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2013 ElectriCities

Electric Utility
Webinar Series
Sizing of
Transformers
Calculation
of Loads

Demand and Demand Factor


Demand The value of electrical power required for a
particular load.
Expressed in kW.
Usually averaged over a 15-minute or 30-minute period for billing
purposes.

Peak Demand The maximum Demand of the whole


system at any one time.

Demand and Demand Factor


Demand Factor The Peak Demand of the whole
system compared to the connected Demand of the
system.
Expressed as a percentage or a ratio less than 1.

Demand and Demand Factor


Example - Average Home
Typical Electrical Loads:

Water Heater 4,500 watts (4.5 kW)


Range / Oven 8,000 watts (8.0 kW)
Central Air Conditioner 6,000 watts (6.0 kW)
Clothes Dryer 5,000 watts (5.0 kW)
Dishwasher 2,000 watts (2.0 kW)
Lighting, Fans, Appliances, Other 7,500 watts (7.5 kW)

Connected Demand = 33 kW
Peak Demand = 18 kW
Demand Factor = 18 kW / 33 kW = 0.545

Residential Transformer Loading


Diversity Method

Information Required
Average Square Footage of the Homes
Number of Homes with Gas and Electric Heat

Information from Tables


Peak kW Demand for the size of the home.
Add all of the Peak Demands for the number of homes connected to the
transformer.
Apply the appropriate Diversity Factor to the connected Peak Demand
for the number of homes.
Use the calculated Demand to determine the size of the transformer
based on the Maximum kVA Loading.

Residential Transformer Loading

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Diversity Method


5 Homes - All Electric; between 1,500 and 1,800 square feet.
Step 1 Determine the Connected Peak kW for each home.
Electric
Summer

Electric
Winter

Gas
Summer

Gas
Winter

kW for 1,200 s.f.

13

15

kW for 1,500 s.f.

15

18

10

10

kW for 1,800 s.f.

16

20

11

11

kW for 2,400 s.f.

18

21

12

11

kW for 3,000 s.f.

21

26

14

11

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Diversity Method


Peak kW per Home = 20 kW winter; 16 kW summer
Step 2 Add the Peak Demands for all of the homes.
20 kW x 5 homes = 100 kW Winter Peak Demand
16 kW x 5 homes = 80 kW Summer Peak Demand
Step 3 Apply the Diversity Factor to the Connected Peak Demand.

Number of Customers
Diversity Factor
Number of Customers
Diversity Factor

10

100%

90%

75%

65%

63%

62%

61%

61%

61%

61%

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

60%

59%

58%

58%

57%

57%

56%

54%

54%

54%

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Diversity Method


Diversity Factor for 5 homes = 63%
Step 4 Calculate the Peak Load on the Transformer.
100 kW x 63% = 63 kW; 80 kW x 63% = 51 kW
Step 5 Determine the Transformer Size based on the Maximum kVA
Loading Table.

Transformer
Size

Summer
140%

Winter
160%

Transformer
Size

Summer
140%

Winter
160%

10

14

16

50

70

80

15

21

24

75

105

120

25

35

40

100

140

160

37.5

53

60

167

234

267

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Diversity Method


Step 4 Calculate the Peak Load on the Transformer.
Winter Demand = 100 kW x 63% = 63 kW
Summer Demand = 80 kW x 63% = 51 kW

Step 5 Determine the Transformer Size based on the Maximum kVA


Loading Table.
For a 37.5 kVA Transformer:
Winter 160% Loading = 60 kW
Summer 140% Loading = 53 kW
For a 50 kVA Transformer:
Winter 160% Loading = 80 kW
Summer 140% Loading = 70 kW

Demand and Coincidence Factor


Coincidence Factor A ratio of the average running kW
load to the connected kW load on a utility transformer
based on the number of customers connected to the
transformer.
Expressed as a percentage or a ratio less than 1.
Usually will decrease as the number of connected customers
increases.
Applied by the use of tables.

Residential Transformer Loading


Coincidence Factor Method

Information Required
Highest Summer kWh and Winter kWh Usage (from billing records).
Number of Homes Connected to the Transformer.

Information from Tables


Determine the kW Demand for the home based on kWh usage.
Add all of the Peak Demands for the customers connected to the
transformer.
Apply the appropriate Coincidence Factor to the connected Peak
Demand.
Use the calculated Demand to determine the size of the transformer
based on the Maximum kVA Loading.

