Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr.

2/2010

STUDII PRIVIND

STUDY ON POSSIBILITIES OF USE

POSIBILITILE DE UTILIZARE

OF PROCESSING DIMENSIONAL

ALE PRELUCRRII

ULTRASONIC EROSION

DIMENSIONALE PRIN
EROZIUNE CU ULTRASUNETE

Prof. univ. dr. Dan DOBROT

Universitatea Constantin Brncui
din Trgu-Jiu

Prof. PhD Dan DOBROT

Constantin Brancusi University of
Trgu Jiu

Rezumat: Lucrarea prezint o serie de studii

privind posibilitile de utilizare ale prelucrrii
dimensionale prin eroziune cu ultrasunete.
Studiu efectuat se refer n mod deosebit la
posibilitile
folosirii
ultrasunetelor
la
intensificarea procedeelor de prelucrare prin
achiere de tipul strunjirii i rectificrii. Acest
studiu prezentat n lucrare se impunea deoarece
prelucrarea dimensional cu ultrasunete i
gsete n tehnica modern un cmp de
aplicabilitate din ce n ce mai larg, remarcnduse n mod deosebit n prelucrarea materialelor
dure i fragile neelectroconductoare, acolo unde
alte procedee de prelucrare nu dau rezultate
satisfctoare sau sunt imposibil de aplicat.

Abstract: This paper presents a series of

usability studies of erosion dimensional
ultrasound processing. Study refers specifically
to the possibility of using ultrasound to further
processing procedures such turning, driling and
grinding. The study presented in paper
processing as required dimensional ultrasound
finds in a field of application modern technology
increasingly wider remarked is especially hard
materials
processing
and
fragile
neelectroconductoare there which do not give
other working satisfactory or unenforceable.
Key words: ultrasonic erosion, temperature,
Conduction Transfer Function

Cuvinte cheie: ultrasunete, prelucrare prin

eroziune, burghiere, rectificare

1. Introducere
Prelucrarea prin aeroziune cu
ultrasunete
poat
folosi
sisteme
ultraacustice ce utilizeaz: vibraii
longitudinale,
vibraii transversale,
vibraii de torsiune.
Construcia simpl i robust este
avantajul pe care l prezint sistemele
ultraacustice care utilizeaz vibraii
longitudinale, lanul ultraacustic fiind
format din transductor, concentrator i
scul. Sistemele ultraacustice care
utlizeaz vibraii longitudinale prezint i
o serie de dezavantaje, cum ar fi:

1. Introduction
The processing by ultrasound
erosion can use ultrasonic systems
applying:
longitudinal
vibration,
transversal vibrations, torsion vibrations.
The
simple
and
massive
construction is the advantage that
ultrasonic systems, using longitudinal
vibrations present, the ultrasonic chain
being
formed
from
transducer,
concentrator and tool. The ultrasonic
systems using longitudinal vibrations
also present a series of disadvantages,
like: the impossibility of applying them
to a series of processing (internal turning

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imposibilitatea aplicrii acestora la o

serie de prelucrri (strunjirea interioar
cu vibraii tangeniale, burghierea i
alezarea cu vibraii torsionale etc.) i
limitri impuse de construcia acestora la
unele prelucrri (de exemplu la strunjirea
cilindric exterioar exist un diametru
maxim al piesei ce poate fi prelucrat i
o distan minim ntre cuit i
dispozitivul universal de prindere a
piesei) [1].
Sistemele ultraacustice cu vibraii
transversale ofer urmtoarele avantaje
[1]: eliminarea limitrilor de micare
longitudinal i n ceea ce privete
diametrul maxim al piesei de prelucrat i
posibilitatea prelucrrii cu mai multe
cuite n cazul strunjirii cilindrice
exterioare i posibilitatea utilizrii
acestora
la
strunjirea
cilindric
interioar. Sistemele ultraacustice cu
vibraii
transversale
prezint
dezavantajul unei construcii complicate
n care acordarea pe frecvena de
rezonan a lanului ultraacustic se
realizeaz relativ greu datorit pierderilor
energetice n planele nodale n care se
fixeaz cuitul. n cazul acestor sisteme,
concentratorul longitudinal i cuitul se
proiecteaz
conform
literaturii
de
specialitate [2].
Sistemele ultraacustice cu vibraii
torsionale pot fi utilizate la diferite
prelucrri
n
vederea
orientrii
oscilaiilor dup direcia forei F c (n
acest caz micarea vrfului cuitului dup
un arc de cerc cu lungimea de 10 20
aproximat cu o micare
m este
rectilinie pe direcia forei F c ). Acestea
pot fi acionate de transductoare
torsionale [1], [3] de lanuri acustice
longitudinale ce acioneaz excentric n
punctele ventrale ale unui concentrator
torsional [3] sau de lanuri acustice
torsionale ce acioneaz n punctele
nodale ale unui cuit cruia i se imprim
astfel vibraii transversale n planul XOY
[2].
Sistemele
ultraacustice
care

