Vibration Course TBT DNA-Blast

Analysis and control
of blasting vibration
Dr. Ing . Thierry BERNARD
Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD
I am a mechanical engineer (ENSAM) with a PhD in

explosive and rock behavior from Nice University, France.
I started out as a drill and blast manager with a quarry and
construction group (SPADA) in France in early 1990.
I became an international blasting consultant in 1992.
In 1994, I founded Delta Caps International, a pioneer
company in electronic detonator, and I was a director of
the electronic division of bme (South Africa) from 20032007.
I have been general manager of Thierry Bernard
Technologie since 2007, a company specialized in
advanced blasting simulation.
My worldwide experience in blasting, gives me the
opportunity to successfully work on challenging vibration
projects from Asia to North and South America, in surface,
construction or underground operations.
I am very please to share my blasting vibration experience

with you today.
Thierry BERNARD
2
INDEX
I.
N
Diap.
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 04
II. Description of vibration phenomenon.....................................................................
06
III. Types of elastic waves.................................................................................
17
IV. Seismic waves from Blasting............................................................................. 24

V. Propagation Law............................................................................ 31
VI. Vibration measurement................................................... 41
VII. Frequency Analysis................................................................... 96
VIII.International Regulations.......................................................................................... 122
IX. Vibration reduction techniques. 179
X. Vibration Studies.. 232
XI. Vibration Simulations 318
XII. Vibration Workshop .... 330
XIII.Bibliography ........ 334
3
I. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
This module will develop the necessary knowledge to
understand the vibration phenomenon resulting from
blasting.
It is focusing on the phenomenon itself and how to control

it in underground blasting.
I. Introducction
II. DESCRIPTION OF
VIBRATION PHENOMENON
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE VIBRATION PHENOMENON

Objectives
Learn the definition of a vibration

Learn the different type of elastic waves
Learn how to characterize a wave
II. Description of vibration phenomenon
2.1 DEFINITION
Vibration is a mechanical
phenomenon
whereby
oscillations occur about an
equilibrium point. The oscillations
may be periodic such as the
motion of a pendulum or random
such as the movement of a tire
on a gravel road.
2.2 GROUND VIBRATIONS AND WAVES

In physics, a wave is a
disturbance or oscillation that
travels through space and time,
accompanied by a transfer of
energy

Mechanical waves propagate through a medium such as
water, gaz or ground and the substance of this medium is
deformed.
Stone and ripples
Supersonic Bang
Ground Vibration
Waves in a water medium
Waves in a gaz medium
Waves in a solid medium
10

In this wave, the particles of the medium (represented by
the circles) move up and down as the wave moves from
the left end of the medium to the right end. The
movement of the particles of the medium is
perpendicular to the motion of the disturbance or wave
11
2.3a GROUND VIBRATIONS AND WAVES

In physics, a
wave
is a
disturbance or
oscillation that
travels through
space
and
time,
accompanied
by a transfer of
energy
12
2.7 AMPLITUDE
Amplitude can be defined as "the maximum displacement from
the average position.
The amplitude of a transverse wave is measured from the peak
(or trough) to the mid-point. Its called Peak Particle Velocity
(PPV)
Amplitude is a measure of how much energy the wave has.
13
2.4 WAVELENGTH
Wavelength can be defined as "the distance the wave has
traveled during one complete cycle".
The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two peaks or
the distance between two troughs.
14
2.5 FREQUENCY
Frequency is defined as "the number of complete cycles
(complete waves) in one second.
Hertz is the unit of frequency (symbol Hz).
1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second.
15
2.6 PERIOD
The period of a wave is defined as "the time taken for one
complete cycle.
The period = 1 frequency.
16
2.8 FREQUENCY PERIOD
17
2.9 DESCRIPTION OF THE VIBRATION PHENOMENON

Learning's
Vibration is an oscillation
In a wave ground particles move around their mean
position
A wave is characterize by:
Its amplitude
Its frequency or period

Its wavelength
18
III. TYPES OF ELASTIC WAVES
19
3. TYPE OF ELECATIC WAVES

Objective
Learn how to differentiate various type of elastic waves
20
III. Types of elastic waves
3.1.1 BODY WAVES P WAVES

P waves (pressure or primary waves) travel as a region of
compression
P waves are the fastest
(2000 6000 m/s in hard rock)
kind
of
seismic
wave.
A longitudinal P wave has the ability to move through solid

rock and fluid, like water or the semi-liquid layers of the
earth. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through in the
same way sound waves push and pull the air
21
3.1.2 BODY WAVES S WAVES

S waves are shear waves that are transverse in nature
An S wave is slower than a P wave and speeds are typically
around 60% of that of P waves
An S wave only moves through solid rock.
This wave moves rock up and down, or side-to-side.
22
3.2 SURFACE WAVES

Surface waves (L-waves) are analogous to water waves and
travel along the Earth's surface.
They travel slower than body waves.
Because of their low frequency, long duration, and large
amplitude, they can be the most destructive type of seismic
wav
They are called surface waves because they diminish as they
get further from the surface.
23
3.3 RAYLEIGH WAVES

Rayleigh waves, also called ground roll, are surface waves
that travel as ripples with motions that are similar to those of
waves on the surface of water
Note, however, that the associated particle motion at shallow
depths is retrograde, and that the restoring force in Rayleigh
and in other seismic waves is elastic, not gravitational as for
water waves
24
3.4 LOVE WAVES

Love waves are horizontally polarized shear waves (SH
waves), existing only in the presence of a semi-infinite
medium overlain by an upper layer of finite thickness.
They usually travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves, about
90% of the S wave velocity, and have the largest amplitude.
25
3.5 TYPE OF ELASTIC WAVES SUMMARY
26
3. TYPE OF ELECATIC WAVES

Learning's
P waves are primary wave, the fastest, particle motion
compress the rock
S waves speed is 60% of P wave, transverse particle motion
shear the rock
Surface waves travel on surface, are slow, particle motion
shear and roll the rock at the same time
Rayleigh waves travel on surface, particle motion roll the rock
Love waves are S waves travelling on a layer, particle motion
shear horizontally the rock,
27
IV. SEISMIC WAVES FROM BLASTING
28
4. SEISMIV WAVE FROM BLASTING

Objective
Learn about the fragmentation mechanism by blasting
Learn the role of P and S waves in this mechanism
29
IV. Seismic waves from Blasting
4.1 BLASTING MECHANISM

Borehole
Pressure
P,S Waves
Craks
Expansion
of pressure
Craks propagation
Rock displacement
Fragmentation
Muck pile
30
4.1 BLASTING MECHANISM
GAZ
GAZ
EXPLOSIF
P = 10 GPa
P = 104 Bars
t = 10
0.0ms
3.0
3.6
4,2
ms
31
4.2 P and S WAVES

P and S waves travelling from bore hole to free face creates
fragmentation
P and S waves travelling opposite way from
free face generate ground vibration
or damage the wall at the back
of the blast
FRAGMENTATION
GROUND VIBRATION
OR
DAMAGE
32
4.3 Seismic waves from Blasting

Example of Seismic waves
BODY WAVES
33

Example of Seismic waves
P wave
Surface (L) wave
34

Example of Seismic waves from underground blast
Long delay
Individual hole waves
35
4. SEISMIV WAVE FROM BLASTING

