VERBUL

VERBUL
VERBELE NEREGULATE
Cum se identifica verbele neregulate in engleza
Sunt verbe care nu formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea lui "ed" la sfarsitul formei de infinitiv. Practic
aceste verbe neregulate trebuiesc invatate ca atare.
Infinitiv
-forma 1to abide
to arise
to awake
Participiu trecut
-forma 3abode
arisen
awoken
awaked
been
born
beaten
become
begun
beheld
bent
besought
bet
Traducere
verb
a astepta, a sta, a locui
a se ridica
a se trezi
to be
to bear
to beat
to become
to begin
to behold
to bend
to beseech
to bet
Trecut
-forma 2abode
arose
awoke
awaked
was, were
bore
beat
became
began
beheld
bent
besought
bet
to bid
to bind
to bite
to bleed
to bless
to blow
to break
to breed
to bring
to broadcast
bade
bound
bit
bled
blest
blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast
bidden
bound
bitten
bled
blest
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast
a oferi, a licita
a lega
a musca
a sangera
a binecuvanta
a sufla
a sparge
a creste
a aduce
a transmite prin radio
a fi
a se naste
a bate
a deveni
a icepe
a zari, a vedea
a indoi, a curba
a implora
a paria
to burn
to burst
to buy
can
to cast
to catch
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to come
to cost
to creep
to cut
to deal
to dig
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
to find
to fly
to forbid
to forecast
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forgo
burnt (burned)
burst
bought
could
cast
caught
chose
cleft
clung
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt (dreamed)
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forbade
forecast
foresaw
foretold
forgot
forgave
forwent
burnt (burned)
burst
bought
been able to
cast
caught
chosen
cleft
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt (dreamed)
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forbidden
forecast
foreseen
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forgone
forsake
to freeze
forsook
froze
forsaken
frozen
a arde
a izbucni
a cumpara
a putea
a arunca
a prinde
a alege
a despica
a se lipi
a veni
a costa
a se tara
a taia
a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
a sapa
a face
a desena
a visa
a bea
a conduce masina
a locui, a ramane, a insista
a manca
a cadea
a hrani
a simti
a lupta
a gasi
a zbura
a interzice
a prevedea
a prevedea
a prezice
a uita
a ierta
a renunta la,
a da uitarii
a parasi
a igheta
to get
to give
to go
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to keep
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lay
to lead
to lean
to learn
to leave
to lend
to let
to lie
to light
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
to misgive
to mislead
to mistake
to outdo
to overcome
to overdo
to pay
to put
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung (hanged)
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knit
knew
laid
led
leant
learnt (learned)
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
met
misgave
misled
mistook
outdid
overcame
overdid
paid
put
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung (hanged)
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knit
known
laid
led
leant
learnt (learned)
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
made
meant
met
misgiven
misled
mistaken
outdone
overcome
overdone
paid
put
a primi
a da
a merge
a macina
a creste
a spanzura
a avea
a auzi
a ascunde
a lovi
a tine
a rani
a pastra
a igenunchia
a tricota
a sti, a cunoaste
a aseza
a conduce
a se sprijini de
a ivata
a parasi
a mprumuta (cuiva)
a permite
a fi culcat
a aprinde
a pierde
a face
a isemna
a intalni
a inspira neicredere
a induce in eroare
a intelege gresit
a intrece
a invinge
a face exces
a plati
a pune
to read
to rend
to ride
to ring
to rise
to run
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
to shake
to shave
to shed
to shine
to shoe
to shoot
to show
to shrink
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to sling
to slit
to smell
to smite
to sow
to speak
to speed
to spell
to spend
read
rent
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shaved
shed
shone
shod
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slung
slit
smelt (smelled)
smote
sowed
spoke
sped
spelt (spelled)
spent
read
rent
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn (sewed)
shaken
shaven
shed
shone
shod
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid
slung
slit
smelt (smelled)
smitten
sown
spoken
sped
spelt (spelled)
spent
a citi
a sfasia, a rupe
a calari
a suna
a se ridica
a alerga
a spune
a vedea
a cauta
a vinde
a trimite
a regla, a fixa
a coase
a scutura, a clatina
a se barbieri
a varsa (lacrimi)
a straluci
a icalta, a potcovi
a mpusca
a arata
a se strange
a inchide
a canta
a se scufunda
a sta (pe ceva)
a ucide
a dormi
a aluneca
a azvarli
a despica
a mirosi
a lovi
a semana
a vorbi
a accelera
a pronunta litera cu litera
a cheltui
to spill
to spin
spilt
spun
spilt
spun
to spit
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
to string
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank
struck
strung
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck
strung
to strive
to swear
to sweep
to swim
to swing
to take
to teach
to tear
to tell
to think
to throw
to thrust
to tread
to underlie
to understand
to upset
to wake
to wear
to weave
to wet
to win
to wind
strove
swore
swept
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
underlay
understood
upset
woke
wore
wove
wet
won
wound
striven
sworn
swept
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden
underlain
understood
upset
woken
worn
woven
wet
won
wound
a varsa
a toarce,
a se roti
a scuipa
a despica
a strica
a intinde
a sari, a tasni
a sta in picioare
a fura
a infige, a se lipi
a itepa
a mirosi urat
a lovi
a insira,
a incorda
a se stradui
a jura
a matura
a inota
a se legana
a lua
a invata, a preda
a rupe, a sfasia
a spune
a gandi, a crede
a arunca
a mbranci
a calca
a sustine
a intelge
a supara
a se trezi
a purta
a tese
a uda
a castiga
a se rasuci
to wring
wrung
wrung
to write
wrote
written
DIATEZA ACTIVA A VERBELOR

Cum se identifica
Subiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata de verb.

Actiunea se rasfrange asupra altui lucru.
Exemple
I have seen a tree.
Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = eu ("I")

Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra copacului ("tree").
Yesterday, he broke his bicycle.
Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = el ("he")

Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra bicicletei sale ("his bicycle").
DIATEZA PASIVA A VERBELOR
a frange,
a smulge
a scrie
Cum se identifica
Actiune este realizata de subiectul logic ( complementul de agent ).
Exemple
I have seen a tree. (diateza activa).

The tree has been seen by me. (diateza pasiva).
Yesterday, he broke his bicycle. (diateza activa).

Yesterday, his bicycle was broken by him. (diateza pasiva).
I will buy a car. (diateza activa).

The car will be bought by me. (diateza pasiva).
DIATEZA REFLEXIVA A VERBELOR

Cum se identifica
La diateza reflexiv aciunea este realizat i suportat de subiect. Diateza reflexiva se
foloseste cu verbe reflexive.
Exemple
Mary washes herself.
Maria s-a spalat.

Jen and Greg kiss each other.
Jen si Greg se saruta.
He shaved himself.
El s-a barbierit.
Verbe care au forma reflexiva: to shower, to wash, to shave, to hurry, to rest, to sit down, kiss.
MODUL INDICATIV
CONJUGAREA VERBELOR IN ENGLEZA
Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza - Modul indicativ
Trecut/ Past
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Continuous
I singular
I came
I was coming
I had come
I had been coming
II singular
You came
You were coming
You had come
You had been coming
III
singular
He/She/It came
He/She/It was coming
He/She/It had come
He/She/It has been coming
I plural
We came
We were coming
We had come
We had been coming
II plural
You came
You were coming
You had come
You had been coming
III plural
They came
They were coming
They had come
They had been coming
Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Simple
I singular
I did not come
I was not coming
I had not come
I had not been coming
II singular
You did not come
You were not coming
You had not come
You had not been coming
III singular
He/She/It did not

come
He/She/It was not

coming
He/She/It had not

come
He/She/It has not been coming
I plural
We did not come
We were not coming
We had not come
We had not been coming
II plural
You did not come
You were not coming
You had not come
You had not been coming
III plural
They did not come
They were not coming
They had not come
They had not been coming
Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Persoana
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Simple
I singular
Did I come?
Was I coming?
Had I come?
Had I been coming?
II singular
Did you come?
Were you coming?
Had you come?
Had you been coming?
III
singular
Did he/she/it come?
Was he/she/it
coming?
Had he/she/it come?
Has he/she/it been coming?
I plural
Did we come?
Were we coming?
Had we come?
Had we been coming?
II plural
Did you come?
Were you coming?
Had you come?
Had you been coming?
III plural
Did they come?
Were they coming?
Had they come?
Had they been coming?
Prezent/ Present
Persoana
Present Simple
I singular
II singular
III singular
I plural
II plural
III plural
I come
You come
He/She/It comes
We come
You come
They come
Present Perfect
Simple
Present Continuous
I am coming
You are coming
He/She/It is coming
We are coming
You are coming
They are coming
I have come
You have come
He/She/It has come
We have come
You have come
They have come
Present Perfect Continuous

I have been coming
You have been coming
He/She/It has been coming
We have been coming
You have been coming
They have been coming