with tangential vibrations, drilling and

boring with torsional vibrations) and
limitations imposed by their construction
in some processing (for example at
external cylindrical turning there is a
maximum diameter of the piece that can
be processed also at a minimal distance
between the knife and the universal
device of catching the piece) [1].
The ultrasonic systems with
transversal vibrations offer the following
advantages [1]: elimination of the
longitudinal movements limitation and
regarding the maximal diameter of the
piece to be proccesed also the possibility
of processing with more knives in case of
external cylindrical turning and the
possibility to use them at internal
cilyndrical turning. The ultrasonic
systems with transversal vibrations have
the
advantage
of
a
complicated
construction in which granting on
resonance frequency of the ultrasonic
chain is realised quite difficult, due to
energetic losses in nodal plans, where the
knife is fixed. Regarding those systems,
the longitudinal concentrator and the
knife are designed according to the
specialty literature [2].
The ultrasonic systems with
torsional vibrations can be used at
different processing to target oscillations
according to the direction of force F c (in
this case the movement of the edge of the
knife, after a circle with the length of 10
20 m is approximated with a
rectilinear movement on the direction of
the force F c ). These can be driven by
torsional transducers [1], [3] by
longitudinal acoustic chains acting in an
eccentric manner in ventral points of a
torsional concentrator [3] or by torsional
acoustic chains acting in nodal points of
a knife to which are impressed the
transversal vibrations in plan XOY [2].
The ultrasonic systems usign torsional
vibrations offer the advantage of
introducing ultrasonic vibrations on the

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utilizeaz vibraii torsionale ofer

avantajul
introducerii
vibraiilor
ultrasonore dup direcia forei F c , la
unele prelucrri unde acestea nu se pot
realiza prin alte construcii [4]: alezare,
burghierea materialelor dure, frezare etc.,
precum i avantajul realizrii construciei
n plan orizontal n cazul strunjirii
cilindrice exterioare. Ca principale
dezavantaje
se
pot
meniona
complexitatea
construciei
acestor
sisteme i dificultile ntmpinate la
acordarea lor pe frecvena de rezonan.

direction of force F c , at some processing

where these cannot be realised by other
constructions [4]: boring, drilling harsh
materials, cutting, etc, as well as the
advantage of realising the construction in
horizontal plan in case of external
cylindrical
turning.
As
main
disadvantages can be mentioned the
complexity of the construction of those
systems and the difficulties encountered
at granting them on resonance frequency.
2. Dimensional
processing
ultrasonic erosion

2.
Prelucrri dimensionale
eroziune cu ultrasunete

by

prin

Prin procedeul de prelucrare

dimensional cu ultrasunete este posibil
realizarea unei game foarte variate de
configuraii a orificiilor sau cavitilor
prelucrate n cele mai diverse materiale.
Cele mai des folosite operaii de
prelucrare dimensional cu ultrasunete se
prezint n figura 1, deosebindu-se:
-gurirea ptruns sau neptruns
a unor materiale dure i extradure
neelectroconductoare
sau
electroconductoare (fig. 1,a);
-debitarea la dimensiune (fig. 1,b);
-execuia orificiilor i cavitilor
complexe (fig. 1,c);
-perforarea simultan a mai multor
orificii sau debitarea simultan a mai
multor piese din industria electronic,
cum ar fi plcuele semiconductoare,
lentilele etc.(fig.1,d);
-prelucrarea
matrielor
pentru
extrudare i tragere sau
a filierelor
pentru trefilare (fig. 1,e);
-execuia orificiilor curbe ptrunse
sau neptrunse (fig. 1,f);
-finisarea
prin
rectificare
ultrasonic a suprafeelor plane sau
profilate (fig. 1, g);
-filetarea interioar sau exterioar
a unor materiale dure i extradure

