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The joint hypothesis is that market portfolio is mean-variance efficient, this implies that
difference in expected return across assets are entirely explained by difference in
market betas, other variables should add nothing to the explanation of expected return.
It is tested by adding predetermined explanatory variables in the form of beta-square to
test linearity and residual standard deviation to test that beta is the only essential
measure of risk. The model becomes:
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If coefficients of the additional variables are not statistically different from zero, this
implies that the market proxy is on minimum variance frontier.
Introducing the higher moments, such as systematic skewness and systematic kurtosis
into the standard CAPM model, the validity of mean-variance-skewness and meanvariance-skewness kurtosis is tested by the following model as suggested by (Kraus &
Litzenberger, 1976), (Homaifar & Graddy, 1988) and (Fang & Lai, 1997) as follows:
(8)