Persoana
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Continuous
I singular
I don't come
I am not coming
I have not come
I have not been coming
II singular
You don't come
You are not coming
You have not come
You have not been coming
III
singular
He/She/It doesn't
come
He/She/It is not
coming
He/She/It has not come
He/She/It has not been coming
I plural
We don't come
We are not coming
We have not come
We have not been coming
II plural
You don't come
You are not coming
You have not come
You have not been coming
III plural
They don't come
They are not coming
They have not come
They have not been coming
Persoana
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect
Continuous
I singular
Do I come?
Am I coming?
Have I come?
Have I been coming?
II singular
Do you come?
Are you coming?
Have you come?
Have you been coming?
III
singular
Does he/she/it
come?
Is he/she/it coming?
Has he/she/it come?
Has he/she/it been coming?
I plural
Do we come?
Are we coming?
Have we come?
Have we been coming?
II plural
Do you come?
Are you coming?
Have you come?
Have you been coming?
III plural
Do they come?
Are they coming?
Have they come?
Have they been coming?
Viitor/ Future
Persoana
Be Going To Future
Simple Future
Future Continuous
I singular
I am going to come
I will come
I will be coming
II singular
You are going to come
You will come
You will be coming
III singular
He/She/It is going to come
He/She/It will come
He/She/It will be coming
I plural
We are going to come
We will come
We will be coming
II plural
You are going to come
You will come
You will be coming
III plural
They are going to come
They will come
They will be coming
Persoana
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
"Be about to" Future
I singular
I will have come
I will have been coming
I am about to come
II singular
You will have come
You will have been coming
You are about to come
III singular
He/She/It will have come
He/She/It will have been coming
He/She/It is about to come
I plural
We will have come
We will have been coming
We are about to come
II plural
You will have come
You will have been coming
You are about to come
III plural
They will have come
They will have been coming
They are about to come

Persoana
Be Going To Future
Simple Future
Future Continuous
I singular
I am not going to come
I will not come
I will not be coming
II singular
You are not going to come
You will not come
You will not be coming
III
singular
He/She/It is not going to come
He/She/It will not come
He/She/It will not be coming
I plural
We are not going to come
We will not come
We will not be coming
II plural
You are not going to come
You will not come
You will not be coming
III plural
They are not going to come
They will not come
They will not be coming
Persoan
a
Future Perfect
I singular
I will not have come
I will not have been coming
I am not about to come
II singular
You will not have come
You will not have been coming
You are not about to come
III
singular
He/She/It will not have come
He/She/It will not have been coming
He/She/It is not about to

come
I plural
We will not have come
We will not have been coming
We are not about to come
II plural
You will not have come
You will not have been coming
You are not about to come
III plural
They will not have come
They will not have been coming
They are not about to come

Persoan
a
Be Going To Future
Simple Future
Future Continuous
I singular
Am I going to come?
Will I come?
Will I be coming?
II singular
Are you going to come?
Will you come?
Will you be coming?
III
singular
Is he/she/it going to come?
Will he/she/it come?
Will he/she/it be coming?
I plural
Are we going to come?
Will we come?
Will we be coming?
II plural
Will you come?
Will you be coming?
III plural
Will they come?
Will they be coming?
Persoan
a
Future Perfect
I singular
Will I have come?
Will I have been coming?
Am I about to come?
II singular
Will you have come?
Will you have been coming?
Are you about to come?
III
singular
Will he/she/it have come?
Will he/she/it have been coming?
Is he/she/it about to come?
I plural
Will we have come?
Will we have been coming?
Are we about to come?
II plural
Will you have come?
Will you have been coming?
Are you about to come?
III plural
Will they have come?
Will they have been coming?
Are they about to come?
TIMPURILE VERBELOR
Timpurile verbelor in limba engleza
TRECUTUL/ PAST - in limba engleza

Trecutul Simplu/ The Simple Past Tense
1. actiunea e in trecut; timpul e definit cu exactitate (last week, last month, last year, that day, that week,
that year, in 1990, on Thursday, 10 years ago)
2. pentru o actiune care era o obistuinta in trecut (acum nu mai e)
3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)"
4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare fata de actiunea trecuta
sunt simultane)
Trecutul (Simplu) Continuu/ The Past Tense Continuous

1. pentru a exprima o actiune in progres la un anumit moment din trecut
2. pentru a arata ca o actiune trecuta a fost intrerupta de o alta
3. folosind "Past Continuous Tense" pentru actiuni trecute sublinieaza ideea de paralelism, simultaneitate
(se cunoaste timpul)
4. pentru a exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiuni care se repetau in trecut
5. pentru a exprima conditionalul prezent ireal continuu
Trecutul Perfect/ The Past Perfect Tense

1. exprima o actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut sau anterioara unui moment din trecut
2. in constructiile care folosesc Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)
3. pot exprima o dorinta nerealizata
4. exprima o actiune anterioara unei actiuni a carui timp e "Future-in-the-Past"
Trecutul Perfect Continuu/ The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

1. exprima o actiune continua inainte unei actiuni situate in trecut
PREZENTUL/ PRESENT - in limba engleza

Prezentul Simplu/ Simple Present Tense
1. pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile (nu poti sa le schimbi in viitor)
2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc si devin general valabile)
3. in vorbirea directa pentru a marca ce a spus cineva
4. pentru a exprima actiuni planificate in viitor
5. in modul conditional (Conditional Prezent Real)
6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii, cuvinte care sa accentueze
surprinderea, sau rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de
baza)
Prezentul (Simplu) Continuu/ Present Tense Continuous

1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum)
2. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (dar care se va termina in viitorul mai departat)
3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul Simplu in acest caz nu
are nuanta subiectiva)
4. pentru o actiune care se repeta regulat, frecvent
Prezentul Perfect/ The Present Perfect Tense

1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in trecut)
2. actiunea din trecut are repercursiuni in prezent
3. actiunea e terminata in trecutul apropiat.
4. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE
5. in propozitiile care se folosesc adverbele YET (=INCA) si ALREADY (=DEJA)
6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut dar care nu s-a terminat
Prezentul Perfect Continuu/ Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua (FARA INTRERUPERE) in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau
SINCE
2. actiunea tocmai s-a terminat (si dorim sa subliniem asta)
VIITORUL/ FUTURE - in limba engleza

Viitorul simplu/ Simple Future Tense
1.Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep cu verbe ce exprima
promisiunea, actiuni neplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in propozitia principala avem verbe
precum: think, assume, expect, hope, doubt, belive, suppose, be sorry, wonder, be sure pentru a exprima
opinii/ optiuni personale despre o actiune viitoare.
Viitorul Continuu/ Future Continuous Tense

1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel moment/ timp)
2. o actiune viitoare se va intinde pe toata durata viitoare
Viitorul Perfect/ Future Perfect Tense

1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor.
Viitorul Perfect Continuu/ Future Perfect Continuous
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment
viitor
Viitorul in Trecut/ The Future-in-the-Past

1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute
PREZENTUL SIMPLU
Cum se formeaza
VERB + s/es (pentru persoana a 3-a singular)
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile (nu poti sa le schimbi in viitor)

The sun rises in the East and sets in West. (Soarele rasare in Est si apune in Vest.)
The water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. (Apa fierbe la 100 C.)
2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc si devin general
valabile)
I drink a tea every day. (Beau ceai in fiecare zi.)
I never drink tea.
(Nu beau ceai niciodata.)
In acest caz repetarea actiunii se "marcheaza" prin: every day/ month/ week/ year, occasionally, often,
usually, sometimes, seldom, twice a week.
3. in vorbirea directa pentru a marca ce a spus cineva

John says: "I speak French". (John spune: Vorbesc Franceza.)
4. pentru a exprima actiuni planificate in viitor

The match starts at 2pm on Sunday. (Meciul incepe la ora 2 pm, duminica.)
5. in modul conditional (Conditional Prezent Real)

Tom helps me with my homework when he has time.
(Tom ma ajuta cu temele cand are timp.)
6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii, cuvinte care sa
accentueze surprinderea, sau rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare
actiunii de baza)
I went into the house and suddenly I see a misterious map.
(Am intrat in casa si dintr-o data am vazut o harta misterioasa.)
I went into the house = actiunea de baza

(suddenly) I see a misterious map = actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza
care accentueaza surprinderea
Comentarii
a) "-es" se adauga la persoana a 3-a singular pentru verbele care se termina in s, z, sh, ch, consoana+y
b) Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la toate
persoanele singular si plural, cu exceptia persoanei a III- a singular, care se adauga (e) s.
PREZENTUL SIMPLU CONTINUU
Cum se formeaza
am/is/are + present participle
1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum)
I am just writing my exercise. (Tocmai imi scriu exercitiul.)
I am writing my exercise now. (Imi scriu exercitiul acum.)
In acest caz, de regula, in propozitie intalnim cuvinte (care sa intareasca aceasta idee) precum: just,
now.
2. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (dar care se va termina in viitorul mai departat)
I am studying French. (Studiez franceza.)
Cand fac afirmatia poate ca nu studiez franceza (la acea ora), insa aceasta actiune/ activitate e inceputa in
trecut si va continua si in viitor. In acest caz nu se folosesc cuvinte de subliniere a prezentului precum just,
now.
3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul Simplu in acest caz
nu are nuanta subiectiva)
What are you doing tomorrow ? (Ce faci maine?)
In acest caz frecvent se folosesc verbe de miscare precum to come, to arrive, to go, to leave:
My friend is leaving tomorrow. (Prietenul meu pleaca maine.)
4. pentru o actiune care se repeta regulat, frecvent

I am constantly thanking God for the opportunities that He has given me in my
life. (nu exprima iritarea)
(Ii multumesc lui Dumnezeu in permanenta, pentru oportunitatile pe care mi le-a dat in
viata.)
De regula exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiune:

He is continually making noise.
(El face galagie in permanenta.)
Repetarea se exprima folosind adverbe precum: always, constantly, continually, often.
PREZENTUL PERFECT
Cum se formeaza
has/have + past participle
1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in trecut)
I have seen that movie 10 times. (Am vazut acel film de 10 ori.)
Yes, I have seen that movie. (Da, am vazut acel film.)
Uneori se pot folosi adverbe de frecventa sau de timp care nu precizeaza timpul cu exactitate ( ever,
never, often, seldom, always, sometimes):

I have never seen him. (Nu l-am vazut niciodata.)
2. actiunea din trecut are repercursiuni in prezent
I have seen an interesting museum.