Residential Transformer Loading

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Coincidence Factor Method


3 Homes
Step 1 Determine the Summer and Winter Peak kWh Usage for each
home (listed in table below)

Summer kWh

Winter kWh

Customer # 1

2,224

853

Customer # 2

2,734

1,274

Customer # 3

1,849

1,283

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Coincidence Factor Method


Step 2 Determine the kW Demand for each home.
Step 3 Add the kW Demands.
Summer

Winter

kWh

kW Demand

kWh

kW Demand

Customer #1

2,224

11.57

853

7.47

Customer #2

2,734

13.16

1,274

9.97

Customer #3

1,849

10.29

1,283

10.27

Totals

35.0

27.7

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Coincidence Factor Method


Step 3 Add the kW Demands.
Summer Demand = 35.0 kW
Winter Demand = 27.7 kW

Step 4 Determine the Coincidence Factor for the number of customers


from the table.

Number of
Customers

Coincidence
Factor

1.00

0.85

0.74

0.66

0.61

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Coincidence Factor Method


Step 4 Determine the Coincidence Factor for the number of customers
from the table.
Coincidence Factor = 0.74

Step 5 Multiply the total kW Demand by the Coincidence Factor for


Summer and Winter loads.
Summer Transformer Demand = 35.0 kW x 0.74 = 25.9 kW
Winter Transformer Demand = 27.7 kW x 0.74 = 20.5 kW

Summer

Winter

Coincidence
Factor

Total kW
Demand

Transformer
kW Demand

Coincidence
Factor

Total kW
Demand

Transformer
kW Demand

0.74

35.0 kW

25.9 kW

0.74

27.7 kW

20.5 kW

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Coincidence Factor Method


Step 6 The answer yields the peak 15-minute demand on the
transformer.
Summer Transformer Demand = 35.0 kW x 0.74 = 25.9 kW
Winter Transformer Demand = 27.7 kW x 0.74 = 20.5 kW
Apply the two kW demands in step 5 to the Maximum kVA Loading table for
transformers.

Transformer
Size

Summer
140%

Winter
160%

Transformer
Size

Summer
140%

Winter
160%

10

14

16

50

70

80

15

21

24

75

105

120

25

35

40

100

140

160

37.5

53

60

167

234

267

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Coincidence Factor Method


Determine the Transformer Size based on the Maximum kVA Loading
Table.
Summer Transformer Demand = 25.9 kW
Winter Transformer Demand = 20.5 kW
For a 15 kVA Transformer:
Summer 140% Loading = 21 kW
Winter 160% Loading = 24 kW
For a 25 kVA Transformer:
Summer 140% Loading = 35 kW
Winter 160% Loading = 40 kW

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Adding a New Customer


Step 1 - Determine the Additional Load on the Transformer based on
the Diversity Method Tables.
New 2,200 square foot Home, Total Electric.
Summer Peak = 18 kW
Winter Peak = 21 kW

Step 2 - Add kW for the New Customer to the Total Connected Load of
the Existing Customers

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Adding a New Customer


Step 2 - Add kW for the New Customer to the Total Connected Load of
the Existing Customers

Summer

Winter

kWh

kW Demand

kWh

kW Demand

Customer #1

2,224

11.57

853

7.47

Customer #2

2,734

13.16

1,274

9.97

Customer #3

1,849

10.29

1,283

10.27

New Customer

---

18

---

21

Totals

53.0

48.7

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Adding a New Customer


Step 3 Add the kW Demands.
Summer Demand = 53.0 kW
Winter Demand = 48.7 kW

Step 4 Determine the Coincidence Factor for the number of customers


from the table.
Number of
Customers

Coincidence
Factor

1.00

0.85

0.74

0.66

0.61

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Adding a New Customer


Step 4 Determine the Coincidence Factor for the number of customers
from the table.
Coincidence Factor = 0.66

Step 5 Multiply the total kW Demand by the Coincidence Factor for


Summer and Winter loads.
Summer Transformer Demand = 53.0 kW x 0.66 = 35.0 kW
Winter Transformer Demand = 48.7 kW x 0.66 = 32.1 kW

Summer

Winter

Coincidence
Factor

Total kW
Demand

Transformer
kW Demand

Coincidence
Factor

Total kW
Demand

Transformer
kW Demand

0.66

53.0 kW

35.0 kW

0.66

48.7 kW

32.1 kW

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Adding a New Customer


Step 6 The answer yields the peak 15-minute demand on the
transformer.
Summer Transformer Demand = 53.0 kW x 0.66 = 35.0 kW
Winter Transformer Demand = 48.7 kW x 0.66 = 32.0 kW
Apply the two kW demands in step 5 to the Maximum kVA Loading table for
transformers.

