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MalaysianMeteorologicalDepartmentGeneralClimateofMalaysia

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Observations

Introduction

AviationMeteorology
ThecharacteristicfeaturesoftheclimateofMalaysiaareuniformtemperature,highhumidityandcopiousrainfall.Windsaregenerallylight.Situatedin
theequatorialdoldrumarea,itisextremelyraretohaveafulldaywithcompletelyclearskyevenduringperiodsofseveredrought.Ontheotherhand,
itisalsoraretohaveastretchofafewdayswithcompletelynosunshineexceptduringthenortheastmonsoonseasons.

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Windflow

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Thoughthewindoverthecountryisgenerallylightandvariable,thereare,however,someuniformperiodicchangesinthewindflowpatterns.Based
onthesechanges,fourseasonscanbedistinguished,namely,thesouthwestmonsoon,northeastmonsoonandtwoshorterperiodsofintermonsoon
seasons.

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The southwest monsoon season is usually established in the later half of May or early June and ends in September. The prevailing wind flow is
generallysouthwesterlyandlight,below15knots.

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The northeast monsoon season usually commences in early November and ends in March. During this season, steady easterly or northeasterly
windsof10to20knotsprevail.ThewindsovertheeastcoaststatesofPeninsularMalaysiamayreach30knotsormoreduringperiodsofstrong
surgesofcoldairfromthenorth(coldsurges).

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Duringthetwointermonsoonseasons,thewindsaregenerallylightandvariable.Duringtheseseasons,theequatorialtroughliesoverMalaysia.

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It is worth mentioning that during the months of April to November, when typhoons frequently develop over the west Pacific and move westwards
acrossthePhilippines,southwesterlywindsoverthenorthwestcoastofSabahandSarawakregionmaystrengthentoreach20knotsormore.

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AsMalaysiaismainlyamaritimecountry,theeffectoflandandseabreezesonthegeneralwindflowpatternisverymarkedespeciallyduringdays
withclearskies.Onbrightsunnyafternoons,seabreezesof10to15knotsveryoftendevelopandreachuptoseveraltensofkilometersinland.On
clearnights,thereverseprocesstakesplaceandlandbreezesofweakerstrengthcanalsodevelopoverthecoastalareas.

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RainfallDistribution
Theseasonalwindflowpatternscoupledwiththelocaltopographicfeaturesdeterminetherainfalldistributionpatternsoverthecountry.Duringthe
northeast monsoon season, the exposed areas like the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Western Sarawak and the northeast coast of Sabah
experienceheavyrainspells.Ontheotherhand,inlandareasorareaswhichareshelteredbymountainrangesarerelativelyfreefromitsinfluence.It
isbesttodescribetherainfalldistributionofthecountryaccordingtoseasons.

SeasonalRainfallVariationinPeninsularMalaysia
TheseasonalvariationofrainfallinPeninsularMalaysiaisofthreemaintypes:
(a)Overtheeastcoaststates,November,DecemberandJanuaryarethemonthswithmaximumrainfall,whileJuneandJulyarethedriestmonthsin
mostdistricts.

(b)OvertherestofthePeninsulawiththeexceptionofthesouthwestcoastalarea,themonthlyrainfallpatternshowstwoperiodsofmaximumrainfall
separated by two periods of minimum rainfall. The primary maximum generally occurs in October November while the secondary maximum
generallyoccursinAprilMay.Overthenorthwesternregion,theprimaryminimumoccursinJanuaryFebruarywiththesecondaryminimumin
JuneJulywhileelsewheretheprimaryminimumoccursinJuneJulywiththesecondaryminimuminFebruary.

(c)Therainfallpatternoverthesouthwestcoastalareaismuchaffectedbyearlymorning"Sumatras"fromMaytoAugustwiththeresultthatthe
double maxima and minima pattern is no longer distinguishable. October and November are the months with maximum rainfalls and February the
monthwiththeminimumrainfall.TheMarchAprilMaymaximumandtheJuneJulyminimumrainfallsareabsentorindistinct.

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