(Am vazut un muzeu interesant.) ... in prezent imi amintesc bine acel muzeu.
A terrible accident has happened.

(Un accident teribil a avut loc.) ... inca sunt afectat de acel lucru.
3. actiunea e terminata in trecutul apropiat.
It has just rained. (Tocmai a plouat.)
In general, propozitiile contin adverbe precum just,
recently, lately, latterly, till now,

up to now, so far, up to the present, last week.
4. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE
I have been at home since 5Pm. (Sunt acasa de la ora 5 pm.)

I have been at home for 2 hours. (Sunt acasa de 2 ore.)
SINCE: specifica de la ce data/ ora.

FOR: specifica perioada
In cazul in care actiunea/ activitatea e facuta fara intrerupere sau se doreste accentuarea ei se va
folosi The Present Perfect Continuous
5. in propozitiile care se folosesc adverbele YET (=INCA) si ALREADY (=DEJA)
Have you learned Polish curses already ?
(Ai invatat deja cursurile in poloneza? )
I have already learned the Polish curses.

(Am invatat dj cursurile in poloneza.)
I have not learned the Polish curses yet.

(Inca nu am invatat cursurile in poloneza.)
6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut dar care nu s-a
terminat
I have eaten a good cake this morning. (este ora 9 am si dimineata nu s-a
terminat)
(Am mancat o prajitura buna in aceasta dimineata.)
In acest caz se folosesc constructii ca: this
week, this day, this year, this month,
all day, all night, today, etc.
PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU
Cum se formeaza
has/have + been + present participle
1. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua (FARA INTRERUPERE) in prezent si se folosesc

FOR sau SINCE
I have been working for 2 hours. (Lucrez de 2 ore.)

dar,
I have worked in this factory for two years.
(inca mai lucrez, dar la modul
general; acum poate ca sunt acasa si ma uit la TV)

(Lucrez in aceasta fabrica de 2 ani.)
2. actiunea tocmai s-a terminat (si dorim sa subliniem asta)
I have been reading all afternoon. Ive just finished the novel.
(Am citit toata dupa-masa. Tocmai am terminat de citit romanul.)
TRECUTUL SIMPLU
Cum se formeaza
Acest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este amintita in momentul prezent.
a) VERB+ed --> pentru verbele regulate.

b) forma a 2-a a verbelor neregulate --> pentru verbele neregulate.
Observatii:
1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o precede este scurta si
accentuate:
stop -> stopped
prefer -> preferred
2) verbele terminate in y precedat de consoana il schimba in i:
study -> studied
3) verbele terminate in e adauga doar d:
move -> moved

1. actiunea e in trecut; timpul e definit cu exactitate (last week, last month, last year, that
day, that week, that year, in 1990, on Thursday, 10 years ago)
I visited London 10 years ago.

(Am vizitat Londra acum 10 ani.)
2. pentru o actiune care era o obistuinta in trecut (acum nu mai e)
We went to the Black See every year.

(acum nu mai mergem in fiecare an la Marea Neagra)
(Am mers la Marea Neagra in fiecare an. /Obisnuiam sa mergem la Marea Neagra in fiecare
an)
3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)"
Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?
(Unde ai sta daca ai merge la Bucuresti?)

Tom would help me with my homework if he had time.
(Tom m-ar ajuta cu temele daca ar avea timp.)
4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare fata de actiunea
trecuta sunt simultane)
He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata
simultaneitatea)
(Mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)
TRECUTUL SIMPLU CONTINUU
Cum se formeaza
was/were + present participle
1. pentru a exprima o actiune in progres la un anumit moment din trecut
I remember that yesterday at 5 Pm I was watching TV.

(Imi amintesc ca ieri la ora 5 pm, ma uitam la Tv.)
2. pentru a arata ca o actiune trecuta a fost intrerupta de o alta
I was playing a computer game when she called.

(Ma jucam pe calculator cand ea a sunat.)
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

(In timp ce eram la picnic, a inceput sa ploua.)
3. folosind "Past Continuous Tense" pentru actiuni trecute sublinieaza ideea de paralelism,
simultaneitate (se cunoaste timpul)
Last evening at 5 Pm, I was studying while he was

making dinner.
(Seara trecuta, la ora 5 pm, eu invatam in timp ce el pregatea cina.)
4. pentru a exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiuni care se repetau in trecut
He was constantly/ always coming late to the English class.

(Intotdeauna venea tarziu la ora de engleza.)
5. pentru a exprima conditionalul prezent ireal continuu
What would you say if the boy were studying now ?

(Discutie intre parinti cand se pregatesc sa intre in camera copiilor. Ei nu se asteapta ca baiatul lor sa
invete acum.)
(Ce ai spune daca baiatul ar invata acum?)
TRECUTUL PERFECT
Cum se formeaza
had + past participle

1. exprima o actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut sau anterioara unui moment din trecut
The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the garden.
(Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.)
The little spoke as if he had seen a flying saucer.

(Micutul a vorbit ca si cum vazuse o farfurie zburatoare.)
2. in constructiile care folosesc Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)
Tom would have helped me with my homework if

he had had time.
(situatie ipotetica in trecut)
(Tom m-ar fi ajutat cu temele daca ar fi avut timp.)
Pentru a recapitula Conditional in Trecut (Ireal) dati click aici.
3. pot exprima o dorinta nerealizata
I wish I hadn't missed the buss.

(Imi doresc sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)
I wished I hadn't missed the buss.

(Mi-as fi dorit sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)
4. exprima o actiune anterioara unei actiuni a carui timp e "Future-in-the-Past"
Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English

a little bit.
(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)
TRECUTUL PERFECT CONTINUU
Cum se formeaza
had been + present participle
1. exprima o actiune continua inainte unei actiuni situate in trecut
They had been talking for over two hours before Tom arrived.
(Ei vorbeau de peste doua ore, cand Tom a ajuns.)
Aceeasi situatie poate fi prezenta si in vorbirea indirecta:
John said that he had been watching TV at 9 o'clock.

(John a spus ca se uitase la TV la ora 9. )
VIITORUL SIMPLU
Cum se formeaza
will + verb
Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep cu verbe ce
exprima promisiunea, actiuni neplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in
propozitia principala avem verbe precum: think, assume, expect, hope, doubt, belive,
suppose, be sorry, wonder, be surepentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o
actiune viitoare.
I suppose I will be there.

(Presupun ca voi fi acolo.)
(predictia)
I will be there at 7 o'clock. (promisiunea)

(Voi fi acolo la ora 7.)
Comentarii
1) Pentru actiunile planificate in viitor nu se foloseste viitorul simplu ci "TO BE

GOING TO" sau Simple Present Continuous !
Daca actiunea e planificata in decursula a 1-7 zile sau e vorba de o activitate repetitiva in viitor de
regula se foloseste viitorul format cu "to be going to":
I am going to see that movie on Friday.

"am going to" are sensul de "planific sa"
(Imi planific/ Intentionez sa merg vineri la acel film.)
Daca actiunea e planificata mult mai tarziu (in viitor) de regula se foloseste prezentul simplu continuu:
Mike is moving to New York next month.

(Mike se muta la New York luna viitoare.)
Nota: viitorul format cu "to be going to" are nuanta de viitor apropiat; cel format cu prezentul simplu
continuu nu are nici o nuanta de acest fel.
2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile

introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom
avea viitor !
VIITORUL CONTINUU
Cum se formeaza
will be + present participle
am/is/are + going to be + present participle (pentru "to be going to")
1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel moment/ timp)
Tonight at 7 o'clock, Tom will be watching TV. (Acum e1 Pm si Tom va

incepe sa se uite la TV la 6:30 Pm)
(Deseara la ora 7, Tom se va uita la TV. ... deja se uita de ceva vreme)
2. o actiune viitoare se va intinde pe toata durata viitoare
Ann will be writing letters all day long.

