Adverbs: Functions, Types,

Placement, and Meaning

17

Let Us Analyze
The following exercises are examples of the use of adverbs. Let us look
at them in order to understand how adverbs works.

MODEL
Adverbs of frequency:
Positions

Actual situation:
It is a real situation
It is in simple
present

1) Tom is very friendly (Usually)

Adverbs of
frequency
Normally occur
after the verb to

Tom is

usually

Usually can also occur at

the beginning, middle or
end of a sentence with no
change in meaning

very friendly.

Usually Tom is very

friendly.
Tom is usually very
friendly.
Tom is very friendly
usually.

We could summarize the

analysis for each sentence in the table shown below.

He listens to the radio.

(often)

He often listens to the radio.

They read a book.

(sometimes)
Tim is very friendly. (usually)

They sometimes read a book.

I take sugar in my coffee.

(sometimes)
Ramon and Fran are hungry.
(often)
My grandmother goes for a
walk in the evening.
(always)
Pete gets angry. (never)

I sometimes take sugar in my coffee.

Walter helps his father in

the kitchen. (usually)
They watch TV in the
afternoon. (never)
Christine smokes. (never)

Walter usually helps his father in the

kitchen.
They never watch TV in the afternoon.

Tim is usually very friendly.

Ramon and Frank are often hungry.

My grandmother always goes for a walk
in the evening.
Pete never gets angry.

Christine never smokes.

Try It Out!
The following practices contains a wide variety de exercises that shows
the correct use of adverbs.

PRACTICE 1
Positions of adverbs

PRACTICE 2
Adverbs and Adverbials
Placement

Adverbs Clauses

18

Let Us Analyze
The following exercises are examples of the structure of adverbs
clauses. Let us look at them in order to understand how adverb clause
works.

MODEL
Adverbs of frequency:
Positions

1) They got married. They had to learn to manage their own home.
Clause # 1

Clause #2

Relationship:
The clauses are
related each
other: one
precedes the
other.

Later, they had to

learn how to
manage their own
house

First, they got

married

After they got married, they had to learn to manage their own home.
Dependent clause

Independent clause

Subordinating
conjunction:
After
It is goes in simple

We could summarize the analysis for each sentence in the table shown
below.
Dependent clause

Independent clause

After they got married,

they had to learn to manage their own

home.

When his wife burnt his

breakfast,
If you keep quiet,

he went crazy.

Until I know them well,

I will not invite my classmates to a party.

By the time he arrived

home,
Whereas the first quiz was
easy,
Although she is snobbish,

I had already cleaned my house.

Since we are broke,

we cannot buy anything.

Even though he failed,

he will not give up his ideals.

While he was watching the

film,

he fell asleep.

you can hear what I am saying.

this one is extremely difficult.

people like her.

Try It Out!
The following practices contains a wide variety de exercises that shows
the correct use of adverbs clauses.

PRACTICE 1
Positions of adverbs

20
Connectors

Let Us Analyze
The following exercises are examples of the use of connectors. Let us
look at them in order to understand the correct structure and use.

MODEL
Coordinating
Conjunctions

Try It Out!
The following practices contains a wide variety de exercises that shows
the correct use of reporting speech.

PRACTICE 1
Sentence types

22
Direct and Indirect Speech

Let Us Analyze
The following exercises are examples of how to report speech. Let us
look at them in order to understand the correspondence of tenses on
indirect speech.

MODEL
Direct speech
Indirect speech

1) Emily: Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow

Direct speech

Emily: Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow

Direct speech:
Future modal: will go
Other words that change: our,
tomorrow

.
Indirect speech:
Modal: will go would go
Other words: our their
Tomorrow the next day

Emily said that their teacher would go to Leipzig the next day.
Indirect speech

We could summarize the analysis for each sentence in the table shown below.
Direct speech

Indirect speech

Emily: "Our teacher will go

to Leipzig tomorrow."

Emily said that their teacher would go

to Leipzig the next day.

Helen: "I was writing a letter

yesterday."
Robert: "My father flew to
Dallas last year."
Lisa: "Tim went to the
stadium an hour ago."
Patricia: "My mother will
celebrate her birthday next
weekend."
Michael: "I am going to read
a book this week."
Jason and Victoria: "We will
do our best in the exams
tomorrow."
Andrew: "We didn't eat fish
two days ago."
Alice: "I spent all my pocket
money on Monday."
David: "John had already
gone at six."

Helen told me that she had been

writing a letter the day before.
Robert told me that his father had
flown to Dallas the year before.
Lisa said that Tim had gone to the
stadium an hour before.
Patricia said that her mother would
celebrate her birthday the following
weekend.
Michael said to me that he was going to
read a book that week.
Jason and Victoria told me that they
would do their best in the exams the
next day.
Andrew remarked that they had not
eaten fish two days before.
Alice complained that she had spent all
her pocket money on Monday.
David said that John had already gone
at six.

Try It Out!
The following practices contains a wide variety de exercises that shows
the correct use of reporting speech.

PRACTICE 1
If-clauses
Present real conditions
Present and past conditions
Mixed conditions

Conditionals; Other ways to

Express Unreality

23

Let Us Analyze

The following exercises are examples of how to use conditionals. Let us

look at them in order to understand the correct structures in conditional
sentences.

MODEL
Conditional sentences
If-clauses, main clauses

2) If Alice

(to have) more money, she would go to Africa.

If clause

Actual
situation:
It is in simple
present

Alice does not

because she does
not have enough
money.

Result Clause

Why
?

It means that the

actual situation is
that Alice does not
go to Africa.

If Alice

had

(to have) more money, she would go to Africa.

If clause

Result Clause

Conditional:
It is an unreal
situation
It is goes in simple
Second
Conditional

We could summarize the analysis for each sentence in the table shown below.
Actual
Situation
Alice doesnt
have enough
money
Brian doesnt
like horses
You doesnt
listen
carefully

I am not you
He does not
study the
new words
You did not
take your
medicine
My uncle
have no more
time

Conditional

Type of condition

If clauses
If Alice had
more money,

Result clauses
She would go
to Africa.

Present unreal
conditional

If Brian liked
horses,
If you listened
carefully,

He could ride
very well.
You would
know about it.

Present unreal
conditional
Present unreal
conditional

If he does the
washing up,

Johns mother
will have more
time for him.
They will stay
longer in Paris.
I would not
play hockey.
He could get a
good mark in
the test.
You would
have slept
much better.
He would stay
longer in York.

Future real conditional

The teacher
will not be
happy.

Future real conditional

If they find a
cheap hotel,
If I were you,
If he studied
the new word,
If you had
taken your
medicine,
If my uncle
had more
time,
If we forget
the
homework
again,

Future real conditional

Present unreal
conditional
Present unreal
conditional
Past unreal conditional

Present unreal
conditional

Try It Out!
The following practices contains a wide variety de exercises that shows
the correct use of conditionals.

PRACTICE 1
If-clauses
Present real conditions
Present and past conditions
Mixed conditions

PRACTICE 2
First Conditionals
Second Conditionals