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Sand Production Prediction and the Selection of Completion Methods for Horizontal
Wells in Intercampo Oil Field, Venezuela
D. Hongen and H. Dandan, RIPED PetroChina, and C. Wenxin, CNPC America Ltd.
Abstract
Intercampo oilfield is unconsolidated sand reservoirs that are
characterized by heavy crude oil and mid-high permeability and
high saturation. This paper analyses sand production mechanism
and applies five prediction models to predict sand production.
Sand production condition of wells in Intercampo oilfield
indicates that prediction results are to meet with oilfield actual
status that sand production to occur seriously and the method of
the combination modulus is more accurate than other models
according to wells of acoustic logging data.
This paper considers the effect of formation damage and well
completion parameters of different well completion methods on
productivity forecast of horizontal wells with four series of well
completion, including open hole, slotted liner with openhole,
open hole gravel packing with wire wrapped/pre-packed screen
and cased perforated completion. And, the productivity forecast
equations were corrected by authors, the corrected equation is
accuracy compared with the former equations by calculation,
and one well completion method that open hole with gravel
packing and pre-packed screen was selected. Sine 1999, the
selected well completion method have been applied in
Intercampo oilfield of CNPC in Lake of Maracaibo and obtained
higher productivity than other completion methods of other
companies. The sand production was effectively controlled and
the oilfield was continuously kept sand free for 5 years in the
area. Finally, a good economic benefit was gained because the
workover and well re-completion in the oilfield for sand control
was down.
Introduction
Intercampo oilfield is located in Zulia of western Venezuela and
in the northeast on the Lake of Maracaibo, which was taken over
by CNPC American Ltd. Company since 1998. The water depth
of the lake is about 7 to 26 meters and the whole area is 39.56
square meters. Most of these reservoirs buried from 3560ft to
7500ft and the heavy crude oil gravity ranges from 12.5 to 23.3
SPE 93821
SPE 93821
a 10 3 C
Pwf g H (cos )
1
ES EB =
(9 .94 10 8 ) 2 (1 2 )(1 + ) 2
6 (1 ) ( t c )
2
(2)
It is concluded that all five wells would produce a large amount
of sand. However, some layers of well BA2295 are not.
Porosity method
With regard to the loose sandstone formation, porosity of
formation can be one of discriminant criteria that can judge
whether sand production will happen in a certain formation or
not. If porosity of formation exceeds 30%, the possibility of
sand production is larger. If the porosity is within the range of
20%~30%, slight sand production will emerge, but sand control
measurements should be taken. The porosity of the formation in
area is above 30%, without sand control measurements, sand
production will be very serious in the area.
Bottom-hole pressure control method
.. of former Soviet Union put forward bottom-hole
pressure control method and proposed that formation stability
near wellbore is related with not only formation properties but
also bottom-hole pressure. .. et al. based on
conditions that tangential stress on bottom formation is less than
(3)
As the above equation has described, particle cohesion C was
put 203.05psi, particle friction force coefficient a was put 0.1,
Poisson ratio was put 0.2 to 0.5, rock pressure conductor
coefficient was supposed as 0.8 and formation slant angle
was put 0. Just like the above method, Interval transit-time data
was used in the calculations. Using five wells acoustic logging
data, the calculated critical pressure was more than the actual
bottom-hole pressure, which indicated that formations sand
production surely occurs.
To sum up, the above data is original from all five oil wells in
the same area. Combination of five methods can get good
forecast result. Moreover, combination modulus is more
accurately than other methods. Accordingly, horizontal wells in
this area must adopt the corresponding completion method (See
Table 6, 7).
The selection of completion methods for horizontal well
Corrected productivity forecast equations
Giger, Joshi, Borisov, and Renard&Dupuy have put forward
horizontal well productivity equation in 80s of last century. If
eccentricity of actual horizontal wellbore and formation
anisotropy coefficient is considered, Joshis natural productivity
forecast equation as (4) and (5) for horizontal well should be
adopted.
