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Contents
13.1
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.2
13.2.1
Description ............................................................................................................................. 7
13.2.2
13.2.3
13.2.4
13.3
13.3.1
Description ........................................................................................................................... 13
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.4
13.4.1
Description ........................................................................................................................... 17
13.4.2
13.4.3
13.4.4
13.5
13.5.1
Description ........................................................................................................................... 21
13.5.2
13.5.3
13.6
13.6.1
13.6.2
13-2
13.7.1
Description ........................................................................................................................... 31
13.7.2
13.7.3
American Petroleum Institute, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 10th edition,
Addendum 4, 2005.
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers, Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of
Petrochemical Facilities, 1997.
ASME BPVC
AWWA D100
American Water Works Association, Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage, 2005.
Bachman and
Dowty
Jacobsen
Morison
Morison, J.R., OBrien, J.W. and Sohaaf, S.A., The Forces Exerted by Surface Waves
on Piles, Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 189; 1950.
13-3
Rack Manufacturers Institute, Specification for the Design, Testing and Utilization of
Industrial Steel Storage Racks, MH16.1, 2008
Soules
Soules, J. G., The Seismic Provisions of the 2006 IBC Nonbuilding Structure
Criteria, Proceedings of 8th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San
Francisco, CA, April 18, 2006.
Supported Item
Nonstructural Component
Nonbuilding Structure
Building
Nonbuilding
The example shown in Figure 13-1 is a combustion turbine, electric-power-generating facility with four
bays. Each bay contains a combustion turbine and supports an inlet filter on the roof. The uniform
seismic dead load of the supporting roof structure is 30 psf. Each filter weighs 34 kips.
The following two examples illustrate the difference between nonbuilding structures that are treated as
nonstructural components, using Standard Chapter 13 and those which are designed in accordance with
Standard Chapter 15. In many instances, the weight of the supported nonbuilding structure is relatively
small compared to the weight of the supporting structure (less than 25 percent of the combined weight)
such that the supported nonbuilding structure will have a relatively small effect on the overall nonlinear
earthquake response of the primary structure during design-level ground motions. It is permitted to treat
such structures as nonstructural components and use the requirements of Standard Chapter 13 for their
design. Where the weight of the supported structure is relatively large (greater than or equal to 25 percent
of the combined weight) compared to the weight of the supporting structure, the overall response can be
affected significantly. In such cases it is intended that seismic design loads and detailing requirements be
13-4
Inlet filter
25'
'
80
30'
30'
30'
30'
WIF
WCombined
136
= 0.321 > 25%
424
13-5
Because the weight of the inlet filters is 25 percent or more of the combined weight of the nonbuilding
structure and the supporting structure (Standard Sec. 15.3.2), the inlet filters are classified as
nonbuilding structures and the seismic design forces must be determined from analysis of the combined
seismic-resistant structural systems. This would require modeling the filters, the structural components of
the filters and the structural components of the combustion turbine supporting structure to determine
accurately the seismic forces on the structural elements as opposed to modeling the filters as lumped
masses.
13.1.2 Nonstructural
Component
For the purpose of illustration, assume that the inlet filters are independent structures, although each is
supported on the same basic structure. Unlike the previous example where the filter units were connected
to each other through a rigid diaphragm, the four filter units are not connected in a fashion that couples
their dynamic response. In other words, the four independent structures do not significantly affect the
response of the support structure. In this instance, one filter is the nonbuilding structure. The question is
whether it is heavy enough to significantly change the response of the combined system.
13.1.2.1 Calculation of seismic weights.
One inlet filter = WIF = 34 kips
Support structure = WSS = 4(30 ft)(80 ft)(30 psf) = 288 kips
The combined weight of the nonbuilding structures (all four inlet filters) and the supporting structural
system is:
Wcombined = 4(34 kips) + 288 kips = 424 kips
13.1.2.2 Selection of design method. The ratio of the supported weight to the total weight is:
WIF
WCombined
34
= 0.08 < 25%
424
Because the weight of an inlet filter is less than 25 percent of the combined weight of the nonbuilding
structures and the supporting structure (Standard Sec. 15.3.1), the inlet filters are classified as
nonstructural components and the seismic design forces must be determined in accordance with
Standard Chapter 13. In this example, the filters could be modeled as lumped masses. The filters and the
filter supports could then be designed as nonstructural components.