Transformer
Size

Summer
140%

Winter
160%

Transformer
Size

Summer
140%

Winter
160%

10

14

16

50

70

80

15

21

24

75

105

120

25

35

40

100

140

160

37.5

53

60

167

234

267

Residential Transformer Loading


Square Footage Table Method

Very Useful in Sizing and Laying out Transformers in New


Subdivisions

Information Required
Average Square Footage of Homes in the Section of the Subdivision
Number of Homes that are Total Electric and that have Gas Heat.
Number of Homes proposed to connect to each transformer location.

Residential Transformer Loading


Square Footage Table Method

Information from Tables


The Number of Total Electric Customers.
The Number of Gas Heat Customers
The Number of Homes that will be connected at the Transformer
Location.
Use the Table to Determine the Transformer Size for the particular
Location

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Square Footage Table Method


3 Homes - Gas Heat; between 1,500 and 1,800 square feet.
4 Homes - Total Electric; between 1,500 and 1,800 square feet.

Residential Transformer Loading

Example Square Footage Table Method


3 Homes; Gas Heat; go down from 3 Gas Customers
4 Homes; Total Electric; go right from 4 Electric Customers
Table recommends 50 kVA transformer.

Residential Transformer Loading


Diversity Method - Useful when sizing transformers for
new customer load.
Can be used with a variety of sizes of homes located within the
same subdivision.
Useful when there is a mix of Total Electric and Gas Heat
homes.

Square Footage Table Method - Useful when sizing


transformers for new customer load.
Can only be used when the sizes of homes to be served from
the service transformer are relatively the same size.
Useful when there is a mix of Total Electric and Gas Heat
homes.

Residential Transformer Loading


Coincidence Factor Method - Useful when sizing
transformers for existing loads or adding new load to
existing loads.
Can be used with only available customer billing information.
Easily accommodates the addition of new residential loads to
existing service transformer locations.

Commercial Transformer Loading


Watts per Square Foot Method

Information Required
Type of Business or Institution.
Total square footage of the facility.

Information from Tables


By using the Average Watts per Square Foot tables the average kW
Demand of the facility can be estimated.

Commercial Transformer Loading

Commercial Transformer Loading


% of Connected Load Method

Information Required
Type of Business or Institution.
Total connected electrical load of the facility.

Information from Tables


By using the % of Connected Load tables the average kW Demand of
the facility can be estimated.

Commercial Transformer Loading

Commercial Transformer Loading

Commercial Transformer Loading

Commercial Transformer Loading


Example Watts per Square Foot Method
Grocery Store
Winter = 10.1 watts per square foot
For structures with electric heat.

Summer = 10.4 watts per square foot


Size of the Facility = 40,000 square feet
Average Demand:
Winter = 40,000 x 10.1 = 404,000 watts = 404 kW
Summer = 40,000 x 10.4 = 416,000 watts = 416 kW

Commercial Transformer Loading


Example % of Connected Load Method
Grocery Store
Total Connected Load = 920 kW
Of the total 920 kW, 250 kW is Winter Heating.
Average Demand:
Winter = 920 kW x 45% = 414 kW
Summer = (920 kW 250 kW) = 670 kW x 61% = 409 kW

Commercial Transformer Loading


Comparison of Two Methods
Grocery Store
Watts per Square Foot Method
Winter = 404 kW
Summer = 416 kW
% of Connected Load Method
Winter = 414 kW
Summer = 409 kW
The calculated Peak kW Demand for the Grocery Store should be
around 400 kW.

These calculations would then be used to determine the


Transformer Size.

Commercial Transformer Loading


Application of Maximum kVA Loading on Three Phase
Transformers for Commercial Applications
Watts per Square Foot Method
Winter = 404 kW
Summer = 416 kW

% of Connected Load Method


Winter = 414 kW
Summer = 409 kW

Transformer
Size

Summer
120%

Winter
140%

Transformer
Size

Summer
120%

Winter
140%

150

180

190

750

900

1,050

225

270

315

1,000

1,200

1,400

300

360

420

1,500

1,800

2,100

500

600

700

2,500

3,000

3,500

Commercial Transformer Loading


Determine the Transformer Size based on the Maximum kVA
Loading Table.
Maximum Average Transformer Demand
Summer = 416 kW
Winter = 414 kW
For a 225 kVA Transformer:
Summer 120% Loading = 270 kW
Winter 140% Loading = 315 kW
For a 300 kVA Transformer:
Summer 120% Loading = 360 kW
Winter 140% Loading = 420 kW
For a 500 kVA Transformer:
Summer 120% Loading = 600 kW
Winter 140% Loading = 700 kW

Commercial Transformer Loading


Another Method Engineering Loading Data
Use the supplied electrical loading data supplied by the building
electrical plans supplied by the buildings engineer.
Information will include total connected and diversified load
information.
This information and calculations used in the engineers
determination are based on National Electric Code load tables, not
on Utility practices and history.
Be Cautious Check the calculations for yourself to satisfy yourself
that you are installing the correct size transformer so serve the load.