By the procedure of ultrasound

dimensional orcessing it is possible the
realization of a varied scale of
configurations of the holes or cavities
processed in different material. The most
often used processing operation of
ultrasound dimensional processing is
presented
in
figure
1,
being
differentiated:
-the penetrated or unpenetrated
perforation of some rigid or extra-rigid
materials that are not eletro-conducer or
which are electro-conducer (fig. 1,a);
-cutting off at dimension (fig.
1,b);
-execution of the complex holes
and cavities (fig. 1,c);
-simultaneous
perforation
of
several holes or simultaneous cutting off
of several parts from electronic industry,
like semi-conducer plates, lenses, etc
(fig.1,d);
-processing matrixes for extrusion
and drawing cutters for slitting (fig.
1,e);
-execution of the holes for
penetrated or unpenetrated curves (fig.
1,f);
-finishing
by
ultrasonic
rectification of plan or profiled surfaces
(fig. 1, g);
-internal or external threading of

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neelectroconductoare cu scul profilat

(fig. 1,h);
-canelarea dup o curb plan (fig.
1,i);
-finisarea prin honuire ultrasonic
a suprafeelor interioare cu scule
profilate corespunztor (fig. 1,j);
-durificarea stratului superficial n
cmp ultrasonor (fig. 1,k).
Cele mai spectaculoase realizri
sunt n prelucrarea sticlei optice,
prelucrarea i fasonarea lentilelor i
prismelor. Precizia de prelucrare este de
0,025 mm, iar dimensiunea minim a
orificiului de prelucrare este de 0,5 mm.
Un beneficiar de seam al
rezultatelor prelucrrii cu ultrasunete a
materialelor dure i fragile este industria
electrotehnic, unde se pune n mod
deosebit problema prelucrrii i debitrii
materialelor
semiconductoare,
a
ceramicilor
izolatoare,
a
feritelor
utilizate n radiotehnic i tehnica de
calcul, a elementelor de memorie i a
altor materiale fragile. Cu rezultate
deosebite
se
aplic
prelucrarea
dimensional
cu
ultrasunete
n
aeronautic, n ceasornicrie i elemente
de mecanic fin n industria aparatelor
medicale i de cercetare, unde se pune i
problema prelucrrii unor materiale ca
stelitul, cuarul, mica, rubinul, safirul i
alte pietre preioase i semipreioase
utilizate la confecionarea lagrelor de
mare precizie i finee.

some rigid material and non-electro

conducer extrusion with a sectional tool
(fig. 1,h);
-grooving according to a plan
curve (fig. 1,i);
-finishing by ultrasonic honing of
the
internal
surfaces
with
correspondently sectional tools (fig. 1,j);
-hardening the superficial layer on
ultrasonic field (fig. 1,k).
The most spectacular realizations
are
in
processing
optical
glass,
processing and moulding lenses and
prisms. The processing exactness is of
0,025 mm, and the minimal dimension of
the processing hole is of 0,5 mm.
As main beneficiary of the results for
ultrasound processing of rigid and
delicate materials is the electro technical
industry, where is underlined the problem
of processing and cutting-off semiconducer
materials,
of
insulating
ceramic, of ferrite used in radiotechniques and calculus technique, of the
memory elements and other fragile
materials. With special results it is
applied the ultrasound dimensional
processing in aeronautics, in watchmaker
industry and elements of fine mechanics
in the industry of medical and research
devices, where is discussed the problem
of processing materials like satellite,
quartz, mica, ruby, sapphire and other
precious and semi-precious stones used
for realising high precision and delicacy
bushing.

