e
v a n g e lis t. B o th

w a s th
o f th e
b ra te d ,
y fo r g e
th e A p o
e x a m p
w e re w

c h ie f b o n e o f
p re c is e d a y o n
a q u e s tio n w h ic h
n e ra tio n s . B is h o p
s tle P e te r s E a s te r,
le o f th e A p o s tle
ro n g . In fa c t, th e

C e lts k e p t E a s te r o n a n o ld d a te
fro m R o m e , b u t w h ic h h a d lo n g b
fifth c e n tu ry , b e e n a b a n d o n e d b
R o m a n C h u rc h a s in a c c u ra te . T h
o n to th e d a tin g k e p t b y th e w id
E a s t. T h e n e w s h a d n o t g o t th ro u
m u s t b e s a id , in itia lly a t le a s t, th a
n o fa u lt o f th e ir o w n .

w h ic h h a d c o m
e fo re , in th e m id
y th e re s t o f th
e y h a d th e n g o n
e r C h u rc h in th
g h to th e C e lts .
t th is w a s th ro u g

e
e
e
e
It
h

A n d th e n th e C e ltic m o n k s h a d a p e c u lia r
to n s u re . T h is e x a s p e ra te d B is h o p W ilfrid . T o h is
tid y m in d th is a p p e a r e d a s s o m e th in g s in is te r,
a lm o s t h e re s y . In s e a s o n a n d o u t o f s e a s o n h e
b ro u g h t a g a in s t h is o p p o n e n ts th e c h a rg e s th a t th e y
w e re w e a rin g th e to n s u re a ffe c te d b y th e p rin c e o f
m a g ic ia n s , S im o n M a g u s ; a n d , a s th o u g h th a t w a s
n o t c a lu m n y e n o u g h , h e c h a rg e d th e m
w ith
w o rld lin e s s . T h e p o in t o f th is a c c u s a tio n la y in th e
fa c t th a t th e C e ltic to n s u re le ft th e m o n k w ith a
little m o re h a ir o n h is h e a d th a n th e n o rm a l
O rth o d o x to n s u re a llo w e d , a n d a t th a t tim e lo n g
rin g le ts w e re m u c h a ffe c te d b y th e n o b le s a s a s ig n
o f d a rin g , p o w e r a n d p rid e o f b irth . A s fo r h is o w n
R o m a n to n s u re , B is h o p W ilfrid w a s o n ly to o e a g e r
to s w a llo w th e o p in io n th a t it w a s th e o n e w o rn b y
th e A p o s tle P e te r h im s e lf.

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

im p o rta n c e
re s p e c t to th
B u t to s u s ta
w h a te v e r m
s u s ta in s it,
e n th u s ia s t,
v ig o ro u s a c
s tig m a tis e d
re lig io n fo r
h a s p ro d u c
re m e d y fo r
m a n k in d .

S t W ilfr id
T h is to n s u re s q u a b b le w a s te d th e tim e a n d
e n e rg ie s o f a b le m e n , im p e d e d th e w o rk o f s a v in g
s o u ls , a n d d is tu rb e d th e p e a c e o f th e m o n a s te rie s .
W h e n S t A d a m n a n , th e A b b o t o f Io n a , v is ite d
N o rth u m b ria a n d w a s a n x io u s to g iv e a le a d in th e
d ire c tio n o f u n ity , h e h a d h im s e lf to n s u re d in th e
R o m a n w a y , th in k in g th a t h is c o m m u n ity m ig h t
fo llo w s u it w ith o u t a rg u m e n t. H e w a s m is ta k e n .
O n h is re tu rn to Io n a , h e fo u n d th e b la c k lo o k s o f
h is m o n k s s o p a in fu l th a t h e p a c k e d u p a n d re tire d
to Ire la n d . W h a t a n g e re d th e Iris h w a s th e c h a rg e
th a t th e y w e re n o t p ro p e r C h ris tia n s a t a ll, w h e re a s
th e y h a d e m b ra c e d th e F a ith , a n d e m b ra c e d it
w h o le h e a rte d ly s o m e tw o c e n tu rie s b e fo re th e
E n g lis h . T h e ir re s e n tm e n t w a s s u c h th a t fo o d a n d
d r in k b le s s e d b y a p r i e s t o f B i s h o p W ilf r id s p a r ty
w a s p itc h e d o u t. T h e y w o u ld n o t d rin k o u t o f th e
c u p s u n til th e y h a d m o re o r le s s b e e n s te rilis e d .
T o u s it m a y a ll s e e m ra th e r s tra n g e , b u t th e re is
th a t in e a c h a g e th a t w h ic h a p p e a rs s tra n g e to its
s u c c e s s o rs . T h e h a rs h e s t c ritic s o f B is h o p W ilfrid
h a v e n o t d a re d to c a ll h im a fa n a tic , e v e n if th e y
m a in ta in th a t h e h a d th e s e e d s o f it in h is s y s te m .
B y fa n a tic is m is m e a n t th e s tro n g e x c ite m e n t o f a
m in d , p o w e rfu lly a c te d u p o n b y a fa ls e o r
e x a g g e r a te d o p i n i o n . B is h o p W il fr i d s o p in io n s
w e re n o t fa ls e , b u t h e e x a g g e ra te d
th e ir

a n d h e a c te d to o z e a lo u s ly w ith
e m e a n s h e e m p lo y e d to g a in h is e n d s .
in a tru e o p in io n b y le g itim a te m e a n s ,
a y b e th e e x c ite m e n t o f h im w h o
is to p la y th e p a rt o f th e z e a lo t a n d
n o t o f th e fa n a tic . O th e rw is e a ll
tio n in th e in te re s t o f a c a u s e m u s t h e
a s fa n a tic is m . P h ilo s o p h e rs m a y b la m e
fo s te rin g th is m a la d y , b u t p h ilo s o p h y
e d fa n a tic s ; n o r h a s it p ro v id e d a
th is , a n y m o re th a n fo r a n y o f e v ils o f

If B is h o p W ilfrid a c te d fa n a tic a lly , h e c e rta in ly

w a s n o t e n c o u ra g e d e ith e r d ire c tly o r in d ire c tly b y
C a n te rb u ry . T h e re fo re B is h o p W ilfrid a p p e a le d to
R o m e a n d a g a in , b u t w e g a th e r th e im p re s s io n th a t
th e y to o re g a rd e d th e d is p u te a s a p ro v in c ia l a n d
irre le v a n t ro w . S t T h e o d o re w a s , o n th e w h o le a n d
u n til th e e n d , m o re a g a in s t th a n fo r B is h o p W ilfrid ,
w h o m h e ra th e r s u s p e c te d o f b e in g o n e o f th o s e
w h o e x a g g e ra te a n a b u s e in o rd e r to ju s tify h is
o w n fe ro c ity in a tta c k in g it. T h e q u a rre l s e e m s to
h a v e b e w ild e re d th e g o o d m a n , w h o h a d a g re a t
e x p e rie n c e o f C h u rc h life a n d a ll its v a rie ty , a n d
p e rh a p s m a d e h im w is h h im s e lf b a c k in A s ia
M in o r. B is h o p W ilfr id h a s b e e n d e s c rib e d a s rig h th e a rte d , w ro n g -h e a d e d , fu ll o f g e n iu s , b u t
d e fe c tiv e in ju d g e m e n t. H is e x tra o rd in a ry n a tu ra l
ta lk a tiv e n e s s m a y a c c o u n t fo r a g o o d d e a l. In a n y
c a s e , w h a t is im p o rta n t is th a t c le a rly h e la te r
re p e n te d a n d h e is re c o g n is e d a s a s a in t b y th e
C h u rc h .
B y a p a ra d o x , th e n a m e W ilfrid m e a n s P e a c e B e a re r. H e w a s b o r n th e d a y a fte r th e b a ttle o f
H a tfie ld , a b a ttle re s u ltin g in th e d e a th o f S t E d w in
th e K in g , th e flig h t o f P a u lin u s fro m Y o rk a n d th e
c o lla p s e o f th e R o m a n m is s io n in th e n o rth . T h e
d a te w a s 6 3 4 . O n th e n ig h t o f h is b irth , h is p a re n ts
h o u s e s e e m e d to b e o n fire . T h e n e ig h b o u rs
tu m b le d o u t o f b e d a n d ra n to ro u s e th e in m a te s .
N o ! N o th in g is b u r n in g in h e r e . I ts th is b a b y o f
o u rs . H e w ill b e c o m e a fire b ra n d . Y o u s e e if h e
d o e s n t.
W ilfrid h a d a th w a rte d a n d u n h a p p y c h ild h o o d
o w in g to th e c ru e lty o f h is s te p m o th e r. A t fo u rte e n
h e e s c a p e d to th e c o u rt o f O s w y , th e K in g o f
N o rth u m b ria . H e jo in e d th e m o n k s o f L in d is fa rn e ,
b u t th e n s e t o u t fo r R o m e . W e a re to ld th a t h e w a s
th e firs t E n g lis h m a n to m a k e th is jo u rn e y . O n h is
w a y h e s to p p e d a t C a n te rb u ry a n d fin d in g th a t th e
v e rs io n o f th e P s a lte r in u s e th e re w a s a d iffe re n t
o n e fro m th a t re a d b y th e C e ltic m o n k s , h e s e t to
w o rk to fo rg e t th e o ld a n d le a rn th e n e w . N e ith e r

th is firs t tim e , n o r a t a n y o th e r tim e , d id W ilfrid

tra v e l to R o m e a s a s im p le p ilg rim . H e h a d g u id e s ,
a tte n d a n ts a n d a b a g g a g e -tra in . H e w a s d e s tin e d to
s p e n d fo rty y e a rs p a c k in g a n d u n p a c k in g th is
b a g g a g e . O n th e w a y b a c k , h e h a d h im s e lf re to n s u re d in th e R o m a n fa s h io n . R o y a l in flu e n c e
w a s th e n b ro u g h t to b e a r u p o n th e C e ltic A b b o t a t
R ip o n . H e w a s d e p o s e d a n d W ilfrid in s ta lle d in h is
p la c e . T h e p rie s th o o d fo llo w e d s o o n a fte r, b u t o u r
fire b ra n d w o u ld n o t re c e iv e it a t th e h a n d s o f h is
la w fu l b is h o p , C o lm a n o f L in d is fa rn e . In s te a d , h e
w a s o rd a in e d b y a b is h o p fro m F ra n c e c a lle d
A g ilb e rt.
W ilfrid s to o d fo r a c e rta in m a g n ific e n c e in
h u rc h m a tte rs , a lth o u g h h e w a s d e ta c h e d a n d
u m b le in h im s e lf. A t R ip o n h e b u ilt a m o n a s tic
h u rc h w h ic h e x c ite d a m a z e m e n t. N o th in g lik e it
a d b e e n s e e n b e fo re , w ith its lo fty p o rc h e s a n d
o lu m n s o f p o lis h e d s to n e . O n th e d a y o f its
e d ic a tio n , h e p la c e d o n th e a lta r a B o o k o f th e
o s p e ls c o v e re d w ith p la te s o f g o ld s e t w ith
re c io u s s to n e s . T h e n , in th e p re s e n c e o f K in g
g frid a n d a h o s t o f n o b le s , h e s o le m n ly a s s e rte d

R T H O D O X

h is rig h t to a ll th e la n d s a n d c h u rc h e s ,
b e e n c e d e d to h im a t d iv e rs tim e s b y
p e o p le . T h e c e re m o n y e n d e d w ith a b a
w h ic h h e p re s id e d a n d w h ic h la s te d
a n d th re e n ig h ts . T h is g ra n d io s ity w a s
la te r in th e fo u n d a tio n o f H e x h a m
c h u rc h fo r tw o c e n tu rie s w a s re g a rd e d a
o n th is s id e o f th e th e A lp s .

N G L A N D

w h ic h h a d
d iv e rs ric h
n q u e t o v e r
th re e d a y s
su rp a sse d
w h e re th e
s th e fin e s t

T h e is la n d m o n k s a n d b is h o p s , w h o s e c a th e d ra l
a t L in d is fa rn e w a s b u ilt o f w o o d ro o fe d w ith
th a tc h , p e rh a p s th o u g h t o v e r th e s e u n h e a rd -o f
g o in g s o n . T h e re a re th o s e w h o s e c a llin g it is to
p ro m o te th e S ta te s id e o f re lig io n , b u t th e c a llin g
a t th a t d a te la y in a d iffe r e n t d ire c tio n a lto g e th e r.
B u t th is w a s n o t a lt o g e t h e r in W il fr i d s l in e . In
c o u rs e o f tim e , th e s a m e W ilfrid a c c u m u la te d a
c o n s id e ra b le tre a s u ry w h ic h h e w a tc h e d w ith
v ig ila n c e . H is th o u g h ts w e n t o u t to it e v e n b e fo re
h is re p o s e a n d h e le ft d e ta ile d in s tru c tio n s a s to its
d is p o s a l. O th e rs c o u ld m a k e n e ith e r h e a d n o r ta il
o f th a t m e n ta lity . In s h o rt, W ilfrid s to o d fo r a
C h u rc h th a t c o u ld s ta n d u p to th e S ta te , a C h u rc h
w ith
p ro p e rty ,
p re s tig e
a n d
p riv ile g e

c o m m o d itie s fo r w h ic h h is riv a ls h a d v e ry little

tim e o r u s e .
T h is is n o t a t a ll to s a y th a t th is s tru g g le w a s a
s tru g g le o f ra c e a g a in s t ra c e , o f te m p e ra m e n ts
ra d ic a lly d iffe re n t th e o n e fro m th e o th e r. R a c e a n d
te m p e ra m e n t w e re p e rh a p s m ix e d in w ith th e
b u s in e s s , in s p ite o f th e fa c t th a t W ilfrid h a d b e e n
a p u p il o f th e Ir is h m o n k s a m o n g w h o m , h o w e v e r,
h e w a s n e v e r a t h o m e . H e a n d h is w e re in c lin e d to
re g a rd th e la tte r a s u n c o u th ru s tic s , a n d s o th e y
w e re in a w a y . S ts C u th b e rt a n d A id a n w e re v e ry
ru s tic . W ilfrid h a d a s tro n g b ia s in fa v o u r o f la w
a n d o rd e r; th e Iris h th e n d id n o t h a v e a s tro n g b ia s
in fa v o u r o f la w a n d o r d e r.

T h e S a x o n c r y p t a t R ip o n C a th e d r a l: a ll th a t
r e m a in s o f W ilfr id 's g r e a t b u ild in g .

T h e fa c t s e e m s to b e th a t th e c ro s s ro a d s h a d
b e e n re a c h e d a n d th e d e c is io n to tu rn rig h t o r le ft
h a d to b e m a d e , A s u s u a l th e s itu a tio n c re a te d tw o
e x tre m e g ro u p s , R ig h tis ts a n d L e ftis ts ; b u t, o n th e
w h o le , th e tru th w a s fo u n d in th e e n d to lie in a
m id -c o u rs e b e tw e e n th e tw o , th o u g h a ls o
in c lu d in g th e tw o . T ru e , th e E a s te r d a te b a d ly
n e e d e d s tra ig h te n in g o u t. T h irty y e a rs b e fo re , th e
s o u th o f Ire la n d h a d a c c e p te d th e O rth o d o x d a tin g
o f th e C h u rc h . It d id s o u n d e r th e p e rs u a s io n o f
A b b o t C u m m ia n , a p e a c e fu l a n d g e n tle s o u l w h o
s e ttle d th in g s w ith o u t s trife a n d b y m e a n s o f th e
fo llo w in g : C a n a n y th in g b e m o re rid ic u lo u s th a n
o u r a s s e rtio n th a t e v e ry o n e is w ro n g e x c e p t
o u rs e lv e s ? M e a n w h ile , in E n g la n d th e v a ria tio n
w a s p ro d u c tiv e o f s o m e a b s u rd s itu a tio n s . In o n e

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

ro y a l h o u s e , th a t o f O s w y , tw o s e p a ra te E a s te rs
w e re s c ru p u lo u s ly k e p t e v e ry y e a r. O s w y k e p t th e
o ld o n e a n d h is q u e e n , E a n fe ld a , k e p t th e
O rth o d o x o n e .
T h e n , a t la s t, th e C h u rc h h a d to in te rv e n e w ith
a C o u n c i l. In 6 6 4 O s w y c a ll e d a W i ta n o r K in g s
C o u n c il, a t W h itb y . S t C e d d , B is h o p o f E s s e x , a c te d
a s in te rp re te r a n d d id h is w o rk w e ll. A b b e s s H ild a ,
w h o w a s fifty a t th e tim e , h a d a n h o n o u re d p la c e
in th e a s s e m b ly , a fa c t w h ic h fe m in is ts w ill n o te .
B is h o p C o lm a n w a s s p o k e s m a n fo r th e C e lts . A re
w e to s a y th e n , th a t S t C o lu m b a a n d h is s u c c e s s o rs
a c te d c o n tra ry to th e d iv in e w o rd ; m e n w h o
w o rk e d m ira c le s ? T h is w a s th e p o s itio n o f th e
C e lts in a n u ts h e ll. T h e y fe lt o b lig e d in c o n s c ie n c e
to h e a rk e n to th e e x h o rta tio n o f th e ir g re a t fo u n d e r
to a d h e re s tric tly a n d a t a ll c o s ts to th e o rig in a l
n o rm s o f th e ir re lig io u s life . A n d n o w , a lo n g c a m e
th is W ilfrid w ith h is b a g g a g e -tra in s a n d tre a s u ry ,
h is b a n q u e ts a n d h is o s te n ta tio n to te ll th e m th a t
th e y a re s c h is m a tic s a n d e v e n w o rs e . It w a s th e
d ile m m a o f th e Je w s in th e p re s e n c e o f th e

5
C h ris tia n fa ith . A n d y o u a s k u s to fo rs a k e th e w a y s
o f A b ra h a m , Is a a c a n d Ja c o b ?
H o w e v e r, th e C o u n c il d e c id e d fo r W ilfrid .
C o lm a n re fu s e d p o in t b la n k to a c c e p t its d e c is io n
a n d w ith h is fo llo w e rs m a d e fo r L in d is fa rn e ,
re m o v e d th e re lic s o f S t A id a n a n d , s h a k in g th e
d u s t o f N o rth u m b ria o ff h is fe e t, re tire d to Io n a . H e
n e v e r re tu rn e d . N o r w a s it C o lm a n a n d h is m o n k s
a lo n e w h o r e m a in e d fir m . S t H il d a s o p p o s it io n
n e v e r re la x e d e v e n in d e a th . S t C u th b e rt, w h o
s h a r e d W ilfr id s v ie w s t o th e f u l l a n d w a s a s
a n x io u s a s h e fo r u n ity o f o b s e rv a n c e , re g a rd e d
h im a s a m a k e r o f m is c h ie f a n d w o u ld h a v e
n o th in g to d o w ith h im . S t B e n e d ic t B is c o p a ls o ,
s ta u n c h e n o u g h O rth o d o x th o u g h h e w a s , th o u g h t
th a t W ilfrid w a s g o in g to o fa r.
T h e C o u n c il o f W h itb y w a s n o t th e e n d o f
W ilfr id s tr o u b le s . T h e y h a d n o t p r o p e r ly b e g u n
y e t, a n d w e m u s t a d m ire th e s tu b b o rn s p irit o f th e
m a n in fa c in g th e m . P e rs o n a l s u ffe rin g a n d
h u m ilia tio n h e a c c e p te d lik e th e s a in t h e w a s .
O p p o s itio n o n ly te m p e re d th e b la d e o f h is s w o rd .
F o r a ll th e e x c lu s iv e s id e o f h is c h a ra c te r, h e w a s a
c h a m p io n . A lth o u g h h e m a y h a v e e x h ib ite d s o m e
o f th e o u tw a rd c h a ra c te ris tic s o f th e e c c le s ia s tic a l
c a re e ris t, h e w a s n e v e r th a t. N o c o m p ro m is e r w a s
h e . H e w e n t in to e x ile a n d o b s c u rity w ith th e s a m e
d o g g e d d e te rm in a tio n w ith w h ic h h e h a m m e re d
h is o p p o n e n ts .
W e h a v e n o re a s o n fo r th in k in g th a t h e lo v e d
th e lim e lig h t fo r its o w n s a k e ; a n d , in fa c t, th e
lim e lig h t th a t s h o n e o n h im s c o rc h e d a n d b lis te re d
m o re th a n a n y th in g e ls e . W ilfrid w a s a s p iritu a l
m a n a ll rig h t. It w a s fo r a c a u s e th a t h e fo u g h t
a n d a g o o d c a u s e n o t fo r s e lf. H is p e rs o n a l life
w a s e x e m p la ry a n d u n b le m is h e d . H e it w a s w h o
c ra c k e d th e to u g h e s t n u t in E n g la n d , S u s s e x . H e
d id m o re th a n a n y o n e fo r th e c o n v e rs io n o f
S u s s e x , s e n t m is s io n a rie s to th e Is le o f W ig h t a n d
w a s th e firs t E n g lis h m a n to p re a c h th e fa ith in th e
h e a th e n N e th e rla n d s .