(Ann va scrie scrisori toata ziua.)
Comentarii
1) O varianta a cazului 1 de folosire a lui "Future Continuous Tense" este cand se vrea sa se
sublinieze faptul ca in viitor doua sau mai multe actiuni vor avea loc simultan:
Tonight, they will be watching TV, discussing their vacation

plans, and having a good time.
(Deseara, ei se vor uita la TV, isi vor discuta planurile de vacanta si vor petrece o seara
minunata.)
2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul !
Astfel, in propozitiile introduse
cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, ifnu vom avea viitor !
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
(Ma voi uita la TV cand ea va sosi deseara.)
VIITORUL PERFECT
Cum se formeaza
will have + past participle
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor
Jerry will have worked for this company for 20

years when he retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va pensiona.)
Comentarii
1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile

introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom
avea viitor !
2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"
By next January, I will have received my reward.

(Pana in ianuarie viitor , imi voi fi primit premiul.)
VIITORUL PERFET CONTINUU
Cum se formeaza
will have been + present participle

1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui
eveniment viitor
Jerry will have been working for this company for 20

years when she retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie ( si va continua sa lucreze) in momentul cand ea se
va pensiona.)
VIITORUL IN TRECUT
Cum se formeaza
would + VERB
or
was/ were going to + VERB
(pentru actiuni planificate)
Exemple
1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute
He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata

simultaneitatea)
(El mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)
Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English

a little bit.
(after arata anterioritatea)
(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)
Comentarii
Propozitiile (de timp) care incep cu before, when, while, after, as soon as, by the time,
if, unless nu au verbul la viitor.
MODUL CONDITIONAL
CONDITIONAL IN TRECUT-REAL
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Past ..., ... Simple Past ...
Exemple
Tom helped me with my homework when he had time. (situatie general valabila in
trecut)
If the weather were nice, I walked to my office. (situatie general valabila in trecut)
When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach. (situatie general valabila in
trecut)
Comentarii
"Past Real Conditional" face referire la un obicei trecut (nu mai e valabil in
prezent).
1)
2) If
e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente;
When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.
CONDITIONAL IN TRECUT-IREAL
Tom would have helped me with my homework if he had had time.

If the weather had been nice, I would have walked to my office.
If I had had a day off from work, I would have gone to the beach.
Comentarii
1)
"Past Real Conditional" face referire la o situatie trecuta ipotetica.
2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se considera ca

actiunea/ evenimentul nu a avut loc.
CONDITIONAL IN PREZENT- REAL
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...
Exemple
When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
valabila in prezent)
(situatie general valabila: e
Tom helps me with my homework when he has time.

valabila in prezent)
(situatie general valabila: e
If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent)
Where do you stay if you go to Bucharest?
(situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent)
Comentarii
1) "Present Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii care apar in
mod normal in viata de zi cu zi; sint situatii generale si care se repeta frecvent sau sunt
sigure (sunt reale si nu fictive);
2) If
CONDITIONAL IN PREZENT-IREAL
Cum se formeaza
If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...
Exemple
What would you do if you won the lottery?
(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul)
Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?
(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; calatoria la Bucuresti in acest caz nu e reala)
If the weather were nice, I would walk to my office.
(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; vremea nu e frumoasa)
Tom would help me with my homework if he had time.
(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; Tom nu are timp deci nu ma ajuta, dar daca ar avea timp
m-ar ajuta)
Comentarii
1) "Present Unreal Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii ipotetice.
CONDITIONALUL IN VIITOR- REAL
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Future ...
Exemple
If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (valabila pentru o situatie particulara in
viitor)
Tom will help me with my homework when he has time.
particulara in viitor)
(valabila pentru o situatie
Comentarii
1) "Future Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a spune ce se va face intr-o situatie
particulara viitoare.
If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie generala)
vezi "Present
Real
Conditional"
If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (situatie particulara)
Diferenta dintre cele 2 mesaje e foarte mica, practic insesizabila in vorbirea curenta.
2) If
CONDITIONALUL IN VIITOR-IREAL
Cum se formeaza
Forma 1
If ... were + present participle ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Cu aceeasi semnificatie se poate folosi Present Unreal Conditional (Forma 2); aceasta forma e preferata
formei de Present Unreal Conditional)
Forma 3
If ... were going to + verb ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Se traduce cu "Daca se va intampla sa/ ca sa ..." (se pune accentul pe predictie) ... dar stiu ca nu se va
intampla)
Exemple
Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were having time.
( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca va avea timp. (dar stiu ca nu va avea)
Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were going to have time.
( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca se va intampla sa aibe timp. (dar stiu ca nu va avea)
Comentarii
1) "Future Unreal Conditional" face referinta la o situatie imaginara (nu e rela) in
viitor.
2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se considera ca
actiunea/ evenimentul nu va avea loc.
3) Forma 2 e cea mai folosita (in aceasta situatie) in manualele de gramatica.
MODUL SUBJONCTIV
Cum se identifica
Subjonctivul se foloseste cand avem :
o actiune posibila in viitor
o actiune nerealizata (ireala) in trecut sau prezent
o recomandare, un sfat
Exemple
It is necessary that the work be done. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
He speaks as if he were not from Bucharest. (situatie ireala in prezent, deci AVEM
subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar e din Bucuresti.
He speaks as if he is not from Bucharest. (situatie reala in prezent, deci NU AVEM
subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar nici nu e din Bucuresti.

It's time you went to bed. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
Comentarii
Subjonctivul in engleza se formeaza cu :
a) infinitivul scurt al verbului
1) dupa constructii ca: It is necessary, It is advisable, It is recommendable, It is possible, It is
unsure, It is probable ( ca si formularile de genul "He recommends", "He advices", "He requests" );
2) in propozitii de scop (so that ...); ex.: Come earlier so that you find him at
home. (forma americana)
Come earlier so that you can find him at
home. (forma britanica)
3) in propozitii concesive ( however ... ); ex.: I go there however difficult it be.
4) in exclamatii afective: ex.: Bless you !
5) In formulas (short infinitive):
Long live the queen. (Triasc regina!)
So be it. (Aa s fie.)
Come what may. (Fie ce o fi.)
Suffice it to say. (Este suficient de zis.)
Be that as it may. (Fie ce o fi.)
Say what you will. (Spune ce vrei.)
b) forma de "Past Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima:
1) un regret prezent
I wish I knew her address. ( ... nu-i stiu adresa si regret);
If only he was faithful to me!

(Dac mi-ar fi fidel!)
If only I had known about her mischance!
(Dac a fi tiut de ghinionul ei!)
2) ceva ce e ireal in prezent (cu constructiile "as if", "as though");
3) preferinta (cind se folosesc constructiile "would rather/ sooner", "it is time", "had better", "I'd
prefer").
You had better go home.

(Mai bine ai merge acas.)
Id prefer if you didnt go.

(A prefera s nu mergi.)
c) forma de "Past Perfecte Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima un regret vis-a-vis de o actiune
anterioara timpului din propozitia principala:
ex.: I wish(ed) you had written to him. (As dori/ As fi dorit ca tu sa-i fi scris lui.)
d) alte forme de imperativ:
Somebody bring me a glass of water!
(Cineva s mi aduc un pahar cu ap!)
Come on everybody, leave the room!

(Haidei, toat lumea s prseasc ncperea!)
e) After verbs expressing a desire that someone should do something: ask, advise, desire, intend,
order, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, want; after verbs expressing plans: arrange, leave
word, pland; after adjectives expressing feelings: anxious, willing, eager, pleased, glad.
They demanded that the meeting be held in our new conference room.
(Au cerut ca ntlnirea s se in n sala nou de conferine.)
We planned that they should see the room beforehand.
(Am plnuit s vedem camera nainte.)
She was anxious that they should see her dancing.
(Era emoionat c o vor vedea dansnd.)
f) cu "may/might"
May you live long!
(S trieti mult!)
However tired might he be, he must come down.
(Orict de obosit ar fi, trebuie s vin jos.)
Alte comentarii:
i) Forma de "Past Tense" a lui "to be" este "were";
ii) in constructiile cu "for + subiect" se foloseste forma lunga a infinitivului:
It's time for you to go to bed.
iv) In engleza americana, in propozitia subordonata introdusa de "that" cand propozitia principala
exprima o recomandare, decizie, cerere, speranta, intentie sau surprindere.
They recommended that he pay more attention to class.

(I-au recomandat s fie mai atent la lecie.)
They hoped that he be elected President.
(Au sperat s fie ales preedinte.)

They suggested that our flowers be put into a vase.
(Au sugerat ca florile noastre s fie puse n vaz.)
v) if need be inseamna if it is necessary
If need be she can always tell him the truth.
(La nevoie, i poate spune oricnd adevrul.)
MODUL IMPERATIV
Cum se identifica
Verbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine, sfaturi

ce trebuiesc executate.
Exemple
Let him go !
( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )
Lock the door !
( Incuie usa ! )
Go there !
( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know !
(Da-mi voie sa stiu !)
Don't worry be happy!
Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit!
Leave me alone !
Lasa-ma in pace!
Take it easy !
Usor !
INFINITIVUL SI GERUNZIU
Folosirea infinitivului si a gerunziului & Exemple

Sunt verbe in limba engleza care cer infinitivul iar altele care cer gerunziul. Iata mai jos modul in care
verbele limbii engleze se folosesc fie cu gerunziul, fie cu infinitivul.
1) Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund:

(Verbe care folosesc fie infinitivul fie gerunziul )
advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate, intend,
like, love, mean, need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret, remember,
require, start, stop, try, used to
-
verbs taking infinitive or gerund without changing meaning:

(verbe care folosesc infinitivul sa gerunziul fara sa-si modifice intelesul)
begin, start, continue, cease
I began working./ I began to work. (Am nceput s lucrez.)

