Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
K.Sudhagar
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Agni College of Technology
Thalambur, Chennai, India
mechod@act.edu.in
Properties
I. INTRODUCTION
The internal combustion engine is one of the key
drivers in modern industrial society. Without the
transportation performed by the millions of vehicles, we
would not have reached the living standard of today. The
use of alternative fuels in engines has been the focus of
much attention because of increasing concerns about
environmental protection and the shortage of crude oil.
Vegetable oils have been extensively studied by many
researchers as an alternative fuel of Diesel Engine [1].
Using straight vegetable oils in diesel engines is not a
new idea. Rudolf Diesel first used peanut oil as a fuel for
demonstration of his newly developed compression
ignition (CI) engine in year 1910. Diesel fuel is essential
in agricultural, transportation and industrial sector. It
contributes to the prosperity of the worldwide economy
since it is widely used due to having adaptability, higher
combustion efficiency, reliability and handling facilities.
However, fossil fuels are limited and their reserves are
depleting day by day. On the other hand the emissions
from fossil fuel are considered as a major source to the
environment pollution. It is predicted, if no enormous
efforts are done, that the emissions of greenhouse gases
from fossil fuels will increase by 39% in 2030. Biodiesel
is considered as an important renewable energy source
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N.A
N.A
924.27
-15.0
234
925.87
-15.0
241
929.07
Olive oil
N.A N.A
N.A
N.A
N.A
N.A
918
Palm oil
42
N.A
N.A
N.A
N.A
910.1
-6.7
271
914
-31.7
246
920
-9.4
260
922
-12.2
254
997.5
-15.0
274
920
N.A
201
820
Jatropha oil 51
Pongamia
51
oil
Diesel
47
N.A
39700 51 (300C)
16
N.A
242
932
46000 55.1(300C)
23
N.A
110
884
-15.0 -33.0
52
870.20
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF FUEL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL WITH DIESEL.
Fuel properties
Diesel
Biodiesel
1 Fuel standard
2 Fuel composition
42.52
37.12
1.3-4.1
1.9-6.0
878
161
0.05% max.
7 Carbon, (wt %)
87
77
8 Hydrogen, (wt %)
13
12
9 Oxygen, (wt %)
11
10 Sulphur, (wt %)
0.05 max.
11 Boiling point,(C)
188 to 343
182 to 338
12 Flash point,( C)
60 to 80
100 to 170
13 Cloud point,( C)
-15 to 5
-3 to 12
14 Pour point,( C)
-35 to -15
-15 to 16
15 Cetane number
40 to 55
48 to 60
316
N.A
15
13.8
848
TABLE I
COMPARISONS OF PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS AND THEIR ESTERS
WITH DIESEL
Type of
Viscosity
Cloud Pour Flash
HV
Density
vegetable CN
(mm2/s)
Point Point Point
(kJ/kg)
(kg/m3)
oil
Temp)
(C) (C)
( C)
Castor oil N.A 39500 297 (38C ) N.A -31.7 260
961
Coconut oil N.A N.A
N.A
N.A
Cottonseed
41.8 39468 33.5 (38 C) 1.7
oil
Linseed oil 34.6 39307 27.2 (38C ) 1.7
5 Density at 150C(kg/m3)
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gm/kWh.
Deposit and Clogging: Deposits and clogging problems
are widely reported and are generally attributed to
substandard quality of biodiesel is due to its less
oxidation stability and therefore engine wear is relatively
more when run on biodiesel.
Pollution from engine exhaust: Biodiesel results in much
less air pollution due to its higher oxygen content and
absence of aromatic compounds and sulphur. The NOx
tends to be slightly higher compared to biodiesel which
can be minimized by proper engine timing.
Cold-weather performance: Diesel engines operated in
cold weather experience the problems of clogging of the
filters and/or choking of the injectors. The use of flow
improving additives and winter blends of biodiesel and
kerosene has proved effective in the operating range of
climate temperatures B100 tends to operate well at
temperatures down to about 5C. Additives reduce the
range by about 5-8C, while the winter blends have
proved effective at temperatures as low as -20C or
below.
Collection of Seed
Extraction of oil
Pre-heating of oil
Oil+Sodium
Methoxide
Setting of mixture (8
hour)
Trans- esterification
Process
Biodiesel
Gravity
Separation
Glycerin
Quality
Test
by By definition:
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(1)
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(2)
So that :
(3)
(7)
(4)
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oil that have been chemically split off from the naturally
occurring "triglycerides". Biodiesel hydrocarbon chains
are generally 16 to 20 carbons in length, and they are all
oxygenated at one end, making the product an excellent
fuel. Several chemical properties of the Biodiesel allow it
to burn cleanly and actually improve the combustion of
petroleum diesel in blends.
Unburnt hydrocarbon emission occurs due to the
strong function of air-fuel ratio. With a fuel rich mixture
there is not enough oxygen to react with all carbon,
resulting in the high level of hydrocarbon in the exhaust
product.
REFERENCES
Nagarhalli M. V, etal, Emission and performance
characteristics of karanja biodiesel and its blends in a C.I. Engine
and its economics, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, Vol. 5, n. 2, 2010
[2] T.K.Kannan,and R.Marappan,
Study of Performance and
Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine using Thevetia
Peruviana Biodiesel with Diethyl Ether Blends, European Journal
of Scientific Research, Vol.43, n..4, pp.563-570, 2010.
[3] T. Venkateswara Rao et al,Experimental Investigation of
Pongamia, Jatropha and Neem Methyl Esters as Biodiesel on C.I.
Engine, Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, vol 2, n. 2, pp.117 122, 2008.
[4] N. Stalin and H. J. Prabhu Performance Test Of IC Engine Using
Karanja Biodiesel Blending With Diesel ARPN Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 2, n. 5, October 2007.
[5] B. Murali Krishna, Properties and performance of cotton seed
oildiesel blends as a fuel for compression ignition engines,
Journal of renewable and sustainable energy 1, 2009
[6] Ram Prakash, Emission Analysis Of CI Engine Using Rice Bran
Oil And Their Esters, Journal of Engineering Research and
Studies,Vol. 2, Issue I, pp173-178, 2011
[7] Kanok-on Rodjanakid, Performance of an Engine Using
Biodiesel from Refined Palm Oil Stearin and Biodiesel from
Crude Coconut Oil, The Joint International Conference on
Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE)pp.1-3, 2004,
[8] Michael Sheedlo, A review of the processes of biodiesel
production, Basic Biotechnology eJournal n. 4, pp: 61 65, 2008.
[9] Divya Bajpai, Biodiese: Source, Production, Composition,
Properties and Its Beniifts, Journal of Oleo Science, Vol 55, n.10,
pp 487-502, 2006.
[10] Ramchandra S, Performance Characterization of Single Cylinder
DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Karanja Biodiesel, WCE 2011,
Vol.3, pp.6 - 8, 2011.
[1]
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