S t C o lm a n o f L in d is fa r n e

A lth o u g h a t th is s ta g e h e w a s a c tin g a n d
s p e a k in g lik e a p a tria rc h , h e w a s n o t e v e n a
b is h o p . W ith th e d e p a rtu re o f C o lm a n fro m
L in d is fa rn e , it w a s n e c e s s a ry to a p p o in t a
s u c c e s s o r. O n e o f C o lm a n s o w n c o u n tr y m e n w a s
c h o s e n , a s a in tly m o n k c a lle d T u d a . B u t h e
s u rv iv e d th e a p p o in tm e n t fo r o n ly a fe w m o n th s ,
b e in g c a rrie d o ff b y o n e o f th o s e p e s tile n c e s w h ic h
m a d e s u c h c ru e l ra v a g e s in th e B ritis h Is le s th e n .
S t T u d a w a s th e la s t o f th e C e ltic b is h o p s o f
N o rth u m b ria . A t th is ju n c tu re , it h a p p e n e d th a t th e
K in g a n d n o b le s fa v o u r e d A b b o t W il fr i d s p a r ty ;

O
a n d a lth o u g h a C o
th e n e w b is h o p ,
c o n c lu s io n . W ilfrid
c lin e d , b u t e v e n tu a
o f h is g re a t v ic to rie
th e v a n q u is h e d ,
N o rth u m b ria a s th e

u n c il
its d e
w a s
lly h e
s , b u t
w h o
ir s a c r

w a s s u m m o n e d to e
c is io n w a s a fo re g
e le c te d . A t firs t h e
c o n s e n te d . T h is w a s
it w a s n e v e r fo rg iv e n
h a d c o m e to re g
e d te rrito ry .

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

le c t
o n e
d e o n e
b y
a rd

U n fo rtu n a te ly , A b b o t W ilfrid re fu s e d to b e
c o n s e c ra te d b y a n y o f th e b is h o p s o f h is o w n
c o u n try , e v e n b y th e A rc h b is h o p o f C a n te rb u ry . T o
m a k e s u re th a t th e c e re m o n y w a s v a lid ly
p e rfo rm e d , h e s ta rte d fo r F ra n c e , a c c o m p a n ie d b y
h is b a g g a g e -tra in s a n d th e p o m p s o m u c h to h is
lik in g . T h e re h e w a s b is h o p e d b y h is o ld frie n d
A g ilb e rt, a s s is te d b y n o fe w e r th a n tw e lv e b is h o p s .
A t th e o f th e s e rv ic e , h e w a s c a rrie d o u t o f th e
c h u rc h in a g o ld e n c h a ir, th e b e a re rs b e in g th e s a id
b is h o p s w h o a lo n e w e re d e e m e d w o rth y o f th is
h o n o u r: s h a d e s o f S ts C u th b e rt a n d A id a n ? T h e n ,
a s th o u g h to g iv e h is riv a ls th e c o u p d e g ra c e , h e
w a s in s titu te d b is h o p , n o t o f L in d is fa rn e lik e h is
fo u r p re d e c e s s o rs , b u t o f Y o rk lik e P a u lin u s . O n
re tu rn in g to E n g la n d a p a in fu l s u rp ris e a w a ite d
h im . T h e ro y a l p ro p o n w h ic h h e h a d le a n e d h a d
g ro w n ric k e ty in h is a b s e n c e , n o r h a d th e C e ltic
fa c tio n b e e n id le . T h e u p s h o t w a s th a t a n o u ts id e r,
n o o th e r th a n S t C h a d , w a s e le c te d to th e S e e o f
N o rth u m b ria in th e v e ry te e th o f A g ilb e rt a n d h is
tw e lv e s u ffra g a n s , a n d in d e fia n c e o f th e g o ld e n
th ro n e a n d b a g g a g e -tra in s a n d a ll b e s id e s . T h is
w a s in 6 6 9 . S u c h is th e h u m ility th a t G o d p ro v id e s
fo r th e p ro u d .
T h e n e x t t h i r ty o r fo r ty y e a r s o f B is h o p W ilf r id s
life w e re a s u c c e s s io n o f a p p o in tm e n ts a n d
d e p o s itio n s , e x p u ls io n s a n d re tu rn s , v ic to rie s a n d
d e fe a ts . H e fe ll o u t w ith th e A rc h b is h o p o f
C a n te rb u ry ; h e w e n t to R o m e to a p p e a l, re tu rn e d
a n d w a s c la p p e d in p ris o n a s a d a n g e ro u s
c h a ra c te r a n d w e n t o ff to R o m e o n c e m o re . T h is
tim e R o m e w a s b e g in n in g to re a liz e th a t th is
p ro v in c ia l s q u a b b le w a s b e c o m in g s e rio u s , a n d s o
B is h o p W ilf r id s g r i e v a n c e s w e r e c a r e fu ll y a n d im p a rtia lly e x a m in e d , th e p ro c e s s o c c u p y in g fo u r
m o n th s a n d in v o lv in g s e v e n ty s e p a ra te s ittin g s .
T h e d e c is io n w a s c e rta in ly in h is fa v o u r, b u t its
te rm s w e re e x tre m e ly m o d e ra te a n d h is a d v e rs a rie s w e re m o s t ta c tfu lly s p a re d . In d e e d , o n e
th in g e m e rg e s a m id a ll th e d u s t o f th e c o n flic t a n d
it is th a t R o m e w a s n o t n e a rly s o e x c ite d a s W ilfrid
w a s . S h e w a s n o t e x c ite d a t a ll. F ro m firs t to la s t
th e y n e v e r a u th o riz e d h is p ro c e d u re o r h is
m e th o d s . R o m e re m a in e d p a s s iv e , p e rh a p s e v e n
b o re d th ro u g h o u t.

D r a w in g fr o m a n e a r ly m a n u s c r ip t s h o w in g th e
C o n s e c r a tio n o f a B is h o p
S im ila rly , th e A rc h b is h o p o f C a n te rb u ry w a s o u t
o f th e p ic tu re n e a rly a ll th e tim e . S o m u c h s o th a t
it h a s b e e n s u g g e s te d th a t h e w a s je a lo u s o f th e
u n c a lle d -fo r s p le n d o u r o f th e n e w B is h o p o f Y o rk .
If B is h o p W ilfrid h a d a b e e in h is b o n n e t, it w a s h is
o w n b e e o r v e ry n e a rly s o ; it w a s c e rta in ly n o t th e
O rth o d o x v a rie ty . O rth o d o x R o m e u s e d to re b u k e
th is e x c e s s iv e z e a l a g a in a n d a g a in . B is h o p W ilfrid
m ig h t
h a v e
re c a lle d
th e
c o m m o n -se n se
in s tru c tio n s o f th e h o ly P o p e G re g o ry in th e v e ry
h o u r w h e n E n g la n d w a s b e in g b ro u g h t to C h ris t:
Y o u k n o w , h e w ro te to S t A u g u s tin e , th e u s a g e s
o f th e R o m a n C h u rc h , b u t if y o u s h o u ld fin d
e ls e w h e re a u s a g e w h ic h y o u b e lie v e to b e m o re
p le a s in g to G o d , I re c o m m e n d y o u s e le c t it a n d
g iv e it a p la c e : p ra c tic e s a re n o t to b e e s te e m e d
b e c a u s e o f th e p la c e s th e y a re d e riv e d fro m , b u t
ra th e r th e o th e r w a y ro u n d . C h o o s e th e n w h a t is
re a s o n a b le a n d , o u t o f it, fo rm th e u s e o f th e
C h u rc h . A d o p t w h a t y o u th in k is b e s t. H e is a fo o l
w h o m a k e s h is p o s itio n a re a s o n fo r re fu s in g to
le a rn fro m o th e rs .
B y a n o th e r p a ra d o x , W ilfrid re p o s e d a s q u ie tly
a s a b a b y in its c ra d le . In h is o ld a g e h e w is h e d ,
lik e E lija h , to s e e th e m o n a s te rie s h e h a d fo u n d e d .
H e a rriv e d a t O u n d le . A ll a t o n c e h e fe ll ill a n d
re p o s e d w h ile h is m o n k s w e re s in g in g th e v e rs e o f
P s a lm 1 0 3 : T h o u s h a lt s e n d fo rth T h y S p irit a n d
th e y s h a ll b e c re a te d : a n d T h o u s h a lt re n e w th e
fa c e o f th e e a rth . S o o n a fte r a c h a p e l w a s b u ilt o n
th e s p o t w h e re th e w a te r th a t h a d w a s h e d h is b o d y
w a s p o u re d a w a y . F o r c e n tu rie s in th e N o rth , th is
S w o rd -B e a re r o f th e S p irit h e ld a p la c e s e c o n d in

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

p o p u la rity o n ly to S t C u th b e rt. M u c h la te r, a t th e
B a ttle o f th e S ta n d a rd in 1 1 3 8 , h is b a n n e r w a s
p la n te d b e tw e e n th a t o f S t P e te r a n d S t Jo h n . H is
m o n a s te ry a t O u n d le w a s p lu n d e re d a n d b u rn t,
b u t b e fo re th e C o n q u e s t th e c h u rc h w a s re b u ilt b y
a B is h o p o f W in c h e s te r a n d b e c a m e th e p a ris h
c h u rc h . A c a rv e d s to n e o f th e a g e re m a in s , b u t n o
p a rt o f th e a n c ie n t b u ild in g is to b e fo u n d in th e
p re s e n t fa b ric .
W ilfrid c h a m p io n e d th e R o m a n w a y a g a in s t th e
C e ltic a n d in th is h e s u c c e e d e d . T h e d is in te g ra tio n
o f th e la tte r a lm o s t c o in c id e d w ith h is d e a th .
W h a te v e r m a y b e th o u g h t o f th a t, th e s e rv ic e s
w h ic h h e re n d e re d to th e C h u rc h w e re im m e n s e
a n d la s tin g . A lth o u g h h e o w e d m u c h to th e p a tro n a g e o f s e c u la r p o w e r, h e s u c c e e d e d in w re s tin g
fro m it th e rig h t it c la im e d o f e le c tin g a n d d e p o s in g
b is h o p s . B y h im s e lf c o n v e rtin g S u s s e x , h e a p p lie d
th e fin is h in g s tro k e to th e w o rk o f c o n v e rtin g
E n g la n d . W ilfrid w a s th e firs t in a lo n g lin e o f a b le
p re la te s a n d h is re lic s a re s a id to re s t in C a n te rb u ry
C a th e d ra l.
A n in te re s tin g a fte rm a th re
a n E n g lis h m o n k , E g b e rt, w h o
to th e O r th o d o x E a s te r, a n d h e
o f ta c t a n d g o o d n e s s . In th e y e
a fte r S t W ilfr id s r e p o s e , th
c a p itu la te d a n d k e p t th e
R e s u rre c tio n o n 2 4 A p ril lik e
C h ris te n d o m . E g b e rt re p o s e d o
th e litu rg y . H e w a s n in e ty y e
m ig h t s a y th a t h e h a d b e e n k e
p u rp o se .
S e e in g
B is h
S t T h e o d o re w a s
b is h o p a n d w ro te
w h ic h is w o rth q u

o p
to c e
to th
o tin g

la te s to Io n a . It w a s
b ro u g h t Io n a ro u n d
d id it b y s h e e r fo rc e
a r 7 2 9 , tw e n ty y e a rs
is Iris h s tro n g h o ld
fe s ti v a l o f C h r i s t s
th e re s t o f O rth o d o x
n th e s a m e d a y a fte r
a rs o ld , s o th a t o n e
p t a liv e fo r th is v e ry

W ilfr id s
re p e n ta n c e ,
a s e h is o p p o s itio n to th e
e K in g o f M e rc ia a le tte r
h e re :

D e a r S o n , th is is to in fo rm y o u th a t th e
re v e re n d B is h o p W ilfrid a n d m y s e lf h a v e
n o w c o m e to a rig h t u n d e rs ta n d in g a n d
th e re fo re , I a s k y o u fo r th e lo v e o f C h ris t to
a ffo rd th a t h o ly p re la te a ll th e fa v o u r th a t lie s
in y o u r p o w e r. If I a m s till in y o u r fa v o u r, I
w o u ld lik e y o u to c o m e to m e s o th a t I m a y
b le s s y o u b e fo re I d ie . B u t d o n o t fo rg e t to
a c t o n m y e n tre a ty , w h o a m a lm o s t o n th e
v e rg e o f th e o th e r w o rld . F a re w e ll! L iv e
a n s w e ra b ly to y o u r C re e d , a n d m a y G o d
p ro te c t y o u .

D e ta il fr o m a n E n g lis c m a n u s c r ip t illu m in a tio n

s h o w in g S t C u th b e r t a p p e a r in g to K in g lfr e d
th e G re a t

8 . A M ild A u s te r ity
A s p irit o f in s u la rity a n d in d e p e n d e n c e a p p e a rs
to h a v e g o v e rn e d th e a s c e tic im p u ls e s o f E n g lis h
s a in ts g e n e ra lly . S e lf-d e n ia l, o f c o u rs e , b u t s e lfd e n ia l in th e E n g lis h w a y . T h a t s e e m s to h a v e b e e n
th e m o tto , m o re o r le s s . W h ile re a liz in g its v a lu e
a n d n e c e s s ity , th e E n g lis h g e n e ra lly d re w th e lin e
a t g o in g to e x tre m e s . In th is m a tte r, th e y a p p e a r to
h a v e b e e n m o tiv a te d b y a n a tio n a l a v e rs io n to
e x tre m e s . R e lig io n c a n b e a p re tty tig h t c o rn e r in
m a n y w a y s , b u t th e E n g lis h k e e p c o o l in tig h t
c o rn e rs , a n d th e y a re n o t in c lin e d to lo s e th e ir
h e a d s , e v e n w h e n th e y s e t a b o u t b rin g in g th e b o d y
in to s u b je c tio n . It w a s m o re a k in d o f fru g a lity a n d
m o d e ra tio n . P e rh a p s it is a ll to d o w ith th e c lim a te !
s im
th re
h im
c o m
s im
c o n
h a d
n o t

E v e n a s b is h o p , S t C u th b e rt re ta in e d th e
p lic ity o f th e m o n k . H e s le p t b u t o n e n ig h t in
e , a n d w o u ld w a lk ro u n d h is c h u rc h to k e e p
s e lf a w a k e . A lth o u g h h e im p o s e d o n h is
m u n ity th e s tric t o b lig a tio n o f w e a rin g a
p le a n d u n ifo rm d re s s o f u n d y e d w o o l, in
tra s t to th e E n g lis h lo v e o f b rig h t c o lo u rs , h e
n o illu s io n s a b o u t s u c h m o d e s a n d m a n n e rs ,
e v e n a b o u t th e k in d o f life th a t h e h im s e lf

O
d e lig h te d to liv e . It m u s t n o t b e s u p p o s e d th a t,
b e c a u s e I p re fe r to b e o u t o f re a c h o f a ll s e c u la r
c a re , m y p ra c tic e is s u p e rio r to th a t o f o th e rs . T h e
life o f a g o o d m o n k liv in g in c o m m u n ity is m u c h to
b e a d m ire d . I k n o w m a n y s u c h w h o s e g ra c e s a re
m o re e x a lte d th a n m in e , e s p e c ia lly m y d e a r o ld
B o s w e ll. T h is S t B o s w e ll (B o is il) w a s a m o n k o f
M e lro s e u n d e r w h o m S t C u th b e rt h a d o n c e liv e d .
L o n g a g o T a c itu s w ro te th a t to o u t-d rin k th e d a y
a n d n ig h t w a s n o t c o n s id e re d d is g ra c e fu l b y th e
G e rm a n ic p e o p le s . T h e fe s tiv a ls o f th e C h u rc h
w e re o fte n d is g ra c e d b y d rin k in g -b o u ts . In o n e
s u c h E d m u n d th e F irs t w a s m u rd e re d , a c a ta s tro p h e a ttrib u te d to th e d ru n k e n c o n d itio n o f th e
K in g s a tte n d a n ts a n d b o d y g u a r d . I t w a s E d g a r th e
P e a c e a b le w h o in v e n te d th e k n o b s o n th e d rin k in g
c u p s . A fte r th a t, y o u c o u ld p ro v e y o u rs e lf a m a n b y
d rin k in g fro m o n e k n o b to a n o th e r, in s te a d o f fro m
th e b rim to th e b a s e . S t D u n s ta n , to o , h a d th e
ta n k a rd s o f th e in n k e e p e rs m a rk e d in th e s a m e w a y
s o th a t, o n b e in g h a n d e d fro m m o u th to m o u th ,
e a c h m ig h t n o t d rin k m o re th a n h is s h a re . H e n c e
th e s a y in g : A p e g to o lo w . H o w e v e r, th e s e p e g s
a n d k n o b s a re v e ry lik e ly th e s a m e , a n d w e re th e
jo in t in v e n tio n o f S t D u n s ta n a n d S t E d g a r. O n a ll
fe s tiv e o c c a s io n s , it w a s n o t o n ly th e h a rp th a t w a s
p a s s e d a lo n g ; th e b e e r ju g w e n t th e ro u n d a s w e ll.
S t C d m o n , o n th e e v e o f b e c o m in g a p o e t, le ft th e
s e r v a n t s h a ll a s m u c h o n a c c o u n t o f t h e j u g s a s o f
th e h a rp . T h e h a rp h e c o u ld n o t p la y a n d th e a le h e
w o u ld n o t d rin k .
T h e n , a s n o w
p o in t a t w h ic h
b e g a n . O n e o f
d e c la re d : T h is

, it w
d rin k
th e e
is d ru

a
in
a
n

s n
g
rly
k e

o t e a s y
e n d e d a
E n g lis h
n n e ss : w

to d e
n d d
C h u
h e n

te
ru
rc
th

rm
n
h
e

in e th e
k e n n e ss
c a n o n s
s ta te o f

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

th e m in d is c h a n g e d , th e to n g u e s ta m m e rs , th e s to m a c h is s w o lle n a n d p a in fo llo w s . A n illu m in a tio n

o n o n e o f th e H a rle ia n m a n u s c rip ts s h o w s a
c o n v iv ia l p a rty in fu ll s w in g . T h e m u s ic ia n s a re a s
fre n z ie d -lo o k in g a s a ja z z -b a n d ; a fo rlo rn p o e t
s ta n d s b y , c ro w n e d w ith la u re l, d e c la im in g to d e a f
e a rs ; fo u r m e n a re s p ra w lin g o v e r th e d in n e r-ta b le ,
tw o a re d a n c in g a re e l in th e m id d le , a n d o n e , w h o
h a s a ll th e a p p e a ra n c e o f b e in g fa irly s o b e r, s e e m s
to h e k n o c k in g a g r e a t ja r o f a le o n to th e flo o r.
S t C u t h b e r ts n a tu r a l e le m e n t w a s w a te r. H e
n e v e r d ra n k a n y th in g e ls e , it s e e m s , e x c e p t o n c e .
S h o rtly b e fo re h is d e a th , h e p a id a fa re w e ll v is it to
A b b e s s V e rg a , w h o s e c o n v e n t w a s a t th e m o u th o f
th e T y n e . A fte r th e m e a l, h e w a s th irs ty . W in e s a n d
b e e r w e re b ro u g h t, b u t h e w o u ld n o t to u c h th e m ,
a n d s o h is fa v o u rite d rin k w a s s e t o n th e ta b le . H e
b le s s e d it b e fo re d rin k in g a n d , b y s o d o in g , tu rn e d
it in to w in e . W in e it b e c a m e , a n d th e fin e s t w in e a t
th a t , s o th a t S t C o lu m b a s c o m p a n io n s d r a n k it li k e
tru e m o n a s tic s . S t W ilfrid w e n t e v e n fu rth e r in th is
m a tte r o f re fre s h m e n t. H e a b s ta in e d a lto g e th e r o r
n e a rly , n e v e r d rin k in g e v e n in th e s u m m e r h e a t,
e x c e p t fo r a m o u th fu l o f s p rin g w a te r o u t o f a s m a ll
p h ia l w h ic h h e c a rrie d in h is p o c k e t. H e m a d e u p
in o th e r w a y s b y h is n ig h tly s h o w e r o f c o ld b le s s e d
w a te r.
S o m e o f th e
C u th b e rt p a s s e d
F a rn e , w h e re h e
ro c k a n d fro m w
th e s k y , h e lo v e d
s e a . H is in itia tio
a t M e lro s e , w h e
s ta n d in g in th e

s to n e b a th in g p la c e s in w h ic h S t
w h o le n ig h ts a re s till id e n tifie d . A t
liv e d in a c e ll h o llo w e d o u t o f th e
h ic h n o th in g c o u ld b e s e e n e x c e p t
to s a y h is p ra y e rs im m e rs e d in th e
n in to th is fo rm o f p e n a n c e b e g a n
re o n e s ta lw a rt m o n k u s e d to p ra y
ic e -c o ld w a te rs o f th e T w e e d . H e