Learning's
The main cause of fragmentation is P wave traveling from
borehole to free face and reflecting on it
P wave traveling at the back of the blast shake the rock and
are called vibrations
36
V. PROPAGATION LAW
37
5. Propagation Law
Objective
Learn how a wave dissipate its energy when traveling

Learn the equation of the attenuation law
Learn about the scaled distance model
Learn about the charge per delay
38
V. Propagation Law
5.1 Propagation Law
It characterizes how the amplitude of the waves decreases

versus distance
It also characterizes how the amplitude of the wave changes

versus the amount of explosive in a hole for a given distance
39
V. Propagation Law
5.2 Amplitude versus Distance

Wave Amplitude
(PPV mm/s)
Amplitude decreases
versus Distance
Distance
Hole #1
40
V. Propagation Law
5.3 Amplitude versus Charge

Wave Amplitude
(PPV mm/s)
Smaller Charge
Smaller Amplitude
Distance
Hole #1
10 kg
Bigger Charge
Bigger Amplitude
Distance
Hole #1
20 kg
41
V. Propagation Law
5.4 Mathematical formula

Attenuation Law can be expressed by the following equation :
PPV K * D * Q
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K, Alpha, Beta
42
V. Propagation Law
: Peak Particle Velocity

(wave Amplitude)
: Distance Sensor / Blast
: Charge per Delay
: Site coefficient
5.4 Scaled Distance Model

Charge per Delay
It is defined as the maximum amount of explosive that
detonates at a given delay (time)
Explosive charges having the same initiation delay detonate
at the same time
A good practice (without further investigations) is to consider
that 2 charges separated by
a delay less than 8 ms
detonate
at THE SAME TIME
43
V. Propagation Law
5.4 Scaled Distance Model Chapots law

Attenuation Law providing Amplitude versus Distance and
Charge is also called : Scaled Distance Model
Chapot equation is :
PPV=K
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K
Alpha
44
V. Propagation Law
: Peak Particle Velocity (wave Amplitude)

: Charge per Delay
: Site coefficient
: Attenuation coefficient
Alpha
45
V. Propagation Law
5.4 Scaled Distance Model Langefors law

Langefors equation is :
PPV=K
D
3/2
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K
Alpha
46
V. Propagation Law

: Charge per Delay
: Site coefficient
5.4 Scaled Distance Model Hendrons law

Hendrons equation is :
PPV=K
D
3
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K
Alpha
47
V. Propagation Law

: Charge per Delay
: Site coefficient
5. Propagation Law
Learning's
Wave amplitude decreases versus distance

Wave amplitude correlate with explosive charge
Charge per delay is the amount of explosive detonating in a 8 ms
windows
Standard Scaled Distance model is given by the equation
PPV=K
48
V. Propagation Law
VI. VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
49
6. VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
Objective
Learn why to measure vibrations
Learn the definition of the main parameter you can measure
Learn how to measure vibrations

The type of equipment
How to set up an seismograph
50
6.1 VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

Objectives
Vibrations can cause serious damage to structure or can
disturb or frighten people
In underground vibrations are mainly recorded for
Wall stability control (safety)
Blasting efficiency
And also environmental effects when close to human
activity
51
6.2 RISK INDUCED VIBRATION

Example of wind induced vibration
52
6.2 VIBRATION RISK INDUCED

Wall stability
53
Wall collapse

Structure Damaged
54
Cracks

Structure Damaged by vibration waves
55
6.3 VIBRATION PHYSICAL SCALE

Acceleration
In physics, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
with time.
In one dimension, acceleration is the rate at which
something speeds up or slows down
Acceleration is measured in g force
56

Velocity
In physics, velocity is speed in a given direction.
Speed describes only how fast an object is moving,

whereas velocity gives both the speed and direction of
the object's motion
For motion over a given interval of time, the
displacement divided by the length of the time interval
defines the average velocity.
Speed is measured in
meter per second (m/s)
57

Displacement
In physics, a displacement is the shortest distance from
the initial to the final position of a point P
Displacement is measured in meter (m)
58
6.1 VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

Principle
Vibrations are recorded where people feel them or where
they could damage structures. A specific equipment called
seismograph is used to record vibrations
T
Seismograph
L
Explosive charge
detonation
Vibrations
59

Acceleration/Displacement/ Velocity
When talking about vibration from blasting, the most
common scale used is Velocity
The raison why is that Velocity is directly link to stress
and consequently to damage
Velocity in usually expressed in mm/s or In/s
60
6.4 TYPE OF EQUIPMENT

Seismometers are instruments that measure motions of the
ground
The word derives from the Greek , seisms, a shaking
or quake
Seismograph is another Greek
term from seisms and grph,
to write or draw.
It is often used to mean
seismometer, though it is more
applicable
to
the
older
instruments in which the
measuring and recording of
ground motion were combined
61

Stand Alone Equipment
This mobile type of equipment can be set up at any place. It

contains it own energy source (battery), a seismic and sound
sensor.
Some model have a local printer to print result on site
62

Stand Alone Equipment
Advantages
Portable
Quick and easy to install
Affordable
Drawback
Battery life limited if set up in remote place
No event synchronization
63
6.5 SENSORS
Accelerometer
An accelerometer is a device that measures proper

acceleration (g-force)
Large frequency response (0 Hz - > 10 kHz)
Large g-force range
(From 0.1 to more than 100 g)
g-force has to be integrated to obtain

ground velocity
66
6.5 SENSORS
Geophones
A geophone is a device which converts

ground movement (displacement) into
voltage
It comprises a spring-mounted magnetic
mass moving within a wire coil to generate
an electrical signal
The response is directly proportional to

ground velocity
67
6.5 SENSORS
Tri-axial sensor
Ground vibrations are tridimensional waves (3D)

To understand them, we measure them in the 3
orthogonal directions of space
2 horizontal channels
(L, T)
1 vertical channel
(V)
V
T
68
6.5 SENSORS
Down Hole Geophones
Sensor that is used inside a borehole.

Very useful to measure vibration waveform in the rock
mass
69
6.6 MONITORING
Goal of monitoring
Blasting seismographs are used

to:
establish compliance with
Federal, state and local
regulations
and evaluate explosive

performance.
From ISEE Field Practice Guidelines for Blasting Seismographs
70
6.6 MONITORING
Goal of monitoring
Laws and regulations have been

established to prevent damage
to property and injury to
people.
The disposition of the rules is
strongly dependant on the
accuracy of ground vibration and
air overpressure data.
71
6.6 MONITORING
Goal of monitoring
In terms of explosive performance the same holds

true.
72
6.6 MONITORING
Basic but Best Practices
Read the instruction manual and be

familiar with the operation of the
instrument
Users are responsible for reading the

appropriate sections and understanding
the proper operation of the instrument
before monitoring a blast
73
6.6 MONITORING
Seismograph calibration
Annual calibration
of the seismograph
is recommended
A non calibrated seismograph could record much higher

amplitude and penalize your job
A non calibrated seismograph could record much lower
amplitude and consequently create safety or liability issue.
74
6.6 MONITORING
Blasting seismograph records
A users log should include:

The users name
Date, time, place
The location of the seismograph

the name of the structure
where the seismograph was placed on the property
relative to the structure
Any other pertinent data
75
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
When seismographs are deployed in the field, the time

spent deploying the unit justifies recording an event !
Set the trigger levels low enough to record each blast
76
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
Record the full time history waveform

Set the recording time of event long enough to ensure
capturing all the event
77
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
Set the recording time of event long enough to ensure

capturing all the event
Pre-Trigger Sequence Initiation

Duration
0.2-0.5 s
C
Tail duration: 1 s
78
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
A : Pre Trigger
Is a duration recorded before the unit trigs
(before the amplitude of the waveform reaches the
trigger level)
A minimum of 0.2 s is recommended when sensor is

close to the blast (< 100 m)
located at more 100 m of the blast
79
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
B : Sequence Initiation Duration
Is a duration of your timing sequence
i.e: if the minimum timing of our blast is 100 ms and

the maximum timing is 748 ms, the Sequence Initiation
duration is : 748 -100 = 648 ms
80
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
C : Tail duration
This is a duration set up to record the tail of the
waveform, after the initiation sequence duration is over
close to the blast (< 100 m)
A minimum of 1 s is recommended when sensor is
located at more 100 m of the blast
WARNING : For very long distance between sensor and blast

(> 1km), this Tail duration could be very long (few seconds)
81
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
Example of setting for a 1300 ms blast duration, with

sensor in close location (<100 m)
Pre-Trigger
: 0.2 s
Blast duration : 1.3 s

Tail duration : 0.5 s
Recording duration : 2.0 s
82
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
Example of setting for a 5500 ms blast duration in far

location (500 m)
Pre-Trigger
: 0.5 s
Blast duration : 5.5 s

Tail duration : 1.0 s
Recording duration : 7.0 s
83
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast
Record the full time history waveform

Summary or single peak value recording options available on many
seismographs should not be used for monitoring blast-generated
vibrations
Operating modes that report peak velocities over a specified time interval
are not recommended when recording blast-induced vibrations
84
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast

Set the sampling rate to be at least 1000 samples per
second
85
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast

Know the data processing time of the seismograph
Some units take up to 5 minutes

to process and print data.
If another blast occurs within this time,
the second blast may be missed.
86
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast

Allow ample time for proper setup of the
seismograph
Many errors occur when seismographs
are hurriedly set-up.
Generally, more than 15 minutes for set-up should be
allowed from the time the user arrives at the
monitoring location until the blast.
87
6.6 MONITORING
Record the blast

Secure cables
Suspended or freely moving

cables from the wind or other
extraneous sources can
produce false triggers due to
microphonics.
88
6.6 MONITORING
Placement
The sensor should be placed

(depending on regulation):
on or in the ground on the side
of the structure towards the
blast
on the basement of the
structure
89
6.6 MONITORING
Placement
The sensor should be placed

within 3.05 meters (10 feet) of
the structure
or less than 10% of the
distance from the blast,
whichever is less.
3 meters max
90
6.6 MONITORING
Placement
The soil should be undisturbed or compacted fill.

Loose fill material, unconsolidated soils, flower-bed
mulch or other unusual mediums may have an adverse
influence on the recording accuracy.
91
6.6 MONITORING
Placement
The sensor must be nearly level
The longitudinal channel should be pointing directly at

the blast and the bearing should be recorded
Where access to a structure and/or property is not
available, the sensor should be placed closer to the blast
in undisturbed soil
92
6.6 MONITORING
Coupling
Sensor has to be well coupled to

ground to ensure accurate recording
Typical recording from badly grounded sensor
93
6.6 MONITORING
Coupling
If the acceleration is expected to be less than 1.96 m/s2

(0.2 g), no burial or attachment is necessary
94
6.6 MONITORING
Coupling
If the acceleration exceeds 1.96 m/s2 (0.2 g), decoupling

of the sensor may occur
If the acceleration is expected to be between 1.96 m/s2
(0.2 g), and 9.81 m/s2 (1.0 g), burial or attachment is
preferred.
Spiking or sandbagging may be acceptable.
95
6.6 MONITORING
Coupling
If the acceleration exceeds 9.81 m/s2 (1.0 g), decoupling

of the sensor always occur
If the acceleration is expected to be greater than 9.81
m/s2 (1.0 g) , burial or firm attachment is required
96
6.6 MONITORING
Sensor coupling : When and How
1000
burial or firm
attachment is
required
mm/s
100
0,2 g
1,0 g
10
no burial or
attachment is
necessary
1
10
100
1000
Hz
97
6.6 MONITORING
Burial methods
The preferred burial method is excavating a hole that is

no less than three times the height of the sensor (ANSI
S2.47)
98
6.6 MONITORING
Burial methods
spiking the sensor to the bottom of

the hole
99
6.6 MONITORING
Burial methods
and firmly compacting soil around

and over the sensor
100
6.5 SENSORS
Attachment methods
Attachment to bedrock is achieved by bolting, clamping or

adhering the sensor to the rock surface
101
6.5 SENSORS
Sand bagging methods
Sand bagging requires removing the sod with minimal

disturbance to the soil and placing the sensor on the bare
spot with a sand bag over top.
102
6.5 SENSORS
Sand bags should be large and loosely filled with about

4.55 kilograms (10 pounds) of sand.
When placed over the sensor,
the sandbag profile should be
as low and wide as possible
with a maximum amount
of firm contact with the ground
103
6.6 MONITORING
A combination of both spiking and sandbagging gives

even greater assurance that good coupling is obtained
104
6. VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
Learning's
Vibration could seriously damage structure
Seismograph are used to record vibration (acceleration,
particle velocity or displacement)
Set up of seismograph is very important for a successful
recording
Sampling rate
Trigger level
Duration
Coupling of the sensor is key for a successful recording
105
VII. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
106
6. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Objective
Recap of the main characteristics of a wave
Learn why frequency is a key parameter (damage and
regulation)
Learn how to measure frequency of a wave with 2 different
techniques
Learn what is a dominant frequency
Learn how to filter a vibration record using frequency analysis
107
7.1 FREQUENCY DEFINITION

Reminder
Frequency is defined as "the number of complete cycles (complete waves) in one
second.
108
7.2 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

Objective #1
Comply with regulations that include frequency in their compliance chart
109

Objective #2
Understand frequency because:
Low Frequency or High Frequency waves have different effects on structures
Low or very low frequency waves can seriously damage structure
High frequency waves are less likely to damage structure
110

Low Frequency Waves
111

Low Frequency Waves
112

High Frequency Waves
High frequency waves are less likely to damage structure
113
7.3 HOW TO MEASURE FREQUENCY

Zero crossed Frequency (ZCF)
The most used method before computer
Select on arch of the waveform
Measure time T between two Zero Crossing
Maximum
Frequency, F= 1/(2*T)
Measure Maximum M for this arch
Plot on a graph Maximum versus Frequency
114

Plot on a graph Maximum versus frequency
Waveform
115
ZCF

Seismograph usually report ZCF for the Peak Particle Velocity
In this case for Channel L, seismograph is reporting 7.2 mm/s at 34 Hz
116