13-6
20'-0"
5 bays @ 20'-0"
= 100'-0"
20'-0"
6 bays @ 20'-0"
= 120'-0"
Expansion loop
breaks the
continuity
Horizontal bracing
at braced bay only
10'-0"
15'-0"
8'-0"
3'-0"
PLAN
ELEVATION
SECTION
13-7
SDS = 0.40
SD1 = 0.18
13.2.2.2 Occupancy category and importance factor. The upper piping carries a toxic material
(naphtha) (Occupancy Category III Standard Table 1-1) and the lower piping is required for fire
suppression (Occupancy Category IV Standard Table 1-1). The naphtha piping and the fire water
piping are included in Standard Section 1.5.1; therefore, the pipe rack is assigned to Occupancy Category
IV based on the more severe category.
Standard Section 15.4.1.1 directs the user to use the largest value of I based on the applicable reference
document listed in Standard Chapter 23, the largest value selected from Standard Table 11.5-1, or as
specified elsewhere in Standard Chapter 15. It is important to be aware of the requirements of Standard
Section 15.4.1.1. While the importance factor for most structures will be determined based on Standard
Table 11.5-1, there are reference documents that define importance factors greater than those found in
Standard Table 11.5-1. Additionally, Standard Section 15.5.3 requires that steel storage racks in
structures open to the public be assigned an importance factor of 1.5. This additional requirement for
steel storage racks addresses a risk to the public that is not addressed by Standard Table 11.5-1 and
Standard Table1-1. For this example, Standard Table 11.5-1 governs the choice of importance factor.
According to Standard Section 11.5.1, the importance factor, I, is 1.5 based on Occupancy Category IV.
13.2.2.3 Seismic design category. For this structure assigned to Occupancy Category IV with SDS = 0.40
and SD1 = 0.18, the Seismic Design Category is D according to Standard Section 11.6.
13.2.3 Design
in
the
Transverse
Direction
13.2.3.1 Design coefficients. According to Standard Section 15.4-1, either Standard Table 12.2-1 or
Standard Table 15.4-1 may be used to determine the seismic parameters, although mixing and matching
of values and requirements from the tables is not allowed. In Standard Chapter 15, selected nonbuilding
structures similar to buildings are provided an option where both lower R values and less restrictive height
limits are specified. This option permits selected types of nonbuilding structures which have performed
well in past earthquakes to be constructed with fewer restrictions in Seismic Design Categories D, E and
F provided seismic detailing is used and design force levels are considerably higher. The R value-height
limit trade-off recognizes that the size of some nonbuilding structures is determined by factors other than
traditional loadings and result in structures that are much stronger than required for seismic loadings
(Soules, 2006). Therefore, the structures ductility demand is generally much lower than a corresponding
building. The R value-height trade-off also attempts to obtain the same structural performance at the
increased heights. The user will find that the option of reduced R value with less restricted height will
prove to be the economical choice in most situations due to the relative cost of materials and construction
labor. It must be emphasized that the R value-height limit trade-off of Standard Table 15.4-1 applies only
to nonbuilding structures similar to buildings and cannot be applied to building structures.
In Standard Table 12.2-1, ordinary steel moment frames are not permitted in Seismic Design Category D
(with some exceptions) and cannot be used in this example. There are several options for ordinary steel
moment frames found in Standard Table 15.4-1. These options are as follows:
1. Standard Table 15.4-1, Ordinary moment frames of steel, R = 3.5, o = 3, Cd = 3. According to
Note c in Standard Table 15.4-1, this system is allowed for pipe racks up to 65 feet high using
bolted end plate moment connections and per Note d this system is allowed for pipe racks up to
35 feet without limitations on the connection type. This option requires the use of the AISC 341.
13-8
2. Standard Table 15.4-1, Ordinary moment frames of steel with permitted height increase, R = 2.5,
0 = 2, Cd = 2.5. This option is intended for pipe racks with height greater than 65 feet and
limited to 100 feet. This option is not applicable for this example.
3. Standard Table 15.4-1, Ordinary moment frames of steel with unlimited height, R=1, 0 = 1, Cd
= 1. This option does not require the use of the AISC 341.
For this example, Option 1 above is chosen. Using Standard Table 15.4-1, the parameters for this
ordinary steel moment frame are:
R = 3.5
0 = 3
Cd = 3
Ordinary steel moment frames are retained for use in nonbuilding structures such as pipe racks because
they allow greater flexibility for accommodating process piping and are easier to design and construct
than special steel moment frames.