A d r a w in g a fte r a n E n g lis c m a n u s c r ip t illu s tr a tio n fo r th e c a le n d a r m o n th o f A p r il, s h o w in g fe a s tin g

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

w a s a s k e d o n c e h o w h e c o u ld e n d u re it, a n d h is
re p ly , w a s th e v e ry E n g lis h u n d e rs ta te m e n t: I h a v e
k n o w n it c o ld e r .
S t E a d b e rt, w h o s u c c e e d e d C u th b e rt a t
L in d is fa rn e , h a d th e ro o f o f th e c a th e d ra l c o v e re d
w ith le a d in s te a d o f th e th a tc h w h ic h S t F in a n h a d
p u t o n it. B u t h e w a s fa ith fu l to th e s p irit o f h is
m a s te r. T w ic e a y e a r, d u r in g L e n t a n d fo r th e fo rty
d a y s b e fo re C h ris tm a s , h e re tire d to a s o lita ry
p ro m o n to ry a n d liv e d a lo n e . W h e n S t C u th b e rt
h a d b e e n g o n e e le v e n y e a rs , h e h a d a n e w c o ffin
m a d e fo r h im . H e w o u ld n o t a llo w th e g ra v e to b e
fille d in h o w e v e r. It w ill s o o n h a v e a n e w te n a n t,
h e d e c la re d . H e re p o s e d w ith in th e w e e k a n d th u s
th e tw o re s te d to g e th e r.
S t A ld h e lm th e s o u th e rn e r w a s a v e ry d iffe re n t
ty p e o f m a n , b u t h e h a d a g re a t d e a l o f a s c e tic is m .
H e w a s fo n d o f re c itin g th e P s a lte r in p o o ls a n d
p o n d s a n d w e a re to ld th a t, a s a s e d a tiv e in c e rta in
te m p ta tio n s , h e w o u ld p lu n g e in to th e w a te r. D a y
o r n ig h t, w in te r o r s u m m e r, it w a s a ll th e s a m e to
h im . H e d re w h is la s t b re a th in a little w o o d e n
c h u rc h a n d h a d a s to n e fo r a p illo w .
T h e O rth o d o x E n g lis h s e e m to h a v e b e e n q u ite
a s fo n d o f b a th s a s th e ir d e s c e n d a n ts . T h e ir C h u rc h
c e rta in ly d id n o t d is c o u ra g e th e m , e x c e p t b y w a y
o f p e n a n c e a fa c t w h ic h its e lf s h o w s h o w
a tta c h e d th e p e o p le w e re to th e h a b it. T h e re w a s
a fa ir a m o u n t o f c e re m o n ia l c le a n s in g in th e e a rly
C h u rc h g e n e ra lly ; th e w a s h in g o f th e fe e t o f th e
n e w ly -b a p tis e d a n d th e b a th in g o f a n in fa n t s e v e n
d a y s a fte r b a p tis m , fo r e x a m p le s . O n P a lm S u n d a y
th e h e a d , fe e t a n d e v e n th e w h o le b o d y o f
c a te c h u m e n s w e re w a s h e d . T h o s e e n te rin g th e
s a c re d e d ific e w a s h e d th e ir h a n d s a n d fa c e s in th e
w e ll s e t u p in th e c o u rty a rd .
It w a s a n u n d e rs to o d th in g , b e s id e s , th a t th e
c o n v e rt s h o u ld ta k e a p ro p e r b a th o n th e e v e o f h is
o r h e r re c e p tio n , a n d a ll p rie s ts o n th e e v e o f
fe s tiv a ls . H e n c e , in d o c u m e n ts , b a th s a c tu a lly
fig u re a m o n g th e b u ild in g s w ith in th e p re c in c ts o f
c h u rc h e s . O n e o f th e P o p e s b u ilt o n e n e a r O ld
S t P e te r s in R o m e in w h ic h t h e p o o r, w h o c a m e fo r
a lm s a t E a s te r, w e re a c c u s to m e d to b a th e . A c e rta in
B is h o p o f N a p le s w e n t s o fa r a s to c re a te a
fo u n d a tio n , th e p ro c e e d s o f w h ic h h e s p e n t o n th e
p u rc h a s e o f s o a p . T h in g s g o t o u t o f h a n d , it s e e m s ,
fo r T e rtu llia n c o n d e m n s a s s u p e rs titio u s th e
c o m m o n c u s to m o f h a v in g a b a th b e fo re e v e ry a c t
o f p r a y e r, a n d B le s s e d A u g u s tin e c h a ra c te riz e s a s
p a g a n th e p ra c tic e o f g o in g to th e s e a o n th e fe a s t
o f S t Jo h n th e B a p tis t a n d b a th in g in h is h o n o u r.

S t C h a d w a s th e ta c itly a c c e p te d p a tro n o f o u r
-tim e m e d ic in a l s p rin g s a n d o f th o s e w h o u s e d
m . T h e re a re q u ite a fe w C h a d w e lls a m o n g th e
c e -n a m e s s till s u rv iv in g in th e c o u n try ,
a d w e ll H e a th in E s s e x fo r in s ta n c e . C h a d d e rto n
L a n c a sh ire ,
C h a tte rto n
in
Y o rk sh ire ,
a d d le w o rth n e a r W a n ta g e , C h a d sh u n t in
W a rw ic k s h ire , C h a d b u ry n e a r E v e s h a m , C h a d k irk
n e a r S to c k p o rt, C h a d w ic k in W o rc e s te rs h ire ,
C h a d m o o r (C a n n o c k C h a s e ) a n d s o m e o th e rs m a y
b e n a m e d a fte r th e s a in t. C h a d s w e ll in G r a y s In n
R o a d w a s , a t o n e tim e , th e fa v o u rite s p a o f th e
L o n d o n e r. A t o n e tim e q u ite e m in e n t fo lk w e n t
th e re to d rin k a n d s o k e e p th e d o c to r o u t o f th e
h o u se .
o ld
th e
p la
C h
in
C h

T h e C h u rc h ru le rs o f E n g la n d w e re , fo r a v e ry
lo n g tim e , fro m th e m o n a s te rie s . T h e s e th e y le ft in
o rd e r to a s s u m e c a re s o f o ffic e a n d th e d ire c tio n o f
a ffa irs . B u t m o s t o f th e m h a d th e ir h e a rts in th e
c lo is te r. A m a rk e d fe a tu re o f g re a t h ie r a rc h s is th e
p e rs is te n c y w ith w h ic h th e y re tu rn e d to th e ir o ld
h o m e s in o rd e r to ta k e th o u g h t fo r th e ir o w n s o u l
a n d to re c o v e r th e ir s p e n t e n e rg ie s . D u n s ta n w a s
b o rn n e a r G la s to n b u ry a n d b ro u g h t u p in its
m o n a s te ry to w h ic h , a fte r a s p e ll, h e re tu rn e d to
b e c o m e a m o n k . A t th e a g e o f th irty -s ix h e w a s
m a d e P rim a te . N o C h u rc h m a n h a s e v e r w ie ld e d ,
g re a te r p o w e r o v e r th e a ffa irs o f th is K in g d o m . B u t
h e n e v e r fo rg o t G la s to n b u ry . O v e r a n d o v e r a g a in ,
in th e v e ry th ic k o f th e p re s s u re o f b u s in e s s , h e
w o u ld p a c k h is c a s e a n d g o th e re . T h is w a s , fo r
lo n g , th e m o s t s a c re d s p o t in a ll E n g la n d . It h a s
b e e n a s s e rte d th a t th e B rito n s n a m e d it G la s s y
Is la n d b e c a u s e th e w a te r ro u n d a n d a b o u t it w a s
s o c le a r. In th e n in e te e n th c e n tu ry , th e p o e t
T e n n y s o n w ro te o f it:
T h e is la n d v a lle y o f A v ilo n
W h e re fa lls n o t h a il, n o r ra in , n o r a n y
sn o w ;
N o r e v e r w in d b lo w s lo u d ly : b u t it lie s
D e e p m e a d o w e d , h a p p y , fa ir, w ith o rc h a rd
la w n s
A n d b o w e ry h o llo w s , c ro w n e d w ith
su m m e r se a .
S t Jo h n o f B e v e rle y , to o , o b e y e d th e p re v a le n t
u rg e a n d , a s a b is h o p , w o u ld fre q u e n tly re tire to a
s o lita ry c h u rc h y a rd a b o u t a m ile a n d a h a lf fro m
H e x h a m , th e re to p ra y a m o n g th e to m b s fo r fo rty
d a y s a t a s tre tc h . T h e y w e re n o m e re m e n o f a ffa irs
th e s e c h u rc h m e n . Jo h n u s u a lly to o k s o m e p o o r
m a n w ith h im a n d c a re d fo r h im a ll th e tim e . O n c e
h e to o k a d u m b y o u th w h o s e h e a d w a s c o v e re d
w ith s o re s . T h e S a in t m a d e h im a c e ll b e s id e h is

1 0

o w n
to n g
b e g a
A B C

a n
u e
n
a n

d ta u g
b y m
a t th e
d th e

h t h im
a k in g
b e g in
w o rd

S t A lp h e g e
b e g a n a s a s tr
h e fe a re d th e
re c lu s e a t B a th
a la y m a n th a n
c a sso c k o f a
p e rp e tu a l lie .

to s
th e
n in g
G e a

b e c a m
ic t a s c
s n a re
. H e w
a n in
h o ly
H e w a

p e
s ig
a
o r

a k . F irs t, h e lo o s e n e d h is
n o f th e c ro s s ; th e n h e
n d ta u g h t h is p u p il th e
Y e s .

e P rim a te in
e tic . T h e s o n
o f ric h e s a n
o u ld s a y th a t
d iffe re n t m o n
m a n a n d n o
n d e re d a b o u t

S t S w ith in s D a y , if t h o u
F o r fo rty d a y s it w ill re m
S t S w ith in s D a y , if t h o u
F o r fo rty d a y s tw ill ra in
In s o m e p a rts , w h e n th
S t S w ith in s D a y , th e s im p
c h ris te n in g th e a p p le s . A n d
I s h o u ld lik e to k n o w ?

th e e n d , b u t h e
o f a n o b le m a n ,
d so b e c a m e a
it is b e tte r to b e
k : T o w e a r th e
t b e o n e is a
a t n ig h t p ra y in g .

F o r y e w e re s o m e tim e s d a rk n e s s , b u t n o w
a re y e lig h t in th e L o rd : w a lk a s c h ild re n o f
lig h t.
(E p h e s ia n s 5 , 8 )
P re fa c e (2 0 0 9 )
F o r e w o rd
1 . T h e L e g e n d
2 . L ife a n d D e a th
3 . F a ith
4 . L o v e
5 . F re e d o m
6 . T ru th
7 . C o m in g T o g e th e r : N a tu r e a n d A r t
8 . H e a r t a n d M in d
9 . E a s t a n d W e st
1 0 . C h u r c h a n d T r a d itio n
1 1 . T o g e th e r n e s s in F a ith a n d L ife
1 2 . R u s s ia : T h e W a y A h e a d

N G L A N D

d o s t ra in ,
a in .
b e fa ir,
n a e m a ir.
e re is a d o w n p o u r o n
le s a y th a t th e S a in t is
w h o is to p re v e n t h im ,

L ife e x p e c ta n c y a m o n g s t th e E n g lis h w a s n o t
p a rtic u la rly h ig h . T h e re c o rd a p p e a rs to h a v e b e e n
h e ld b y S t G e ra ld w h o w a s a b b o t o f a n E n g lis h
c o m m u n ity in M a y o in Ire la n d . O n e h u n d re d
s a in ts a re s a id to h a v e c o m e fro m h is m o n a s te ry .
S t W illib a ld w a s 8 7 , S t W ilfrid w a s 7 6 , S t B o n ifa c e
w a s 7 5 , S t B e d e w a s 6 2 . In m a n y o f th e m th e re w a s
a fra ilty c o m b in e d w ith a p o w e rfu l p h y s iq u e .
S t D u n s ta n , fo r e x a m p le , w h o w a s ta k e n ill fo r n o
a p p a re n t u s e , p re a c h e d a fa re w e ll s e rm o n to h is
p e o p le a t C a n te rb u ry , re p o s e d tw o d a y s la te r a t th e
a g e o f 6 3 . S t C e o lfrid fe lt ro b u s t e n o u g h to u n d e rta k e a jo u rn e y to R o m e , b u t h e re p o s e d o n th e w a y .
S t C u th b e rt, to o , m o re o r le s s c o lla p s e d a t th e a g e
o f 5 0 . W h e n S t D u n s ta n c a m e t o d e d i c a te S t E d it h s
C h u rc h a t W ilto n , h e w a s to w e e p d u rin g th e
s e rv ic e . A fte rw a rd s h e m a d e it k n o w n th a t
S t E d ith s s u d d e n r e p o s e h a d b e e n r e v e a le d to h im .
S h e w a s o n ly 2 3 .

It is re la te d o f S t S w ith in th a t h e a lw a y s m a d e
h is jo u rn e y s d u rin g th e n ig h t to a v o id b e in g f te d .
H e is th e p a tro n o f W in c h e s te r a n d w a s c a n o n is e d
b y a v e rita b le h u rric a n e o f p o p u la r a c c la m a tio n .
H is s e lf- a b n e g a tio n e n d u r e d to th e e n d a n d a fte r.
H e w is h e d to b e b u rie d in a c o rn e r o f th e
c h u rc h y a rd w h e re th e p a s s e rs -b y m ig h t tre a d h is
g ra v e u n d e rfo o t, a n d w h e re th e ra in d ro p s m ig h t
fa ll o n h im . T ra d itio n s a y s th a t w h e n th e e x e c u to rs
th o u g h t to g o b a c k o n th e ir in s tru c tio n s , it ra in e d
fo r fo rty d a y s a n d s o fie rc e ly th a t th e y h a d to g iv e
u p . H e n c e , th e le g e n d o f S t S w i th i n s D a y :

T H E C H IL D R E N

R T H O D O X

O F L IG H T (P a rt 1 )

P re fa c e (2 0 0 9 )
H A V E b e e n a s k e d w h e n I firs t s ta rte d w ritin g a n d
w h e re I g e t m y id e a s fro m . H e re a re m y a n s w e rs .
I b e g a n w ritin g a s s o o n a s I c o u ld h o ld a p e n ,
w h e n I w a s fo u r, a n d s e rio u s ly w h e n I w a s e le v e n .
T h e n I b e g a n m a k in g s u re th a t I a lw a y s h a d a p e n
a n d p a p e r in m y p o c k e t, s in c e id e a s c a m e to m e
a n y w h e re a n d a t a n y tim e . I w a s firs t d ra w n
to w a rd s R u s s ia n O rth o d o x y w h e n I w a s tw e lv e a n d
b y th e tim e I w a s fifte e n , m y w h o le fu tu re s e e m e d
c le a r. T h is is r e fle c te d in w r itin g fro m th e tim e .
I w ro te m y firs t b o o k w h e n I w a s s e v e n te e n a n d
it is a s u m m a ry o f w h a t I h a d u n d e rs to o d b y th a t
tim e . T h a t b o o k w a s n e v e r in te n d e d
fo r
p u b lic a tio n . W h e n I w a s tw e n ty , I w a s to ld b y a
re lig io u s w rite r, P e te r H a m m o n d , th a t I s h o u ld
s h o w o th e rs w h a t I w a s w ritin g , b e c a u s e n o b o d y
e ls e w a s w ritin g s u c h
th in g s . H e g re a tly
e n c o u ra g e d m e a t a tim e w h e n I re c e iv e d
e n c o u ra g e m e n t fro m n o -o n e . I a m in h is d e b t.

R T H O D O X

1 1

N G L A N D

M o s t o f w h
a rtic le s o r s e rm
id e a s fo r th e s e
p la c e s w h ic h I
p re se n c e o f p e o
re a d in g . In th e
u s u a lly th e G o
S a in ts . O fte n
c o m b in e d .

a t I w rite a n d s a y , w h e th e r ta lk s ,
o n s , is fe lt ra th e r th a n th o u g h t. M y
h a v e b e e n in s p ire d b y p e o p le , b y
h a v e fo u n d to b e h a u n te d b y th e
p le , b y e x p e rie n c e s a n d , fin a lly , b y
c a s e o f s e rm o n s , th is re a d in g is
s p e ls , th e E p is tle s o r th e L iv e s o f
th e s e fo u r d iffe re n t s o u rc e s a re

In s p ira tio n fo r s e rm o n s o fte n c o m e s d u rin g V ig il

S e rv ic e s , th a t fo r a rtic le s o fte n c o m e s in th e n ig h t
a n d I s o m e tim e s w a k e u p e a rly a n d h a v e to h u rry
to w rite e v e ry th in g d o w n b e fo re I fo rg e t it.
O c c a s io n a lly , I lo o k b a c k a t w h a t I h a v e w ritte n
a n d I a m s u rp ris e d , n o t a b le to b e lie v e th a t I w ro te
w h a t I w ro te . T h a t is th e re a s o n w h y , u n til re c e n tly ,
I d id n o t s ig n w h a t I h a d w ritte n , b e c a u s e I a m s till
n o t s u re w h e re it c a m e fro m a n d w h e th e r I re a lly
w ro te it.
F o r o v e r 3 5 y e a rs th e fo llo w in g ty p e s c rip t, ty p e d
o u t in a u tu m n 1 9 7 3 o n a n a n c ie n t m a n u a l
ty p e w rite r th a t I h a d b o rro w e d , h a s s a t o n tis s u e th in ty p in g p a p e r in a b a tte re d o ld s u itc a s e . A s a
p ro d u c t o f is o la tio n , y o u th fu l in e x p e rie n c e a n d
lite ra ry in flu e n c e s , it w a s n e v e r in te n d e d fo r
p u b lic a tio n . In d e e d , fo r m o s t o f th e la s t th irty -fiv e
y e a rs I h a d fo rg o tte n th a t I h a d e v e r w ritte n it.
R e c e n tly , I c a m e a c ro s s it a g a in . A frie n d , to w h o m
I s h o w e d it, s u g g e s te d th a t I p u b lis h it in O rth o d o x
E n g la n d . I h o p e th a t it m ig h t b e o f in te re s t to
s o m e o n e , e v e n th o u g h it w a s w ritte n in th e n o w
ra th e r d is ta n t e a rly 7 0 s o f th e la s t c e n tu ry .
F r A n d re w

F o r e w o rd
It s e e m s c le a r to m e th a t th e tim e h a s c o m e
w h e n w e m u s t m a k e a re tu rn to th e w a y o f life o f
th e E a rly C h ris tia n s to th e C h ris tia n ity a s it is
d e s c rib e d in th e E p is tle s . L iv in g in th is m a n n e r, w e
c a n a ls o m a k e u s e o f th e b a s ic s c ie n tific
d is c o v e rie s m a d e th ro u g h th e c o u rs e o f th e
c e n tu rie s a n d a ls o o f th e a ffirm a tio n s o f th e
c o rre c tn e s s o f th e C h ris tia n F a ith , a s m a d e b y th e
S a in ts a n d o th e r m e m b e rs o f th e C h u rc h , in c lu d in g
a rtis ts a n d th in k e rs , in th e c o u rs e o f th e p a s t 1 9 0 0
y e a rs . In th is w a y w e s h a ll h a rv e s t th e fru it o f th e
g o o d s e e d s o w n b y th e H o ly S p irit in th e w o rld .
W e p o s s e s s th e n e c e s s a ry k n o w le d g e a n d h a v e
p o s s e s s e d it fo r a lo n g tim e a lre a d y . W e k n o w th e
T ru th : w ith th e G ra c e o f G o d it is , I b e lie v e , o u r
d u ty a s C h ris tia n s to c a rry th e T ru th in to L ife to th e
fu lle s t p o s s ib le e x te n t.