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
The Fourier transform, named for Joseph Fourier, is a mathematical transform with
many applications in physics and engineering
It expresses a mathematical function of time as a function of frequency

The Fourier Transform is an important waveform processing tool which is used to
decompose an waveform into its sine and cosine components with various
Frequency and Amplitude.
FYI :The Fourier transform is defined by
117

Music
Understanding a FFT
Vibration
Violon:
High Frequency
Low Apmlitude
Trumpet
Medium Frequency
High Apmlitude
Drum :
Low Frequency
High Amplitude
118

Example of FFT
FFT Amplitude
(Frequency Domain)
Frequency
Waveform
(Time Domain)
119

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on multiple channels
FFT varies from channel to channel
FFT Amplitude
(Frequency Domain)
Channel L
FFT Amplitude
(Frequency Domain)
Channel T
FFT Amplitude
(Frequency Domain)
Channel V
120

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on multiple channels
FFT varies from channel to channel
FFT Amplitude
(Frequency Domain)
Channel L, T,V
121
7.4 DOMINANT FREQUENCY

Definition
As there are two main way to measure frequencies of a time wave,
there are two main way of estimating the dominant frequency
The dominant frequency of a time wave could be defined as

the zero-crossed frequency of highest amplitude
The frequency of highest amplitude of the FFT
122

The dominant frequency of a time wave could be defined as the
zero-crossed frequency of the highest amplitude
Dominant Frequency
34 Hz
123

The dominant frequency of a time wave could be defined as The
frequency of the highest amplitude of the FFT
Dominant
Frequency
46 Hz
124

Comparing dominant frequency from ZCF and FFT
Dominant
Frequency
24, 34 or 46 Hz ?
125
7.4 FREQUENCY FILTERING

Frequency filtering consists in amplifying or decreasing a certain
range of frequency
Attenuating high frequencies results in a smoother waveform in the spatial domain
Attenuating low frequencies enhances the edges.
126

Frequency filtering is based on FFT process forward and back
FFT
Frequency Spectrum
Waveform
FFT-1
Reverse FFT
127

Frequency filtering consists in amplifying or decreasing a certain
range of frequency
FFT
Frequency Spectrum
Waveform
Modified Frequency Spectrum
Filtered Waveform
FFT-1
128

Low Pass Frequency Filtering
Main objective is to take out High Frequency Noises from waveform
FFT
Frequency Spectrum
Waveform
Freq. > 80 Hz cut
Filtered Waveform
FFT-1
129

Low Pass Frequency Filtering
Main objective is to take out High Frequency content from waveform
FFT
Frequency Spectrum
Waveform
Freq. > 10 Hz cut
Filtered Waveform
FFT-1
130

High Pass Frequency Filtering
Main objective is to take out Low Frequency content from waveform
FFT
Frequency Spectrum
Waveform
Freq. < 10 Hz cut
Filtered Waveform
FFT-1
131

Band Pass Frequency Filtering
Combines Low Pass and High Pass Filter
FFT
Frequency Spectrum
Waveform
Filtered Waveform
Freq < 10 Hz & Freq. > 50 Hz cut
FFT-1
132
6. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Learning's
Law frequency can seriously damage structure
Frequency measurement could be done with 2 techniques:
Zero Cross Frequency (ZCF)

Dominant frequency is defined of the highest amplitude of
the FFT or the ZCF
Filtering using frequency analysis allows to clean recorded
waveform from noises
133
VII. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
134
7. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Objective
Learn about the scope of vibration regulations
Learn about the various vibration regulations
Learn about specific vibration regulations for underground

blasting
Compare various regulations
Learn how to select a vibration regulation
135
VI. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
7.1 THE DAMAGE CRITERION

PPV as a damage criterion
A number of attempts* have been made to connect vibration parameters
(displacement, velocity, acceleration, and frequency) with observed human annoying,
disturbances of sensitive devices, and structural damage.
All found that structural damage and stability could be well correlated with the peak
particle velocity (PPV) of ground vibrations (PPV is a measure of vibration intensity).
The PPV is then the most accepted criteria to assess the damage potential of
structure due to blasting vibrations
* Inter alia: Crandell (1949), Medearis (1977), Siskind et al. (1980), Dowding (1996) Duvall and Fogelson (1962), Wiss
(1968), and Nichols et al. (1971)
136

The damage criterion : Milestones
1957: Langefors & al. first studied the PPV index and defined some ranges for
damages and safety in the US
1959: Edward and Norwood used the PPV index to conduct similar studies in Canada
1977: Bauer and Calder established damage for equipment and structures
1980: US Bureau of Mines proposed its 50.8 mm/s (2 in/s) standards (1980)
137

The dominant frequency
USBM's 50.8 mm/s (2 in/s) : No regard to frequency (not properly reflect the effect of
a variety of dynamic soil-structure interaction)
Not able to prevent numerous complaints from habitants
Became necessary to take into account the dominant vibration frequency to assess
the vibration effect on structures
138

Intensive studies of residential structural damage in connection with measured
displacement and velocity at the frequency range of 1-100 Hz was made by the
USBM:
139
RI 8507 (Siskind & al. 1980): frequency-based safe limits for cosmetic cracking
50.8 criterion reduced by a factor of 3 to 4 in the frequency range of 4-12 Hz

OSM criteria proposed the following

displacement and velocity values for the
4 ranges of the dominant frequency:
140
0.76 mm (0.03 in) for 1-3.5 Hz,
19 mm/s (0.75 in/s) for 3.5-12 Hz,
0.25 mm (0.01 in) for 12-30 Hz,
50.8 mm/s (2.0 in/s) for 30-100 Hz.
Max Allowable PPV, in/sec
10
USBM's criteria were modified for

regulation of blasting by U.S. Office of
Surface Mining (OSM)
0.75
0.1
1
10
30
Blast Vibration Frequency, Hz
100

Parameters for estimating the damage in typical regulations
141
7.1 TYPES OF VIBRATION STANDARDS

Standards for human comfort
In underground case , means people in surface
Standards to prevent cosmetic up to structural damage to buildings
In underground case, means underground structures + surface structures

INDICATIVE VALUES (mm/s)
DAMAGE
TYPE
DEFINITION
COSMETIC
Formation of hairline cracks or the growth of existing cracks in

plaster, drywall surfaces or mortar joints.
15
20
50
MINOR
Formation of large cracks or loosening and falling of plaster on

drywall surfaces, or cracks through bricks/concrete blocks
30
40
100
Major damage to structural elements of a building
60
80
200
STRUCTURAL
< 4 Hz
4 -15 Hz
> 15 Hz
Scottish Standard PAN50 (Annex D)
142
7.2 SCOPE OF VIBRATION STANDARDS