542 .8 K h h / B o o
J h1 =
2
a + a ( L / 2) 2
ln[
] + ( h / L ) ln[ h / 2 rw ]
L/2
(4)
Jh2 =
542.8Khh / Boo
a + a (L / 2)2
(h / 2)2 + ()2
]
ln[
] + (h / L) ln[
hrw / 2
L/ 2
(5)
2
Jh3 =
542.8Kh/ Bo o
(6)
a + a2 (L / 2)2
(h / 2)2 +()2
ln[
]+(h / L) ln[
]
L/ 2
hrw / 2
SPE 93821
a+ a2 (L/ 2)2
(h/ 2)2 +()2
ln[
]+(h/ L)ln[
]+Shd +Shp
L/ 2
hrw / 2
Jhd5 =
542.8Kh/ Boo
a + a (L/ 2)
(h/ 2)2 +()2
ln[
] +(h/ L)ln[
] + Shd +Shp + SG
L/ 2
hrw / 2
2
9
Productivity equation for openhole gravel packing with
slotted liner
Horizontal well productivity forecast equation for the
completion with slotted liner is right for middle and coarse
unconsolidated sand reservoir. When the slotted liner
SPE 93821
SPE 93821
o=oil viscosity, cp
Bo=oil volume coefficient
= anisotropy coefficient
=eccentricity distance of horizontal well, ft
=major semi-axis of the ellipse area , ft
Kh=horizontal permeability, mD
Kv=vertical permeability, mD
K=effective permeability, mD
=formation thickness, ft
rw=wellbore radius, ft
L=horizontal well length, ft
reh=reservoir outer boundary radius, ft
Shd=open-hole horizontal drilling skin factor
Svd=open-hole vertical drilling skin factor
Shp= perforated skin of horizontal perforation factor
Svp= perforated skin of vertical perforation factor
Sp=geometry skin from perforation factor
Sh=flow skin in radial direction, mD
Kd=permeability of drilling damage section, mD
rd= radius of drilling damage, ft
rwe=effective wellbore radius, ft
lp=penetrating thickness in perforations (calculate from well
wall),ft
= a coefficient defined by rwe,
Sv=flow skin factor in vertical flow direction factor
hD=dimensionless perforations distance,
Den=perforated density, shots/ft
rpd=dimensionless perforations radius, ft
rp= perforations radius, ft
h1=distance between perforated hole, ft
Swb=wellbore skin factor
rwd=dimensionless radius around wellbore,
Sc=perforating compaction zone skin factor
Kc=permeability of compaction zone, mD
rc=compaction zone radius, which is equal adding rp to
compaction zone thickness, ft
Shd =
h
L
Svd =
h K h
L
[(
Kd
1) ln
rd
h K
] + ( h 1)S p
rw
L Kd
Table.1 value of
phase angle
phase angle
0.250
90
0.726
180
0.500
60
0.813
120
0.648
45
0.860
S v = 10ahDb1 rpdb
h
1
D
en
k
l
SPE 93821
a1
a2
b1
b2
-2.091
0.0453
5.1313
1.8672
180
-2.025
0.0943
3.0373
1.8115
120
-2.018
0.0634
1.6136
1.7770
90
-1.905
0 .1038
1.5674
1.6935
60
-1.898
0.1028
1.3654
1.6490
45
-1.788
0.2398
1.1915
1.6392
Swb =C1exp(C2rwd)
Sc =
SG=
1.47 10 7
and E=
.
K G0.55
When openhole gravel packing with wire wrapped/pre-packed
screen was applied in a horizontal well, skin factor must be
calculated as follow,
rwd =rw/(rw+lp)
Ss =
0
180
120
C1
C2
-1
1.610
2.675
-2
4.532
-3
5.320
2.610
6.610
Phase
angle
90
qo Bo o
K
K
r
1
l p [ h h ] ln c
Den
Kc Kd
rp
Phase
angle
542 .8 K h K v L Pg
C1
1.910
qo Bo
C2
-3
542.8 K h K v LPs
P s =
6.155
60
-4
3.010
7.509
45
4.610-5
8.791
4.4681013 EBo Lg
2
(qo )2 +
Bo Lg
0.5877103 Kg A
and A =2rwL.