T h u s , b y liv in g in to g e th e rn e s s b o th in F a ith a n d
L ife , w e s h a ll b e a b le to d e fe a t th e tw o g re a t
E v ils o f o u r a g e : th e E v il o f C a p ita lis m a n d th e E v il
o f C o m m u n is m . 1 9 1 7 , th e d a te o f th e B o ls h e v ik
R e v o lu tio n , a n d 1 9 4 5 , th e d a te o f th e u s e o f th e
A to m ic b o m b s in Ja p a n , w e re tw o m a jo r w a rn in g s
th a t m a n h a d g o n e to o fa r; th a t m a n , lik e F a u s t,
w a s s e llin g h is s o u l to th e d e v il in re tu rn fo r
k n o w le d g e , in a v a in a tte m p t to s e t u p a p a ra d is e
o n th is e a rth , s o m e th in g w h ic h is in c o n tra d ic tio n
to w h a t M e p h is to p h e le s h im s e lf s a id to F a u s t
(F a u s t, P a rt 1 ):
in

G o o d . H e r e s N a tu r e s r e c ip e ,
W ith o u t a d o c to r, g o ld , o r s o rc e ry :
B e g in a t o n c e a life o f o p e n a ir,
T o d ig a n d tre n c h a n d c u ltiv a te th e g ro u n d ,
C o n te n t y o u rs e lf w ith in th e c o m m o n ro u n d ,
A n d fo r y o u r d in n e r h a v e th e h o m e lie s t fa re .
L iv e w ith th e b e a s ts , o n e q u a l te rm s ; b e s u re
T h a t, w h e re y o u re a p , y o u r h a n d s m u s t
s p re a d th e d u n g .
A n d th e re , m y frie n d , y o u h a v e th e c e rta in
c u re ,
B y w h ic h a t e ig h ty y e a rs y o u s till a re y o u n g .
T h e d e v il s p e a k s e v e n n o w th ro u g h th e m o u th s
o f th o s e w h o a d v o c a te th e fu rth e r d e s tru c tio n o f
G o d s w o r ld ; th r o u g h th o s e w h o in v e n t n e w a n d
s till m o re h o rrify in g w e a p o n s w ith w h ic h to
d e s tro y o n e a n o th e r. M a n h a s fo r a v e ry lo n g tim e
b e e n
b u rd e n in g
h im s e lf w ith
u n n e c e s sa ry
k n o w le d g e , a k n o w le d g e w h ic h c o rru p ts b e c a u s e
m a n , in h is w e a k n e s s , c a n o n ly u n c o v e r it in
p e rfid io u s ly s m a ll a m o u n ts . T h e re s u lts o f th e
u n le a s h in g o f th is k n o w le d g e in th e fo rm
o f
in d u s tria l g ro w th c o u ld a c c o rd in g to s tu d ie s m a d e
b y v a rio u s le a rn e d g ro u p s e v e n c u lm in a te in th e
d e a th s o f th o u s a n d s o f m illio n s o f h u m a n b e in g s .
W
e a rth
th is e
S a v io
th o u g
2 7 )

h o o n
sse sse d
u r L o rd
b y ta
re ? (M a

th is
, o n
a n d
k in g
tt 6 ,

M a n
h a s n e a rly
fo rg o tte n
G o d . A s
c o n s e q u e n c e h e is fo rg e ttin g h is fe llo w -m a n .

H
in d u
g o e s
b o th
th u s
a fflu
th e

h y n o t
w a s A
a rth , th
u r Je s u
h t c a n

ra th
ll-k n
e S p
s C
a d d

e r fo llo
o w in g ,
irit o f T
h ris t? W
o n e c u

a n d
in
h a n
s tria lis a tio n fro m
a ls o th e fu n d a m
p h ilo s o p h ie s . C
s e d u c e s m e n s h
e n c e m a k e s fo r
o th e r h a n d , a p

th e M a n , W
O n e W h o p o
ru th , th a t is , o
h ic h o f y o u
b it to h is s ta tu

w ith
C a p ita lis
e n ta lly a n
a p ita lis m
e a rts in to
h a p p in e s
a rt fro m

th e
th
a n d C o
ti-re lig io u
c re a te s w
th e n a v e
s. C o m m
c re a tin g
m

re a ts
o f
m m u n is m
s n a tu re o f
e a lth a n d
b e lie f th a t
u n is m , o n
th e s a m e

1 2

illu s io n th a t p a ra d is e in th is w o rld is p o s s ib le , a ls o
o p e ra te s m o re v io le n tly a g a in s t a ll re lig io n ,
p e rs e c u tin g a n d s la u g h te rin g its a d h e re n ts . Y e t,
p a ra d o x ic a lly , it h a s m a d e s o m e o f its g a in s in th is
w o rld b y a d o p tin g s o m e o u tw a rd s ig n s o f e a rly
C h ris tia n ity a n d th u s m a k in g its o u te r u g lin e s s a n d
b ru ta lity te m p o ra rily a ttra c tiv e to th o s e o p p re s s e d
b y C a p ita lis m . N a m e ly , it h a s a d o p te d th e o rig in a l
C h ris tia n c o n c e p ts o f p o v e rty , e q u a lity a n d
c o m m u n ity life liv in g in to g e th e rn e s s . It is n o w I
b e lie v e th e d u ty o f C h ris tia n s to re trie v e w h a t is
th e ir o w n b irth rig h t, th u s d e p riv in g C o m m u n is m o f
th e C h ris tia n a n d b a rin g th e s a ta n ic d e p th s o f its
in s a n ity a n d im m o ra lity .
W e c a n ta k e th e c o n c e p ts o f th e in d iv id u a l a n d
p ra c tic a l s o c ia l c o n c e rn a s p ro p o u n d e d m o re in
th e c o n te m p o ra ry N o n -C h ris tia n W e s t. W e c a n
ta k e th e c o n c e p ts o f c o lle c tiv ity a n d m y s tic is m , a s
th e y a re to b e fo u n d in th e c o n te m p o ra ry N o n C h ris tia n E a s t. A n d th e n w e c a n jo in th e m to g e th e r
in a C h ris tia n m a rria g e , in a re tu rn to th e A p o s to lic
p a s t, s im u lta n e o u s ly m a k in g u s e o f th e w is d o m o f
th e p re s e n t. In th is w e m e re ly n e e d fo llo w th e
e x a m p le o f th e O rth o d o x C h u rc h . W e m u s t ta k e
th e p a th o f M a rth a a n d o f M a ry (Jn 1 1 ; Jn 1 2 , 1 8 ;
L k 1 0 , 3 8 ).
T h is m e a n s h a rd w o rk , s w e a t, s u ffe rin g a n d
n o n e o f th o s e c a n b e ta lk e d o f lig h tly . B u t I b e lie v e
th a t th ro u g h th e p r a y e r, th e lo v e a n d m u tu a l
in te ra c tio n o f C h ris tia n s w o rk in g a n d liv in g in
to g e th e rn e s s w e c a n o v e rc o m e th e p ro b le m s
w h ic h w ill b e s e t u s . W ith G o d a ll th in g s a re
p o s s ib le (M a tt 1 9 , 2 6 ).
T h e re
k e e n ly o f
m u s t e ith
o u rs e lv e s

is o n e th
a ll: h o w d
e r d e s tro
b e d e s tro

in
e s
y
y e

g h o w e v e r th a t I fe e l m o s t
p e ra te ly w e m u s t ra c e : fo r w e
th e E v il a m o n g u s o r le t
d b y it.

1 . T h e L e g e n d
L ik e a ll m y fe llo w -p ris o n e rs , I h a v e
im p ris o n e d h e re s in c e I w a s a c h ild .
F o r h o w lo n g e x a c tly I d o n o t k n
m a n y y e a r s , h o w e v e r, fo r m y h
g re y in g a n d s o m e o f th o s e w h o m
y o u n g m a n a re a lre a d y d e a d . B u t
m e a n in g in p ris o n a n d e a c h d a y s e e
e v e ry o th e r. D e a th s o m e tim e s a p p
o n ly e n d in g .

o w
a ir
I
tim
m s
e a r

b e e n

. It m u s t b e
is a lre a d y
k n e w a s a
e lo s e s its
to p a s s lik e
s to b e th e

I s p e n d m y h o u rs , d a y s , w e e k s , m o n th s a n d
y e a rs s ta rin g th ro u g h th e b a rs o f m y p ris o n w in d o w . A ra y o f g o ld e n lig h t c o m e s g lid in g

th ro
a n d
fo rg
u n d

u g h
m y s
o tte n
e rs ta

th e
te ry
in
n d

b a
o f
th e
th e

rs , re c a llin g
m y c h ild h o
d a rk c e lls
lig h t, b u t I

In th e p ris o n ,
e v e r re le a s e d , th
h a n g s lik e s m o k e
it s e e p s o u t fro m
e v e ry g ra n ite b lo
W ith o u t th e L e g e
e v e n c o n tin u e to

to
o d ,
o f m
p o n

R T H O D O X

m e a ll
n o w in
y m e m
d e r a b o

th e
ta n g
o ry .
u t it

N G L A N D

in
ib
I
o

te n s ity
le a n d
d o n o t
fte n .

fro m w h e re it is s a id n o b o d y is
e re is th e L e g e n d . T h e L e g e n d
in th e o b s c u rity o f th e p ris o n a ir,
th e flo o rs a n d th e c e ilin g s a n d
c k s e e m s to e x u d e its p re s e n c e .
n d n o b o d y in th is p ris o n w o u ld
liv e .

T h e L e g e n d te lls o f a S tra n g e r w h o c a m e to v is it
o u r p ris o n o n c e , a lo n g tim e a g o , in th e d e p th s o f
h is to ry . It w a s h e w h o to ld th e p ris o n e rs a b o u t th e
o u ts id e .
O n th e o u ts id e , s o th e L e g e n d re la te s , m a n is
fre e a n d in d e e d F re e d o m is h is d u ty . T h e s e o u ts id e
m e n h a v e fe e lin g s in th e p la c e w h e re th e ir h e a rts
b e a t: fe e lin g s s u c h a s w e p ris o n e rs c a n h a v e little
k n o w le d g e o f. O u ts id e , s o th e S tra n g e r is re p u te d
to h a v e s a id , m e n liv e in jo y a n d u n ity o f b e in g ;
a n d y e t th e y a re p o o r a n d th e y d o n o t liv e in
c o m fo rt, in s o ft c lo th e s a n d e a tin g g o o d fo o d lik e
u s p ris o n e rs . T h e y liv e in th e o p e n s p a c e s u n d e r
th e lig h t o f th e s k y a n d th e y g ro w th e ir fo o d in th e
e a rth o f th e fie ld s , in s te a d o f m a k in g it in
la b o ra to rie s . T h e y h a v e , h e s a id , n o e n te rta in m e n t,
n o t e v e n th e m a g ic la n te rn s 1, w h ic h p ro v id e u s
p ris o n e rs w ith s o m u c h a m u s e m e n t. A n o th e r
p e c u lia rity o f th e s e p e o p le o u ts id e is th a t th e y
o fte n d e n y th e m s e lv e s th e fu lfilm e n t o f th e ir
p h y s ic a l d e s ire s . T h e S tra n g e r, e x p la in in g th is in
th e L e g e n d , s a y in g th a t th is w a s b e c a u s e th o s e
o u ts id e fe lt th a t th e s e d e s ire s w e re n o t n e e d s a n d
th a t th e re fo re th e ir fu lfilm e n t w o u ld c re a te s till
m o re e v il.
T h e re w a s o n e th in g in th e L e g e n d w h ic h
in te re s te d a n d a m a z e d u s p ris o n e rs m u c h m o re
th a n a n y th in g e ls e . T h e S tra n g e r s a id th a t a ll th e
m e n a n d w o m e n o n th e o u ts id e h a d b e e n re le a s e d
fro m in s id e th e p ris o n . W e p ris o n e rs s till s p e n d
w h o le e v e n in g s ta lk in g a b o u t th e p o s s ib ility o f
b e in g re le a s e d . It e n th ra lls a n d e x c ite s u s b e y o n d
m e a s u re . S o m e p ris o n e rs , w h o c la im to h a v e m e t
th e u p p e r ra n k s o f th e p ris o n w a rd e rs , s a y th a t th e
P ris o n G o v e rn o r, w h o m n o o n e h a s e v e r s e e n ,
re le a s e s o n e p ris o n e r e v e ry tw e n ty y e a rs . S till o th e r
p ris o n e r s , h o w e v e r, w h o a ls o c la im to h a v e c o m e
in to c o n ta c t w ith th e s e ra n k s , d e c la re th a t th e re is
n o G o v e rn o r a t a ll; it is m e re ly th a t th e w a rd e rs
k n o w th a t if th e y d o n o t c o n tin u e to b u ild u p a n d
e x p a n d th e p ris o n , th e p ris o n e rs w o u ld lo s e h e a rt
in th e p ris o n s y s te m its e lf a n d th e w a rd e rs w o u ld

R T H O D O X

1 3

N G L A N D

th e n fin d th e w h o le p ris o n , th e ir jo b s a n d s e c u rity

tu m b lin g d o w n a ro u n d th e m . T h u s it is fe a r o f
c h a n g e th a t h o ld s th e s y s te m to g e th e r.
T h e s e la tte r p ris o n e rs a ls o m a in ta in th a t n o o n e
is e v e r re le a s e d , b u t th a t m a n y p ris o n e rs d o
m y s te rio u s ly d is a p p e a r. W h e n e v e r th is o c c u rs
th e re is a g re a t fu s s a n d s e n s a tio n a m o n g th e
w a rd e rs a n d m a n y a re d e m o te d . It is a ls o s a id th a t
th e re is n o b o d y in s id e th e p ris o n , n o t e v e n a m o n g
th e y o u n g e s t p ris o n e rs , w h o c a n re c a ll a n y th in g
a b o u t th e b e g in n in g s o f h is o r h e r life . It is
ru m o u re d th a t n o b o d y e v e r e n te rs th e p ris o n u n d e r
fo u r fe e t in h e ig h t. In th is w a y n o -o n e in th e p ris o n
k n o w s w h e re h e c a m e fro m , w h e n e x a c tly h e o r
s h e c a m e fro m o r, in d e e d , v e ry m u c h a t a ll a p a rt
fro m a fe w h a z y a n d u s u a lly m a d e -u p m e m o rie s .
S o th e re a d e r c a n im a g in e th e p ris o n e rs
e x c ite m e n t a b o u t th e L e g e n d w h e n th e S tra n g e r
s p e a k s o f re le a s e .
C o n c e rn in g re le a s e , th e L e g e n d h a n d s d o w n th e
fo llo w in g . E v e ry m a n o r w o m a n w h o is re le a s e d
le a v e s th e p ris o n th ro u g h th e D o o r. T h e D o o r is th e
D o o r th a t le a d s to L ife . T h e D o o r m a y b e
a p p ro a c h e d fro m a n y d ire c tio n . F o r e a c h p e rs o n
th e r e e x is ts a n in d iv id u a l p a th to th e D o o r, b u t n o
m a n c a n b e to ld w h e re h is p a th lie s , fo r h e m u s t
fin d it fo r h im s e lf. T h e D o o r is th e o n ly w a y o f
re le a s e , it is th e D o o r to th e F re e d o m a n d th e Jo y
o n th e o u ts id e . T o fin d th e L ife o n th e o u ts id e , y o u
m u s t firs t fin d th e P a th to th e D o o r, to fin d th e P a th
y o u m u s t firs t fin d th e T ru th , fo r th e P a th lie s
th ro u g h th e T ru th .
T h is is a ll th a t th e L e g e n d h a n d s d o w
m o re . T h e re a re s o m e in th e p ris o n w h o h o
o p in io n th a t th e L e g e n d m a y b e tru e , th e
o th e rs w h o s a y th a t th e L e g e n d is s im p ly
S tra n g e ly , th e re s e e m s to b e n o -o n e a m o n g u
b e lie v e s th a t th e L e g e n d is tru e . Y e t e v e ry b o d
in th e p ris o n s p e n d s m u c h o f h is o r h e r s p a r
s ta rin g th ro u g h th e ir c e ll w in d o w s , ta
th in k in g a n d d re a m in g a b o u t th e L e g e n d .

A n d s o
o u n tle s s
e g e n d . T
is a p p e a r
o w e v e r,
re d e c e s s
S o m
a t th e
w in d o
m y o w
in ta n g

L ife p a s s e s b y
m e n a n d w o m
h e m a re th o s e
m y s te rio u s ly . N
a p p e a r e a c h
o rs p la c e s .

e tim e s , w h e
ra y o f lig h t b
w , I s e e m to
n b e in g , a n
ib le d re a m ,

n I a
e a m
s e n s
in s ig
a n d

h e r
e n
w h
e w
d

a lo
in g th
e so m
h t, a
a t m

n . N o
ld th e
re a re
a lie .
s w h o
y h e re
e tim e
lk in g ,

e in th e p ris o n w h e re
s it a n d d is c u s s th e
o d ie , s o m e s e e m to
a n d y o u n g p ris o n e rs ,
a y a n d ta k e th e ir
n e
ro u
e th
fla s
o m

in m y c e ll s ta rin
g h th e b a rs o f th
in g th e re , b e y o n
h o f a d is ta n t a n
e n ts lik e th o s e

g
e
d
d
I

b e g in to th in k o f th e S tra n g e r a n d th e D o o r, ju s t a s
th o u g h I h a d s u d d e n ly g ra s p e d th e T ru th a n d w a s
s e ttin g o u t a lo n g th e P a th to w a rd s th e D o o r th a t
le a d s to L ife ... F o r I to o w is h to d is a p p e a r
m y s te rio u s ly w ith a ll th o s e th o u s a n d s o f p ris o n e rs
w h o , it s e e m s , h a v e a lre a d y d o n e s o ... S o m e tim e s ,
in fle e tin g d re a m s , a n im a g e ris e s b e fo re m e a n d I
s e e m y s e lf ra is in g a fis t to k n o c k o n a d o o r a n d th e
d o o r b e in g o p e n e d in a s u d d e n flo o d o f lig h t ...
a n d I fe e l ... s o n e a r ... s o n e a r.

2 . L ife a n d D e a th
M a n k in d liv e s in a w o rld o
N a tu re lite ra lly lie s in D e a th
a n im a ls th e re is n o e s c a p e a n
D e a th w ill c o m e . A n d y e t fro
c o m p o s t o f th e o n c e liv in g ,
p ro c e e d s N e w L ife .

f D e a th
. F o r th
d th e re
m th e D
b u t n o w

. A ro u n d h im
e p la n ts a n d
c a n b e n o n e :
e a th a n d th e
d e a d , th e re

If m a n k in d w e re a p la n t o r a n a n im a l h e to o
w o u ld liv e a n d d ie in th e s a m e m a n n e r. H e w o u ld
liv e o u t h is b rie f 2 5 ,0 0 0 d a y s a n d th e n re v e rt to th e
s a m e c o m p o s t a s th e p la n ts a n d th e a n im a ls . B u t
G o d d id n o t c re a te E v o lu tio n , th o u s a n d s o f
m illio n s
o f y e a rs
o f c o n sta n t, re g u la te d
d e v e lo p m e n t, s o th a t m a n k in d , th e c ro w n o r
u ltim a te p ro d u c t o f E v o lu tio n , s h o u ld d ie lik e
N a tu re , h is s o le c o m fo rt b e in g th a t th e w o rm s
c o u ld fe e d o ff h is b o d y . T h e re fo re m a n k in d w a s
g iv e n im m o rta lity , a s o u l, a n d th e S a v io u r Je s u s
C h ris t, s o th a t h e s h o u ld n o t k n o w D e a th . M a n k in d
a lo n e h a s b e e n s e le c te d fo r E te rn a l L ife . B u t in
o rd e r to re c e iv e E te rn a l L ife in a ll its jo y a n d
fu lln e s s , h is s o u l m u s t k n o w G o d b e fo re h e m a y
p a s s fro m th is w o rld in to th e n e x t.
It is th
th is e a rth
so , a c c o
sa v e d . V
b e lie v e th

ro u g h
ly illu
rd in g
e rily ,
o n m

F a ith a
s io n o f
to C h
v e rily
e h a th

lo n e th a t m
T im e in to
r is ts p r o m
I sa y u n
e v e rla s tin g

a n m
T im e
is e ,
to y
life .

a y
le s s
w e
o u .
(Jn

p a s s fro m
n e ss. A n d
s h a ll b e
H e th a t
6 , 4 7 .)