Very few specific norm for underground
Extensive researches especially from the OSM in the US:
DATE
143
AUTHORS
TOPIC
1974
Snodgrass, Siskind
Vibrations from Underground Blasting
1977
Stevens
A Review of the Effects of Earthquakes on Underground Mines
1977
Sakurai (USGS)
Vibration of Tunnel to Adjacent Blasting Operations
1977
Rupert, Clark
Criteria for the Proximity of Surface Blasting to Underground Coal Mines
1979
Woodward-Clyde Associates
Underground Vibrations from Surface Blasting at Jenny Mine, Kentucky
1979
Hayatdavoudi, Brown
Surface Coal Mine Blasting Effects on Underground Coal Mine Stability
1983
Phang, Simpson, Brown
Investigation of Blast-Induced Underground Vibrations from Surface Blasting
1984
Simpson, Phang
Effects of Surface Mine Blasting on Underground Mine Openings
1991
Friedel, Thill
Rayleigh Wave Assessment of Damage and Integrity of Mine Structures
1992
Boukharov, Chanda
A Theoretical Study into Damage to Pillars Caused by Blasting
1993
Fourie, Green
Damage to Underground Coal Mines Caused by Surface Blasting
1993
Singh, Lamond
Investigation of Blast Damage and Underground Stability
1997
Scoble and al.
Measurement of Blast Damage
2002
Singh
Impact of Initiation Sequences () on the Intensity of Vibrations in Underground Openings
2006
VibraTech
Howe Cave Quarry
2007
WV OEB
Report Relating Surface Coal Mines Scaled Distance to Deep Mine Roof PPV

Studies have been performed both in surface and underground configuration
Standards can then apply to both cases
The norms sometimes explicitly refer to underground structures
(e.g. ISO Standard or Swiss Standard)
SWISS STANDARD
144

Example of resulting limits specifically found for UG applications
mm/s
in/s
APPLICATIONS
127
Vibration tolerance for buried utilities including wells and pipelines
127
Lowest vibration for masonry foundation cracking from blasting
254
10
Threshold for cracking of mass concrete
305
12
Damage threshold for underground works.

Source: Wiss (1968) and Siskind (2000)
145

Example of a standard that includes specifics recommendation for UG:
Along the Australian Standard AS 2187.2-2006:

Ground vibration level at Sensitive Sites during Night Shift Underground should not
exceed 3 mm/s and airblast should not exceed 115 dB (LinPeak) between the hours
10:00pm and 7:00am
146
7.3 ISSUING DATE OF SOME STANDARDS

COUNTRY
NAME
ISSUING DATE
GERMANY
DIN4150
1975*
NEW ZEALAND
NZS 4403
1976
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
USBM RI8507
1980
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
OSM 817.67
1983
PORTUGAL
NP2074
1983
INTERNATIONAL
ISO 4866
1990
ITALIA
UNI 9916
1991
SWEDEN
SS 460 48 46
1991
UNITED KINGDOM
BSI 7385
1993
SPAIN
UNE 22-381-93
1993
FRANCIA
ARRET DU 22/09/94
BRAZIL
CETESB D7.013
1998
SCOTLAND
PAN50
2000
1994**
* The DIN4150 standard was updated in 1999 and 2001

** The French Standard was updated in 2010
147
7.3 TYPICAL LIMITS BY COUNTRIES
Source: Piyush Pal Roy, 2005
148
7.4 GEOGRAPHY OF THE VIBRATION REGULATION

Some reasons why regulations become influential:
149
Historic political influence (Spain)

Mining history (France)
Solid normative reputation (Germany)
Large-scale mining industry (USA)
Regional cooperation (New Zealand with Australia)
Political reasons (Scotland)

Geography of the most influential vibration regulations
USBM
UK
DIN
FR
UNE
AUS
150

Often a combinaison of reasons :
New Zealand is a pionneer country in mining environmental standards

Germany has a strong mining industry
And some criteria are stronger than others :
151
Peru has a large-scale mining industry but uses the US or the Spanish regulation
7.5 INTERNATIONALLY ACKNOWLEDGED STANDARDS

The US Standard
Vibrations limits recommended within the U.S. Bureau of Mines
Report of Investigations No. 8507 : the "Z-curve or Siskind curve" (1980)
Extensive study conducted in the late 1970s by USBM and OSM

Studies covering several States and types of structures:
152
Show the structure types have a varying natural frequency. Blast vibration
matching the frequency of the structure of concern may amplify the shaking
within the structure.
Shows recommended limits to reduce the damage potential for structures
7. 5 INTERNATIONALLY ACKNOWLEDGED STANDARDS

The US Standard
100
Recommended limits to reduce the

damage potential for structures when
comparing ground velocity with its
associated frequency.
5 12.7 mm/s @ 1 2.6 Hz
12.7 mm/s @ 2.6 10 Hz
Velocity mm/s
USBM RI 8507
10
12.7 50.8 mm/s @ 10 40 Hz
50.8 mm/s @ 40 100 Hz

<50.8 mm/s (2 inch/s): Safety
conditions will not be met with high
probablity (USBM)
153
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
100

The US Standard : The OSM contribution for UG blasting
30 CFR 817.67 (updated 2010)
Apply to tunnel and underground mines

Limit shall be established in accordance with either:
154
The maximum peak-particle-velocity limits
The scaled-distance equation
The blasting-level chart
The regulatory authority

30 CFR 817.67 (updated 2010)
The maximum ground vibration shall be established in accordance with either:
155
The maximum peak-particle-velocity limits:

30 CFR 817.67 (updated 2010)
The maximum ground vibration shall be established in accordance with either:
The scaled-distance equation to determine the allowable charge weight of

explosives to be detonated in any 8-millisecond period,
Case where no seismic monitoring is performed
W = ( D/Ds )2
where :
W = the maximum weight of explosives, in pounds;
D = the distance, in feet, from the blasting site to the nearest protected structure;
Ds = the scaled-distance factor (refer to scale distance chart)
156

The US Standard :
The OSM contribution
100
for UG blasting
The maximum ground vibration
shall be established in accordance
with either:
Velocity mm/s
30 CFR 817.67 (updated 2010)
10
The blasting-level chart
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
157
100

US States regulations
Some US States regulations applies
beyond the limit of the considered
States and are sometimes
internationally acknowledged
especially when:
Considering specific application
e.g: Pennsylvania: Code 25
77.463 about Surface mining
near underground mining
Velocity mm/s
100
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
158
100

US States regulations
Some US States regulations are more restrictive
compared to the USBM & OSM Standards
e.g: Kentucky: 405 KAR 8:040 on Underground coal mining permits Section 38 (3)
Blasting operations within 500 feet of active underground mines require approval of
the cabinet, MSHA, and the Kentucky Office of Mine Safety and Licensing
159

CANADA (QUEBEC)
Directive 19 for the mining Industry
For an UG Mine:
The blasts carried out between 7:00pm and 7:00am should be scheduled at a fixed time
The operator must notify the population in a minimum radius of 1km around the mine
The following limits apply depending on the mine depth:
UG Mine depth
Frequency (Hz)
Maximum PPV (mm/s)
0-15
12,7
15-20
19,0
20-25
23,0
25-
25,0
<12,7
<100m
>100m
160

UNITED KINGDOM
100
Velocity mm/s
British Standard 7385 (especially part 2

about damage investigation, 1993)
BS 7385 have little relevance to
underground structures
BS 7385 considers two limits depending
on a type of building or structure:
Line 1: frequency-independent
criterion of USBMs 50.8 mm/s (2
in/s) for industrial and heavy
commercial buildings
Line 2: frequency-based safe limits
similar to the OSM criteria for
residential or light commercial type
buildings.
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
161
100

GERMANY
100
The German standard DIN4150

provides very conservative limits
aiming at protecting structure including
from cosmetic damage
L2
Velocity mm/s
3 levels depending on building types