He continued living/ to live above the shop. (A continuat s locuiasc deasupra magazinului.)
o
cant bear
I cant bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport s atept.)

o
intend
I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenionez s l vnd.)

o
advise, allow, permit, recommend
They dont allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite s parcm aici.)
o
it needs/requires/wants
The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tuns.)
2) Verbs which take only gerund:

(Verbe care folosesc numai gerunziul )
o
regret, remember, forget (when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action)
I regret spending so much money. (mi pare ru c am cheltuit atia bani.)

I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspapers. (mi amintesc c am citit de cutremur n
ziare.)
Ill never forget waiting to find out the results. (Nu o s uit niciodat ateptarea rezultatelor.)
o
go on, stop
He went on to tell us about his new plans. (A continuat s ne spun despre planurile lui noi.)
I cant stop him talking to the press. (Nu pot s l opresc s nu vorbeasc cu presa.)
o admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, commence, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest,
dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep, lie, loathe, mention, mind,
miss, practice, report. resent, resist, risk, postpone, stand, sit, suggest.
!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are followed by an
infinitive:
I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (mi pare ru s te anun c ai picat examenul.)
I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit s semnez cecurile.)
3) Verbs which take only infinitive:
(Verbe care folosesc numai infinitivul)

o
agree (to), mean, propose, refuse (to)

Tom agreed to wait a week. (Tom a fost de acord s atepte o sptmn.)
I mean to get to the top by sunrise. (Vreau s ajung pn s rsr soarele.)
I propose to start tomorrow. (Mi-am propus s ncep mine.)
try, used to
They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au ncercat s pun gard de srm n jurul
grdinii.)
I used to swim all the year around. (Obinuiam s not tot anul.)
VERBE FARA FORMA CONTINUA
1. Verbele de perceptie
to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste
ex: I see a red car.
TOTUSI, daca actiunea e una voluntara, una constienta se poate folosi
aspectul continuu:
What are you seeing ? (se presupune ca persoana care vede ceva realizeaza o actiune voluntara;
de exemplu: se uita cu binoclu, s-a urcat pe ceva sa vada mai departe, etc)
DEASEMENEA, daca sensul verbului nu mai este cel de baza, iar se poate
folosi forma continua:
I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. (sensul nu mai e de a vedea ci de a fi consultat, de a se
duce la)
2. Verbele care exprima activitati mentale

to agree, to believe, to distrust, to imagine, to doubt, to remember,
to understand, to suppose, to recognize, to forget, to think, to mean
NOTA: Daca se foloseste forma continua apare o modificare de sens:
I am thinking. (nu se spune si ce gandesc.)
3. Verbe care exprima dorinta
to wish, to want, to intend, to desire

ex: I wish to go there.
4. Verbe care exprima sentimente, atitudini, trairi

emotionale
to love, to like, to dislike, to detest, to prefer, to abhor, to adore, to
hate
ex.: I like it.
5. verbele modale
can, may, must, ought to
ex.: I can do it.
6. Verbe care exprima posesia

to posses, to owe, to belong to, to own, to keep, to hold
ex.: I keep it for me.
7. Alte verbe care nu pot avea forma continua

to expect, to suffice, to differ, to appear, to contain, to deserve
ex.: This movie appears to be interesting.
VERBE MODALE
CAN
1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala
I can speak English.

I can swim very well.
2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea
Can Tom make such a mistake ?
3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul
neoficial
Can I borrow your book ?
Nota:
Aceasta forma de exprimare a permisiunii nu este foarte delicata si poate fi vazuta si ca o cerere
politicoasa.
4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie
I can see somebody near my car.
Comentarii
1. Pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul oficial/ politicos se foloseste "May";
2. Cererea cu "Could" este may politicoasa decat cea cu "Can"; de aceea de regula cererile se fac
cu "Could";
3. "Could" este folosit in unele cazuri drept trecutul lui "Can".
MAY
1. cand se cere permisiunea in mod oficial, politicos
May I go home now ?
Nota: Permisiunea se poate cere si cu "Can" insa in mod neoficial, protocolar.
2. exprima posibilitatea
It may rain in the afternoon.

( Se poate sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )
Nota: Daca se foloseste "might" probabilitatea e mai mica decat "may", insa diferenta nu e foarte mare:
It might rain in the afternoon.

( S-ar putea sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )
3. exprima o dorinta
May all your wishes come true.

( Fie ca ... )
Comentarii
1. "May" in situatia in care exprima posibilitatea poate fi inlocuit cu "it is possible" fara ca
sensul sa se schimbe:
It is possible for Tom to do that thing.

Tom may do that thing.
MUST
1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala)
I must go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea)
Nota:
Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":
I have to go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie sa ajung
undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una obiectiva)
2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie
John always at this hour is at home. Now must be at home as well.

(logic John ar trebui sa fie acasa, dar poate nu e).
Comentarii
Daca nu suntem foarte siguri de deductia logica folosim verbul "may".
OUGHT TO
1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare:
Margaret ought to exercise more.

Margaret trebuie sa exerseze mai mult; este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie
imperativa.
- Shall I go to this funeral ?

- Well, you ought to.
Este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa; insa e ceva ce trebuie facut
caci asa e bine din punct de vedere moral.
Nota:
Daca s-ar raspunde "Well you have

(obligatia e exterioara in acest caz)
to." semnificatia ar fi: "Trebuie sa te duci, nu ai de ales."
Comentarii
1) Pentru a exprima recomandari negative dispare "to" dupa "to have":
You ought not smoke so much.

We ought not be afraid of the these risks.
Totusi, sunt acceptate deasemenea si formele:
You ought not to smoke so much.

We ought not to be afraid of the these risks.
2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult "should not".
SHALL
1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofert sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ)
What shall I do?
(Ce sa fac?)
Shall I listen to you?
(S te ascult ?)
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaie sau o ameninare care provin de la cel care
vorbete ( Folosit cu persoanele II i III)
You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me.
Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine.
He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that.
Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa.
You shall hear from me again!
Vei mai auzi tu de mine!)
3. pentru a exprima o hotarare
The gates shall not open . (Usile nu se vor deschide.)
4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale
The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the examination.
Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii.
Comentarii
1. Folosit cu persoana I, shall indic viitorul.

2. Folosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o obligatie sau o amenintare care provin
de la cel care vorbeste.
WILL

1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare
I will climb this mountain even if its the last thing I do.
Voi urca acest munte, chiar daca va fi ultimul lucru pe care il fac.
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune
I will not let you down.
Nu te voi dezamagi .
3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere
This boy looks very much like Tom. He will be his brother.
Acest baiat seamana foarte bine cu Tom. O fi fratele lui.
4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil
Polar bears will perish. Ursii polari vor disparea.
5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata
I always drink coffee in the morning . (= I will drink coffee in the morning).
Intotdeauna beau cafea dimineata. Voi bea cafea dimineata.
6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa
Will you sit down? Vrei sa iei loc?
Comentarii
1. Will - are si intelesul de a voi. La casatorie se foloseste expresia I will.
DARE, NEED, USED TO
Alte verbe modale: Dare, Need, Used to

NEED / NOT NEED - este folosit pentru a exprima necesitatea sau lipsa acesteia
You needn't come early to the meeting.
Nu trebuie sa vii devreme la sedinta.
She doesn't need to come.
Nu este necesar sa vina si ea.
You don't need to go there tomorrow.
Nu e necesar sa mergi maine acolo.
USED TO - este folosit doar la Past Tense, pentru a exprima:

1) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care nu mai este precticat in prezent
I used to swim in the Olt river when I was a child, but I don't do this any longer.
Obisnuiam sa inot in Olt cand eram copil, dar acum nu mai inot.
2) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care mai este practicat si in prezent

They used to spend their holidays in the mountains.
Obisnuiau sa isi petreaca vacantele la munte; poate ca inca si le mai petrec.
DARE - se foloseste cu sensul de "a indrazni", in special in propozitii interogative

si negative
The boy dared not tell his father what he had done.
Baiatul nu a indraznit sa ii spuna tatalui sau ce a facut.
They dared not speak to him ugly.
Ei nu au indraznit sa vorbeasca urat cu el.
How dare you contradict me ?