Tables
TABLE 1 Reservoir Property of Intercampo
Reservoir type
Reservoir
Permeability
(mD)
Porosity
(%)
API
BASUP.53
10001500
2831
10.518.3
14361854
2831
21.223.2
<10
15.4
22.222.7
BAMED.78
High permeability middle heavy oil
BAMED.58
BAINF.60
LAGUNA.10
LGINF.11
B-2-X
qo
SPE 93821
TABLE 2 Middle Value Data of Formation Sand Size in BAMED-58 and BAINF-60
Reservoir
BAMED-58
Depth
(ft)
d50
(in)
5*d50
(in)
6*d50
(in)
5304
0.000195
0.000975
0.00117
5311
0.0003
0.0015
0.0018
5329
0.0085
0.0425
0.051
5333
0.0035
0.0175
0.021
5340
0.0065
0.0325
0.039
0.048
5349
0.008
0.04
5359
0.005
0.025
0.03
5365
0.00146
0.0073
0.00876
5368
0.0050
0.025
0.03
5383
0.007
0.035
0.042
5394
0.007
0.035
0.042
5404
0.00475
0.02375
0.0285
5417
0.0022
0.011
0.0132
5424
0.0117
0.0585
0.0702
5437
0.008
0.04
0.048
5445
0.0085
0.0425
0.051
5448
0.01176
0.0588
0.07056
5453
0.00325
0.01625
0.0195
5467
0.005
0.025
0.03
5476
0.0093
0.0465
0.0558
5484
0.0047
0.0235
0.0282
5491
0.00325
0.01625
0.0195
5502
0.0036
0.018
0.0216
12-20
20-40
40-60
Continued TABLE 2 Middle value data of formation sand size in BAMED-58 and BAINF-60
Reservoir
Depth
(ft)
d50
(in)
5*d50
(in)
Small total
Percents
BAINF-59
5534
0.005
0.025
0.03
5544
0.0065
0.0325
0.039
5550
0.008
0.04
0.048
5575
0.0063
0.0315
0.0378
5586
0.0045
0.0225
0.027
5605
0.00024
0.0012
0.00144
5612
0.0025
0.0125
0.015
5616
0.004
0.02
0.024
5627
0.0117
0.0585
0.0702
5635
0.0002
0.001
0.0012
5656
0.0095
0.0475
0.057
5660
0.00183
0.00915
0.01098
5680
0.0098
0.049
0.0588
5692
0.0022
0.011
0.0132
5711
0.0065
0.0325
0.039
5717
0.0075
0.0375
0.045
5726
0.0156
0.078
0.0936
Small total
Percents
All total
6*d50
(in)
8-12
12-20
20-40
40-60
10
5%
40%
50%
5%
6.7%
53.3%
16
3
20%
13
20%
4
SPE 93821
Depthft
Acoustic time(us/ft)
Sand production
Well No.
Depthft
Sand production
BA744
5604
88.5
no
BA2295
5055.58
86.63
no
5446.5
87.37
no
5055.33
86.82
no
5377
89.03
no
4963.08
75.42
no
5376.5
85.58
no
4962.83
68.59
no
5376
87.08
no
4962.58
71.42
no
5375.5
89.8
no
4962.33
76.17
no
---
---
---
4962.08
79.4
no
4961.83
87.03
no
Well No.