(industrial, residential or sensitive)
L1
L3
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
162
100

GERMANY
100
No specific regulation for UG =

application of L2 or L3
L2
Velocity mm/s
For sensitive structures

<3mm/s at low frequencies
8mm/s @ 50Hz
10mm/s @100Hz and above
L1
L3
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
163
100

SWEDEN
Published in 1991
Swedish Standard does not take the
frequency into account
Velocity mm/s
The Swedish Standard SS 460 48 66 1991

is titled Swedish Standard Vibration and
Shock Guidance Levels for Blast-Induced
Vibrations in buildings
100
10
Vertical PPV function of soil stiffness:
18 mm/s for the least stiff soils

70 mm/s for very stiff rocks
1
1
Frequency Hz
164
10
Least stiff soils

Very stiff soils
100

SPAIN
The Spanish Standard UNE 22-381-93 is titled Control of vibration from blasting
(Control de vibraciones producidas por voladuras)
Has been published in 1993 by the Spanish certification board AENOR (Asociacin
Espaola de Normalizacin y Certificacin)
The Spanish Standard UNE 22-381-93 applies far beyond the Spanish territory
(Latin America)
165

SPAIN
I
100
Lines I, II and III correspond to different

types of structures sorted by resistance
II
III
Velocity mm/s
Line II and III apply to UG configuration,

depending on their sensitivity to
vibration (line III for the less resistant
structures)
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
166
100

FRANCE
Arrt of the 22nd September 1994
Applies both to surface and UG applications
(as stated in arr. 05/05/2010, art.1)
Arrt of the 22nd September 1994, art. 22.2.

I. None blasting operations can create vibrations which could lead to PPV levels
superior to 10 mm/s in the three axis of the surrounding buildings*
* Are considered as a building the constructions used for living or working purposes and the monuments. For other
types of building, higher level might be authorized if and after specific studies have been conducted .
167

FRANCE
Along the French Standard, the

weighting function of the measured
signal is a continuous curve defined by
the following points :
168
Frequency band (Hz)
Signal weighting
30
80
3/8
100
Velocity mm/s
The frequency calculation debate is

solved by a weighting formula
10
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
Equivalent limit for a mono-frequency waveform
100

FRANCE
Violation of the levels set by the French Standard = automatic, direct and full civil
and/or criminal liability of the mining or quarrying operator
The Circulaire of the 23rd of July 1986 (3rd part, Technical Annex), takes into account
the neighbors perception of the vibrations (D. 20.08.85 define the definition and
measurement protocol)
169

AUSTRALIA
The Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) recommends that
blasting vibration have to be assessed in accordance with the
"Technical basis for guidelines to minimize annoyance due to blasting overpressure
and ground vibration"
published in 1990
by the Australian and New Zealand Environment Council's (ANZEC)
170

AUSTRALIA
100
Department of Natural Resources &

Environment have to approve
A
and apply more stringent limits to such

blasting operations
Velocity mm/s
night time blasting in underground mines
10
between the hours 10:00pm and 7:00am:

< 3 mm/s for ground vibration
<115 dB (Lin Peak) airblast
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
171
100
A : Industrial
B : Residential

Australia, Province (QLD)
100
Regional standard internationally

acknowledged because:
an internationally acknowledged
standard
Main part of the studies supporting the
Velocity mm/s
Regional standard of a country that has
10
national and regional standards comes

from Queensland (largest mining region
in Australia)
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
172
100

INTER-REGIONAL STANDARD
E.g.: ANZEC Guidelines (Australian and
New Zealand Environment Council)
NZ is one of the pioneers of
Velocity mm/s
environmental laws for mining (1976)

NZ replaced its own out of date and
inappropriate old standard NZS
10
4403:1976 by the ANZEC Guidelines

Alternatively, NZ uses Australian
Standard 2187.2
PPV<5 mm/s
(tolerance <10mm/s for 5% of the blast on
10
Frequency Hz
a 12 month period for a given site)

173
100

SWISS
The Swiss Standard (SN 640 315a) from 1992 is the only one that does not take into
account the vibration duration (contrarily to the ISO standard recommendations)
This standard states that for frequencies outside this range, the study should be
based on other standards and considerations.
174

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD : ISO
The ISO 4866 titled Mechanical vibration and shock Vibration of buildings
Guidelines for the measurement and evaluation of their effects on buildings
Created in 1990 by the Mechanical Vibration, Shock And Condition Monitoring

Committee (TC 108)
175
Updated in 1994, 1996 and 2010

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
The ISO 4866 does not present any control limit for vibration
It aims at establishing standardized practices for signal monitoring and processing for
the evaluation of the vibration impact on structures
The ISO 4866 offers valuable guidelines for elaborating regional standards or
performing vibration impact studies
ISO 4866 applies to all structures built above or below ground (including tunnels)
176
7.6 SOME NATIONALLY ACKNOWLEDGED STANDARDS

EASTERN EUROPE
For political reasons, most of the
Eastern Europe countries have
developed their own vibration standard
so they can be independent from the
US Standard
Here, the Czech and Slovak Standard
which still applies respectively in the

Czech and Slovak Republics
177

SCOTLAND
100
PAN 50 Annex D: Controlling the

Environmental Effects of Surface
Published in February 2000

Limits adapted from British Standard:
Velocity mm/s
Mineral Workings
10
15 mm/s @ < 4 Hz
20 mm/s @ 4 15 Hz
50 mm/s @ > 15 Hz
1
1
10
Frequency Hz
178
100

INDIA
Indian Standards (1973) based on type of building materials
CMRI (Central Mining Research Institute) vibration standards (1993) based on type of
buildings
179
7.6 THE CASE OF PERU

The only applicable text does not give any precise level of standards:
Texto nico Ordenado de la Ley General de Minera (approved by the Decreto
Supremo No. 014-92-EM Reglamento para la Proteccin Ambiental en las

Actividades Minero Metalrgicas), Title 15:
Article 223.-c. All mines using explosives nearby inhabited area must keep the
impact of noise, dust and vibration within the levels established by the competent
authority
180
7.6 THE CASE OF PERU

This article has been added to the Mining Law by
the Environmenal General Law (Ley General del Ambiente), N 28611

published the 15th of October 2005
The Spanish Standard UNE 22-381-93 is usually applied for both surface and UG
applications
181
7.7 COMPARISON OF STANDARDS

Comparison of the most influencial standards
USBM
UK DIN
FR
UNE
AUS
182

Comparison of the most influential standards for Surface Mining
Velocity mm/s
100
10
USBM RI8507
BS 7385
UNE (L1)
DIN (L1)
FR (weighted)
AS (residential)
1
1
10
100
Frequency Hz
183

Comparison of the most influential standards for Surface Mining
Velocity mm/s
100
SUITABLE AREA IF NO STANDARD
BS 7385
UNE (L1)
10
DIN (L1)
FR (weighted)
Average
1
1
10
100
Frequency Hz
184

Comparison of the most influencial standards for UG Mining
100
OSM 30 CFR 817.67
Pensylvania c25 77.463
BS 7385
Velocity mm/s
UNE (L2)
UNE (L3)
10
DIN (L2)
DIN (L3)
FR (weighted)
AS (UG)
ANZEC
1
1
10
100
Frequency Hz
185