Cs =
S DS
0.4
=
= 0.171
R I 3.5 1.5
From analysis, T = 0.42 second. For nonbuilding structures, the fundamental period is generally
approximated for the first iteration and must be verified with final calculations. Standard Section 15.4.4
makes clear that the approximate period equations of Standard Section 12.8.2 do not apply to nonbuilding
structures.
Using Standard Equation 12.8-3 for T TL, Cs does not need to exceed
Cs =
S D1
0.18
=
= 0.184
T ( R I ) 0.42(3.5 1.5)
13-9
x =
Cd xe 3( 0.328)
=
= 0.656 in.
1.5
I
The lateral drift must be checked with regard to acceptable limits. The acceptable limits for nonbuilding
structures are not found in codes. Rather, the limits are what is acceptable for the performance of the
piping. In general, piping can safely accommodate the amount of lateral drift calculated in this example.
P-delta effects must also be considered and checked as required in Standard Section 15.4.5.
13.2.3.6 Redundancy factor. Some nonbuilding structures are designed with parameters from Standard
Table 12.2-1 or 15.4-1 if they are termed nonbuilding structures similar to buildings. For such
structures (assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E, or F) the redundancy factor applies. Pipe racks,
being fairly simple moment frames or braced frames, are in the category similar to buildings. Because
this structure is assigned to Seismic Design Category D, Standard Section 12.3.4.2 applies.
Considering the transverse direction, the seismic force-resisting system is an ordinary moment resisting
frame with only two columns in a single frame. The frames repeat in an identical pattern. Loss of
moment resistance at the beam-to-column connections at both ends results in a loss of more than
33 percent in story strength. Therefore, Standard Section 12.3.4.2, Condition (a) is not met. The moment
frame as described above consists only of a single bay. Therefore, Standard Section 12.3.4.2, Condition
b is not met. The value of in the transverse direction is therefore 1.3.
13.2.3.7 Determining E. In Standard Section 12.4.2, E is defined to include the effects of horizontal and
vertical ground motions and can be summarized as follows:
E = QE 0.2 SDS D
where QE is the effect of the horizontal earthquake ground motions, which is determined primarily by the
base shear just computed and D is the effect of dead load. By putting a simple multiplier on the effect of
dead load, the last term is an approximation of the effect of vertical ground motion. For the moment
frame, the joint moment is influenced by both terms. E with the + on the second term where combined
with dead and live loads will generally produce the largest negative moment at the joints, while E with the
- on the second term where combined with the minimum dead load (0.6D) will produce the largest
positive joint moments.
13-10
The Standard also requires the consideration of an overstrength factor, 0, on the effect of horizontal
motions in defining Em for components susceptible to brittle failure. Standard Section 12.4.3 defines Em
and this definition can be summarized as follows:
Em = 0 QE 0.2 SDS D
The moment frame portion of the pipe rack does not have components that require such consideration.
13.2.4 Design
in
the
Longitudinal
Direction
13.2.4.1 Design coefficients. In Standard Section 15.4-1, either Standard Table 12.2-1 or
Standard Table 15.4-1 may be used to determine the seismic parameters. In Standard Table
12.2-1, ordinary steel concentrically braced frames are not permitted for Seismic Design
Category D (with some exceptions) and cannot be used for this example. There are several
options for ordinary steel concentrically braced frames found in Standard Table 15.4-1. These
options are as follows:
1. Standard Table 15.4-1, Ordinary steel concentrically braced frame, R = 3.25, 0 = 2,
Cd = 3.25. According to Note b in Standard Table 15.4-1, this system is allowed for pipe
racks up to 65 feet high. This option requires the use of AISC 341.
2. Standard Table 15.4-1, Ordinary steel concentrically braced frames with permitted height
increase, R = 2.5, 0 = 2, Cd = 2.5. This option is intended for pipe racks with height
greater than 65 feet and limited to 160 feet. This option is not applicable for this
example.
3. Standard Table 15.4-1, Ordinary steel concentrically braced frames with unlimited
height, R = 1.5, 0 = 1, Cd = 1.5. This option does not require the use of AISC 341.
