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eJAMF
Module 15.10
Gas Turbine Engine/Lubrication
ATA 79
EASA Part-66
A
EJAMF_M15.10_A_E
Issue:
21.10.2008
Author:
SwD
For Training Purposes Only
E LTT 2006
Training Manual
EJAMF
Gas Turbine Engine
MODULE 15
HAM US/F
SwD
01.04.2008
ATA DOC
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MODULE 15
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01|Intro/A/B1
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Figure 1
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OIL RESERVOIR AND SUPPLY SYSTEM
The oil reservoir and supply system is also called the pressure oil system.
The main components of this system are:
S the oil tank
S the supply lines
S the supply pump
S and the supply filter.
The oil is stored in the oil tank and pumped by the supply pump through the
supply lines to the oil nozzles in the engine bearing compartments and the
gearboxes.
The oil is filtered before it reaches the oil nozzles.
The supply filter is located downstream of the supply pump. The filter removes
any foreign particles from the oil before it reaches the oil nozzles. This prevents
blockage of the nozzles.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Figure 2
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SCAVENGE SYSTEM
The scavenge system is part of every dry sump lubrication system. It returns
the oil from the bearing compartments and the gearboxes to the oil tank.
This prevents the accumulation of lubrication oil in the bearing compartments
and the gearboxes.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM
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06|Scavenge System/A/B1
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Figure 3
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06|Scavenge System/A/B1
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VENT SYSTEM
The vent system releases air from the lubrication system to the atmosphere.
Bearing compartments have a vent line to release the sealing air and maintain
the airflow across the seals.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM
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08|Vent System/A/B1
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Figure 4
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Vent System
08|Vent System/A/B1
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OIL SYSTEM MONITORING
The oil monitoring system measures and indicates oil quantity, oil pressure,
and oil temperature.
The oil monitoring system provides a flight crew warning if the oil pressure
drops below the minimum level or if the scavenge filter becomes clogged.
The monitoring system needs several sensors to detect this information.
The sensors are:
S the oil quantity sensor
S the oil pressure sensor
S the oil temperature sensor
S the low oil pressure switch
S and the filter clogging switch.
Mechanical clogging indicators are used to indicate a clogged filter when the
engine is stopped. They are also called popout indicators.
The contamination in the oil can indicate the condition of the lubricated engine
parts. The contamination can be checked by inspecting the filters and by using
magnetic chip detectors.
Magnetic chip detectors are small magnets which are in contact with the
scavenge oil. They collect particles of magnetic metal which are passing
through the oil.
They are usually installed in the individual scavenge lines of each sump. This
makes it easy to isolate the source of the contamination.
The detectors are easily removed for inspection.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Figure 5
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 6
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Oil Quantity Indication cont.
The oil quantity transmitter is normally installed at the top of the oil tank.
This allows the transmitter to be changed without draining the tank.
Two types of transmitter are used
S the capacitance type transmitter and
S the reed switch type transmitter.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 7
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OIL PRESSURE INDICATION
The oil pressure transmitter is connected to the oil supply line and to the oil
tank vent line.
The transmitter senses the pressure difference between the total oil pressure in
the oil supply line and the vent pressure in the oil tank.
Oil pressure information is sent from the oil pressure transmitter to the engine
interface unit, which performs the measurement and then to the display unit in
the cockpit.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 8
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LOW OIL PRESSURE SWITCH
An additional pressure switch is used in the engine oil system to initiate a low
oil pressure warning.
The pressure switch is also connected to the oil supply line and the oil tank
vent line.
If the oil pressure decreases below the limit, the low oil pressure switch closes,
a signal is sent to the flight warning computer, and a warning message appears
on the display unit in the cockpit.
Note also, that the engine low oil pressure warning is always accompanied by
an acoustic warning in the cockpit.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 9
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Low Oil Pressure Switch cont.
Here you can see the location of the oil pressure transmitter and the low oil
pressure switch on an engine.
In this example they are installed on the fan case in the ten oclock position.
You can see where each is connected to the oil supply line and the oil tank vent
pressure line.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 10
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OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATION
The location of the oil temperature sensor in the lubrication system depends on
the engine type.
The sensor can be found in the scavenge system, where it senses the hot oil
temperature upstream of the oil cooler, or it can be found in the pressure
system, where it senses the temperature of the cooled oil.
Oil temperature information is sent from the oil temperature sensor to a
computer, which performs the measurement and then to the display unit in the
cockpit.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 11
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Oil Temperature Indication cont.
There are two main types of oil temperature sensors:
S the thermocouple and
S the thermistor.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 12
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OIL CONTAMINATION MONITORING
As you already know, the engine oil carries particles from the bearings and the
gears to the filters in the lubrication system.
You can monitor the quantity, the size, and the type of material of these
particles to get some indication of the internal wear of lubricated engine parts.
A process called Spectrometric Oil Analysis Program, or SOAP for short, is
used to find out about internal wear of lubricated engine components.
This SOAP analysis can find particles in the oil, which are so small that they
can not be caught by the oil filters. These particles range in size from 0.001
mm to 0.02 mm.
It is important to monitor the concentration of these particles in the oil to
identify increased wear at an early stage.
Many particles indicate increased wear and knowledge of the material helps to
identify the engine part with increased wear.
Oil samples for SOAP are taken from the oil tank at regular intervals and sent
to the laboratory for analysis.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 13
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Oil Contamination Monitoring cont.
The scavenge oil filter element catches larger particles which are of a size of
more than 0.015 mm. These particles can be removed and sent for analysis.
The problem with this is that the filter element is not changed very often and
each filter inspection takes time.
Magnetic chip detectors are an easier and less time consuming method to get
information about the condition of the oil.