Comparison of the most influential standards for UG Mining
100
Velocity mm/s
OSM 30 CFR 817.67
SUITABLE AREA IF NO STANDARD
10
Pensylvania c25 77.463
1
1
10
100
Frequency Hz
186
7.8 SELECTING CRITERIA FOR STANDARDS

NO NATIONAL
STANDARD
THAT COVERS
THE
CONSIDERED
CASE
ANY
INTERNATIONALLY
ACKNOWLEDEGED
STANDARD
APROVED BY THE
COUNTRY?
NO
ANY
INTERNATIONALLY
ACKNOWLEDEGED
STANDARD
COVERING THE
CASE?*
YES
NO
APPLICATION OF ANY
NATIONALLY
ACKNOWLEDGED
STANDARD
COVERINGTHE CASE
YES
END
END
* e.g.: According to Siskind (2000), the specified limit levels in the DIN 4150 are not damage-based (contrarily to OSM).
DIN standard intends to minimize perceptions and complains. Therefore the German Standard and the OSM criteria have
different applications
187
7.7 STANDARDS APPLICATION DATE VS. ISSUING DATE

Vibration limits may apply differently depending upon whether
the site was in operation prior to the introduction of the standard.
e.g. Australian Standard AS 2187.2-2006:

For existing sites prior to 1 July 2001 the limits are:
Ground vibration <10mm/s (PPV) at all times, and
Airblast <120dB (Lin Peak) at all times
New sites should meet the requirements of existing site PLUS:
188
Ground vibration <5 mm/s (PPV) for 95% of all blasts
Airblast <115dB (Lin Peak) for 95% of all blasts
7.8 APPLICATION OF STANDARDS

In many cases, vibration standards application can be negotiated
e.g. Australian Standard AS 2187.2-2006
In situations where the location or the nature of the operations mean that this is not
achievable, these standards may be varied, subject to the Department being satisfied that all
affected people have given informed consent).
189
7.9 PEAK FREQUENCY CALCULATION

FFT or ZCF?
e.g. SPANISH STANDARD - UNE 22-381-93
The main or dominant frequency (Hz) can be

determined by 3 methods:
190
1) Using Fourier analysis,

2) with the response spectrum of the signal
or the pseudo-velocity spectrum,
3) through harmonic vibration analysis (halfcycle analysis) in the portion of signals
maximum velocity
7.9 PEAK FREQUENCY CALCULATION

FFT or ZCF?
e.g. SPANISH STANDARD - UNE 22-381-93
If several peaks in the signal: the lowest frequencies will be considered.

This circumstance is covered if performed a Fourier analysis or response (in AENOR,
1993, page 4)
191
7. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS
Learnings
Learn about the scope of vibration regulations
Learn about the various vibration regulations
Learn about specific vibration regulations for underground

blasting
Compare various regulations
Learn how to select a vibration regulation
192
XI. VIBRATION REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
193
7. VIBRATION REDUCTION TECHNIQUE

Objective
Learn about the mitigations techniques for vibration control
Learn the principle
Learn how to implement them
194
11 VIBRATION REDUCTION TECHNIQUE

Mitigation Vibration Techniques
There are 3 mains ways of controlling
vibration in underground blasting
(valid as well for surface blasting)
Follow best practices
Use Standard Scaled Distance Model
Use Advanced Signature Hole Model
195
11.1 STANDARD VIBRATION REDUCTION TECHNIQUE

Mitigation Vibration Best Practices
ALWAYS use free faces for first holes
ALWAYS keep a minimum inter hole delay of 8 ms
NEVER use fully confined charge
NEVER shoot more than one hole at the same time
196

Scaled Distance Model
The most used technique
Based on attenuation law equation
197

Principle of Scaled Distance Model
198

199

200

201

202

Summary
More explosive at the same time -> More Vibrations

Less explosive at the same time -> Less Vibrations
----------------------- A longer distance
-> Less Vibrations
between
blast
&
critical
point
A shorter distance between blast & critical point

-> More Vibrations
203
11.1 Scaled Distance Model Chapots law

Chapot equation is :
Where :
PPV
D
Q
K
Alpha
204

: Charge per Delay ?
: Site coefficient

How to measure data for calculating K and Alpha
Consider a pit with
several critical structures
205

Select at least 3 locations in the pit
The best is to have

different locations and
distances
206

Consider location #1
Shoot a blast
207

For blast #1
Record for each critical

location:
PPV, V1
Distance, D1
Charge per Delay, Q2
208

Shoot a blast
209

For blast #2

location:
PPV, V2
Distance, D2
210

Shoot ablast
211

For blast #3

location:
PPV, V3
Distance, D3
212

Scaled Distance Model, How to calculate K and Alpha
Plot the 3 points (one per blast) on a log/log graph
Draw a line that passes trough the middle of the data
D1, Q1, V1 (D1/Q1, V1)
D2, Q2, V2 (D2/Q2, V2)

D3, Q3, V3 (D3/Q3, V3)
Chart
Log / Log
Scaled Distance
213

How to calculate K and Alpha,
Read K where the line intercept the vertical axis
Read Alpha as the slope of the line : tan()

K
214

Least Squares Regression Analysis method
A mathematical method to calculate K and Alpha

Carl Friedrich Gauss is credited with developing the
fundamentals of the basis for least-squares analysis in 1795
at the age of eighteen
215

We will look at the analysis of data that falls in a nearly

straight line pattern.
Scaled Distance
216

When we see a straight line pattern, we want to model the

data with a linear equation.
This will allow us to make predictions and actually use our
data.
Straight line pattern
217

We know lines from algebra to come in the form y = m x + b,

where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
In blasting statistics, we use Y = K + X for the equation of a
straight line. Now a is the intercept and b is the slope.
The slope (, alpha) of the line, is the amount by which y
increases when x increase by 1 unit.
The intercept (K), sometimes called
the vertical intercept, is the height
of the line when x = 0.
218

Example
Consider the equation:
y=7+3x
The slope is 3.
For every increase of 1 in the
x-variable, there will be an
increase of 3 in the yvariable.
The intercept is 7.
When the x-variable is 0, the
y-variable is 7.
219
15
y = 7 + 3x
y increases by b =
3
x increases by 1
10
5
a=7
0
0

Example
Consider the equation: y=174x
The slope is -4.
For every increase of 1 in the
x-variable, there will be a
a = 17
decrease of 4 in the y-variable.
The intercept is 17.
When the x-variable is 0, the yvariable is 17.
15
y changes by b = -4 (i.e., changes by 4)
10
y = 17 - 4x
5
x increases by 1
0
0
220

Regression analysis is used to predict the value of one variable

(the dependent variable) on the basis of other variables (the
independent variables).
Dependent variable: denoted Y = PPV
Independent variable: denoted X = Scaled Distance
which is referred to as simple linear regression. We would be

interested in estimating K and Alpha from the data we collect.
221

Equation of the straight line pattern

Where :
Y = PPV
X= Scaled Distance
and
SS xy
SS xx
SS xy
SS xx
222
( xi x )( yi y )
( xi x )
xi yi
x
n
x y
i
2
i