D ie , D e a th ! T h is is th e C h ris tia n c ry o f jo y .
T h ro u g h F a ith a lo n e w e b e c o m e im m o rta l ...
T h ro u g h F a ith a lo n e L ife is m a d e h o ly , fo r F a ith is
th e w o rk o f th e H o ly S p irit in th is w o rld . L ife is th e
H o ly S p i r it f lo w i n g th r o u g h G o d s C r e a ti o n . In th i s
w a y b o th L ife a n d D e a th a re h a llo w e d b y F a ith :
F a ith m a k e s s e n s e o f L ife a n d D e a th . A fa m o u s
w rite r o n c e s a id th a t L ife is a d re a m a n d D e a th a n
a w a k e n in g . F o r it is o n ly w h e n w e h a v e d ie d to th is
w o rld th a t w e a w a k e in to th e tru e lig h t o f th e G lo ry
o f G o d . T h ro u g h
D e a th
w e c o n q u e r th e
illu s o rin e s s o f th is w o rld , w ith a ll its s u ffe rin g s a n d
b o d ily n e e d s . D e a th th e re fo re is a w e lc o m e

1 4

re le a s e . It is L ib e rty : o n ly b e y o n d
b e c o m e c o m p le te ly fre e .

D e a th

A ll th is is
F a ith . F a ith is
G o d , a n d th e r
o u r s in s b e re d
b e re s u rre c te d

ly

p o s s
k n o
e fo re
e e m
, if w

ib le h
w in g
o u r L
e d b y
e d e n

o w e v e r o n
G o d . If w e
o rd Je s u s C
H is s a c rific
y C h r i s ts R

d o
h ris
e , h
e su

if w
n o
t, h
o w
rre c

d o

w e

e
t k
o w
c a
tio

h a v e
n o w
c a n
n w e
n ?

H o w
sh e e
h e n
in to
is g o

th in k
p , a n d
o t le a v
th e m o
n e a s tr

y e ? If a
o n e o f th
e th e n in
u n ta in s ,
a y ? (M a tt

R T H O D O X

m a n h a v e
e m b e g o n e
e ty a n d n in
a n d s e e k e th
1 8 , 1 2 )

a n h u n
a s tra y ,
e a n d g
th a t w

N G L A N D

d re d
d o th
o e th
h ic h

W ith G o d a ll th in g s a re p o s s ib le . (M a tt 1 9 ,
2 6 )

S o it is th a t C h ris tia n s b e lie v e th a t th e m o s t

im p o rta n t th in g fo r a n y m a n o r w o m a n is th e
a tta in m e n t o f F a ith . F a ith m a k e s L ife h o ly a n d
d e fe a ts D e a th . T h ro u g h it b lin d e y e s a re g iv e n
s ig h t. D e a th is n o lo n g e r fe a re d , b u t ra th e r lo o k e d
fo rw a rd to b y C h ris tia n s a s a re le a s e fro m th e
s in fu ln e s s o f th is w o rld . D e a th b e c o m e s a n
e n tra n c e in to L ife , a n e n tra n c e in to th e L ig h t, in to
th e L ife o f th e S p irit.

A n d a ll th in g s , w h a ts o e v e r y e s h a ll a s k in
p ra y e r, b e lie v in g , y e s h a ll re c e iv e . (M a tt 2 1 ,
2 2 )
N e ith e r s h a ll th e y s a y , L o , h e re o r, lo , th e re
fo r, b e h o ld , th e K in g d o m o f G o d is w ith in
y o u . (L k 1 7 , 2 1 )
In

y o u r p a tie n c e p o s s e s y e y o u r s o u ls . (L k
2 1 , 1 9 )
A

m a n c a n re c e iv e n o th in g , u n le s s it b e
g iv e n h im fro m h e a v e n . (Jn 3 , 2 7 )

3 . F a ith
B u t s e e k y e firs t th e K in g d o m o f G o d , a n d h is
rig h te o u s n e s s ; a n d a ll th e s e th in g s s h a ll b e
a d d e d u n to y o u .

L e t n o t y o u r h e a rt b e tro u b le d : y e b e lie v e in
G o d , b e lie v e a ls o in m e . (Jn 1 4 , 1 )

(M a tt 6 , 3 3 )

If y e s h a ll a s k a n y th in g in m y n a m e , I s h a ll
d o it. (Jn 1 4 .1 4 )

O n ly w h e n w e h a v e a tta in e d F a ith s h o u ld w e
s e e k to k n o w a b o u t th e o th e r th in g s o f L ife .

I w ill n o t le a v e y o u c o m fo rtle s s : I w ill c o m e

to y o u . (Jn 1 4 , 1 8 )

T h e a tta in m e n t o f F
c o m p le x . F a ith m a y b e
in p a r tic u la r, th e N e w
d e v o tio n a l w o rk s , s u c
o b ta in e d b y s p e a k in g w
s im p ly a s k in g H im fo
th o s e w h o h a v e a lre a d
th e m a b o u t it.

B e h
m a n
c o m
h e w

F a ith
h e a rt.

is a

a ith is a t o n c e s im p le a n d
o b ta in e d th ro u g h re a d in g ,
T e s ta m e n t, b u t a ls o o th e r
h a s th e P h ilo k a lia . It is
ith G o d , th ro u g h p r a y e r, b y
r F a ith . S e e k G o d a m o n g
y a tta in e d F a ith a n d ta lk to

g re a t L ig h t, a

w a rm in g

in s id e

T h e d
o f h o w m
In F a ith
e q u a lity
o f M a n .
le a d s u s
y o u r h e a

th e

D o n o t e x p e c t it to c o m e to y o u a t o n c e , it m a y
ta k e y o u a lo n g tim e to re c e iv e it. D o n o t h o w e v e r
g iv e w a y to d e s p o n d e n c y , b u t p e rs e v e re .
A b o u t F a ith th e S c rip tu re s h a v e th e fo llo w in g to
sa y :
A s k a n d it s h a ll b e g iv e n Y o u : s e e k a n d y e
s h a ll fin d ; k n o c k a n d it s h a ll b e o p e n e d u n to
y o u . (M a tt 7 , 7 )
T h e re fo
o f m in e
u n to a w
a ro c k .

re w h
, a n d
is e m
(M a tt

o s
d
a n
7 ,

o e
o e
, w
2 4

v e r h e a re th th e s e s a y in g s
th th e m , I w ill lik e n h im
h ic h b u ilt h is h o u s e u p o n
)

C o m e u n to m e a ll y e th a t la b o u r a n d a re
h e a v y la d e n , a n d I w ill g iv e y o u re s t. (M a tt
1 1 , 2 8 )

o ld I s ta n
h e a r m y
e is to h
ith m e .

d a t
v o ic
im , a
(R e v

th e
e , a
n d
3 , 2

d o o r a n d k n o c k : if a n y
n d o p e n th e d o o r, I w ill
w ill s u p w ith h im , a n d
0 )

is c o v e ry o f F a ith is m e re ly
u c h G o d lo v e s u s : F a ith g
w e b e c o m e p o te n tia lly e
w ill o n ly b e fo u n d in th e s
F a ith le a d s u s G o d s tr e a
to th e jo y o f L o v e , fo r G o d
rts a n d le t H im in .

th e d is c o v e ry
e n e ra te s L o v e .
q u a l, fo r tru e
p iritu a l d ig n ity
s u re h o u s e . It
is L o v e . O p e n

... to b e c o n tin u e d .
F o r th o s e w h o a re n o t a c c u s to m e d to o u r p ris o n w a y o f
life I m u s t e x p la in th e n a tu re o f o u r m a g ic la n te rn s . T h e y
a re q u ite s im p ly c u rv e d p ie c e s o f m irro r, w h ic h d is to rt
th e w o rld a ro u n d th e m , in s id e w h ic h th e im a g e s o f a s o c a lle d n a tu ra l w o rld a re fla s h e d . T h is n a tu ra l w o rld is
s a id to b e th e p e rfe c t w o rld in w h ic h w e s h a ll a ll liv e o n e
d a y if w e a re g o o d . It is q u ite d iffe re n t fro m o u r o rd in a ry
e v e ry d a y p ris o n life , w h e n w e s e e th e c o lo u rfu ln e s s a n d
th e g la re a n d w e h e a r th e n o is e a n d th e ja n g le o f th is
w o rld , fu ll o f its p e o p le m a d e o f p la s tic , w e a rin g p la s tic
fa c e s a n d p la s tic c lo th e s , w e fe e l g ra te fu l fo r th e
h a p p in e s s th a t it b rin g s in to o u r liv e s . S o m e tim e s , s o
g re a t is o u r g ra titu d e th a t w e b o w d o w n a n d w o rs h ip o u r
m a g ic la n te rn s .

R T H O D O X

1 5

N G L A N D

T O W A R D S A N O R T H O D O X V IE W
T H E S E C O N D W O R L D W A R
S m a s h in g th e d is tin c tiv e s p iritu a l p rin c ip le s
o f th e life a n d c u ltu re o f e a c h a n d e v e ry
p e o p le , it (W e s te rn c iv ilis a tio n ) d o e s n o t a n d
c a n n o t re p la c e th e m w ith a n y o th e r s p iritu a l
p rin c ip le s . It m e re ly tra n s p la n ts th e o u tw a rd
fo rm s o f a w a y o f life , w h ic h is b a s e d p u re ly
o n
m a te ria lis m ,
u tilita ria n is m
a n d
ra tio n a lis m . A s a re s u lt o f th is E u ro p e a n
c iv ilis a tio n , th e s o u ls o f E u ro p e a n is e d
p e o p le s s u ffe r a n u n h e a rd o f s p iritu a l
b a n k ru p tc y , w h ic h m a k e s th e m s te rile w ith
re g a rd to s p iritu a l c re a tiv ity a n d in d iffe re n t
o r s a v a g e w ith re g a rd to m o ra l v a lu e s . A t th e
s a m e tim e , th is c iv ilis a tio n is a c c o m p a n ie d
b y a n im m e a s u ra b le g re e d fo r e a rth ly ric h e s
a n d th e s in o f p rid e . W ith its in e lu c ta b le
lo g ic it le a d s to th e b u ild in g o f a n e w T o w e r
o f B a b e l.

N . S . T ru b e ts k o y , T h e T o w e r o f B a b e l a n d th e
C o n fu s io n o f T o n g u e s , p . 3 3 1

In tr o d u c tio n
IT H a n e s tim a te d 7 2 m illio n v ic tim s , th e
S e c o n d W o rld W a r w a s n o t o n ly tru ly a
W o rld W a r, b u t a ls o b y fa r th e b lo o d ie s t
in h is to ry to d a te . It w a s a n in d u s tria l a n d
te c h n o lo g ic a l w a r o f a ttritio n o r e x te rm in a tio n ,
in v o lv in g a n ti-h u m a n id e o lo g ie s . T h e s e le d to m a s s
g e n o c id e w ith e v e n ts o f a n u n h e a rd o f b a rb a ris m ,
a n d e n d e d w ith tw o A to m ic B o m b s .
S o m e v ie w th is W a r a s a s e rie s o f fo u r d iffe re n t
w a rs . T h e firs t w a s a fu rth e r c o n flic t b e tw e e n Ja p a n
a n d C h in a (1 9 3 7 1 9 4 5 ), th e s e c o n d w a s th e
c o n tin u a tio n o f th e G re a t E u ro p e a n W a r o f
1 9 1 4 1 8 a n d c o n c e rn e d W e s te rn a n d E a s te rn
E u ro p e w ith s e v e ra l c h a n g e s o f s id e s a n d
c o n s ta n tly c h a n g in g fro n ts (1 9 3 9 1 9 4 5 ), th e th ird
c o n c e rn e d a c c e s s to o il re s o u rc e s a n d w a s fo u g h t
la rg e ly in th e W e s te rn D e s e rt o f N o rth A fric a
(1 9 4 0 1 9 4 3 ), a n d th e fo u rth w a s fo r th e m a s te ry o f
th e P a c ific , w h ic h m a in ly c o n c e rn e d th e U S A a n d
Ja p a n a fte r th e Ja p a n e s e c o n q u e s t o f th e A s ia n
o u tp o s ts o f th e B ritis h E m p ire (1 9 4 1 1 9 4 5 ).
A s th e S e c o n d
th e E n g lis h -s p e
O rth o d o x S o v ie t
c o n te x t to s k e tc h
tra g ic p e rio d o f

W o rld W a r
a k in g U S A
U n io n , it is
o u t s o m e O
h is to ry . N o n

p ro d
a n
o f in
rth o
e o f

u c e d
d th
te re s t
d o x v
th e v

tw o v
e a p
to u s
ie w s
ie w s

ic to rs ,
o s ta te
in o u r
o f th is
b e lo w

a re
c o r
sh e
W h

h
re
d
e

e ld
c t
so
th e

d o g
th
m e O
r th e

O F

m a tic a lly o r w ith

e y a re s im p ly a
rth o d o x lig h t o n
y a c tu a lly d o s o

th e id e a th a t th
te n ta tiv e a tte m
so m e re c e n t h
re m a in s to b e s

e y a re
p t to
is to ry .
e e n .

A n In e v ita b le W a r
A fte r th e b a rb a rity o f th e m is n a m e d F irs t W o rld
W a r, w h ic h w a s in fa c t n o t th e G r e a t, b u t th e
G re a te s t, E u ro p e a n W a r in a s e rie s s tre tc h in g b a c k
o v e r c e n tu rie s , a n d its n in e m illio n d e a d , it w a s
c le a r th a t E u ro p e h a d n o t y e t fin is h e d d e s tro y in g
its e lf. H a v in g lo s t m o s t o f its v e s tig ia l C h ris tia n
F a ith a n d s o re s tra in t, it w a s c le a r th a t a s u lle n
E u ro p e w o u ld g o to w a r y e t a g a in . T h is tim e it
w o u ld
b e a id e d
b y a k illin g te c h n o lo g y ,
u n d re a m e d o f in tim e s p a s t. It w o u ld b e to ta l W a r.
F irs tly , th e in h u m a n id e o lo g y o f th e S o v ie t
m o n s te r c r e a t e d b y th e K a is e r s G e r m a n y i n 1 9 1 7
w a s n o t g o in g to a c c e p t its u n ju s t b o rd e rs . A n d a s
fo r G e rm a n y , it w a s n e v e r g o in g to a c c e p t th e
e q u a lly u n ju s t b o rd e rs im p o s e d o n it b y th e T re a ty
o f V e r s a ille s o f 1 9 1 9 a n d W o o d r o w W ils o n s
in s a n e lib e ra l in te rv e n tio n is m . T h e a b s u rd ju s tic e
o f p u n is h in g p e o p le s (th e G e rm a n s , th e A u s tria n s
a n d th e H u n g a ria n s ), ra th e r th a n p u n is h in g th e
lite s w h o h a s o rd e re d th e s la u g h te r o f th e g a lla n t
b u t u n in s tru c te d p e a s a n t m a s s e s o f E u ro p e b ro u g h t
its fru it o n ly a fe w y e a rs la te r. (P u n is h in g th e lite s
w o u ld h a v e m e a n t p u n is h in g th e m s e lv e s th is w a s
n o t o n fo r th e to p -h a tte d to ffs w h o m e t a t V e rs a ille s
in
1 9 1 9 ). T h u s , tw o
e x tre m is t id e o lo g ie s ,
C o m m u n is m a n d F a s c is m , g re w u p o u t o f th e
h o rro rs o f th e F irs t W o rld W a r a n d th e in a n e T re a ty
o f V e rs a ille s , w h ic h g u a ra n te e d a n o th e r W a r. T h e ir
e x tre m e v io le n c e w a s a lre a d y v is ib le in th e F a s c is t
/C o m m u n is t S p a n is h C iv il W a r o f th e 1 9 3 0 s , w h ic h
w a s n o th in g b u t a b lo o d y d re s s re h e a rs a l fo r w h a t
w a s to c o m e in th e 1 9 4 0 s .
T h e s p a rk th a t trig g e re d th e W a r in E u ro p e , th e
G e rm a n (a n d S o v ie t) in v a s io n o f P o la n d , w a s
c u rio u s . T h e G e rm a n o c c u p a tio n o f th e C z e c h p o p u la te d B o h e m ia a n d M o ra v ia (th o u g h n o t th a t
o f th e m a in ly G e rm a n -p o p u la te d S u d e te n la n d )
w o u ld s u re ly h a v e b e e n a v e ry re a s o n a b le s p a rk
fo r e n te rin g in to w a r a g a in s t H itle r. L ittle w o n d e r
th a t th e C z e c h s fe lt b e tra y e d b y F ra n c e a n d B rita in ,
w h e n th e y d id n o t d e fe n d th e ir c o u n try . H o w e v e r,
F re n c h a n d B ritis h a p p e a s e m e n t o f N a z i G e rm a n y

1 6
w a s b a s e d n o t o n re a s o n , b u t o n c o w a rd ic e c a u s e d
b y th e tra u m a o f th e G re a t W a r.
A fte r a ll, th e F a s c is t C a th o lic g o v e rn m e n t o f
P o la n d w a s in s o m e w a y s a c a u s e n o t w o rth
d e fe n d in g (th o u g h th e P o lis h p e o p le w e re ). T h e
P o lis h g o v e r n m e n t s o c c u p a ti o n o f a la r g e p a r t o f
B e la ru s a n d th e U k ra in e a fte r 1 9 1 9 w a s u n ju s tifie d .
Its tre a tm e n t o f its h u g e O rth o d o x m in o rity (e ig h t
m illio n ) a n d its d y n a m itin g o f s o m e 2 5 0 O rth o d o x
c h u rc h e s , m a n y o f th e m d e s tro y e d in 1 9 3 8 3 9 ,
c a n n e v e r b e ju s tifie d ; n o r c a n its tre a tm e n t o f its
la rg e G e rm a n m in o rity , w h o liv e d m a in ly in
S ile s ia . R e lia b le s o u rc e s p o in t o u t th a t th e P o lis h
g o v e rn m e n t h a d b e e n p la n n in g a n in v a s io n o f
G e rm a n y b e fo re G e rm a n y in v a d e d P o la n d . A n d
th e s to r y o f P o l a n d s tr e a tm e n t o f its J e w s b e tw e e n
th e w a rs is h a rd ly e d ify in g . (It m ig h t b e s a id th a t th e
s p a rk th a t c a u s e d th e F irs t W a r, th e in v a s io n o f
B e lg iu m , w a s a ls o s tra n g e a rg u a b ly th e B e lg ia n
e lite , w h ic h h a d e n s la v e d a n d e x p lo ite d to d e a th
m illio n s in th e B e lg ia n C o n g o w a s o n ly re c e iv in g
its re trib u tio n ).
N e v e rth e le s s , th e N a z i tre a tm e n t o f P o la n d a n d
a ll its p e o p le s w a s fa r w o rs e th a n a n y th in g th e
F a s c is t P o le s c o u ld m a n a g e . E v e n S ta lin , e v e n w ith
h is b ru ta l m a s s a c re o f s o m e 2 3 ,0 0 0 P o lis h o ffic e rs
a t K a ty n in s p rin g 1 9 4 0 a n d e v e n w ith h is c y n ic is m
in A u g u s t a n d S e p te m b e r 1 9 4 4 a s h e le t th e N a z is
m a s s a c re th e g a lla n t P o lis h R e s is ta n c e in W a rs a w ,
lo o k s b e n ig n w h e n c o m p a re d to H itle r. T h e fa c t is
th a t w a r w ith G e rm a n y w a s in e v ita b le s o o n e r o r
la te r, b e c a u s e o f th e p ro fo u n d ly e v il n a tu re o f
N a z is m . H itle r w a s a ra c ia lis t m a n ia c . H e w a s
p o s s e s s e d b y a le g io n o f d e m o n s . N o b o d y c o u ld
h a v e s to o d b y a n y lo n g e r.
T h e m a s s k illin g o f d is a b le d G e rm a n s o f th e
1 9 3 0 s s o o n b e c a m e th e m a s s k illin g s o f Je w s ,
S la v s , G y p s ie s a n d o th e rs in s o m e 3 0 0 c o n c e n tra tio n c a m p s . E v e n S ta lin d id n o t d o th is a n d
h a rd e n e d R e d A rm y tro o p s w e re to b e h o rrifie d b y
th e m a s s a c re s a n d m a s s ra p e s b y th e G e rm a n
s o ld ie r y o f Je w s a n d S la v s d u r in g H itle r s in v a s io n
o f th e S o v ie t U n io n . (It is s a id b y G e rm a n s o u rc e s
th a t e v e ry s e c o n d G e rm a n s o ld ie r b e c a m e a ra p is t
in R u s s ia ). A lth o u g h n o b o d y b e lie v e s th a t th e
N a z is k ille d a ll th e m illio n s o f Je w s in g a s
c h a m b e rs , th e d e ta il o f h o w th e y w e re k ille d is
irre le v a n t. T h e fa c t is th a t th e y w e re k ille d .
A c c o rd in g to m o s t e s tim a te s , o v e r 5 m illio n o f
th e m w e re k ille d . T h e y d ie d a b o v e a ll th ro u g h
e x h a u s tio n , m a ltre a tm e n t, e x p lo ita tio n , d is e a s e
a n d s h o o tin g , a s w e ll a s th ro u g h g a s s in g a n d
to rtu re .