For this example, Option 1 above is chosen. Using Standard Table 15.4-1, the parameters for this
ordinary steel concentrically braced frame are:
R = 3.25
0 = 2
Cd = 3.25
13.2.4.2 Seismic response coefficient. Using Standard Equation 12.8-2:
Cs =
S DS
0.4
=
= 0.185
R I 3.25 1.5
From analysis, T = 0.24 second. The fundamental period for nonbuilding structures is generally
approximated for the first iteration and must be verified with final calculations.
Using Standard Equation 12.8-3, Cs does not need to exceed:
13-11
Cs =
S D1
0.18
=
= 0.346
T ( R I ) 0.24(3.25 1.5 )
redundancy conditions specified in Standard Section 12.3.4.2. Condition a is not met because
only one set of bracing is provided on each side, so removal of one brace would result in a
reduction of greater than 33 percent in story strength. Condition b is not met because two bays
of seismic force-resisting perimeter framing are not provided in each orthogonal direction.
Therefore, the redundancy factor, , is 1.3. If two bays of bracing were provided on each side of
the pipe rack in the longitudinal direction, the pipe rack would meet Condition (a) and qualify for
a redundancy factor, , of 1.0 in that direction.
13.2.4.6 Determine E. In Standard Section 12.4.2, E is defined to include the effects of horizontal and
vertical ground motions and can be summarized as follows:
E = QE 0.2 SDS D
where QE is the effect of the horizontal earthquake ground motions, which is determined primarily by the
base shear just computed and D is the effect of dead load. By putting a simple multiplier on the effect of
dead load, the last term is an approximation of the effect of vertical ground motion.
The Standard also requires the consideration of an overstrength factor, 0, on the effect of horizontal
motions in defining Em for components susceptible to brittle failure. Standard Section 12.4.3 defines Em
and this definition can be summarized as follows:
Em = 0 QE 0.2 SDS D
The ordinary steel concentrically braced frame portion of the pipe rack does have components that require
such consideration. The beams connecting each moment frame in the longitudinal direction act as
collectors and, as required by Standard Section 12.10.2.1, must be designed for the seismic load effect
including overstrength factor.
13.2.4.7 Orthogonal loads. Because the pipe rack in this example is assigned to Seismic Design
Category D, Standard Section 12.5.4 requires that the braced sections of the pipe rack be evaluated using
the orthogonal combination rule of Standard Section 12.5.3a. Two cases must be checked: 100 percent
13-12
13-13
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
8'-0"
0"
3'-0"
3'-0"
3'-0"
3'-0"
3'-
N
W
S
13-14
R=4
0 = 2
Cd = 3
13.3.3 Design
of
the
System
13.3.3.1 Seismic response coefficient. Standard Section 15.5.3 allows designers some latitude in
selecting the seismic design methodology. Designers may use the Rack Manufacturers Institute
specification (MH16.1-2008) to design steel storage racks. In other words, racks designed using the RMI
method of Section 15.5.3 are deemed to comply. As an alternate, designers may use the requirements of
Standard Sections 15.5.3.1 through 15.5.3.4. The RMI approach will be used in this example.
Using RMI Section 2.6.3, from analysis, T = 0.24 seconds. For this particular example, the short period
spectral value controls the design. The period for taller racks, however, may be significant and will be a
function of the operating weight. As shown in the calculations that follow, in the RMI method the
importance factor appears in the equation for V rather than in the equation for Cs. The seismic response
coefficient from RMI is:
Cs =
S D1
0.18
=
= 0.188
T ( R ) 0.24( 4 )
Cs =
S DS 0.4
=
= 0.10
R
4
13-15
wx hxk
wx hxk
0.40
Fx
(kips)
2.56
95.85
0.30
1.92
63.90
0.20
1.28
31.95
0.10
0.63
Level
x
5
Wx
(kips)
10.65
hx
(ft)
12
(k = 1)
127.80
10.65
10.65
10.65
wi hi
i =1
42.6
319.5
1.0 ft = 0.3048 m, 1.0 kip = 4.45 kN, 1.0 ft-kip = 1.36 kN-m.