Where :
Y = PPV
X= Scaled Distance
and
K y x
223

Correlation Coefficient : r2
Tell us how accurate is the equation of the straight line
n xy x y
[n( x ) ( x) ][n( y ) ( y ) ]
2
224

y
R2 = 1
Perfect linear relationship
between x and y:
r2 = 1
225
100% of the variation in y is

explained by variation in x

y
0 < R2 < 1
Weaker linear relationship
between x and y:
x
226
Some but not all of the

variation in y is explained
by variation in x

R2 = 0
No linear relationship
between x and y:
R2 = 0
227
The value of Y does not

depend on x. (None of the
variation in y is explained
by variation in x)

K and Alpha signification
Alpha () :
Represent how quickly the maximum amplitude of the
vibrations decreases versus distance
Standard average value for is :
-1.8
228

K:
Represent how efficient is the blast for a given
configuration
K varies from 100 to 5000 or more
A low value of k (<1000) means a good efficiency

of the blast
A high value ok (>2500) means a bad efficiency of
the blast
229

Scaled Distance Model could be different on different

orientation
depending on :
Geology
Topography
Water saturation
Its means:
230
K1, 1
K, 2

Limit of the method
The equation ->

doesnt not includes :
The number of holes
The location of holes (X,Y,Z)
The location (direction) of the critical point versus the
blast
The timing
231
XIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
381
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Andrews A.B. Design Criteria For Sequential Blasting. Proceeding of the Seventh
Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique Phoenix, AA, Montville (OH):
Society of Explosives Engineers, 1981
Andrieux P. P., McKenzie C., Heilig J. and Drolet A. The Impact of Blasting on
Excavation Design A Geomechanics Approach, in Proceedings, 20th Annual ISEE
Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique. Austin (TX), 1994
Atlas Powder Company. Explosives and Rock Blasting Field Technical Operations.
Dallas (TX), 1987
Bernard T. Control of Explosive Energy: Action of the explosive on the surrounding

area - Thesis, Institut de Geodynamique URA-CNRS, 1995
Bernard T. Explain to me why? Proc. 5th EFEE Conf. on Explosives and Blasting,
European Federation of Explosives Engineers, Budapest, 2009
Chapot P. Study of the vibrations caused by explosives in the solid rock masses.
Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses, Paris, 1981
382
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Crenwelge Jr. O. E. Method for Determining Amplitude-Frequency Components of

Blast Induced Ground Vibrations. Proceedings of the Fourth Mini-Symposium on
Explosives and BlastingResearch. Houston, TX: International Society of Explosives
Engineers, 1988.
Crenwelge Jr. O. E. A Frequency Domain Approach for Predicting and Minimizing

Blast Induced Ground Vibrations. Second International Symposium on Rock
Fragmentation By Blasting. Keystone, CO., 1987
Dick R. A., DAndrea D. V. and Fletcher L. R. Explosives and Rock Blasting

Procedures Manual IC 8925, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1983
Euvrard D. Numerical resolution of the partial derivative equations of physics,

mechanics and engineerings: Finite differences, finite elements, problems in not
limited fields, 1969
Favreau, R.F. Generation of strain waves in rock by an explosion in a spherical cavity.

Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 74, p. 4267, 1969
383
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Floyd J., Rockmass response quantification. Daveyfire, Inc.- Weaverland Quarry,

2001
Hadamard J. Leons sur la propagation des ondes et les quations de

lhydrodynamique. Paris: Hermann, 1903
ISEE field practice guidelines for blasting seismographs., blast vibrations and
seismograph section, Cleveland (OH): International Society of Explosives Engineers,
2010
Onederra I. A fragmentation modelling Framework. Fragblast International Journal for

Blasting and Fragmentation, vol.8 #3, p.195, 2004
Onederra I., Sesen S. Selection of inter-hole and inter-row timing for surface blasting an approach based on burden relief analysis, Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger, 2003
Oriard, Lewis L. The Effects of Vibrations and Environmental Forces. pp. 27, 29-30.
Cleveland (OH): International Society of Explosives Engineers, 1999
384
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Persson P-A., Homberg R. , Lee. J. Rock Blasting & Explosives Engineering. Chapter
11 : Blast Performance Control, p.306+, Chapter 4 : Shock Waves and Detonations,
Explosive Performance, p.128+. CRC Press, 1993
Piyush Pal Roy. Rock Blasting, Effects and Operations. London: Taylor & Francis,
2005
Rossmanith H.P. The Mechanics and physics of advanced blasting-waves, shocks,

fracture, damage, impact and profit. Short Course FragBlast8, 2006
Siskind D. E., Stagg M. S., Kopp J. W. and Dowding C. H. Structure Response and
Damage Produced by Ground Vibration From Surface Mine Blasting - RI 8507, US
Bureau of Mines, 1980
Siskind D. E. , Crum S. V., Otterness R. E. and Kopp J. W. Comparative Study of

Blasting Vibrations From Indiana Surface Mines RI 9226, U.S. Bureau of Mines,
1989
385
XIII. Bibliography
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Siskind D. E. Control of Ground Vibration Frequencies and Amplitudes Through Blast

Design (state of the art) Issue Paper # 3. U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1993.
Stachura V.J., Siskind D.E. and Engler A.J. Airblast Instrumentation and
Measurement Techniques for Surface Mining RI 8508, U.S Bureau of Mines, 1981
Tosello R.. Shock Waves & Detonation Waves. Detonic courses Institut des Sciences
de lIngnieur Toulon Var (ISITV), La Valette du Var, 2005-2006
Vanbrabant F. Modelamiento Interaccion de Ondas. Jornadas de Tronadura, Santiago

de Chile, 2001
Wiss, Janney and Elstner and Al. Control of Vibration and Blast Noise From Surface
Mining contract report J0255022. U.S Bureau of Mines, 1978
386
XIII. Bibliography

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Analysis and control

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

I am a mechanical engineer (ENSAM) with a PhD in

I am very please to share my blasting vibration experience

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

II. Description of vibration phenomenon.....................................................................

III. Types of elastic waves.................................................................................

IV. Seismic waves from Blasting............................................................................. 24

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

It is focusing on the phenomenon itself and how to control

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE VIBRATION PHENOMENON

Learn the definition of a vibration

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

2.2 GROUND VIBRATIONS AND WAVES

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

2.2 GROUND VIBRATIONS AND WAVES

Stone and ripples

Waves in a water medium

Waves in a gaz medium

Waves in a solid medium

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

2.3 GROUND VIBRATIONS AND WAVES

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

2.3a GROUND VIBRATIONS AND WAVES

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second.

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

2.8 FREQUENCY PERIOD

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

2.9 DESCRIPTION OF THE VIBRATION PHENOMENON

Its frequency or period

II. Description of vibration phenomenon

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

III. TYPES OF ELASTIC WAVES

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

3. TYPE OF ELECATIC WAVES

Learn how to differentiate various type of elastic waves

III. Types of elastic waves

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

3.1.1 BODY WAVES P WAVES

A longitudinal P wave has the ability to move through solid

III. Types of elastic waves

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD

3.1.2 BODY WAVES S WAVES

III. Types of elastic waves

Vibration course by Dr, Ing. Thierry BERNARD