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a
P

A
A

A
b

c
P

ns

A
A

ns

np
fe
np
h

Fig. 1. Tipuri de operaii de prelucrare dimensional cu ultrasunete:

a - gurirea; b - debitarea; c - execuia orificiilor i cavitilor complexe; d - perforarea simultan; e prelucrarea filierelor; f - execuia orificiilor curbe; g - rectificarea ultrasonic; h - filetarea; i canelarea dup o curb plan; j - honuirea ultrasonic; k - durificarea stratului superficial; A
amplitudinea oscilaiilor ultrasonore; P fora static de apsare; ns, np turaia sculei i respectiv a
piesei.
Fig. 1. Types of ultrasound dimensional processing operations:
a - perforation; b cutting-off; c execution of complex holes and cavities; d simultaneous
perforation; e processing cutters; f processing of curve holes; g ultrasound rectification; h Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Engineering Series, Issue 2/2010

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threading; i grooving after a plan curve; j ultrasound honing ; k hardening of the superficial
layer; A amplitude of ultrasound oscillations; P pressing static force; ns, np speed of the tool and
of the piece

n industria constructoare de maini

prelucrarea dimensional cu ultrasunete i-a
gsit o arie larg de aplicare n prelucrarea
complex i de mare finee a carburilor de
wolfram i a unor aliaje dure i fragile
utilizate
la
construcia
sculelor
i
matrielor.Dezvoltri recente au pus n
eviden i utilizarea cu succes a prelucrrii
cu ultrasunete la materialele sinterizate i la
prelucrarea bioxidului de uraniu utilizat n
centralele atomo-electrice.
Creterea eficienei
procedeelor
clasice de prelucrare prin achiere se poate
face prin introducerea n sistemul tehnologic
a vibraiilor ultrasonore. Astfel, s-au fcut
numeroase cercetri pentru a stabili influena
ultrasunetelor asupra unor procedee clasice
cum ar fi: strunjirea, frezarea, gurirea,
lrgirea, alezarea, filetarea, broarea,
rectificarea, polizarea, lefuirea, honuirea,
lepuirea, ascuirea sculelor achietoare,
danturarea etc.
Cercetrile experimentale ntrepinse
au scos n eviden o serie de avantaje ale
suprapunerii oscilaiilor ultrasonore peste
forele din sistemul clasic de achiere, dintre
care:
-permite prelucrarea economic a
unor materiale dure i extradure i greu
prelucrabile prin procedeele clasice;
- mrete considerabil durabilitatea
sculelor
achietoare(uneori
cu
peste
400600 0/0);
- permite obinerea unei caliti
foarte bune a suprafeei, prin anihilarea
vibraiilor proprii ale sistemului tehnologic;
- conduce la reducerea cmpului
termic i a tensiunilor remanente;
- creaz posibilitatea creterii vitezei
de achiere i a unor productiviti mult
sporite;
- conduce la micorarea substanial
a momentelor i forelor de achiere;

In machines constructing industry,

ultrasound dimensional processing found a
large application area in complex and
delicate processing of the wolfram carbide
and of some tough and fragile alloys used at
the construction of tools and matrix. Recent
development underlined the successful use
of ultrasound processing of sintered
materials and processing uranium dioxide
that is used in atom-electrical stations.
Increasing the efficiency of classical
splintering processing procedures can be
realised by introducing in the technological
system of ultrasonic vibrations. So, have
been realised numerous researches to
establish the ultrasound influence on some
classical procedures like: turning, trimming,
perforation, boring, threading, binding,
correction, shaping, polishing, honing,
lapping, shaping blade tools, toothing, etc.
Experimental researches that have
been realised underlined a series of
advantages of over posing the ultrasonic
oscillation over the forces from the classical
chipping system, from which:
-allows economic processing of some
rigid and extra-rigid materials and hardly
processing ones by classical procedures;
- increases in a considerable manner
the durability of the splintering tools
(sometimes with over 400600 0/0);
- allows the procurement of some
very good qualities of the surface, by
annihilation of own vibrations of the
technological system;
- leads to the reduction of the thermal
field and or the remnant tensions;
- creates the possibility of increasing
the splintering speed and of some increased
productivities;
-leads to the substantial attenuation
of the splintering moments and forces;
- allows the alienation of burnings

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- permite nlturarea arsurilor i

microfisurilor la operaiile de finisare;
- permite binerea unor proprieti
fizico-mecanice net superioare ale suprafeei
prelucrate etc.

and micro-fissures from the finishing

operations;
- allows the procurement of some
physical mechanical properties that are
superior to the processed surface etc.
2.1. Drilling in ultrasound field