Cum indraznesti sa ma contrazici?
Comentarii
NEED poate fi folosit si ca verb principal:
He needs help.
Are nevoie de ajutor.
USED TO nu are forma de prezent. Pentru a exprima un obicei in prezent folositi prezentul simplu:
I (usually) spend my holidays in the mountains.
De obicei imi petrec vacantele la munte.
DARE ca verb modal este urmat de:
a) infinitivul fara to dupa forma invariabila dare (persoana a III-a singular sau Past Tense):
I wonder wheter he dare come.
Ma intreb daca va indrazni sa vina.
He felt that he daren't try.
Si-a dat seama ca n-are curajul sa incerce.
b) infinitivul cu to, dupa participial prezent sau dupa persoana a III-a singular:
Now he dares to attack me !
Acum indrazneste sa ma atace!
c) infinitivul cu sau fara to dupa forma de infinitiv a verbului, forma de Past Tense dared si participiul
trecut:
He wouldn't dare (to) tell me this.
N-ar indrazni sa imi spuna acest lucru.
He dared (to) write upon the subject.
A avut curajul sa scrie despre acea problema.
ATENTIE!
Verbul dare este urmat de infinitivul cu to cand este folosit ca verb principal:
He dared me to compete with him.
M-a provocat la intrecere.
ADJECTIVUL
ADJECTIV CALITATIV
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele din aceasta categorie sunt adjective care descriu proprietati ale obiectelor ce pot
avea grade, nivele, intensitati ale acelei proprietati.
Exemple
big (mare)
clever (destept)
profound (profund)
small (mic)
dry (uscat)
good (bun)
activ (activ)
blue (albastru)
ADJECTIV POSESIV
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al
tau, etc ...);
Exemple
my book (cartea mea)
your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra)
his book (cartea lui)
her book (cartea ei)
its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni)
our book (cartea noastra)
our books (cartile noastre)
your books (cartile voastre)
their book (cartea lor)
their books (cartile lor)
Comentarii
Corespondenta pronumelor posesive cu adjectivele posesive:
Persoana
Pronumele
posesiv
Adjectivul
posesiv
1st singular
mine
my
2nd
yours
your
3rd (female)
hers
her
3rd (male)
his
his
3rd (neuter)
its
its
1st plural
ours
our
3rd plural
theirs
their
ADJECTIV DEMONSTRATIV
Cum se identifica
Adjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme:
closer
farther
singular
plural
this
(acesta/ aceasta)
these
(acestia/
acestea)
that
(acela/ aceea)
those
(aceia/
acelea)
Adjectivul demonstrativ arat deprtarea sau apropierea unui obiect.
Exemple
this house (aceasta casa)
that house (acea casa)

these houses (aceste case)
those houses (acele casa)
ADJECTIV NEHOTARAT
Cum se identifica
Adjectivul nehotarat este adjectivul care nsoeste substantivul fr s individualizeze obiectul denumit de
acesta.
Exemple
There are some Canadians here.

We need some water. How much do we need ?
There are a few doctors in town.
We need some paper. How much do we need ?
How many cigarettes do you smoke a day ?

I have enough knowledge to do it.
Comentarii
Cele mai intalnite adjective nehotarate sunt :

Some ("ceva, cativa, cateva", in propozitie afirmativa)/ Any ("ceva, cativa, cateva", in propozitie
negativa si interogativa)
Much ("mult, multa", pentru substantive care nu se pot numara)/ Many ("multe,
multi", pentru substantive care se pot numara)
A lot of ("o multime de") /lots of ("multimi de")
Little ("putin, putine", pentru substantive care nu se pot numara) /Few ("putin,
putine", pentru substantive care se pot numara)
Enough ("destul, destule, etc")
Plenty of ("o multime de")
No (pentru negarea existentei)
ADVERBUL
ADVERBUL DE MOD
Cum se identifica
Adverbul se poate defini astfel:
Este partea de vorbire care:
Arata o caracteristica a unei actiuni, a unei stari sau a unei calitati;

Poate avea categoria gramaticala a comparatiei
Ca si in limba romana, si in limba engleza exista o clasificare a adverbelor:
- adverbe de mod (Adverbs of manner);
- adverbe de loc (Adverbs of place);

- adverbe de timp (Adverbs of time).
Adverbul de mod indica modalitatea propriu-zisa.

Cele mai multe adverbe de mod se formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului ly la forma
adjectivului:
slow (adjectiv) -> slowly (adverb de mod)
Exemple
She touched him sweetly on the hand. (L-a atins usor pe mana.)
He danced so beautifully! (A dansat atat de frumos.)
They behaved foolishly. (S-au comportat proseste.)
After the party he left sadly. (Dupa petrecere, a plecat suparat.)
You should do that carefully! (Ar trebui sa faci acel lucru cu grija !)
Comentarii
Adverbele de mod pot fi:
- de intarire: actually (de fapt), certainly (in mod sigur), obviously (evident), really (intr-adevar) ;
- de amplificare: absolutely (absolut), completely (complet), barely (cu greu), hardly (cu
greu), scarcely (cu dificultate);
- de afirmatie sau negatie: yes (da), no (nu), of course (desigur), not at all (deloc);
- de probabilitate: maybe (poate), perhaps (posibil), probably (probabil).
Daca adjectivul de mod se termina in e, acesta se pastreaza inaintea sufixului ly:
entire (adjectiv) -> entirely (adverb de mod)
extreme (adjectiv) -> extremely (adverb de mod)
Exceptii: true (adjectiv) -> truly (adverb de mod)
due (adjectiv) -> duly (adverb de mod)
whole (adjectiv) -> wholly (adverb de mod)
Daca adjectivul se termina in l , adverbul va avea ll, prin adaugarea terminatiei -ly:
beautiful (adjectiv)+ ly -> beautifully (adverb de mod)
Adjectivele terminate in le silabic pierd e si adauga y:
simple (adjectiv) -> simply (adverb de mod)
Adjectivele terminate in y il transforma in i inaintea sufixului ly:
happy (adjectiv) -> happily (adverb de mod)
Adjectivele terminate in ll pierd un l:
full (adjectiv) -> fully (adverb de mod)
Adjectivele terminate in ic primesc ally pentru a devein adverbe (exceptie: public -> publicly):
automatic (adjectiv) -> automatically (adverb de mod)
Adjectivul "good" devine adverbul "well":

She is a good pupil. She speaks English well.
ADVERBUL DE LOC
Cum se identifica

Poate avea categoria gramaticala a comparatiei
Unele adverbe de loc indica locul propriu-zis (here, there), altele indica directia (aside, forward,
behind), insa majoritatea adverbelor de loc pot fi folosite pentru a indica atat locul cat si directia.
Exemple
I bought a house somewhere. (Am cumparat o casa undeva.)
I will wait for you here. (Am sa te astept aici.)
Move aside! (Da-te la oparte!)
Clothes models like this one are anywhere. (Modele de haine ca acesta gasesti oriunde.)
Diana was found crying there. (Diana a fost gasita plangand acolo.)
Read forward, you will find the information. (Citeste mai departe, vei gasi informatia.)
Please wait for her out! (Te rog asteapt-o afara!)
She lived a long period abroad. (A trait o perioada lunga in strainatate.)
They found the terrorists hidden underground. (Au gasit teroristii ascunsi sub pamant.)
Can you go downstairs and smoke there? (Poti sa mergi jos si sa fumezi acolo?)
Please come home for that special party. (Te rog vino acasa pentru acea petrecere speciala.)
You won't find that car nowhere. (Nu vei gasi acea masina nicaieri.)
Sheila went far in the woods to pick up mushrooms. (Sheila s-a dus departe in padure sa culeaga
ciuperci.)
Comentarii
Exista adverbe de loc care au aceeasi forma ca si adjectivul din care provin: outside, next,
right, left
Outside
Ex.. There's only an outside chance of winning this game Sansele de a castiga acest joc
sunt mici. Adjective
The weather outside is horrible Vremea de afara e oribila - Adverb de loc
Next
Ex. Im leaving with the next train. Plec cu trenul urmator. Adjective
What happens next ? - Ce se va intampla in continuare ? Adverb de loc
Right
Ex. He is not the right person for you. Nu e persoana potrivita pentru tine. Adjective
Im right behind you.- Sunt chiar in spate tau. Adverb de loc
Left
Ex. She is wearing a bracelet on her left hand. Ea poarta pe mana stanga o bratara.
Adjective
Turn left at the end of the street.- Fa la stanga la capatul strazii. - Adverb de loc
ADVERBUL DE TIMP
Cum se identifica

Poate avea categoria gramaticala a comparatiei.
Adverbele de timp indica:

- momentul actiunii: now (acum), nowadays (in zilele nosatre), never (niciodata);
- succesiunea in timp: afterwards (dupa aceea), before (inainte), soon (curand).
Exemple
I expect my friends soon. (Ii astept pe prietenii mei curand.)
I never go to that museum. (Nu merg niciodata la acel muzeu.)

