Ejercicios Nodos y Secciones

4.
Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames
December 2009
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Introduction
http://www.tekniksipil.org/civil-engineering
Engineering Mechanics - Statics
An engineering structure is any connected system of members built to

support or transfer forces and to safely withstand the loads applied to
it. Two types of engineering structures, plane truss and frame, will be
discussed in this lesson.
To determine the forces internal to an engineering structure, we must
dismember the structure and analyze separate free-body diagrams of
individual members or combinations of members.
In this statics class, only statically determinate structures, which do
not have more supporting constraints than are necessary to maintain
an equilibrium conguration, will be considered.
The analysis of trusses and frames under concentrated loads
constitutes a straightforward application of the material developed in
the previous two topics, force systems and equilibrium.
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Examples of Truss Structures
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Plane Trusses
Truss structure consisting of two-force members (represented as pin

connected) designed to support loads large in comparison to its weight and
applied at joints connecting members
Simple trusses build on triangles
simplest stable geometric shape
add two members and one joint at a time
Plane Trusses:
all members lie in a single plane
forces parallel to plane of truss, but not in the plane can be
transmitted via non-coplanar load bearing members
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Techniques for Truss Analysis
Method of joints usually used to determine forces for all members

of truss
Method of sections usually used to determine forces for specic
members of truss
Determining Zero-force members members which do not contribute
to the stability of a structure
Determining conditions for analysis is the system statically
determinate?
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Method of Joints
Do FBDs of the joints
Forces are concurrent at each joint ) no moments, just

Fx = 0 Fy = 0
Procedure:
1. Choose joint with
at least one known force
at most two unknown forces
2. Draw FBD of the joint

draw just the point itself
draw all known forces at the point
assume all unknown forces are tension forces and draw
positive results ) tension
negative results ) compression
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Method of Joints (cont.)
3. Solve for unknown forces by applying equilibrium conditions in x and

y directions: Fx = 0 Fy = 0
4. Note: if the force on a member is known at one end, it is also known
at the other (since all forces are concurrent and all members are
two-force members)
5. Move to new joints and repeat steps 1-3 until all member forces are
known
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Sample Problem 4.1
Compute the force in each member of the loaded cantilever truss by the
method of joints.
Solution.
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Sample Problem 4.1 (conti.)
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Method of Sections
Do FBDs of sections of truss cut through various members

Procedure:
1. Determine reaction forces external to truss system
Draw FBD of entire truss
Note: can nd up to 3 unknown reaction forces
Use Fx = 0 Fy = 0 M = 0
to solve for the reaction forces
2. Draw a section through the truss cutting no more than 3 members

3. Draw an FBD of each section one on each side of the cut
Show external support reaction forces
Assume unknown cut members have tension forces extending from
them
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Method of Sections (cont.)
4. Solve FBD for one section at a time using :

Fx = 0 Fy = 0 M = 0
Note: choose pt for moments that isolates one unknown if possible
5. Repeat with as many sections as necessary to nd required unknowns
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Sample Problem 4.2
Calculate the forces induced in members KL, CL, and CB by the 20-ton
load on the cantilever truss.
Solution.
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Sample Problem 4.3
Calculate the force in member DJ of the Howe roof truss illustrated.

Neglect any horizontal components of force at the supports.
Solution.
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Sample Problem 4.3 (cont.)
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Zero Force Members

Usually determined by inspection
Method of Inspection:
1. Two-member truss joints: both are zero-force members if (a) and (b)
are true
(a) no external load applied at joint
(b) no support reaction occurring at joint
2. Three-member truss joints: non-colinear member is zero-force

member if (a), (b), and (c) are true
(a) no external load applied at joint
(b) no support reaction occurring at joint
(c) other two members are colinear
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Sample Problem 4.4
Identify all zero-force members for the truss structure below.
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Sample Problem 4.5
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Sample Problem 4.6
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Is the system statically determinate?

Count number of two-force members, m
Count number of joints, j
1. Internally stable without redundancy (statically determinate)

m = 2j 3
2. Internally stable with redundancy (zero-force members? Statically
indeterminate?)
m > 2j 3
1
Internally unstable (underconstrained)
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m < 2j
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Sample Problem 4.7
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Plane Frames
Frame a structure in which at least one of its individual members is a

multiforce member.
Plane Frames all members and forces lie in a single plane with all
moments perpendicular to that plane
If the frame can be solved by using the equations of statics (the
equilibrium equations) alone, it is called a statically determinate frame.
If the frames contain more members or supports that are necessary to
prevent collapse, then, as in the case of trusess, the problem is statically
indeterminate, and the principles of equilibrium, although necessary, are
not su cient for solution.
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Examples of Frame Structures
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Types of Frames
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Force Representation and FBDs
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Sample Problem 4/5
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Sample Problem 4/5 (cont.)
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Sample Problem 4/6
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Sample Problem 4/6 (cont.)
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4.

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

An engineering structure is any connected system of members built to

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Examples of Truss Structures

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Truss structure consisting of two-force members (represented as pin

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Techniques for Truss Analysis

Method of joints usually used to determine forces for all members

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Forces are concurrent at each joint ) no moments, just

2. Draw FBD of the joint

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Method of Joints (cont.)

3. Solve for unknown forces by applying equilibrium conditions in x and

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4.1

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4.1 (conti.)

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Do FBDs of sections of truss cut through various members

2. Draw a section through the truss cutting no more than 3 members

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Method of Sections (cont.)

4. Solve FBD for one section at a time using :

5. Repeat with as many sections as necessary to nd required unknowns

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4.2

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4.3

Calculate the force in member DJ of the Howe roof truss illustrated.

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4.3 (cont.)

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Zero Force Members

2. Three-member truss joints: non-colinear member is zero-force

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4.4

Identify all zero-force members for the truss structure below.

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4.5

Identify all zero-force members for the truss structure below.

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4.6

Identify all zero-force members for the truss structure below.

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Is the system statically determinate?

1. Internally stable without redundancy (statically determinate)

Internally unstable (underconstrained)

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4.7

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Frame a structure in which at least one of its individual members is a

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Examples of Frame Structures

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Force Representation and FBDs

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4/5

Analysis of Plane Trusses and Frames

Sample Problem 4/5 (cont.)