Magnetic chip detectors catch metal particles which are attracted to the
magnet. They can be easily removed and the condition can be checked.
The magnetic chip detectors can be manually checked at fixed intervals or on
some modern aircraft they can be electronically monitored and removed when
necessary.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 14
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Oil Contamination Monitoring cont.
Here you see an electronically monitored chip detector, installed in the
scavenge oil line.
This chip detector has two magnets at its tip.
The resistance between the two chip detector magnets is monitored by the
electronic control unit.
The resistance decreases when particles connect with the magnets.
When the resistance between the magnets gets below the limit, the electronic
control unit sends a maintenance message for the post flight report.
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ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
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LUBRICATION SYSTEM
ENGINE OIL MONITORING SYSTEM
Figure 15
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MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
SYSTEM SERVICING
On aircraft the oil quantity in the engines is checked at intervals specified in the
maintenance schedule for the aircraft.
The oil quantity can be checked at the sight gages on the oil tanks of the
engines, or on the ECAM or EICAS displays in the cockpit.
On most engines the oil tank is located above the level of the gearbox.
There is a slow oil flow from the tank to the gearbox due to the siphon effect.
To prevent this, an anti-siphon device is installed.
On engines without anti-siphon it is important to check the oil quantity between
5 and 20 minutes after engine shut-down when all of the oil is in the tank.
The oil can be refilled via the oil tank filler port.
Note, that you must wait at least 5 minutes after engine shut-down before you
open the oil tank filler cap.
If you dont wait at least 5 minutes after engine shutdown, hot oil can spray
out of the filler port when you open it.
You should also observe the smell of the oil when you open the filler cap.
If you smell fuel, this indicates a leakage in the fuel cooled oil cooler. Further
troubleshooting is required.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
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01|System Servicing/A/B1
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Figure 16
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01|System Servicing/A/B1
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System Servicing cont.
You can refill the oil out of oil cans, or you can use an oil servicing system.
If you use oil cans the process is called gravity filling, and if you use an oil
servicing system the process is called pressure filling.
Remember, that you should always make sure that you are using the correct
type and same manufacturer of oil before you refill the tank.
You can find details of the required oil type on a label close to the oil tank filler
cap.
The use of oil cans should be minimized for environmental reasons. If you must
use oil cans, always use new, closed cans and open them immediately before
the filling process.
You should put all empty oil cans in a special disposal container.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
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02|System Servicing/A/B1
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Figure 17
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02|System Servicing/A/B1
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System Servicing cont.
If the oil servicing system is used, the hoses are connected to the pressure fill
port and to the overflow port of the oil tank.
Its an advantage to use a transparent hose for the overflow port so that you
can see directly when the tank is full.
On tanks with a sight gage, however, you fill the tank until the oil level reaches
the full mark.
You should always check the oil level on the sight gage to prevent an overfill.
An overfill is dangerous, because a large amount of oil can be pumped through
the oil tank vent line into the forward bearing compartment or the deoiler.
It is important to monitor the oil consumption of the engine.
For this reason you must enter the quantity of oil added to the tank in the
technical log book.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
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03|System Servicing/A/B1
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Figure 18
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Oil Servicing
03|System Servicing/A/B1
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SOAP SAMPLING
Oil samples are taken from the engine oil tank for the spectrometric oil analysis
program. A plastic bottle with a hose is used to take the oil sample. The hose is
inserted through the sampling tube of the filler assembly into the oil tank.
A number of safety precautions must be observed for SOAP sampling.
S You should always use a new plastic bottle and a new hose to prevent
contamination of the oil.
S Remember to wait at least 5 minutes after engine shut-down before you
open the oil tank filler cap.
S You should wear gloves to protect your hands, because the oil can be hot.
S You must close the bottle and label it immediately after the sample is taken.
The label is necessary to prevent samples getting mixed up.
You can see that the label must have details of:
S the aircraft registration,
S the engine position,
S the engine serial number,
S the station where the sample is taken,
S the date, and
S the time of the sample.
When the label is completed, the sample can be sent for analysis.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
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04|SOAP Sampling/A/B1
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Figure 19
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Soap Sampling
04|SOAP Sampling/A/B1
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MAGNETIC CHIP DETECTOR INSPECTION
Magnetic chip detectors are inspected at fixed intervals.
For safety reasons maintenance staff should only check the detectors on one
engine and a crosscheck by a second mechanic is required. This is to
minimize the effect of working errors.
A wrong detector installation can lead to a leak in the oil system and an
in-flight shut-down of the engine.
Typically the magnetic chip detectors are designed so that they can be
removed without tools.
Note, that the detectors may be hot from the oil so you should wear gloves to
protect your hands.
You remove the magnetic chip detector by pressing it in and then by turning it
counter clockwise.
When a detector is removed, a check valve closes in the housing to prevent an
oil leakage.
You must handle the magnetic chip detectors with care. Any chips must be
removed with a sheet of paper and secured for analysis and the detector must
be cleaned before you install it again.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
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05|MCD Inspection/A/B1
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Figure 20
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Magnetic Chip Detector Inspection cont.
Some chip detectors have two seals:
S a re-usable seal and
S an Oring.
Other chip detectors just have two Orings.
The old Orings in the magnetic chip detectors must be replaced with new
ones to help prevent leakage.
Keep in mind that the most common work error is to forget to install the
Orings.
You must check, that the detector has engaged correctly.
LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
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LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Figure 21
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EJAMF M15.10 A E
TABLE OF CONTENTS
M15.10 LUBRICATION SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . .
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MAINTENANCE PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SYSTEM SERVICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOAP SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAGNETIC CHIP DETECTOR INSPECTION . . . . . . . . .
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32
38
40
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