Vx
(kips)
Mx
(ft-kips)
2.56
7.68
4.48
21.1
5.76
38.4
6.39
57.6
13-16
13-17
240'-0"
0"
5'-
18
230'-0"
N
S
W
Plate girder to
support boiler
(typical)
Buck stays
(typical)
BOILER
Section A-A
13-18
III
1.25
Short-period Response, SS
0.864
0.261
D (default)
1.155
1.877
=
=
0.665
0.327
Ordinary steel
concentrically braced
frame with unlimited
height
1.5
1.5
Unlimited
According to Standard Section 15.4-1, either Standard Table 12.2-1 or Standard Table 15.4-1 may be
used to determine the seismic parameters, although mixing and matching of values and requirements from
the tables is not allowed. If the structure were classified as a building, its height would be limited to
35 feet for a Seismic Design Category D ordinary steel concentrically braced frame, according to
Standard Table 12.2-1. A review of Standard Table 12.2-1 shows that three steel high ductility braced
frame systems (two eccentrically braced systems and the special concentrically braced system) and two
special moment frame systems can be used at a height of 240 feet. In most of these cases, the additional
requirements of Standard Section 12.2.5.4 must be met to qualify the system at a height of 240 feet.
Boiler buildings normally are constructed using ordinary concentrically braced frames.
13-19
Cs =
S DS
0.665
=
= 0.554
R I 1.5 1.25
From analysis, T = 1.90 seconds. Using Standard Equation 12.8-3, CS does not need to exceed
S D1
0.327
Cs =
=
= 0.143
T ( R I ) 1.90(1.5 1.25)
but using Standard Equation 12.8-5, Cs must not be less than:
Cs = 0.044ISDS 0.01 = 0.044(1.25)(0.665) = 0.0366
Standard Equation 12.8-3 controls; Cs = 0.143.
13.4.3.2 Seismic weight. Calculate the total seismic weight, W, as follows:
W = WDL + WBoiler = 16,700 kips + 31,600 kips = 48,300 kips
13.4.3.3 Base shear. Using Standard Equation 12.8-1:
V = CsW = 0.143(48,300 kips) = 6,907 kips
13.4.3.4 Redundancy factor. The structure in this example meets the requirements of Condition b
specified in Standard Section 12.3.4.2, because two bays of seismic force-resisting perimeter
framing are provided in each orthogonal direction. Therefore, the redundancy factor, , is 1.0.
It is important to note that each story resists more than 35 percent of the base shear because the
boiler is hung from the top of the structure. Therefore, each story must comply with the
requirements of Condition b. If a story resisted less than 35 percent of the base shear, the
requirements of Standard Section 12.3.4.2 would not apply and that story would not be
considered in establishing the redundancy factor.
13.4.3.5 Determining E. E is defined to include the effects of horizontal and vertical ground motions as
follows:
E = QE 0.2 SDS D
13-20
Cs =
S DS
0.665
=
= 0.554
R I 1.5 1.25
From analysis, T = 2.60 seconds. Using Standard Equation 12.8-3, Cs does not need to exceed:
S D1
0.327
Cs =
=
= 0.105
T ( R I ) 2.60(1.5 1.25)
Using Standard Equation 12.8-5, Cs must not be less than:
Cs = 0.044ISDS 0.01 = 0.044(1.25)(0.665) = 0.0366
Standard Equation 12.8-3 controls; Cs = 0.105.
13.4.4.2 Seismic weight. Calculate the total seismic weight, W, as follows:
W = WDL + WBoiler = 16,700 kips + 31,600 kips = 48,300 kips
13.4.4.3 Base shear. Using Standard Equation 12.8-1:
V = CsW = 0.105(48,300 kips) = 5072 kips
13-21
PLAN
3'-0"
15'-0"
3'-0"
W
10'-0"
10'-0"
10'-0"
3'-0"
20'-0"
Mud
30'-0"
Dense
sand
ELEVATION
II
1.0
Short-period Response, SS
1.75
13-22
10'-0"
10'-0"
0.60
D (dense sand)
1.0
1.5
=
=
1.167
0.60
Intermediate concrete
moment frame with
permitted height increase
2.5
50 ft
If the structure were classified as a building, an intermediate reinforced concrete moment frame
would not be permitted in Seismic Design Category D.