They are always asking for money. (Intotdeauna cer bani.)
I called you before. (Te-am sunat inainte.)
She saw him again. (L-a vazut din nou.)
Comentarii
Adverbele de timp pot exprima si o idee temporala nedefinita:
often
(deseori)
seldom (rareori)
usually (de obicei)
COMPARATIA REGULATA A ADVERBULUI
Cum se formeaza
Gradul comparativ in engleza

Comparativul de superioritate se formeaza cu ajutorul:
- sufixului er in cazul adverbelor monosilabice (si a adverbului early):
fast -> faster (repede -> mai repede)
early -> earlier (devreme -> mai devreme)
- cuvantului more in cazul adverbelor bi- si plurisilabice:
quickly -> more quickly (rapid -> mai rapid)
carefully -> more carefully (cu atentie -> cu mai mare atentie)
Comparativul de egalitate se formeaza cu ajutorul lui as as:
She plays piano as beautifully as her mother. (Canta la pian la fel de frumos ca si mama sa)
Comparativul de Inferioritate se formeaza cu ajutorul lui not so/as..as sau less than:
She doesn't learn as fast as her classmates. (Nu invata la fel de repede ca si colegii ei de clasa.)
He drives less carefully than his wife. (Nu conduce la fel de grijuliu ca si nevasta sa.)
Gradul superlativ in engleza

Superlativul absolut se formeaza cu ajutorul unor adverbe ca very (foarte), quite (destul de), most (cel
mai) Aceste adverbe preced adverbul respectiv:
She sings very beautifully.
She sings most beautifully.
She sings quite beautifully.
Superlativul relativ de superioritate este exprimat prin:

- (the) (adverb)+est in cazul adverbelor monosilabice si a adverbului early:
He runs (the) fastest (of all). (El fuge cel mai repede (dintre toti)).
- (the) most + adverb in cazul adverbelor bi- si plurisilabice:

He answers (the) most intelligently (of all). (El raspunde cel mai intelligent (dintre toti)).
Superlativul relativ de Inferioritate este exprimat prin (the) least + adverb:
She spells words (the) least correctly (of all). (Ea scrie cuvintele cel mai putin corect (dintre
toti)).
Exemple
I arrived to my uncle more quickly than my cousin. (Am ajuns la unchiul meu mai repede decat verisorul
meu.)
They drive more slowly than her. (Ei conduc mai incet decat ea.)
She speaks English as fluently as her brother. (Vorbeste engleza la fel de fluent ca si fratele ei.)
He dances quite beautifully. (El danseaza destul de frumos.)
We do everything we do more carefully. (Noi tot ceea ce facem, facem cu o mai mare atentie.)
Comentarii
Comparatia adverbelor in engleza apare numai la unele adverbe de mod, loc sit imp.
Ea are aceleasi caracteristici ca si comparatia adjectivului in limba engleza.
COMPARATIA NEREGULATA A ADVERBELOR
Cum se formeaza
In limba engleza exista adverbe care formeaza gradele de comparative in mod neregulat, adica
isi schimba radacina in momentul in care intra in structura unor grade de comparatie.
Mai jos este prezentat un tabel cu cele mai utilizate astfel de adverbe:
Gradul pozitiv
Gradul comparativ
Gradul superlativ
well (bine)
better (mai bine)
the best (cel mai bine)
badly (rau)
worse (mai rau)
the worst (cel mai rau)
much (mult)
more (mai mult)
the most (cel mai mult)
little (putin)
less (mai putin)
the least (cel mai putin)
far (departe)
farther (mai departe)
the farthest (cel mai departe)
Exemple
Darius sings better than Florina. (Darius canta mai bine decat Florina.)
Marina corrected the exercise the worst of all. (Marina a corectat exercitiul cel mai rau dintre toti.)
He ran farther than the mentioned place. (A fugit mai departe de locul mentionat.)
Sofia worked more than yesterday. (Sofia a lucrat mai mult decat ieri.)
He is the best. (El este cel mai bun.)
CONJUNCTIA
Cum se identifica
Conjunctia :
a) exprima raporturi de coordonare sau de subordonare intre doua propozitii, raporturi de
coordonare intre doua parti de propozitie sau intre o parte de propozitie si o propozitie;
b) este neflexibila din punct de vedere morphologic;
c) nu indeplineste nicio functie sintactica in propozitie dar marcheaza raporturile de
coordonare si subordonare in cadrul propozitiei ai al frazei.
Exemple
Dorina went to mall but she forgot the money at home.
Dorina a plecat la mall, dar si-a uitat banii acasa.
Will you come or should I come?
Vii tu sau sa vin eu?
I didn't call you yesterday because I was busy.
Nu te-am sunat ieri pentru ca am fost ocupata.
Comentarii
A. Conjunctiile coordonatoare (Coordinating Conjunctions)
Conjunctiile coordonatoare leaga parti de propozitie cu aceeasi functie sintactica sau propozitii de
acelasi fel.
1. Dupa relatiile pe care le stabilesc, conjunctiile coordonatoare pot fi:
a) copulative: and (si), as well as (precum), both and (atat cat si), not only but also (nu
numai dar si)
b) disjunctive: or (sau); eitheror (sausau), neithernor (nicinici)

c) adversative: but (dar, ci).
Either or indica doua alternative din care numai una este posibila, in propozitii pozitive sau
interogative:
We can either have a snack now, or we can have lunch at noon.
Putem lua o gustare acum sau putem lua pranzul la amiaza.
eitheror + verb negativ sau
neithernor + verb pozitiv
se folosesc pentru a exprima o negatie:
I can't travel either by air or by sea. (Nu pot calatori prin aer sau pe mare.)
I can travel neither by air nor by sea. (Nu pot calatori nici prin aer nici pe mare.)
Atentie: Conjunctiile coordonatoare nu pot fi asezate la inceputul frazei.
B. Conjunctiile subordonatoare (Subordinating Conjunctions)
Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga propozitiile secundare din fraza de elementele lor regente.
1. Dupa felul propozitiilor pe care le introduce, conjunctiile subordonatoare pot fi:
a) universale: that (ca); if, whether (daca); -> Aceste prepozitii pot introduce mai multe tipuri de
propozitii subordonate.
b) specializate:
De loc: where (unde), wherever (oriunde);

De timp: when (cand), since (de cand), till/ until (pana cand), while/as (in timp ce),
before (inainte ca), after (dupa ce)
De mod: exactly/just as (exact cum)
De cauza: as, since, because (deoarece, fiindca)
De scop: so that, in order that/ so (that) (mai formal) (pentru ca, cu scopul ca)
for fear (that) (de teama sa), in case, lest (formal) (ca sa nu)
Conditionale: if (daca), provided (that) /on condition (that), as long as/ so long as (cu
conditia ca, atata timp cat); unless (afara daca, numai daca nu)
Consecutive: so that (incat), so (familiar) (incat), so/ such (that) (asa/ astfelincat)
Concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if/ though (desi,
cu toate ca, chiar daca)
Comparative: as as (la fel de ... ca ...); as if/ as though (ca si cum, de parca)
When indica: simultaneitatea a doua actiuni:
When I am tired I go for a walk.
Cand sunt obosit fac o plimbare.
When she rang the bell, he came to the door.
Cand ea a sunat la sonerie, el a venit la usa. ---> Accentual este pe momentul actiunii sau succesiunea
lor imediata in timp.
As este folosit pentru actiuni paralele:
She wept as she spoke.
Plangea in timp ce vorbea.

sau sinonim al lui while:
As I was crossing the street, I heard somebody call my name.
In timp ce/ Pe cand traversam strada, am auzit pe cineva strigandu-mi numele.
Since presupune un argument admis de interlocutor:
Since you need this book, i'll get it for you.
Deoarece ai nevoie de carte, am sa ti-o iau.
Cand folosim conjunctia unless, verbul din propozitia conditionala este la forma pozitiva:
You can't see me unless you call me first.
Nu ma poti vedea decat daca ma suni inainte.
INTERJECTIA
Cum se identifica
Prin interjectie se exteriorizeaza sentimente, manifestari, sau se reproduc sunete din natura.
Interjectiile sunt scurte exclamatii ca si : Oh!, Um sau Ah!
Ele nu au o valoare gramaticala reala, dar le folosim chiar des, de obicei mai mult in vorbire
decat in scris.
Exemple
surpriza: Wow! Oh! - Uau!
bucurie: Ah! Ooh! - Ah!
mirare: Oh dear! Indeed! - Vai draga! Intradevar!
admiratie: Whew!
dispret: Pshaw! What a same! - Ce pacat!
aprobare: Well done! - Foarte bine!
manifestari de vointa: Oh! Help! Look out! Cheer up! - Oh! Ajutor! Ai grija! Capul sus!
zgomote: Bang! Click! Miaow! - Bang! Clic! Miau!
Comentarii
Interjectii ca er si um sunt cunoscute si ca interjectii de ezitare. Ele sunt extrem de

folosite in engleza.
Sunt folosite atunci cand cineva nu stie ce sa spuna, sau iti indica faptul ca se gandeste la ce
va spune.
PREPOZITIA
PREPOZITIA DE LOC
Cum se identifica
Arata locul in care se situeaza obiectele definite.
Exemple
at, on, in
at - folosim "at" pentru
a arata o anumita pozitie

Someone is at the door.
un eveniment
Dan is at the concert.
a arata un anumit loc, o adresa exacta

John is at home, watching TV.
Tom lives at 121 Herring Cove Road in London. (adresa exacta !)
on - folosim "on"
pentru a arata pozitia pe o suprafata verticala sau orizontala (inclusiv strazi, sosele, alei,
bulevarde)
The plate is on the table.
Tom lives on Herring Cove Road in London. (adresa nu e foarte exacta !)
pentru a arata un oras langa un rau

