Introduction

Control system
Lecture 1
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Control systems Introduction

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Lesson
Objectives:
Lesson Objectives:
1. To define a control system.
2. Open loop and closed loop systems

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Lesson Objectives 01

To

define a control
system
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 A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants)

assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired
performance, given a specified input.

Systems: collections of subsystems/components

Input: reference value/actuation signal/set point
Output: measured response/actual result

Control System Definition

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 Consider an elevator
A control system in
its simplest form
The input
represents a
desired output

When the eighth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the eighth
floor with a speed and floor levelling accuracy designed for passenger comfort

Example
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 The performance of the elevator can be seen from the elevator response
curve in the figure.
Two major measures of performance are apparent: (1) the transient
response and (2) the steady-state error.
In our example, passenger comfort and passenger patience are dependent
upon the transient response. If this response is too fast, passenger comfort
is sacrificed; if too slow, passenger patience is sacrificed.
The steady-state error is another important performance specification
since passenger Safety and convenience would be sacrificed if the
elevator did not properly level.
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Control system
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What is a control system?

A control system consists
of subsystems and plant
assembled for the purpose
of controlling the outputs
of the plants. Norman S.
Nise
Control systems Introduction

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Elements of a control system?

Any control system consist of four elements:
1. The input is the desired response of a
control system
2. The output is the actual response of a
control system
3. Subsystem is any system that helps
controlling the output of the control
system
4. A plant is a system in which its output is
the one to be controlled
Control systems Introduction

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Example of a control system

Control System
Desired
light

Actual
Light

On-Off
Switch

Bulb

Room

Control System
Desired
temp

Temp
Setting
knob

On
Off
Switch

Air
Conditioned

Room

Actual
temp

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Lesson Objectives 02

Open loop and closed

loop system
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Control system types

Two types:
1. Open loop control system
2. Closed loop control system.
Also called Feedback control
system or Automatic control
system
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 Open loop system is also known as non feedback system

For example, the plant can be a furnace or air conditioning system, where the output
variable is temperature. The controller in a heating system consists of fuel valves
and the electrical system that operates the valves.

Open loop system

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Control System Configurations

a. Open-loop system

Examples:
Toaster
Mechanical System with Mass and Spring
Characteristics:
Simple, less complicated configuration
Could not compensate for any disturbances
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 Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to

compare the actual output to the desired output response.

Closed loop system

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 Speed control of car

Objective: To keep moving at
constant speed
Activities in controlling car
Reading speedometer
Deciding to increase or decrease
speed
Acting on the gas pedal

Closed loop system: Example

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(a) Automobile steering

control system.
(b) The driver uses the
difference between the
actual and the desired
direction of travel to generate
a controlled adjustment of
the steering wheel.
(c) Typical direction-of-travel
response.

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Closed loop system: Example

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Control System Configurations

Closed-loop system
Characteristic:
Compensates disturbances to the system for greater accuracy

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Control system types

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Open-loop control system?

Sun Light or
Blocked light

Desired
light

On-Off
Switch

Bulb

Room

Actual
Light

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Closed-loop control system?

Sun Light or blocked light

Desired
light

On-Off
Switch

Bulb

Room

Actual
Light

Light
sensor

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Open-loop control system?

People in the room

Desired
temp

Temp
Setting
knob

On-Off
switch

Air
conditioned

Room

Actual
temp

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Closed-loop control system?

People in the room

Desired
temp

Temp
Setting
knob

On
Off
switch

Air
conditioned

Room

Actual
temp

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 Modern society have sophisticated control systems which

are crucial to their successful operation.
Reasons to build control systems:

Power amplification
Remote control
Convenience of input form
Compensation for disturbance

Why Control?
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 Feedback is a key tool that can be used to modify the

behavior of a system.
This behavior altering effect of feedback is a key
mechanism that control engineers exploit deliberately to
achieve the objective of acting on a system to ensure that
the desired performance specifications are achieved.

Feedback
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 First, understand the broader picture of the

application to best apply a suitable control system.
A good control system is a system that will
generate a response quickly and without oscillation
(good transient response),
have low error once settled (good steady-state response),
and will not oscillate wildly or damage that system
(stability).

What is the Control System

Engineer trying to achieve?
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Control System Design

Cycle
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 Review of Laplace transform

Modeling

Next lecture
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