Qbbl/d
QA
QIO
QAO
Q1
Q2
Q3
BA2526
780
949
870
863
852
795
Q/QIO
0.82
--
0.92
0.91
0.90
Q/QA
--
0.18
0.10
0.09
BA2330
650
841
721
Q/QIO
0.74
--
0.86
Q/QA
--
Qbbl/d
QA
QIO
QAO
Q1
Q2
Q3
BA2348
1428
1815
1550
1537
1482
1437
0.84
Q/QIO
0.79
--
0.85
0.85
0.82
0.79
0.08
0.02
Q/QA
--
0.21
0.08
0.07
0.04
0.01
714
707
669
BA2387
1291
1616
1397
1382
1347
1347
0.85
0.84
0.79
Q/QIO
0.80
--
0.86
0.86
0.83
0.83
Q/QA
--
0.25
0.08
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.0866 0.0272
10
SPE 93821
Sand production
Combination modulus106psi
BA744
BA2295
BA2297
BA2313
BA2326
5343.5
111.44
1.1015
worse
5363.5
129.93
0.8103
worse
5376.5
85.58
1.8678
worse
5385
100.73
1.3482
worse
5650
125.35
0.8706
worse
5059.58
216.82
0.291
worse
5042.83
169.9
0.4739
worse
5465.58
97.1
1.4509
worse
5055.58
86.63
1.8228
worse
4962.33
76.17
2.3578
light
4963.08
75.42
2.4049
light
5108.75
126.51
0.8547
worse
5132.75
123.66
0.8946
worse
5002
113.63
1.0595
worse
5099.75
103.57
1.2753
worse
4982.25
90.24
1.6799
worse
4868.5
138.72
0.7109
worse
4870
136.32
0.7361
worse
4907.5
125.21
0.8725
worse
5262.5
115.6
1.0237
worse
4943
107.93
1.1743
worse
5403.5
94.91
1.5186
worse
4860.5
130.41
0.8044
worse
4967.25
125.1
0.8741
worse
4796
115.9
1.0184
worse
4981.5
106.98
1.1953
worse
4807.25
96.7
1.4629
worse
4806
86.59
1.8245
worse
11
SPE 93821
Parameter
BA744
Ec
--
1.868
0.810
1.14
worse
ESEB
0.2
4.599
0.865
1.75
possibility
Pos.ratio
Max.
Min.
Mean
Sand
production
0.3
4.338
0.816
1.62
possibility
Ec
--
2.907
0.291
0.01
possibility
ESEB
0.2
11.145
0.112
1.66
Free or
possibility
0.3
10.513
0.105
1.57
Free or
possibility
Ec
--
1.680
0.855
1.11
worse
ESEB
0.2
9.630
3.720
1.66
possibility
0.3
3.510
0.908
1.57
possibility
Ec
--
1.519
0.711
1.07
worse
ESEB
0.2
2.868
0.628
1.44
possibility
0.3
3.003
0.658
1.51
possibility
1.824
0.804
1.16
worse
0.2
4.388
0.853
1.82
possibility
0.3
4.139
0.805
1.72
possibility
BA2295
BA2297
BA2313
BA2326
Ec
ESEB
Well
num.
Critical
max.
(psi)
Critical
min.
(psi)
Critical
pressure
(psi)
Actual
pressure
drop (psi)
BA744
610.70
521.39
566.04
<435.12
BA2295
586.13
498.96
542.55
<435.12
BA2297
540.75
508.39
524.58
<435.12
BA2313
580.55
482.09
531.32
<435.12
BA2326
509.61
480.95
495.28
<435.12
12
SPE 93821
Figures
80. 0
450
70. 0
400
60. 0
rate(B
/D
)
350
50. 0
300
40. 0
250
200
Li qui d r at e
Oi l
r at e
W
at er
cut
30. 0
150
w
ater cut(%
)
BA2299
500
20. 0
100
10. 0
50
0
0. 0
9902
9907
9912
0005
0010
0102
0107
0112
0205
0210
0303
0308
0401
0406
yym
m
BA2321
2400
rate(B
/D
)
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
9905
9910
0003
0008
100. 0
90. 0
80. 0
70. 0
60. 0
50. 0
40. 0
30. 0
20. 0
10. 0
0. 0
w
ater cut(%
)
Li qui d r at e
Oi l r at e
W
at er cut
0101
0106
0111
0204
0209
0301
0306
0311
0404
yym
m