13.5.3 Design
of
the
System
13.5.3.1 Seismic response coefficient. Using Standard Equation 12.8-2:
Cs =
S DS 1.167
=
= 0.389
R I 3 1.0
From analysis, T = 0.596 seconds. Using Standard Equation 12.8-3, Cs does not need to exceed:
Cs =
S D1
0.60
=
= 0.336
T ( R I ) 0.596(3 1.0 )
13-23
13-24
Freeboard
H = 10'-0"
HR = 15'-0"
5'-0"
D = 20'-0"
13-25
IV
1.5
Short-period Response, SS
1.236
0.406
6 seconds
C (per geotech)
1.0
1.39
=
=
0.824
0.376
2.5
13-26
D
20
=
=
= 0.542
20
D
WT
0.866
0.866
10
H
Wi = Wtank + Wiwater = 15.4 + 106.2 = 121.6 kips
13.6.1.3.4 Base Shear.
According to Standard Equation 15.7-5:
Vi =
Sai Wi 0.824(121.6 )
=
= 50.1 kips
R I
3 1.5
13.6.1.4 Calculations for convective response natural period for the first mode of sloshing.
13.6.1.4.1 Natural period for the first mode of sloshing. Using Standard Equation 15.7-12:
= 2
3.68 tanh
3.68
= 2
20 ft
ft
3.68 10 ft
3.68 32.174 tanh
20 ft
= 2.65 s
13.6.1.4.2 Spectral acceleration. Using Standard Equation 15.7-10 with Tc < TL = 6 seconds:
S ac =
Wc
10
H
D
20
10
Vc =
0.212(1.5)
Sac I
Wc =
(85.7 ) = 18.2 kips
1.5
1.5
13-27
13-28
3/16 Thk
roof PL
Roof rafters 1R
(54) W14x26
33' High
liquid
level
3'-9 5/16"
3/4
Center column 1C
20 Dia Sch 10
Shell
Height
=40'-0"
Internal aluminum
floating roof
Top of
bottom PL
10'
1"
6" bottom
crown at
center
1/4" Thk
bottom PL
Ringwall
foundation
III
1.25
=
=
0.824
0.376
2.5
13-29
D
120
=
=
= 0.316
120
D
Wp
0.866
0.866
33
H
Wi = Wtank + WGas = 490 + 5590 = 6,080 kips
13.6.2.3.4 Base shear. According to Standard Equation 15.7-5:
13.6.2.4.1 Natural period for the first mode of sloshing. Using Standard Equation 15.7-12:
= 2
3.68
3.68 tanh
= 2
120 ft
ft
3.68 33 ft
3.68 32.174 tanh
120 ft
= 7.22 s
13.6.2.4.2 Spectral acceleration. Using Standard Equation 15.7-11 with Tc > TL = 6 seconds:
Sac =
13-30
Wc
33
H
D
120
tanh 3.67
= 0.230 tanh 3.67 = 0.230
= 0.640
120
WT
D
H
33
Vc =
0.0649(1.5 )
Sac I
Wc =
(11,322 ) = 735 kips
1.5
1.5
13.6.2.5 Design base shear. Item (b) of Standard Section 15.7.2 indicates that impulsive and convective
components may, in general, be combined using the SRSS method. Standard Equation 15.7-4 requires
that the direct sum be used for ground-supported storage tanks for liquids. Note b under Standard Section
15.7.6.1 allows the use of the SRSS method in lieu of using Standard Equation 15.7-4. Therefore, the
base shear is computed as follows:
Sac =
0.7 s = 2.27 ft
The 7 feet of freeboard provided also includes a 3-foot allowance for an aluminum internal floating roof
and the roof framing. The seismic freeboard must be sufficient to avoid forcing the floating roof into the
fixed roof framing. The freeboard provided is adequate. The reduced freeboard requirement recognizes
that providing seismic freeboard for Occupancy Category I, II, or III tanks is an economic decision
(reducing damage) and not a life-safety issue. Because of this, a reduced freeboard is allowed. If
secondary containment were provided, no freeboard would be required based on Standard Table 15.7-3,
Footnote (b).
13-31
H=100'
D=10'
T=3/8"
7.78 H
T = 6
10 D
where:
t
10 10
12(300000 100)10
0.375
= 0.762s
T = period (s)
W = weight (lb/ft)
H = height (ft)
D = diameter (ft)
T = shell thickness (in.)
13-32
2.5
13-33
Cs =
S DS 1.86
=
= 0.930
R I 3 1.5
Cs =
S D1
0.79
=
= 0.518
T ( R I ) 0.762(3 1.5)
13-34
H
h
k = 1 (triangle)
k = 2 (parabola)
T = 0.5 s
T = 2.5 s
h = 2/3 H
h=
(k+1)
(k+2)
h = 3/4 H
h=
( k + 1) H
( k + 2)
k =1+
0.762 0.5
= 1.131
2.5 0.5
h=
13-35