2.1. Burghierea n cmp ultrasonor

Execuia unor guri cu diametre mari
sau mici i pe lungime mare, n materiale
greu prelucrabile, constituie o problem
dificil, mai ales cnd se cere i o calitate
bun a suprafeelor prelucrate i o precizie
mare la poziionare n raport cu alte
suprafee. Cercetrile ntreprinse au vizat
introducerea energiei ultrasonore fie n scula
de achiere, fie n piesa de prelucrat sau n
ambele (fig. 2) n funcie de configuraia
piesei i a sculei introducndu-se oscilaii
longitudinale,
torsionale
sau
complexe.Experimentrile
efectuate
pe
oeluri carbon obinuite, pe oeluri aliate
inoxidabile, oeluri refractare i rezistente la
coroziune, alam, bronzuri, i duraluminiu,
folosindu-se scule din Rp3, n condiii
diferite de achiere au demonstrat o reducere
cu 5990 0/0 a efortului axial i a
momentului de torsiune odat cu creterea
vitezei de achiere.
Eficiena sporit n cazul acestor
procedee se obine prin introducerea energiei
ultrasonore prin scul, dimensionarea
acesteia fcndu -se n aa fel nct n ea s
se excite unde longitudinale- torsionale. La
procesul de achiere o importan deosebit
o au oscilaiile longitudinale, care permit
ptrunderea uoar a lichidului de rcire n
zona de desprindere a achiilor, iar
oscilaiile torsionale permit reducerea
substanial a presiunilor specifice n zona
de contact n momentul desprinderii sculei
de pies i accelerarea procesului de
deformare plastic, urmat de fisurarea i
desprinderea materialului n momentul
contactului scul- material.

The execution of some holes with

great diameters and on great lengths, in
hardly processing materials, is a difficult
problem, especially when is required a good
quality of the processed surfaces and a great
precision at positioning in rapport with other
surfaces. The researches that have been
developed, aimed the introduction of
ultrasound energy either in the splintering
tool, or in the processing tool or in both (fig.
2), depending on the configuration of the
piece or of the tool, introducing longitudinal,
torsional or complex oscillations. The
experiments that have been realised on
common carbon steel, brass, bronze and
duraluminium, using tools from Rp3, in
diverse splinterign conditions showed a
reduction with 5990 0/0 of the axial effort
and of the torsion moment, once with the
increase of the splintering speed.
The increased efficiency as part of
these procedures is obtained by introducing
the ultrasonic energy through the tool, its
dimensioning beign realised so that to be
realised torsional longitudinal waves. At the
splintering process, a special importance is of
the longitudinal oscillation, allowing a easy
penetration of the coolant in the area of
separation of the chips, and the torsional
oscillations allow the substantial reduction of
the specific pressures in the contact area, in
the moment of separating the tool from the
piece and the acceleration of the plastically
deformation process, followed by the
cracking and detachment of the material in
the moment of tool-material contact.

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fv

ar
a L'

np

Fig. 2 Introducerea undelor ultrasonore prin scul i prin pies la gurirea n cmp ultrasonor:
aL, aL - amplitudinea de vibraie longitudinal a sculei i respectiv a piesei; ar - amplitudinea
vibraiilor radiale; sv - avansul; ns, np - rotaia sculei, respectiv a piesei; P fora static de apsare.
Fig. 2 The introduction of the ultrasound waves through the tool and throug the piece at perforating in
ultrasound field:
aL, aL the amplitude of longitudinal vibration of the tool and of the piece; ar - the amplitude of
radial vibrations; sv - advance; ns, np rotation of the tool, namely of the piece; P static pressure
force.

Suprapunerea oscilaiilor ultrasonore

conduce la o reducere a momentului de
torsiune de 3,55 ori i a forei axiale cu
30..60 0/0 fa de procedeul clasic,
durabilitatea sculelor crete de 2,56 ori n
timp ce rugozitatea suprafeelor prelucrate se
mbuntete substanial.

Over posing the ultrasound oscillations

leads to a reduction of the torsion moment
3,55 times and of the axial force with 30..60
0
/0 regarding the classical procedure, the
durability of the tool increases 2,56 times
meanwhile the asperity of the processed
surfaces improves in a substantial manner.

2.2. Rectificarea n cmp ultrasonor

n cazul utilizrii energiei ultrasonore
n procesul de rectificare, o deosebit
importan o prezint direcia i tipul
oscilaiilor ultrasonore introduse deoarece
acestea conduc direct la modificarea cursei
si a vitezei granulei de abraziv. Rezultate
bune au fost obinute introducnd energia
ultrasonor n piatra de rectificat (fig. 3,a)
sau n piesa de prelucrat (fig.3.b).