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

S i x t im e s w o r s e in te r m s o f n u m b e r s w a s H i tle r s
ra c ia lis t h o lo c a u s t o f th e S la v s . F o r h im th e S la v s
w e re U n te rm e n s c h e n , s u b h u m a n s . T h u s , a t le a s t
tw e lv e m illio n E a s t S la v c iv ilia n s , m a in ly R u s s ia n s ,
B e lo ru s s ia n s (o n e in fo u r) a n d U k ra in ia n s ; s o m e
th re e m illio n P o le s a n d a s m a n y a s o n e m illio n
S e rb s , w e re m a s s a c re d b y h is tro o p s o r th e ir a llie s .
A lto g e th e r o v e r 3 0 m ill io n S la v s d ie d in H i tle r s
h o lo c a u s t. T h e o n ly S la v s te m p o ra rily s p a re d w e re
th e m o re G e rm a n is e d C z e c h s a n d S lo v e n e s , a n d
S la v s w h o s e g o v e rn m e n ts h a d tu rn e d F a s c is t, lik e
th e C ro a ts , th e S lo v a k s a n d th e B u lg a ria n s u n d e r
th e ir G e rm a n p u p p e t-k in g . If H itle r h a d b e e n
a llo w e d to c o n tin u e , h e c o u ld h a v e k ille d a ll th e
Je w s in E u ro p e a n d a h u n d re d m illio n S la v s b e fo re
h e d ie d . H e h a d to b e d e fe a te d .

A llie d H y p o c r is y
T h u s , H
D a c h a u ,
T re b lin k a ,
b e c a m e th
G y p s ie s , a
d e s p is e d .

itle r s 3 0
B e lz e c , R
B e ls e n , M
e k illin g g
n y w h o m

c a m
a v e n s
a u th a
ro u n d
H itle

p s , li
b ru c k ,
u se n a
s fo r S
r s r a c

k e

A
B u c
n d M
la v s ,
ia lis t

u s c h w
h e n w
a jd a
Je w s
id e o

itz ,
a ld ,
n e k ,
a n d
lo g y

H o w e v e r, th o s e in c o u n tr ie s in W e s te rn E u ro p e
o th e r th a n G e rm a n y , s h o u ld n o t fe e l s u p e rio r o r
s u r p r is e d . H it le r s a tt itu d e to w a r d s t h e S la v s w a s n o
d iffe re n t fro m th a t o f th e S p a n is h a n d P o rtu g u e s e
to w a rd s n a tiv e p o p u la tio n s in L a tin A m e ric a , o r
fro m th a t o f th e E n g lis h to w a rd s th e n a tiv e s o f
N o rth A m e ric a , A u s tra lia , N e w Z e a la n d , T a s m a n ia
a n d B la c k A fric a , w h o m
th e y e n s la v e d a n d
ru th le s s ly e x p lo ite d . (C o n c e n tra tio n c a m p s w e re
in v e n te d b y th e S p a n is h in C u b a in 1 8 9 9 a n d
d e v e lo p e d w ith g re a t s u c c e s s b y th e B ritis h in
th e ir g e n o c id a l B o e r W a r tw o y e a rs la te r). H itle r
h im s e lf p ro c la im e d th a t h e w a s o n ly d o in g in
E a s te rn E u ro p e w h a t o th e r c o u n trie s h a d d o n e in
th e ir c o lo n ie s . If E n g lis h s e ttle rs c o u ld tre a t th e
In d ia n s o f N o rth A m e ric a lik e v e rm in , w h y c o u ld
h e n o t d o th e s a m e w ith th e N o n -A ry a n Je w s a n d
th e N o n -G e rm a n S la v s ?
W e c a n n o t h e lp re c a llin g th e fa te o f th e m illio n s
o f B la c k A fric a n s e n s la v e d a n d s e n t to th e
A m e ric a s b y w h ite p e o p le (e v e n if th e y w e re s o ld
to th e w h ite s b y A fric a n o r A ra b s la v e m a s te rs , th e
la tte r o f w h o m a ls o tra d e d in h u g e n u m b e rs o f
w h ite s la v e s ). W e c a n n o t fo rg e t h o w th e B e lg ia n s
(e s p e c ia lly th e ir R o y a l F a m ily ) ru th le s s ly ra p e d th e
B e lg ia n C o n g o , h o w th e F re n c h e x p lo ite d In d o C h in a a n d N o rth a n d W e s t A fric a , h o w th e Ita lia n s
m a ss a c re d in E th io p ia , h o w
th e P o rtu g u e se
e x p lo ite d th e ir A fric a n c o lo n ie s , h o w th e B ritis h

R T H O D O X

1 7

N G L A N D

e x p lo ite d a n d ru th le s s ly c o n tr
h e ro in w a rs a n d th e ir d e s p ic a b
c a m p s in S o u th A fric a in th e B o e
a re c e n tly a s th e 1 9 5 0 s , in K e n
ru lin g e lite s o f W e s te rn E u ro p e
o w n w o rk in g -c la s s s o ld ie rs in th
G re a t E u ro p e a n W a r o f 1 9 1 4 n o
n a tiv e p e o p le s a s v e rm in .

o lle d w ith th e ir
le c o n c e n tra tio n
r W a r a n d a g a in ,
y a . B u t th e n th e
h a d tre a te d th e ir
e tre n c h e s o f th e
b e tte r th a n th o s e

A s fo r A m e ric a n s , w e c a n n o t fo rg e t th e w a y th a t
th e ir o w n B la c k s o ld ie rs w e re o fte n tre a te d b e fo re ,
d u rin g a n d a fte r th e S e c o n d W o r ld W a r. T h e
U n ite d S ta te s , fo u n d e d m a in ly b y s e ttle rs fro m
E n g la n d , h a d a fte r a ll b e e n b a s e d o n H itle rite
ra c ia lis m . F o r e x a m p le , a s e a rly a s 1 6 4 0 , it w a s
m a d e ille g a l a m o n g th e s e ttle rs in M a s s a c h u s e tts ,
to s h o o t o ff a g u n o n a n y u n n e c e s s a ry o c c a s io n o r
a t a n y g a m e , e x c e p t a n In d ia n o r a w o lf. G e o rg e
W a s h in g to n s o u g h t th e d e s tru c tio n o f In d ia n s a n d
a little la te r A n d re w Ja c k s o n u rg e d A m e ric a n
tro o p s to k ill a ll In d ia n w o m e n a n d th e ir w h e lp s .
A s fo r T h o m a s Je ffe rs o n (1 8 2 9 1 8 3 7 ), w h o h e ld
th e s e lf-e v id e n t tru th s th a t a ll m e n a re c re a te d
e q u a l, h e w ro te th a t th e A m e ric a n g o v e rn m e n t
w a s o b lig e d to p u rs u e th e In d ia n s to e x tin c tio n .
H itle r w a s a d e m o n ic a b o m in a tio n . B u t h e w a s
a ls o o n ly th e e x tre m e fru it o f a w h o le W e s te rn
m e n ta lity . H e in v e n te d n o th in g , h e s im p ly
in d u s tria lis e d a n d s y s te m a tis e d , in th e e ffic ie n t
G e rm a n w a y , W e s te rn ra c ia l a rro g a n c e a n d
a p p lie d it in E u ro p e . G e n o c id e a c c o rd in g to a
ra ilw a y tim e ta b le w a s h is s y s te m . It is n o g o o d
A llie d h is to ria n s p io u s ly h y p o c ritic a lly e x p re s s in g
th e ir ritu a l a s to n is h m e n t th a t s u c h a th in g c o u ld
p o s s ib ly h a p p e n in a c iv ilis e d W e s te rn E u ro p e a n
c o u n try . H itle r w a s o n ly d o in g w h a t W e s te rn
E u ro p e a n h a d b e e n d o in g e v e r s in c e th e ir e le v e n th
c e n tu ry c ru s a d e s in S p a in , S ic ily , Ita ly , E n g la n d in
1 0 6 6 a n d th e n th e H o ly L a n d o n ly m o re
e ffic ie n tly . T h o s e w h o s to o d u p to h im
a n d
d e fe n d e d th e Je w s a n d o th e rs , lik e N o rw e g ia n
L u th e ra n c le rg y in 1 9 4 2 , th e B u lg a ria n s w h o s e
C h u rc h s a v e d 5 0 ,0 0 0 Je w s in M a rc h 1 9 4 3 , o r th e
D a n e s in S e p te m b e r 1 9 4 3 , h a v e h o n o u r. T h o s e
w h o h e lp e d H itle r m a s s a c re th e Je w s , a s d id V ic h y
F re n c h m e n , fa n a tic a l C ro a ts , b ru ta l L ith u a n ia n s
a n d U n ia t W a ffe n S S G a lic ia n s fro m th e U k ra in e ,
h a v e n o h o n o u r.

C h u r c h ill a n d th e B r itis h R o le
S ir W in s to
p e o p le . B u t h
W o rld W a r h
o f G a llip o li,

n C
is to
e w
th a

h u
ry
a s
t

rc h
d o
re s
h e

ill
e s
p o
w

is
n o
n s
a s

a h
t fo
ib le
a

e ro
rg e
fo
d re

fo r m
t th a t
r th e c
a d fu l

a n y B ritis h
in th e F irs t
a ta s tro p h e
p e a c e tim e

le a d e r, w
th e
w o
d e m o c ra
e le c tio n s

ith o n ly h a u
rk in g
c la s
tic a lly a n d
o f 1 9 4 5 b y

g h
se
d
th

ty a ris to c r
s , a n d
e c is iv e ly
e B ritis h p

a tic c o n te m p t fo r
th a t h e
w a s
re je c te d in th e
e o p le .

C h u rc h ill w a s a n
Im p e ria lis t, a
W h ite
S u p re m a c is t, a n d th e o rd in a ry tro o p s o f B rita in
w e re s h o c k e d w h e n , p o s te d a b ro a d fro m 1 9 4 0
o n w a rd s , th e y s a w h o w th e B ritis h c o lo n ia l ru lin g
c la s s e s h a d fo r y e a rs b e e n m is tre a tin g In d ia n s ,
E g y p tia n s , A fric a n s , C h in e s e , s u b je c t p e o p le s , lik e
th e m s e lv e s , o f th e B ritis h E m p ire . A n d a ll o f th is
h a d b e e n g o in g o n fo r y e a rs b e h in d th e ir b a c k s ,
b u t in th e ir n a m e .
In re c e n t y e a rs C h u rc h ill h a s a ls o b e e n a c c u s e d
o f k n o w in g a b o u t th e s in k in g o f th e L u s ita n ia in
1 9 1 5 , th e G e rm a n ra id o n C o v e n try a n d th e
Ja p a n e s e a tta c k o n P e a rl H a rb o u r a n d d o in g
n o th in g to s to p th e m fo r s tra te g ic a n d p o litic a l
re a s o n s . S im ila rly , h e h a s b e e n b la m e d fo r th e
d is a s tro u s A u g u s t 1 9 4 2 D ie p p e ra id a s w e ll a s th e
Im p e ria lis t d is a s te rs in th e F a r E a s t, w h e n in
F e b ru a ry 1 9 4 2 , fo r e x a m p le , B ritis h tro o p s w e re
m a rc h e d d ire c tly o ff s h ip s in S in g a p o re in to
Ja p a n e s e c a p tiv ity , fro m w h ic h o n ly a m in o rity
s u rv iv e d . T h a t w a s th e g re a te s t d e fe a t in th e h is to ry
o f th e E m p i r e a p a r t fr o m C h u r c h il ls o th e r d e fe a t
a t D u n k irk . M a n y o th e r ta c tic a l e rro rs h a v e b e e n
a ttrib u te d to h im , th o u g h , in fa irn e s s , h in d s ig h t is a
w o n d e rfu l th in g .
It is tru e th a t w ith o u t th e a n ti-N a z i
lite ra ry g e n iu s a n d N o b e l-p riz e w in
m ig h t n o t h a v e b e e n o n th e w in n in g
S e c o n d W o r ld W a r. It w a s th e h a
C h u rc h ill w h o u rg e d th e U S A in to th e
w a s th e U S A th a t u n d o u b te d ly s a v e d
fro m a h u m ilia tin g s u rre n d e r to N a z i G
p o s s ib le o c c u p a tio n . W ith o u t th e U S A

C h u rc h ill, a
n e r, B rita in
s id e in th e
lf-A m e ric a n
W a r a n d it
th is c o u n try
e rm a n y a n d
, w e c o u ld

1 8

h a v e b e e n s ta rv e d in to s u rre n d e r in 1 9 4 2 a n d
m illio n s o f u s s e n t o ff in to s la v e la b o u r c a m p s in
G e rm a n y o r to fig h t a g a in s t th e S o v ie t U n io n . E v e n
w h e n o u r firs t v ic to ry c a m e a t E l A la m e in a t th e
e n d o f 1 9 4 2 , it c a m e o n ly b e c a u s e a t la s t o u r
tro o p s h a d la rg e q u a n titie s o f d e c e n t g u n s a n d
ta n k s , s e n t to u s fro m th e U S A , ra th e r th a n th e
p a th e tic a n d o b s o le te e q u ip m e n t, w h ic h o u r A rm y
h a d in a n y c a s e lo s t o n th e b e a c h e s o f D u n k irk .
T h e fa c t is th a t th e S
b y th e U S a n d w h a t w a
S ta te s a n d th e S o v ie t U
(T h o u g h it is a ls o tru e
h a d lis te n e d to C h u rc h
a n d th e e n s u in g d iv is io
h a p p e n e d ).

e c o n d W
s c a lle d
n io n , n o
th a t if th
i lls o p in
n o f E u ro

o
th
t
e
io
p

rld
e S
b y
n a
n o
e m

W a r
U , th
G re a
v e R
f S ta
ig h t

w a s w o n
e U n ite d
t B rita in .
o o s e v e lt
lin , Y a lta
n o t h a v e

O f c o u rs e , th e
A m e ric a n
p e o p le
w e re
th e m s e lv e s g e n e ro u s a n d n o b le a n d h e lp e d u s , b u t
th e A m e ric a n g o v e rn m e n t d id h a v e m o tiv e s o f s e lfin te re s t. A m e ric a n h e lp fo r u s to s u rv iv e c a m e a t a
p ric e . F irs t o f a ll, th e re w a s th e A m e ric a n p ric e o f
d is m a n tlin g th e B ritis h E m p ire . T h is p e rh a p s w a s
n o t a b a d th in g . T h e p ro b le m w a s th a t it m e a n t th a t
th e B ritis h E m p ire w a s re p la c e d b y th e A m e ric a n
E m p ire . T h e s e c o n d p ie c e o f s e lf-in te re s t w a s th a t
th e A m e ric a n g o v e rn m e n t k n e w th a t, if it d id n o t
in v a d e W e s te rn E u ro p e , u s in g E n g la n d a s its
a irc ra ft c a rr ie r, E u ro p e w o u ld e ith e r b e c o m e
F a s c is t u n d e r H itle r o r, m u c h m o re lik e ly ,
C o m m u n is t u n d e r S ta lin . N e ith e r s c e n a rio w a s in
th e U S in te re s t. T ru e , th e re w e re s o m e n e g a tiv e
a s p e c ts to th e p e a c e fu l A m e ric a n o c c u p a tio n o f th e
U n ite d K in g d o m a n d th e tw o m illio n U S tro o p s
w h o b ro u g h t c o c a -c o la a n d c h e w in g g u m a n d
g a v e g e n e ro u s ly . B u t th e y s a v e d u s fro m s u rre n d e r
to H itle r. T h e A m e ric a n o c c u p a tio n w a s in d e e d a
w e lc o m e in v a s io n .
F ro m
a n E n g lis h p o in t o f v ie w , th e fin e s t
m o m e n ts o f th e S e c o n d W o rld W a r w e re w h e n w e
s to o d a lo n e , d e fe n d in g E n g la n d a s in th e s o -c a lle d
B a ttle o f B rita in , o r, m o re c o r re c tly a s it is c a lle d
in o th e r la n g u a g e s , T h e B a ttle o f E n g la n d . T h e n
B ritis h
a rro g a n c e
a n d
B ritis h
Im p e ria lis m
d is a p p e a re d . T h e n w e d e fe n d e d e v e ry th in g th a t
w a s w o rth w h ile in E n g lis h n e s s , w h a t w a s a n d is
b e s t in o u r c u ltu re , a c iv ilis a tio n , th e E n g lis h w a y
o f life , G a rd e n E n g la n d , th a tc h e d c o tta g e s w ith
h o lly h o c k s a n d ro s e s , te a a n d w h ite ta b le c lo th s ,
c ric k e t o n v illa g e g re e n s , th e o ld -w o rld c o u rte s y
a n d fa ir p la y o f g e n tle m e n a n d g e n tle w o m e n (s a d ly
a n d iro n ic a lly s o m u c h o f w h ic h p o s t-w a r B ritis h
g o v e rn m e n ts h a v e d e s tro y e d fa r m o re s u c c e s s fu lly
th a n L u ftw a ffe b o m b s e v e r d id ). W e w e re a t o u r

b e s t o n ly
a n d b lu n d
th e B ritis h
C o u n try
p e o p le s . W
d e fe n d in g

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

w h e n w e w e re n o t d e fe n d in g b lin k e re d
e rin g , in h u m a n ly rig id b u re a u c ra c y a n d
Im p e ria l m y th w ith its s o rd id B la c k
a n d s q u a lid in ju s tic e s to w a rd s o th e r
e w e re a t o u r b e s t o n ly w h e n w e w e re
re a l m o ra l a n d s p iritu a l v a lu e s .