Commercial Transformer Loading


Another Method Engineering Loading Data
TOTAL CONNECTED ELECTRICAL LOAD
DESCRIPTION

AMPS AT 277/480, 3 PHASE, 4 WIRE

KVA

L-1

L-2

L-3

INTERIOR LIGHTS

4.0

8.0

4.0

4.0

EXTERNAL LIGHTS

4.0

1.0

RECEPTACLES

16.0

16.0

12.0

12.0

AHU FAN & UNIT HEATER FANS

2.0

2.0

4.0

2.0

EXHAUST FANS

6.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

ELECTRIC HEAT

17.0

17.0

10.0

* COOLING

9.0

9.0

5.0 *

WATER HEATERS

10.0

10.0

5.0

SHOP EQUIPMENT

7.0

7.0

7.0

6.0

MISCELLANEOUS

2.0

2.0

1.0

TOTAL

51.0

61.0

48.0

44.0

* NOT CALCULATED IN TOTAL

Commercial Transformer Loading


Another Method Engineering Loading Data
School Maintenance Building
44 kVA Connected Load
3,000 Square Foot Facility
Key Electrical Components Derated for Average Demand:

Receptacles: 12 kVA derate to 5% = 0.6 kVA


Lighting: 5 kVA derate to 85% = 4.25 kVA
Water Heating: 5 kVA derate to 25% = 1.25 kVA
Fans: 5 kVA derate to 40% = 2 kVA
Heating: 10 kVA derate to 80% = 8 kVA
Shop Equipment & Misc: 7 kVA derate to 35% = 2.45 kVA

Average Demand = 18.55 kVA

Industrial / Large Commercial


Transformer Loading
Engineered Loading Data
Panel Schedules
Actual Diversified Load Tables

Watts per Square Foot Tables


Usage History from Other Electric Utilities (Other Cities, CoOp, Investor Owned, and other similar facilities on the same system)

Industrial / Large Commercial


Transformer Loading

Industrial / Large Commercial


Transformer Loading
Areas of Consideration in Sizing Transformers for High
Load Factor Customer
High load factor customers use a large amount of energy (kWh)
for extended periods of time.
24-hours per day, 7-days per week department store is high load
factor usage as compared 10-hour per day, 6-days per week
local merchant which has a lower load factor.

Industrial / Large Commercial


Transformer Loading
Areas of Consideration in Sizing Transformers for High
Load Factor Customer (continued)
Due to the extended energy usage service transformers do not
have a chance to cool down from operating at their nameplate
rating.
Normal distribution class transformers are not designed to
operate at their nameplate rating for extended periods of time.

Industrial / Large Commercial


Transformer Loading
Areas of Consideration in Sizing Transformers for High
Load Factor Customer (continued)
To account for the high load factor usage transformers to serve
this class of customer need to be oversized by 20% to 30% or
specified as a substation class transformer.
Substation class transformers can operate at their nameplate
rating for extended periods without excess heating of the core.

Delta Secondary
(High-Leg) Transformer Sizing
Two-Transformer vs. Three-Transformer Bank Sizing
Two-Transformer Banks
Two-Transformers Banks work well for Single Phase Loads and
relatively small Three Phase Loads.
Two-Transformer Banks are more stable than Three-Transformer
Banks because the Neutral on the Primary Side of the bank is
Grounded.

Three-Transformer Banks
Three-Transformer Banks are well suited for Single Phase Loads
and Large Three Phase Loads.

Delta Secondary
(High-Leg) Transformer Sizing

Secondary Conductor Sizing


Example 4/0 Aluminum Service Drop; 150 feet in length; 25 kVA of
load. kVA x Feet = 3,750

Future Webinar Discussion

Future Webinar Topics

Future Webinar Frequency

Webinar Instructors

2013 ElectriCities
Electric Utility
Webinar Series
Sizing of
Transformers
Calculation
of Loads

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