2.2. Rectification in ultrasound field

In case of using ultrasound energy in
the rectification process, a special importance
is presented by the direction and the types of
oscillations that are introduced, as these lead
directly to the modification of the stroke and
of the speed of the abrasive granule. Good
results have been obtained by introducing the
ultrasound energy in the rectification stone
(fig. 3,a) or in the piece to be processed
(fig.3.b).

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Piatrde
rectificat

Concentrator de energie
ultrasonic

Concentrator de
energie ultrasonic

ar

aL

Piatrde
rectificat
aL

ns(vc)
np(vfc)

Piesa-semifabricat

ns(vc)

Piesa-semifabricat

fl

Fig. 3. Introducerea energiei ultrasonore n procesul de rectificare:

a - n piatra abraziv; b - n piesa semifabricat; ns(vc) - turaia pietrei abrazive (viteza micrii
principale de achiere); np(vfc) turaia piesei(viteza de avans circular); aL; ar amplitudinea
oscilaiilor longitudinale i respectiv radiale; fl avansul longitudinal.
Fig. 3. The introduction of the ultrasound energy in the rectification process:
a in the grinding stone; b in the semi-produced piece; ns(vc) the revolution of the grinding stone
(the speed of the main splintering movement); np(vfc) revolution of the piece (speed of circular
advance); aL; ar the amplitude of the longitudinal and radial oscillations; fl longitudinal advance

S-a constatat c sub aciunea

vibraiilor ultrasonore se obine o
achiere mai rapid, calitatea suprafeei
se mbuntete mai ales la rectificrile
interioare adnci, pericolul arderii se
elimin i se mrete foarte mult
durabilitatea sculei datorit intensificrii
aciunii de autocurire a pietrei.
Rezultate asemntoare au fost
obinute i la alte prelucrri din domeniul
finisrii suprafeelor, cum ar fi ascuirea
sculelor, honuirea i lepuirea suprafeelor
i altele, problemele importante de
rezolvat fiind legate de modul de
introducere a energiei ultrasonore n
focarul de prelucrare.

It was observed that under the

action of ultrasound vibrations, it can be
obtained a faster splintering, the quality
of the surface improves especially at the
deep internal rectifications, the burning
danger eliminates and increases much the
durability of the tools due to the
intensification of the self-cleaning action
of the stone.
Similar results have been obtained
also at other processing from surfaces
finishing field, like shaping tools, honing
and lapping surfaces as well as others, the
important problems to be solved being
connected to the modality of introducing
an ultrasonic energy in the processing
focal point.

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3.

3. Conclusions

Concluzii

- introducerea n sistemul tehnologic a

vibraiilor ultrasonore duce la creterea
eficienei proceselor clasice de prelucrare
prin achiere.
- n cadrul cercetrilor realizate privind
aplicarea vibraiilor ultrasonore la
diferite procedee de prelucrare prin
achiere n literatura de specialitate au
fost studiate trei direcii posibile de
orientare a vibraiilor corespunztoare
celor trei componente ale forei de
achiere. Problema stabilirii direciei
optime de aplicare a vibraiilor n
vederea
obinerii
unor
anumite
performane este abordat de un numr
foarte restrns de lucrri n care se arat
c, exceptnd cteva cazuri particulare,
numai aplicarea vibraiilor dup direcia
componentei principale a forei de
achiere este practic i cu avantaje
vizibile.
- la prelucrarea prin burghiere n cmp
ultrasonor cele mai multe cercetri
experimentale au fost efectuate pe oeluri
carbon obinuite, pe oeluri inoxidabile,
oeluri refractare i rezistente la
coroziune,
alam,
bronzuri
i
duraluminiu, folosindu-se scule din Rp 3 ,
n condiii diferite de achiere. n toate
cazurile s-a constatat o reducere
important a efortului axial i a
momentului de torsiune odat cu
creterea vitezei de achiere. Creterea
amplitudinii
oscilaiilor
ultrasonore
conduce la reducerea efortului axial i a
momentului de torsiune n condiiile
pstrrii unei viteze de achiere
constante. Mrimea amplitudinii are
influene deosebite asupra eforturilor de
achiere, acestea crescnd aproape
proporional cu amplitudinea pn la o
anumit valoare funcie de natura
materialului de prelucrat, dup care
efectul rmne practic constant orict ar
crete amplitudinea, lucru explicabil
deoarece odat cu creterea amplitudinii