C h u r c h il ls g r e a t e s t c r im e m u s t b e h is t e r r o rb o m b in g o f G e rm a n c iv ilia n s , c a rrie d o u t u n d e r
th e u tte rly c a llo u s A ir C h ie f M a rs h a l S ir A rth u r
H a rris a n d th e R A F , in w h ic h h e a ls o in v o lv e d th e
U S A F , w ith h u g e lo s s e s o f y o u n g fly in g c re w . F o r
e x a m p le , th e m u c h -v a u n te d D a m b u s te rs ra id o f
M a y 1 9 4 3 k ille d 1 ,2 9 4 p e o p le , m o s t o f w h o m
w e re n o t e v e n G e rm a n c iv ilia n s , b u t s la v e w o rk e rs , a m o n g th e m
4 9 3 U k ra in ia n w o m e n .
A re a b o m b in g , la te r w ith fire -b o m b in g a n d
fire s to rm s in G e rm a n c itie s lik e H a m b u rg in Ju ly
1 9 4 3 (s till la te r D re s d e n in 1 9 4 5 ), w a s re p e a te d ly
c o n d e m n e d b y th e B is h o p o f C h ic h e s te r, G e o rg e
B e ll. A lre a d y in 1 9 4 1 h e h a d d e n o u n c e d it a s
b a rb a ria n a n d it w a s q u ite p o s s ib le th a t th is c o s t
h im th e p o s itio n o f A rc h b is h o p o f C a n te rb u ry ,
s in c e in E n g la n d it is th e B ritis h P rim e M in is te r,
th e n C h u rc h ill, w h o d e fa c to a p p o in ts th e
A rc h b is h o p o f C a n te rb u ry . It w a s a ll in e x c u s a b le .
O v e r 5 5 0 ,0 0 0 G e rm a n c iv ilia n s a n d te n s o f
th o u s a n d s o f in n o c e n t s la v e -w o rk e rs w e re
m a s s a c r e d b y C h u r c h ills c a r p e t- b o m b in g . W h y ?
C h u r c h il ls s e c o n d g r e a te s t c r im e w a
re p a tria tio n o f u p to tw o m illio n m a in
a n d U k ra in ia n s to S ta lin a n d th o u s a n d s
T ito , a s h a s b e e n c h ro n ic le d b y th e
B e th e ll a n d N ik o la i T o ls to y . T ru e , th e
a ls o p la y e d a le s s e r p a rt in th is , b u t
w o u ld e v e r h a v e h a p p e n e d w ith o u t C h
h is s e rv a n t, E d e n . C h u rc h ill k n e w e x
S ta lin w o u ld d o , s h o o t th e v ic tim s o r s e
c a m p s in S ib e ria w h e re m a n y fro z e to
to o w a s in e x c u s a b le . C h u rc h ill n e v e r h
tria l fo r th e s e tw o w a r c rim e s .

s th e fo rc e d
ly R u s s ia n s
o f S e rb s to
la te L o rd
A m e ric a n s
n o n e o f it
u rc h ill a n d
a c tly w h a t
n d th e m to
d e a th . T h is
a d to s ta n d

T h e G r e a t R u s s ia n T r a g e d y
P e r
W o rld
o f th e
G re a t

h a p s
W a r,
o u tc o
R u s s ia

T h e
o f th e
S u n d a y
1 9 4 1 ,
ig n o re d
in v a sio
C h u rc h

th
a p
m
n

g re a te s t tra g e d y o f th e S e c o n d
a rt fro m it h a p p e n in g a t a ll b e c a u s e
e s o f th e F irs t W o r ld W a r, w a s th e
T ra g e d y .

in itia l a m a z in g s u c c e s s o f th e N
S o v ie t U n io n , w h ic h to o k p
o f A ll th e S a in ts o f th e L a n d o
c a m e a b o u t firs tly b e c a u s e
a ll th e w a rn in g s a b o u t H itle
n , in c lu d in g
p re c ise
w a r
ill. S e c o n d ly , it c a m e a b o u t b e

a z i in v a s io n
la c e o n th e
f R u s in Ju n e
S ta lin h a d
r s im m in e n t
n in g s fro m
c a u s e b e fo re

R T H O D O X

1 9

N G L A N D

re v e n g e fo r o c c u p a tio n , m a s s a c re a n d th e m illio n s
o f ra p e s c a rrie d o u t in th e ir h o m e la n d b y m a n ia c a l
G e rm a n s o ld ie rs .

C h u r c h ill, R o o s e v e lt a n d S ta lin a t Y a lta

th e S e c o n d W a r S ta lin , a lw a y s th e p a ra n o ia c
m a n ia c , h a d p u rg e d h is a rm e d fo rc e s o f m o s t o f its
c o m p e te n t o ffic e rs a n d m a d e o f th o s e fo rc e s a
p o litic is e d , d e m o ra lis e d a n d u n d e re q u ip p e d
ra b b le . In th e e a rly d a y s o f th e W a r th e s e , o fte n
u n a rm e d , s o ld ie rs w e re s o o n ta k e n p ris o n e r a n d
s e n t a s s la v e la b o u r to G e rm a n y , w h e re m o s t o f
th e m d ie d o f m a ltre a tm e n t a n d s ta rv a tio n . T h ird ly ,
N a z i s u c c e s s c a m e a b o u t b e c a u s e o n s e e in g fo r
e x a m p le th e c ro s s e s o n G e rm a n ta n k s , th e m u c h p e rs e c u te d d e v o u t p e a s a n ts o f B e la ru s a n d th e
U k ra in e th o u g h t th a t C h ris tia n lib e ra tio n fro m th e
h a te d S o v ie t A n tic h ris t h a d a t la s t c o m e a n d
m is ta k e n ly w e lc o m e d th e G e rm a n fo rc e s .
T h e la te r R u s s ia n s u c c e s s a g a in s t S ta lin c a n b e
a ttrib u te d o n ly to th e fa c t th a t S ta lin h a n d e d m o s t
o f th e m a n a g e m e n t o f th e w a r o v e r to in te llig e n t
a n d p a trio tic S la v O rth o d o x g e n e ra ls lik e M a rs h a l
G e o rg y Z h u k o v a n d w a s o b lig e d to g iv e s o m e
m e a s u re o f fre e d o m
to th e R u s s ia n O rth o d o x
C h u rc h . T h e h u g e tw e n ty -fiv e y e a r o ld to rre n t o f
R u s s ia n O rth o d o x m a rty rs s lo w e d a fte r 1 9 4 2 ,
th o u g h o th e r fo rm s o f p e rs e c u tio n a n d th e s tre a m
o f c o n fe s s o rs d id n o t. In re a lity , th e S o v ie t U n io n
lo s t th e w a r a g a in s t H itle r. It w a s w o n b y th e re in v ig o ra te d R u s s ia n O rth o d o x p e o p le s .
If, in
a p a trio
R u s s ia n
b e e n a v
h e w a s

s u m m
tic c o
s ta te ,
o id e d
n o t so

F irs tly ,
h a v e b e e
h a v e ta k e
w o u ld p e

e r
u p
a ll
. It
o u

w e c
s a
n th e
rh a p s
n

1 9 4 1 ,
d e ta t
m a n n
is th e
s te d .

a n th
v e d ,
p la c
h a v

in k
b e
e o f
e fin

S e c o n d ly , w e c a n a s
fre e d a n d v ic to rio u s
a d v a n c e d in to P o la n d ,
e tc , th e y w o u ld h a v e
g e n u in e lib e ra to rs , n

S ta
w h
e r o
G re
th
c a
in
is

a t
u s
c o
h e

lin h a d b e e n
ic h h a d re s to
f la te r e v ils c
a t R u s s ia n T r

o u s te
re d a
o u ld
a g e d y

d b y
fre e
h a v e
th a t

m illio n s o f liv e s w o u ld
c o m p e te n c e w o u ld
m p e te n c e a n d th e W a r
d in 1 9 4 4 .

s u m e th
p o s t-S
G e rm a n
c o m e
o t a s

a t
o v
y ,
a s
o c

w h e n tro o p s
ie t R u s s ia
A u s tria , H u n
d is c ip lin e d
c u p ie rs s e e

o f a
la te r
g a ry
a n d
k in g

T h ird ly , w e c a n th in k th a t a fre e d R u s s ia w o u ld
n o t o n ly h a v e a d v a n c e d in to G e rm a n y a n d fre e d
th e G e rm a n p e o p le fro m th e N a z is . P e rh a p s , if th e
w a r h a d e n d e d e a rlie r in 1 9 4 4 , th e n , a s in 1 8 1 4 ,
R u s s ia n tro o p s w o u ld h a v e h a d tim e to a d v a n c e
in to F ra n c e (a n d Y u g o s la v ia ) a n d fre e P a ris (a n d
B e lg ra d e ). T h e n , R u s s ia n tro o p s w o u ld h a v e re tire d
b a c k to h is to ric b o rd e rs , n o t s tra n g lin g C e n tra l a n d
E a s te rn E u ro p e a n d th e B a ltic S ta te s w ith C o m m u n is m fo r th e n e x t 4 5 y e a rs . T h u s , th e iro n y o f a
w a r w ith its te n s o f m illio n s o f d e a d , c a u s e d b y th e
o c c u p a tio n o f P o la n d b y a d ic ta to r, w o u ld n o t
h a v e e n d e d w ith th e o c c u p a tio n o f P o la n d b y a
d ic ta to r, a lb e it a d iffe re n t o n e .
F o u rth ly , w e c a n th in k th a t a fte r th e W a r th e
b o rd e rs o f E a s te rn E u ro p e w o u ld h a v e b e e n fix e d
w ith a m u c h g re a te r s e n s e o f h is to ry a n d ju s tic e
th a n S ta lin p o s s e s s e d . T h u s , th e b o rd e rs o f th e
B a ltic S ta te s c o u ld h a v e b e e n e s ta b lis h e d ju s tly .
T h e O rth o d o x le ft in P o la n d a ro u n d B ia ly s to k
c o u ld h a v e b e e n ta k e n in to B e la ru s . O n th e o th e r
h a n d , th e p ro b le m s o f B e n d e rite U n ia t G a lic ia a n d
L v o v c o u ld h a v e b e e n le ft to P o la n d , w h ic h
c re a te d th e m . T h u s , th e b o rd e rs o f th e U k ra in e
w o u ld
h a v e b e e n
e s ta b lis h e d
w ith o u t th e
p e rn ic io u s in flu e n c e o f th e P o lo n is e d G a lic ia n
U n ia ts , w h o w o u ld h a v e re m a in e d in P o la n d . O n
th e o th e r h a n d , th e L e m k o p e o p le s o f n o rth -e a s te rn
S lo v a k ia a n d s o u th -e a s te rn P o la n d c o u ld h a v e
b e e n ta k e n in to a fre e C a rp a th o -R u s s ia , e s ta b lis h e d
a s a n in d e p e n d e n t E a s t S la v S ta te , in s te a d o f b e in g
d iv id e d o r e s ta b lis h e d a s th e rid ic u lo u s S ta lin is t
T ra n s c a rp a th ia n re g io n o f th e U k ra in e .
W ith a R u s s ia n (a n d n o t S o v ie t) lib e ra tio n o f
Y u g o s la v ia , th e c o u n try c o u ld h a v e b e e n d is s o lv e d
in to its n a tu ra l p a rts o f S lo v e n ia , C ro a tia a n d
S e rb ia . T h e re c o u ld h a v e b e e n p o p u la tio n
e x c h a n g e s b e tw e e n N a z i C ro a tia a n d a n ti-N a z i
S e rb ia a n d fa ir b o rd e rs e s ta b lis h e d , a v o id in g th e
a b s u rd 1 9 9 0 s p ro s p e c t o f th e a rtific ia l c re a tio n o f
B o s n ia -H e rz e g o v in a . P ro -N a z i A lb a n ia n c o lo n is ts
c o u ld h a v e b e e n s e ttle d b a c k in th e ir h o m e la n d o f
A lb a n ia . A n d m u c h th e s a m e in H u n g a ry a n d
R o m a n ia a n d o th e r E a s te rn E u ro p e a n c o u n trie s , a ll
s till s a d d le d to d a y w ith a b s u rd b o rd e rs . T h e n
E a s te rn E u ro p e c o u ld h a v e s e ttle d d o w n , fo r
in s ta n c e a v o id in g th e d is a s tro u s w a rs in Y u g o s la v ia
in th e 1 9 9 0 s , w h ic h in re a lity c o n tin u e in to th e
tw e n ty -firs t c e n tu ry .
F ifth ly , a fte r th e w a r h a d e n d e d , c a p tu re d
c itiz e n s o f th e fo rm e r S o v ie t U n io n , fre e d fro m

2 0

N a z i c o n c e n tra tio n c a m p s , w
s h o t o r s e n t to S o v ie t c o n c e n
w o u ld in s te a d h a v e b e e n
N e ith e r w o u ld th e re h a v e
re p a tria tio n o n ly v o lu n ta ry r
in tw o fo ld fre e d o m , fro m b o th

o u ld n o t h a v
tra tio n c a m p
g re e te d a s
b e e n a n y
e tu rn to a h o
H itle r a n d S

e b e e
s. T h e
h e ro e
fo rc e
m e la n
ta lin .

n
y
s.
d
d

In s u c h a s c e n a rio , th e re w o u ld h a v e b e e n n o
C o ld W a r w ith its e v e r-im p e n d in g n u c le a r
h o lo c a u s t, p e rh a p s n o fo u n d a tio n o f th e S ta te o f
Is ra e l a n d c o n s e q u e n t M id d le E a s t c o n flic t, a n d n o
la te r b itte r b re a k -u p o f th e C o m m u n is t b lo c in th e
1 9 9 0 s . T h e re w o u ld h a v e b e e n a n o th e r a n d
C o m m u n is t-fre e w o rld . B u t in 1 9 4 1 R u s s ia w a s n o t
re a d y fo r re p e n ta n c e , fo r th e re m o v a l o f S ta lin a n d
h is g a n g . T h e w o rld h a d to w a it u n til 2 0 0 0 fo r a n y
re a l m e a s u re o f fre e d o m in th e fo rm e r S o v ie t
U n io n .

C o n c lu s io n
F ro m th is a lo n e , w e c a n le a rn th e le s s o n th a t to
d e la y re p e n ta n c e is a lw a y s a c a ta s tro p h e . Is it n o t
tim e th a t th e W e s te rn w o rld a ls o le a rn e d th is s a m e
le s s o n a n d a ls o re p e n te d fo r its e rro rs o f c re a tin g
tw o W o rld W a rs ? T h is w ill re q u ire c o lo s s a l
h u m ility . T h e g re a te s t W e s te rn s e lf-d e lu s io n th a t
c a m e to th e fo re a fte r th e S e c o n d W o rld W a r is th a t
o f W e s te rn p o litic ia n s , h is to ria n s a n d jo u rn a lis ts ,
h y p o c ritic a lly la m e n tin g : B u t h o w c o u ld th is
h a p p e n in o u r c iv ilis e d E u ro p e ?
T
F irs t
w a s
b a rb
fo rtu

h e a n s w
R e ic h ,
fo u n d e
a ris m
n a te ly ,

e r is v e ry e a s y ,
E u ro p e , b e c o m
d in 8 0 0 b y C h
a n d
ra c ia l a
C h a r le m a g n e s

fo r th e m u c h
e th e W e s te r
a rle m a g n e o n
rro g a n c e . A
c o n c e n tra tio

g lo rifie d
n w o rld ,
ju s t th is
lth o u g h ,
n c a m p

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

e x p e rim e n t, o r H o ly R o m a n E m p ire , fa ile d , it w a s

re s to re d n e a rly e le v e n h u n d re d y e a rs la te r in 1 8 7 1
b y B is m a rc k (th e S e c o n d R e ic h ) a n d th e n b y
H itl e r s 1 9 3 3 r e g i m e ( th e T h i r d R e ic h ). I t i s t h is
W e s te rn e th n ic p rid e a n d illu s o ry s e n s e o f
s u p e rio rity th a t lie b e h in d fe u d a lis m , th e C ru s a d e s ,
c o n tin u o u s m e d i v a l w a rs , th e In q u is itio n , th e
W a rs o f R e lig io n , s la v e ry , th e
In d u s tria l
R e v o lu tio n , Im p e ria lis m , th e A to m
B o m b a n d
e v e r y W e s te r n c r im e , in c lu d in g H itle r s m a s s a c r e
o f te n s o f m illio n s o f S la v s , Je w s a n d o th e r
s u b h u m a n s . A ll o f th is is s im p ly in th e lo n g
W e s te rn ra c is t tra d itio n o f e th n ic p rid e w h ic h g o e s
b a c k to th e p a g a n is m o f th e R o m a n E m p ire .
T h u s , w e s e e th a t th e e x te rm in a tio n o f te n s o f
m illio n s o f S la v s , Je w s a n d G y p s ie s in N a z i
c o n c e n tra tio n c a m p s a n d w a rs in th e 1 9 4 0 s w a s
b u t th e c u lm in a tin g p o in t, to d a te , in th e lo n g
h is to ry o f W e s te rn e th n ic a rro g a n c e , in c u lc a te d b y
c e n tu rie s o f W e s te rn trib a l le a d e rs a m o n g th e ir
p e o p le s . T h is W e s te rn a rg u m e n t ru n s : W e h a v e th e
m o s t a d v a n c e d te c h n o lo g y , th e re fo re w e a re th e
m o s t c iv ilis e d h u m a n -b e in g s , th e re fo re w e h a v e
th e rig h t to e x p lo it a n d ru n th e w o rld , e ra d ic a tin g
a n d d e s tro y in g a n y o n e w h o o p p o s e s u s .
T h is is n o b e tte r th a n th e a rg u m e n t o f a n y M a fia
g a n g , o f w h ic h th e N a z i P a rty w a s s im p ly th e b e s to rg a n is e d e x a m p le . A s G a n d h i s a id : W e s te rn
c iv ilis a tio n ? A n e x c e lle n t id e a . A n d s o it w ill
re m a in u n til th e W e s t re p e n ts a n d a t la s t o n c e m o re
a c c e p ts C h r i s ts w o r d s a s th e y a r e w r itt e n , a n d n o t
a s th e y a re d e fo rm e d . If th e W e s t c o u ld d o it fo r th e
firs t th o u s a n d y e a rs o f its h is to ry , it c a n d o it a g a in
fo r th e th ird th o u s a n d y e a rs o f its h is to ry . It o n ly
n e e d s re p e n ta n c e .

QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS
H o w d o e s th e O r th o d o x C h u rc h
r e c o g n iz e a s a in t? I k n o w th e R o m a n
C a th o lic s n e e d m ir a c le s . Is th is th e
sa m e ?
L . T ., L o n d o n
T h e re a re th re e o u tw a rd s ig n s o f h o lin e s s .
P a tria rc h N e c ta riu s o f Je ru s a le m (91 6 8 0 ) w ro te o f

th e s e th re e q
F a ith . 2 ) T h e
re a d in e s s to
p o in t o f m a
fra g ra n c e g iv

u a litie s
p o sse s
w itn e s s
rty rd o m
e n o ff b

th u s : 1
s io n o f
to a n d
. 3 ) In
y th e b

) Im p e c c a b le O r
a ll th e v irtu e s a
d e fe n d th e F a ith
c o rru p tib le re lic
o n e s.