London lies on the Thames.
pentru a arata etajul

We live on the second floor.
pentru transportul in comun

They are already on the plane.
pentru TV, RADIO, telephone

I am on the phone with Jane.
in
- folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis (inclusiv orase, judete,
state, continente, regiuni)
The dress is in the closet.
She lives in Halifax.
Comentarii
Alte prepozitii de loc in limba engleza:
after, below , in front of , between , among, beside ,behind, between,
in front of, next to, above , beside, by, over, above, under, from, onto
PREPOZITIA DE TIMP
Cum se identifica
Se utilizeaza pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni.
Exemple
at, on, in
at - folosim "at" pentru a arata timpul exact (ora exacta)
She arrived at 8.00 a.m. (when?)
Ea a ajuns la ora 8 A.M.
on - folosim "on" pentru date sau zile

Tom left on Monday. (when?)
Tom a plecat luni.
in - folosim in pentru o perioada de timp nespecificata, necunoscuta din timpul unui an, zi, luna,
anotimp
It is very warm in August.
Este foarte cald in august.
Comentarii
Alte prepozitii de timp:
after, by, since, during, for, throughout, to, till, until
NUMERALUL
NUMERALUL CARDINAL
Cum se identifica
Numeralul cardinal (in general, deci si in engleza) este partea de vorbire care
exprima un numar de obiecte, persoane (numeralul cardinal).
Exemple
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty-one
22 twenty-two
23 twenty-three
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 one hundred

350 three hundred and
fifty
500 five hundred
1,000 one thousand
2,652 two thousand six
hundred and fifty-two
5,000 five thousand
1,000,000 one million
2,000,000 two million
Comentarii
intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilor se foloseste cratima;
punctul se foloseste pentru a marca zecimalele : (Ex: 3.10);
Cand sunt folosite la singular, numeralele hundred, thousand si million sunt intotdeauna precedate
de articolul nehotarat sau de un numeral:
100 one/ a hundred books
141 a hundred and forty- one
1200 a thousand and two hundred
1500000 a million and five hundred-thousand
Cand sunt precedate de numarul unitatilor si acesta este mai mare decat 1, numeralele hundred si
thousand nu primesc "-s" la plural:
300 three hundred
5000 five thousand
Atentie! Aceste numerale primesc terminatia "-s" cand sunt folosite:
a) ca substantive:
Thousands have read this book.
Mii au citit aceasta carte.
b) cand sunt urmate de prepozitia OF:
The number of young people studying in our schools amounts to hundreds OF
thousands.
Numarul de tineri ce studiaza in scolile noastre se ridica la sute de mii.
inaintea zecilor este obligatorie conjunctia "and".
NUMERLUL ORDINAL
Cum se identifica
Numeralul ordinal in limba engleza arata ordinea; locul pe care se afla un obiect, o
actiune, un eveniment, etc dintr-o multitudine de obiecte, evenimente, etc.
Exemple
Numeral
Cardinal
Numeral
Ordinal
( forma I )
Numeral
Ordinal
( forma II )
the1st
the first
the 2nd
the second
the 3rd
the third
the 4th
the fourth
the 5th
the fifth
the 6th
the sixth
the 7th
the seventh
the 8th
the eighth
the 9th
the ninth
10
the 10th
the tenth
11
the 11th
the eleventh
12
the 12th
the twelfth
13
the 13th
the thirteenth
14
the 14th
the fourteenth
15
the 15th
the fifteenth
16
the 16th
the sixteenth
17
the 17th
the seventeenth
18
the 18th
the eighteenth
19
the 19th
the nineteenth
20
the 20th
the twentieth
21
the 21st
the twenty-first
30
the 30th
the thirtieth
100
the 100th
the hundredth
1000
the 1000th
the thousandth
NUMERALUL MULTIPLICATIV
Cum se identifica
Numeralul multiplicativ in engleza arata de cate ori se repeta o actiune, eveniment, etc.
Exemple
once = o data
twice = de doua ori
three times = de trei ori
four times = de patru ori
five times = de cinci ori
ten times = de zece ori
fifty times = de cincizeci de ori
sixty times = de saizeci de ori
a hundred times = de o suta de ori
a thousand times = de o mie de ori
Comentarii
Tot cu sensul de multiplicare se mai folosesc:
double
= twofold
triple
= threefold
fourfold = impatrit
( dublu )
( triplu )
NUMERALUL ITERATIV
Cum se identifica
Arata pentru a cata ora ceva s-a intamplat (se intampla, se va intampla).
Exemple
(for) the first time

(for) the second time
(for) the third time
(for) the fourth time
(for) the fifth time
(for) the sixth time
(for) the seventh time
(for) the eighth time
(for) the ninth time
(for) the tenth time
(for) the eleventh time
(for) the twelfth time
(for) the thirteenth time
(for) the fourteenth time
(for) the sixteenth time
(for) the eighteenth time
(for) the nineteenth time

(for) the twentieth time
(for) the twenty-first time
(for) the thirtieth time
NUMERALUL ADVERBIAL
Cum se identifica
Arata "in al catelea rand" se doreste sa se precizeze, sublinieze ceva.
Exemple
first(ly)
= in primul rand
second(ly) = in al 2-lea rand
third(ly)
= in al 3-lea rand
fourth(ly) = in al 4-lea rand
fifth(ly)
= in al 5-lea rand
sixth(ly)
= in al 6-lea rand
NUMERAL FRATIONAL
Cum se identifica
Reprezinta numere ce se pot scrie ca fractii.
Exemple
one whole (1/1)
= un intreg
one half
= o jumatate
(1/2)
one third (1/3)
= o treime
one quarter (1/4)
= un sfert, o patrime
one tenth
(1/10) = o zecime
two tenths
(2/10) = doua zecimi
NUMERAL DISTRIBUTIV
Cum se identifica
Numeralul distributiv exprima gruparea, repartizarea obiectelor (distributia).
Exemple
one at a time = cate unul o data

one by one = unul cate unul
two at a time = cate doi o data
two by two = doi cate doi
every other minute = din doua in doua minute
every other hour = din doua in doua ore
= la fiecare doua ore
every three hours = din trei in trei ore

= la trei ore o data
every six hours = din sase in sase ore

= la interval de sase ore
NUMERALUL NEHOTRAT
Cum se identifica
Numeralul nehotarat in engleza face referire la un numar indefinit de obiecte.
Exemple
a number of (un numar de)
a lot of (o multime de)
lots of, many (multi, multe)
tens of (zeci de)
hundreds of (sute de)
many (multi)
several (cativa)
ALFBETUL LIMBII ENGLEZE
A [ei]
B [bi:]
C [si:]
D [di:]
E [i:]
F [ef]
G [dji:]
H [eitch]
I [ai]
J [gei]
K [kei]
L [el]
M [em]
N [en]
O [ou]
P [pi:]
Q [kju:]
R [a:]
S [es]
T [ti:]
U [ju:]
V [vi:]
W ['dablju:]
X [eks]
Y [wai]
Z [zed]
ZILELE SAPTAMANII
Romana
Engleza
Romana
(Abreviat)
Luni
Monday
Mon.
Marti
Tuesday
Tue.
Miercuri
Wednesday
Wed.
Joi
Thursday
Thu.
Vineri
Friday
Fri.
Sambata
Saturday
Sat.
Duminica
Sunday
Sun.
LUNILE ANULUI
Numar
luna
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Romana
Engleza
Ianuarie
Februarie
Martie
Aprilie
Mai
Iunie
Iulie
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
Romana
(Abreviat)
Ian.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Mai
Iun.
Iul.
Engleza
(Abreviat)
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Numar zile
31
28/ 29
31
30
31
30
31
8
9
10
11
12
August
Septembrie
Octombrie
Noiembrie
Decembrie
August
September
October
November
December
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Noi.
Dec.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
31
30
31
30
31

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VERBUL

Cum se identifica verbele neregulate in engleza

DIATEZA ACTIVA A VERBELOR

Subiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata de verb.

I have seen a tree.

Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = eu ("I")

Yesterday, he broke his bicycle.

Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = el ("he")

DIATEZA PASIVA A VERBELOR

Actiune este realizata de subiectul logic ( complementul de agent ).

I have seen a tree. (diateza activa).

Yesterday, he broke his bicycle. (diateza activa).

I will buy a car. (diateza activa).

DIATEZA REFLEXIVA A VERBELOR

Maria s-a spalat.

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been coming

You were coming

You had come

You had been coming

He/She/It was coming

He/She/It had come

He/She/It has been coming

We had been coming

You were coming

You had come

You had been coming

They were coming

They had come

They had been coming

Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Continuous

I did not come

I was not coming

I had not come

I had not been coming

You did not come

You were not coming

You had not come

You had not been coming

He/She/It did not

He/She/It was not

He/She/It had not

He/She/It has not been coming

We did not come

We were not coming

We had not come

We had not been coming

You did not come

You were not coming

You had not come

You had not been coming

They did not come

They were not coming

They had not come

They had not been coming

Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Continuous

Had I been coming?

Did you come?