- introducing in the technological

system of the ultrasonic vibrations lead to
the increase of efficiency of the classical
products of processing by splintering.
- as part of realised researches
regarding the application of ultrasonic
vibrations
at
different
splintering
processing procedures in the specialty
literature, have been studied three
possible directions of orientation of the
vibration corresponding to the three
components of the splintering force. The
problem of establishing the optimal
direction for the application of vibrations,
in order to obtain certain performances is
approached by a restricted number of
works in which it is shown that, excepting
some particular cases, only the application
of vibrations, on the direction of the main
component of the splintering force is
practical and with visible advantages.
- at processing by drilling in
ultrasonic field, most experimental
researches have been realised on common
carbon steel, on stainless steels, refractory
steels, that are corrosion resistant, brass,
bronze and duraluminium, using tools
from R p3 , in different splintering
conditions. In all cases it was observed an
important reduction of the axial effort and
of the torsion moment once with the
splintering speed. The increase of the
amplitude of ultrasound oscillations leads
to the reduction of the axial effort and of
the torsion moment in conditions of
maintaining a constant splintering speed.
The increase of the amplitude has special
influences on splintering efforts, these
increasing almost proportionally with
amplitude up to a certain value, depending
on the nature of the processed material,
after that the effect remains constant not
matter the increase of the amplitude, thing
that can be explained as once with the
increase of the amplitude over a certain
critical value that is specific, would be

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peste o anumit valoare critic specific

ncepe s se desprind particule de
material din tiul sculei.
-toate cercetrrile, indiferent de metoda
de introducere a vibraiilor ultrasonore la
procedeele de rectificare, au demonstrat
efectele pozitive ale acestora asupra
rezultatelor prelucrrilor i anume:
scderi ale valorii forelor de achiere i
a rugozitii; o mrire a adncimii urmei
lsate de granula abraziv i o diminuare
aproape total a rsfrngerilor laterale de
material pe marginile urmei lsate de
granula
abraziv;
o
reducere
a
fenomenului de mbcsire a corpului
abraziv i autoascuirea acestuia pentru
anumite valori ale amplitudinii vibraiilor
ultrasonice

separated material particles from the

cutting edge of the tool.
-all researches, no matter the
method
of
introducing
ultrasonic
vibrations to rectification procedures,
showed their positive effects on the
results of processing, namely: decrease of
the value of splintering speed and of
asperity; an increase of the depth left by
the abrasive granule and an almost total
diminution of lateral reflection of material
on edges of the trace from the abrasive
granule; a reduction of the cogging
phenomenon of the abrasive body and its
auto-shaping for certain values of the
amplitude of ultrasonic vibrations.

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Bibliografie

Bibliography

1.Amza, Gh., Dobrot D., Ultrasunetele

Aplicaii active - Ediie revizuit
Editura Agir, Bucureti, 2007;
2.Dobrot Dan, Amza Gheorghe, Bazele
proiectrii proceselor de prelucrare prin
achiere, Editura Sitech, Craiova, ISBN
973-746-442-7, ISBN 978-973-746-4427, , 2007
3. Shimizu, M., Jindai, A., Cutting device
for an ultrasonic vibration system, United
States Patent no. 3859 876/1975;
4. Chirculescu G., Dobrot D., Ultrasonic
field turning, Analele Universitii
Constantin Brncui, Trgu-Jiu, Seria
Inginerie, nr. 1/ 2006, pag. 43-46, ISSN
1842-4856.

1.Amza,
Gh.,
Dobrot
D.,
Ultrasounds Active applications
Reviewed edition Agir Publishing
House, Bucharest, 2007;
2.Dobrot Dan, Amza Gheorghe,
Basis of designing the splintering
processing, Sitech Publishing House,
Craiova, ISBN 973-746-442-7, ISBN 978973-746-442-7, , 2007
3. Shimizu, M., Jindai, A., Cutting
device for an ultrasonic vibration system,
United States Patent no. 3859 876/1975;
4. Chirculescu G., Dobrot D.,
Ultrasonic field turning, Annals of the
University Constantin Brncui, TrguJiu, Engineering Section, no. 1/ 2006,
pag. 43-46, ISSN 1842-4856.

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