1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Hormones are organic compounds that are synthesized in one part of the plant and
shifted to other parts. Hormone (from Greek, : hormones - "the move") are chemical
messengers between cells or between groups of cells. All multicellular organisms, including
plants producing hormones, at very low concentrations of hormones cause physiological
response. The hormone can stimulate or inhibit the process of growth, and differentiation of
the target cells. Physiological processes that are influenced, among others, growth,
differentiation, initiation of flowering, germination.
Nearly 50 years, in topics such as the cytology, nutrition, primary and secondary
metabolism of cells in culture, morphogenesis and pathology have been studied (Thorpe,
1990). Davies (1995), state that synthetic compounds that act like natural plant hormones are
called "plant growth regulators".
Plant hormones or phytohormones are organic compounds that plants in low
concentrations affect physiological processes. Physiological processes, especially regarding
the process of growth, differentiation and development of plants. Other processes such as the
introduction of plants, stomatal opening, translocation and nutrient uptake is influenced by
plant hormones.
Hormones circulate in the fluid circulation sell to search for the target cell. When
hormone finding the target cells, hormones binds to specific receptor proteins on the cell
surface and transmit signals. Receptor protein will receive these signals and react either by
affecting gene expression of cells or alter the activity of a cellular protein, including the
stimulation or inhibition of the growth is and apoptosis (programmed cell death), the
activation or deactivation of the immune system, metabolic regulation and preparation
activities new, or phase of life (eg, puberty and menopause).

2.0 DISCUSSION
Auxin is the most important hormone involved in rooting; there is naturally occurring
and synthetic hormones. The behaviour they played in plant growth was first revealed by a
Dutch scientist named Fritz Went (1903-1990). Alpha-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) is one
of example of synthetic. NAA is purely synthetic auxin and it is chemically similar to IAA

(Indole-3-acetic asid) and more effective auxin in promoting rooting. The effect of NAA on
plant growth is greatly dependent on the time of admission and concentration. When used
after four weeks, NAA stimulates shoot growth, while full-time use limits growth.

Figure 1 Show the structure of NAA

Auxin molecules present in cells may trigger responses directly through stimulation or
inhibition of the expression of sets of certain genes. Auxin transcriptional activates four
different families of early because the components required for the activation are pre-existing.
Synthetic auxins are low-molecular weight, organic substances, containing either an indole or
an aromatic ring. They are slightly soluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents
(ethanol, methanol, acetone, diethyl ether and dimethyl sulphoxide, DMSO) or in alkaline
watery solutions.
In general, the metabolism of auxin, as well as the metabolism of any other hormone,
consists of both biosynthetic and hormone-molecule modifying reactions. The knowledge on
the whole complex of auxin metabolism (including biosynthesis) has been recently
summarised in Ljung et al., (2002), Zazimalova and Napier (2003), and Normanly et al.,
(2004).
Used in high doses, auxin stimulates the production of ethylene. Excess ethylene can
inhibit elongation growth, cause leaves to fall (leaf abscission), and even kill the plant. Auxin
is produced in the apicalmeri stems. Auxin moves from cell to cell in apolar gradient It moves
from distal to proximal. This is why cuttings root at the base (proximalend) of the stem.
Auxin transport proteins are located at the base of parenchyma cells. Transport is not
sensitive to gravity and always moves in a polar direction.
Hormonal activity: Auxins coordinate development at all levels in plants, from the cellular
level to organs and ultimately the whole plant. On the cellular level, auxin is essential for cell

growth, affecting both cell division and cellular expansion. Spending on the specific tissue,
auxin may promote axial elongation (as in shoots), lateral expansion (as in root swelling), or
isodiametric expansion (as in fruit growth). In some cases (coleoptile growth) auxinpromoted cellular expansion occurs in the absence of cell division. In other cases, auxinpromoted cell division and cell expansion may be closely sequenced within the same tissue
(root initiation, fruit growth). In a living plant it appears that auxins and other plant hormones
nearly always interact to determine patterns of plant development.
Organ patterns: Growth and division of plant cells together result in growth of tissue, and
specific tissue growth contributes to the development of plant organs. Growth of cells
contributes to the plant's size, but uneven localized growth produces bending, turning and
directionalization of organs- for example, stems turning toward light sources (phototropism),
roots growing in response to gravity (gravitropism), and other tropisms.
Organization of the plant: As auxins contribute to organ shaping, they are also
fundamentally required for proper development of the plant itself. Without hormonal
regulation and organization, plants would be merely proliferating heaps of similar cells.
Auxin employment begins in the embryo of the plant, where directional distribution of auxin
ushers in subsequent growth and development of primary growth poles, then forms buds of
future organs. Throughout the plant's life, auxin helps the plant maintain the polarity of
growth and recognize where it has its branches (or any organ) connected. An important
principle of plant organization based upon auxin distribution is apical dominance, which
means that the auxin produced by the apical bud (or growing tip) diffuses downwards and
inhibits the development of ulterior lateral bud growth, which would otherwise compete with
the apical tip for light and nutrients. Removing the apical tip and its suppressive hormone
allows the lower dormant lateral buds to develop, and the buds between the leaf stalk and
stem produce new shoots which compete to become the lead growth. This behavior is used in
pruning by horticulturists.
Root growth and development: Auxin induces new root formation by breaking root apical
dominance induced by cytokinins. In horticulture, auxins, especially NAA and IBA, are
commonly applied to stimulate root growth when taking cuttings of plants. However, high
concentrations of auxin inhibit root elongation and instead enhance adventitious root
formation. Removal of the root tip can lead to inhibition of secondary root formation.

Transporter proteins are only located at the proximal end of the cell. Therefore, auxin can
only move in one polar direction.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Growth, development, and the movement of some groups of plants controlled
substance commonly known as plant hormones or phytohormones. The use of the term
"hormone" itself uses the analogy of hormone function in animals; and, as in animals,
hormones are also produced in very small quantities in the cell. Some experts object to this
term because the function of some particular plant hormones

can be replaced by the

administration of certain substances from the outside, for example by spraying (exogenous
hormones, is given from outside the individual system). They prefer to use the term of growth
regulators.
Hormon plant is part of the genetic regulatory process and serves as a precursor.
Environmental stimuli trigger the formation of plant hormones. When the hormone
concentration has reached a certain level, a number of previously inactive genes will begin
expression. From an evolutionary standpoint, the plant hormone is part of the process of
adaptation and self-defense of plants for survival against type of phytohormones
Understanding on the behaviour of hormon has helped increase agricultural output by the
discovery of a wide range of synthetic substances which have the same effect as natural
phytohormones. The application of growth regulators in modern agriculture includes securing
results (such as the use of cycocel to improve plant resistance to unfavorable environment),
increase the size and improve the quality of the product (eg in technology watermelon
without seeds), or uniform flowering time (eg in the application of ethylene to uniformity of
flowering plants seasonal fruit).

REFERENCES
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Thorpe, T. A. The current status of plant tissue culture. In: Bhojwani, S. S., ed. P~ant tissue
cuhure: applications and limitations. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1990:1-33.

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