It s h o u ld b e a d d e d th a t th e
a lw a y s re q u ire d . T h u s w e h a v e

th o d o
n d th
to th
s o r

x
e
e
a

la s t s ig n is n o t
th e w e ll-k n o w n

R T H O D O X

2 1

N G L A N D

c a s e o f S t N e c ta riu s o f g in a w h o s e re lic s
c ru m b le d in to d u s t, b u t in th is w a y h is d u s t h a s
b e e n ta k e n a ll a ro u n d th e w o rld . W e s e e
P ro v id e n c e in th is s ig n . It s h o u ld b e a d d e d th a t
w h a t a b o v e a ll is re q u ire d is lo n g -la s tin g a n d
c o n tin u in g (n o t fa d d is h o r te m p o ra ry ) v e n e ra tio n
a m o n g th e O rth o d o x fa ith fu l. If th is v e n e ra tio n is
s tro n g a n d la s tin g e n o u g h , th e lo c a l b is h o p o r
s y n o d w ill a p p o in t a c o m m itte e to in v e s tig a te
fu rth e r. It w ill d e c id e e ith e r th a t G o d h a s a lre a d y
m a n ife s te d H is g lo ry in th is s a in t o r e ls e , in th e
c a s e o f u n c e rta in ty , it w ill re c o m m e n d th a t w e
w a it.

m y th . W

F r A le x a n d
th a t th e re
H o ly R u s s
h a t w o u ld y o u

e r S
n e v
ia ,
s a y

c h m e m a n n u s e d to sa y
e r w a s s u c h a th in g a s
th a t it w a s a n a tio n a l
?
N . N ., N e w

Y o rk S ta te

I th in k I to o h a v e re a d th a t s o m e w h e re in o n e o f
h is b o o k s . O f c o u rs e , th e re n e v e r w a s a c o u n try
w h e re e v e ry o n e w a s h o ly . B u t th a t is n o t w h a t
H o ly R u s s ia e v e r m e a n t. H o ly R u s s ia m e a n t (a n d
m e a n s ) a c o u n try w h e re th e n a tio n a l id e a l is a n d
w a s h o lin e s s . A n d in th a t s e n s e , H o ly R u s s ia d id
(a n d s till d o e s ) e x is t. T h e p ro b le m w ith lite ra lis ts
a n d ic o n o c la s ts , a n d F r A le x a n d e r w a s o n e o f
th e m , is th a t th e y d e s tro y id e a ls . A n d th a t is a v e ry
d a n g e ro u s th in g to d o , b e c a u s e th e n w e lo s e th e
s ta r b y w h ic h to g u id e o u r n a tio n a l a n d p e rs o n a l
s h ip s . W e h a v e s e e n th is m a n y tim e s in th e la s t 1 0 0
y e a rs , w ith , fo r in s ta n c e , th e fa ll o f th e R u s s ia n
E m p ire in 1 9 1 7 , a n d fro m th e 1 9 6 0 s , th e fa lls o f
A n g lic a n is m a n d R o m a n C a th o lic is m . N a tio n a l
m y th s a re n o t h e lp fu l, b u t n a tio n a l id e a ls m o s t
c e rta in ly a re .
Is th e r e a n y tr u th in th e s to r y th a t
S t Is a a c th e S y r ia n w a s a N e s to r ia n ?
S . E ., C a lifo r n ia
I firs t h e a rd th is s to ry fro m a c a d e m ic s in O x fo rd
th e 1 9 7 0 s . It a p p e a rs to h a v e c o m e fro m th e
d is c o v e ry o f little k n o w n w ritin g s a ttrib u te d b y th e
a c a d e m ic s to S t Is a a c . O rth o d o x s c h o la rs ,
a n c h o re d in th e T ra d itio n o f th e C h u rc h , h a v e to ld
m e th a t th e s e w ritin g s , a lth o u g h la rg e ly b y S t Is a a c ,
w e re in te rp o la te d b y a N e s to ria n w rite r w ith
O rig e n is tic te n d e n c ie s a t a la te r d a te . T h is e x p la in s
w h y th e y c o n tra d ic t th e m u c h m o re a n c ie n t
w ritin g s , w h ic h w e re d e fin ite ly c o m p o s e d b y
S t Is a a c , w h o a s a b is h o p w a s v e ry s tro n g ly a n tiN e s to ria n a n d s u ffe re d g re a tly fo r O rth o d o x y fro m
th e N e s to ria n s .
in

D o e s R O C O R
h a v e
te a c h in g a b o u t F a tim a ?

a n

o ffic ia l

T . N ., T e x a s
I a m n o t s u re th a t a n y L o c a l O rth o d o x C h u rc h
o r p a rt o f o n e , lik e R O C O R , c a n h a v e a n o ffic ia l
te a c h in g a b o u t s u c h th in g s . It is a ll o p in io n , a s fo r
e x a m p le , w ith th e q u e s tio n o f e v o lu tio n . T h e s e
m a tte rs a re n o t lik e th e d o g m a s o f th e H o ly T rin ity
o r th e O n e P e rs o n a n d tw o n a tu re s o f C h ris t.
H o w e v e r, th e w e ll-k n o w n Jo rd a n v ille th e o lo g ia n ,
th e v e ry tra d itio n a l F r C o n s ta n tin e Z a its e v , w ro te
th e fo llo w in g s o m e fifty y e a rs a g o a b o u t F a tim a :
W e w ill n o t d is p u te th e m ira c u lo u s n a tu re o f
th e o rig in a l a p p e a ra n c e o f th e M o th e r o f
G o d , a s w e w ill n o t s u s p e c t th e a u th e n tic ity
o f s o m e le s s c le a r s im ila r a p p e a ra n c e s in
re c e n t tim e s , a s n o te d b y th e R o m a n
C a th o lic p re s s . A ll th e s e s ig n s h a v e o n e
g e n e ra l ta s k : to w a rn th e R o m a n C a th o lic
fa ith fu l o f c o m in g d is a s te rs a n d to c a ll th e m
to re p e n ta n c e , to c h a n g e th e ir liv e s , to d ra w
c lo s e r to G o d in o rd e r to a v o id th e s e
d is a s te rs . F o r th e u n p re ju d ic e d c o n s c ie n c e
a ll th e s e a p p e a ra n c e s , e s p e c ia lly th e m ira c le
in F a tim a , h a v e a c o n te n t w h ic h c o n c e rn s
R u s s ia . T h is is c le a r a n d b e y o n d d is p u te .
O rth o d o x R u s s ia h a s e x p e rie n c e d a d is a s te r
Is th e re h e re th e s lig h te s t h in t th a t R u s s ia
m u s t b e c o n v e rte d to C a th o lic is m fo r th e
s a lv a tio n o f th e w o rld ? N o t a t a ll!
(P a s to ra l T h e o lo g y , P a rt II, p . 4 2 , Jo rd a n v ille
1 9 6 1 ).
In o th e r w o rd s , s u c h a p p e a ra n c e s a re c a lls to
th e W e s te rn w o rld to re p e n t, to re tu rn to
O r th o d o x y . W e ll a fte r F r C o n s ta n tin e s ti m e , th e r e
w e re m o re c la im e d a p p e a ra n c e s a t M e d ju g o rje in
C ro a tia . A lth o u g h th e s e a re m u c h d is p u te d ,
in c lu d in g b y th e R o m a n C a th o lic a u th o ritie s , s o m e
S e rb s p o in t o u t th a t th e y o c c u rre d ju s t n e a r w h e re
th e R o m a n C a th o lic s c o m m itte d d re a d fu l a n tiO r th o d o x a tro c itie s d u rin g th e S e c o n d W o r ld W a r,
w h ic h w e re to b e re p e a te d in th e V a tic a n e n c o u ra g e d a n ti-S e rb B a lk a n W a rs o f th e 1 9 9 0 s .
W

w e
o r
lib e r a l O r th o d o
c o n v e rts b e c o m

h y is
re fo
R o m
x ? A
e fa n

it th a
r m e r ly
a n C a
n d a ls
a tic a l

t so m e c o n
tr a d itio n a l
th o lic s b e c
o w h y is it
O rth o d o x ?

v e r ts
P ro te
o m e
th a t

, w h o
sta n ts
u ltr a so m e

R . C ., C a lifo r n ia
T h e re is n o s u c h th in g a s a tra d itio n a l
P ro te s ta n t o r R o m a n C a th o lic , b e c a u s e th e y d o n o t

2 2

h a v e
th e
c o n s e rv a tiv e
A n d c o n s e rv a
n e c e s s a rily a n
so m e s u c h
d is c o v e r th a t
(th a t is , c o n s e
O rth o d o x s e n
th e lib e ra l frin
in te g ra tin g .

T ra d itio n . H o w e v e r, th e re
a re
P ro te s ta n ts a n d R o m a n C a th o lic s .
tis m is s im p ly a re la tiv e m e n ta lity , n o t
y th in g to d o w ith th e T ra d itio n . O n c e
p e o p le b e c o m e O rth o d o x , th e y
w h a t th e y th o u g h t w a s tra d itio n a l
rv a tiv e ) is n o t tra d itio n a l a t a ll in th e
s e a n d th e y p o s itio n th e m s e lv e s o n
g e s o f th e O rth o d o x C h u rc h e s , n e v e r

T h e T ra d itio n is a t o n c e fa r m o re tra d itio n a l th a n

m e re c o n s e rv a tiv e a n d fa r m o re ra d ic a l th a n m e re
lib e ra l. B u t y o u c a n o n ly h a v e th is u n d e rs ta n d in g ,
o n c e y o u h a v e th e s e n s e o f th e C ro s s , a n d th a t is
u n a v a ila b le o u ts id e th e (O rth o d o x ) C h u rc h . I
re m e m b e r th e la te F r S o p h ro n y o n c e te llin g a n e w
a n d m o a n in g c o n v e rt to h is a s to n is h m e n t: T h e
C h u rc h h u rts . W h a t h e m e a n t w a s th a t to b e c o m e
a m e m b e r o f th e C h u rc h is to ta k e u p o u r c ro s s , in

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

a c c o rd a n c e w ith th e G o s p e l, If a n y m a n w ill c o m e
a fte r m e , le t h im d e n y h im s e lf a n d ta k e u p h is c ro s s
a n d fo llo w m e (M a tt 1 6 , 2 4 ).
O th e rs , w h o h a v e a n e x tre m is t p s y c h o lo g y a n d
w h o , u n fo rtu n a te ly , e n te r th e C h u rc h ill p re p a re d ,
w ith th a t p s y c h o lo g y u n c h a n g e d , try to m a k e o f
O rth o d o x y
a n
a d ju n c t to
th e ir
p e rso n a l
p s y c h o lo g ic a l w e a k n e s s (i.e . th e ir in c lin a tio n to
fa n a tic is m a n d e x tre m is m ). T h e s e p e o p le o fte n c a ll
th e m s e lv e s tra d itio n a lis ts . I re m e m b e r in 1 9 7 6
h o w th e la te F r M a rk o f W a ls in g h a m in ta lk in g
a b o u t ju s t s u c h a g ro u p o f p e o p le , w h o h a d g o t
th e m s e lv e s re -b a p tiz e d a fte r s e v e ra l y e a rs o f
b e in g O rth o d o x in b o th th e M o s c o w P a tria rc h a te
a n d R O C O R s a id : T h is is n o t th e o lo g y , th is is
p s y c h o lo g y a n d a t th a t, u n h e a lth y p s y c h o lo g y . H e
w a s a b s o lu te ly rig h t.

OPINION PAGE
Essentially only Two Religions in This World
F ro m T h e T ra d itio n a lis t
a fre e jo u rn a l c o m p ile d a n d e d ite d b y M rs M a ry H o p s o n ,
T re g a te C a s tle , L la n ro th a l, M o n m o u th s h ire N P 2 5 5 Q L .

T h is e x tr a c t c o n c e r n s a s e r m o n b y a D r Ja m e s K e n n e d y .
R

K E N N E D Y to ld h is c o n g re g a tio n th a t
th e re a re e s s e n tia lly o n ly tw o re lig io n s in
th is w o rld . It is n o t th e re lig io n o f C h ris t a n d
th e re lig io n o f M o h a m m e d ; it is n o t th e re lig io n o f
C h ris t a n d th e re lig io n o f C o n fu c iu s ; n o r is it th e
re lig io n o f C h ris t a n d th e re lig io n o f th e B u d d h a ; in
fa c t, it is n o t th e c o m b in a tio n o f a n y tw o re lig io n s
in th is w o rld . T h e tw o re lig io n s in th is w o rld ,
a c c o rd in g to D r K e n n e d y , a re th e re lig io n o f C h ris t
a n d th e re lig io n o f y o u . R e lig io n s lik e T a o is m ,
H in d u is m a n d Is la m w ill te a c h y o u a w a y , s h o w
y o u a w a y a n d p o in t o u t a w a y fo r y o u o n l ife s
jo u rn e y . H o w e v e r, th e p h ilo s o p h ie s o f th e s e
re lig io n s te a c h th a t y o u h a v e to w a lk th a t w a y
a lo n e . N o w in th e C h ris tia n re lig io n , C h ris t is th e
W a y a n d th e C h ris tia n w a lk s th e W a y w ith
C h ris t ...
D r K e n n e d y e x p la in e d th a t h e a th e n re lig io n s
a re e s s e n tia lly th e re lig io n o f y o u . Y o u a n d y o u

a lo n e s a v e
h u m a n b e in g
a n d w e h a v e
im p o s s ib le fo
S a v io u r, W h o
M a n , c a n d o

y o u rs e lf. C
s a re fu ll o f
s in in o u r
r u s to s a v e
is G o d H im
th a t.

h ris tia
s in ; w
h e a rts
o u rse
s e lf a

n s re c o
e a re b o
. S o it is
lv e s . O n
n d a t th e

g n iz
rn w
a b s
ly a
sa m

th a t
ith s in
o lu te ly
S in le s s
e tim e

A t th e e n d o f h is s e rm o n , D r K e n n e d y
a c k n o w le d g e d th a t m a n y o f h is c o n g re g a tio n
w o u ld fe e l u n c o m fo rta b le w ith th e B ib lic a l te x t
w h e re C h ris t s ta te s th a t H e is th e W a y , th e T ru th
a n d th e L ife a n d th a t n o -o n e c a n c o m e to th e
F a th e r e x c e p t th ro u g h H im . T h a t is y o u r p riv ile g e ,
s a id th e ir m in is te r, b u t h e w e n t o n to w a r n th e m
th a t th e ir d is c o m fo rt w ith th e te x t, th e ir d is b e lie f in
it a n d a n y a v o w a l th a t th e y m a k e w h ic h
c o n tra d ic ts it, h a v e a ll h o rre n d o u s c o n s e q u e n c e s :
B u t b e a r th is in m in d , y o u a re c a llin g C h ris t a lia r .

R T H O D O X

2 3

N G L A N D

O b itu a ry :
T H E P R IS O N E R H A S E S C A P E D F R O M

1 5 Ja n u a ry 2 0 0 9 it w a s a n n o u n c e d
th a t th e Iris h a c to r P a tric k M c G o o h a n
h a d d ie d a t th e a g e o f e ig h ty in
C a lifo rn ia .
B o rn in th e U S A
w h o th e n re tu rn e d
e v e n tu a lly to g ro w u
th e 1 9 6 0 s th a t h e m
M a n , a n d in 1 9 6 7
w h ic h b e c a m e a c u
s e rie s th a t M c G o o h a
fin a lly s e ttle d in th e

, th e s o n o
to Ire la n d ,
p in E n g la n
a d e tw o T
T h e P ris o n
lt. It w a s a
n m o v e d to
U S A .

M c G o o h a n w a s a d e v o u t
a n d , n a tu ra lly , s h o w b u s in e s s
a n d s p iritu a l c o n v ic tio n s o b je c
w a s h e fie rc e ly p ro te c tiv e o f h
a ls o o f h is re lig io u s b e lie fs ,
m a te ria l w o rld a n d c o n d e m
d e p ra v ity , w h ic h is b o th th e
c a u s e o f s p iritu a l b lin d n e s s .

f Iris h e m ig ra n ts
M c G o o h a n w a s
d . It w a s h e re in
V s e rie s , D a n g e r
e r, th e la tte r o f
fte r T h e P ris o n e r
S w itz e rla n d a n d

R o m a n C a th o lic
fo u n d h is m o ra l
tio n a b le . N o t o n ly
is p riv a te life , b u t
re je c tio n o f th e
n a tio n o f s e x u a l
re s u lt o f a n d th e
M c G o o h a n a ls o

T H E V IL L A G E

d e te s te d p u b lic ity , o n c e c o m m e n tin g : I a b h o r

th e w o rd s ta r . It m a k e s th e h a ir o n th e b a c k o f
m y n e c k w a n t to c u rl u p .
L ittle w o n d e r th a t M c G o o h a n tu rn e d d o w n
th e ro le o f Ja m e s B o n d , ta k e n b y S e a n C o n n e ry ,
w h ic h ro le h e q u ite rig h tly fo u n d im m o ra l, a n d
th e e q u a lly im m o ra l ro le o f T h e S a in t, ta k e n b y
R o g e r M o o re . A s M c G o o h a n e x p la in e d : W h e n
w e s ta rte d D a n g e r M a n , th e p ro d u c e r w a n te d m e
to c a rry a g u n a n d to h a v e a n a ffa ir w ith a
d iffe re n t g irl e a c h w e e k . I re fu s e d . T e le v is io n ...
h a s a m o ra l o b lig a tio n to w a rd s its a u d ie n c e .
M c G o o h a n liv e d o u t h is b e lie fs a n d la s t y e a r
c e le b ra te d h is 5 7 th w e d d in g a n n iv e rs a ry w ith h is
o n e a n d o n ly w ife , w ith w h o m h e h a d th re e
c h ild re n . T h e ir firs t g re a t-g ra n d c h ild w a s a ls o
b o rn la s t y e a r.
M c G
h is ro le
su rre a l
d ire c te d

o o h a n
a s N
s e rie s
a n d a

w ill
u m b
o f 1
c te d

a b o v e a ll b e re
e r S ix , in T h e
7 e p is o d e s w h
in . S e t in a u n

m e m b e
P ris o n
ic h h e
iq u e Ita

re d fo r
e r, th e
w ro te ,
lia n a te

2 4

O
s e a s id e v illa g e in N o rth W a le s , th
d e s c rib e s th e O rw e llia n -K a fk a e s q u e life
V illa g e o f N u m b e r S ix , a n im p ris o n e d
re b e llio u s s e c re t a g e n t. H e a n d th
re s id e n ts a re e le c tro n ic a lly s u rv e y e
m y s te rio u s B ig B ro th e r, c a lle d N u m b e r O
s o fa r fro m th e s u rv e illa n c e s o c ie ty in w
liv e to d a y ).

s e rie s
in T h e
b u t s till
e o th e r
d b y a
n e . (N o t
h ic h w e

W h e n N u m b e r S ix fin a lly c o n fro n ts N u m b e r

O n e , h e is w e a rin g a m a s k . W h e n th e m a s k is
p u lle d o ff, it re v e a ls a m o n k e y m a s k . A n d w h e n
th a t is p u lle d o ff, th e fa c e o f M c G o o h a n h im s e lf
is s e e n . T h e m e s s a g e is th a t w e a re a ll p ris o n e rs
o f o u rs e lv e s , o u r a tta c h m e n t to m a te ria lis m ,
s y m b o lis e d b y th e a n im a l, o r m o n k e y , p a rt o f o u r
n a tu re . T h e o n ly e s c a p e fro m th is is to p a rtic ip a te
a s little a s p o s s ib le in th e a n im a l c u lt o f th e
m o d e rn c o n s u m e r s o c ie ty . It is in te re s tin g to n o te
th a t in th e 1 9 7 0 s th e s a m e s p iritu a l a n d
e c o lo g ic a l m e s s a g e w a s a g a in d e liv e re d to th e
W e s te rn w o rld b y A le x a n d e r S o lz h e n its y n . H e

R T H O D O X

N G L A N D

c a lle d o n it to lim it its e lf, fo r th e s a k e o f o u r

o w n w e ll-b e in g a n d th a t o f th e p la n e t.
I a m n o t a n u m b e r , w ill p e rh a p s re m a in
M c G o o h a n s m o s t fa m o u s w o r d s . T h e s e w o r d s
re s o u n d in th e in c re a s in g ly to ta lita ria n w o rld o f
2 0 0 9 , w h e re w e a re a ll b e c o m in g n u m b e rs o n
g o v e rn m e n t c o m p u te rs
a n d
w e
a re
a ll
e n c o u ra g e d to w o rs h ip th e m a te ria lis t g o d b y
o v e rs p e n d in g a n d o v e rc o n s u m in g , th u s g e ttin g
in to d e b t. T h is is th e te m p ta tio n w h ic h re s id e s in
e a c h o n e o f u s a n d w h ic h e x p la in s th e p re s e n t
s ta te o f th e w o rld a n d its e c o n o m ic , b a n k in g a n d
c re d it c ris is . In s te a d , w e s h o u ld , s a id M c G o o h a n ,
ta k e re s p o n s ib ility fo r o u rs e lv e s , s to p b la m in g
o th e rs , re d u c in g o u r c o n s u m p tio n o f th e
c o n s u m e r s o c ie ty to a m in im u m .
F o rtu n
p o s s ib le ,
fro m th e
C h ris tia n
m a n a g e d

a te ly
b u t
p ris o
P a

, fu ll e s c a p
o n ly w ith
n o f th e b o
tric k
M c

Je s u s a n d th e M o n e y -C h a n g e r s (B o r is O ls h a n s k y , 2 0 0 6 )

e fro m
th e e s c
d y w
G o o h a

T h e V illa g
a p e o f th e
h ic h e s c a p e
n
h a s
fin

e is
so u l
th e
a lly

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N G L A N D

2 5