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28-1
Introduction
The Maximum Allowable Current for specified conductors. Warnings are issued if the specified
conductor is rated lower than the fault current level.
The Step and Touch potentials for any rectangular/triangular/L-shaped/T-shaped configuration of a
ground grid, with or without ground rods (IEEE Std 80 and IEEE Std 665).
The tolerable Step and Mesh potentials and compares them with actual, calculated Step and Mesh
potentials (IEEE Std 80 and IEEE Std 665).
Graphic profiles for the absolute Step and Touch voltages, as well as the tables of the voltages at
various locations (Finite Element Method).
The optimum number of parallel ground conductors and rods for a rectangular/triangular/L-shaped/Tshaped ground grid. The cost of conductors/rods and the safety of personnel in the vicinity of the
substation/generating station during a ground fault, are both considered. Design optimizations are
performed using a relative cost effectiveness method (based on the IEEE Std 80 and IEEE Std 665).
The Ground Resistance and Ground Potential rise (GPR).
Some of the main features of the Ground Grid Systems Analysis Study are summarized below:
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Double-clicking on the ground grid box located on the One-Line Diagram will bring up the Ground-Grid
Project Information dialog box, used to select an IEEE or FEM - Finite Element Method Study Model.
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After selecting the IEEE or FEM Study Model, the Ground Grid Systems graphical user interface window
will be displayed. Below is a GGS presentation of a ground grid for the FEM Study Model case.
Soil View
3D View
Top View
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Pointer
The cursor takes the shape of the element selected from the Edit Toolbar. Click on the Pointer icon to
return the cursor to its original arrow shape, or to move an element placed in the Top View of the GGS
presentation.
Conductor
Click on the Conductor icon to create a new conductor and to place it in the Top View of the GGS. For
more information on conductors see the Conductor/Rod Editor section (for FEM).
Rod
Click on the Rod icon to create a new rod and to place it in the Top View of the GGS. For more
information on rods see the Conductor/Rod Editor section (for FEM).
FEM T-Shape
Click on the FEM T-Shape icon to create a new FEM T-shaped grid and to place it in the Top View of the
GGS. For more information on grids see the FEM Group Editor section.
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FEM L-Shape
Click on the FEM L-Shape icon to create a new FEM L-shaped grid and to place it in the Top View of the
GGS. For more information on grids see the FEM Group Editor section.
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Pointer
IEEE Rectangular Shape
IEEE T-Shape
IEEE L-Shape
IEEE Triangular Shape
Pointer
The cursor takes the shape of the element selected from the Edit Toolbar. Click on the Pointer icon to
return the cursor to its original arrow shape, or to move an element placed in the Top View of the GGS
presentation.
IEEE T-Shape
The IEEE T-Shape grid is valid only for the IEEE Std. 80-2000 method. Click on the IEEE T-Shape icon
to create a new IEEE T-shaped grid and to place it in the Top View of the GGS. For more information on
grids see the IEEE Group Editor section.
IEEE L-Shape
The IEEE L-Shape grid is valid only for the IEEE Std 80-2000 method. Click on the IEEE L-Shape icon
to create a new IEEE L-shaped grid and to place it in the Top View of the GGS. For more information on
grids see the IEEE Group Editor section.
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Ground-Grid Calculation
Optimized Conductors
Optimized Conductors and Rods
Summary and Warning
Plot Selection
Report Manager
Stop
Ground-Grid Calculation
Click on the Ground-Grid Calculation button to calculate:
Optimized Conductors
Click on the Optimized Conductors button to calculate the minimum number of conductors (that satisfy
the tolerable limits for the Step and Touch potentials) for a fixed number of ground rods. This
optimization function is for IEEE Std methods only.
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Plot Selection
This function is valid only for the FEM method. Click on this button to open the Plot Selection dialog
box to select a variety of potential profile plots to review, and click OK to generate the output plots.
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Report Manager
Click on this button to open the Ground Grid Design Report Manager dialog box to select a variety of
pre-formatted output plots to review. Select a plot type and click OK to bring up the output plot. A
detailed explanation of the Ground Grid Design Report Manager is given in section 28.13.
Output Report files can be selected from the Output Report List Box on the Study Case Toolbar shown
below.
Stop
The Stop Sign button is normally disabled, and becomes enabled when a Ground Grid Systems
Calculation is initiated. Clicking on this button will terminate calculations in progress, and the output
reports will be incomplete.
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Edit A GGS
Add Conductors
Click on the Conductor button on the FEM Edit Toolbar, move the cursor to the GGS presentation, and
click to place the element in the Top View. PowerStation creates the new conductor using default values.
Add Rods
Click on the Rod button on the FEM Edit Toolbar, move the cursor to the GGS presentation, and click to
place the element in the Top View. PowerStation creates the new rod using default values.
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Edit A GRD
Move Conductors/Rods
Select the element, click and hold the left mouse button, drag the element to the new position and release
the left button.
Move Shapes
Shapes can be graphically moved within the Top View. Select the shape, click and hold the left mouse
button, drag the shape to the new location and release the left button.
28.5.6 Paste
Use the Paste command to copy the selected cells from the Dumpster into the GGS presentation.
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Study Case ID
A study case can be renamed by simply deleting the old Study Case ID and entering a new one. The
Study case ID can be up to 25 alphanumeric characters. Use of the Navigator button at the bottom of the
Study Case Editor allows the user to go from one study case to another.
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Options
In this section, select the average body weight for the person working above the ground grid, and the
ambient temperature. The weight is used to calculate the tolerable Step and Touch potentials.
50 kg
Check this button to select an average body weight of 50 kg.
70 kg
Check this button to select an average body weight of 70 kg.
Ambient Temperature
Enter the ambient temperature in 0C. This parameter is used for checking the size of the ground
conductors.
Report Details
Check this box to report intermediate results for an IEEE Std. Method or voltage profiles for the Finite
Element Method.
Plot Step
Plot Step is valid only for the FEM Study Model. This value is entered in m/ft, and it is used to find the
points (or locations) where Absolute/Step/Touch potentials need to be computed and plotted. Note that
the smaller this number, the more calculations are required, increasing calculation time, but yielding
smoother plots. The recommended value is 1 meter. If higher resolution is needed, decrease this number.
Boundary Extension
Enter the boundary extension in m/ft. This value is used to extend the grid boundaries inside which the
Absolute/Step/Touch potentials need to be computed.
Fault Durations
Allows the user to specify Fault Current durations.
tf
Enter the duration of fault current in seconds to determine decrement factor. The Fault duration (tf), tc,
and Shock duration (ts) are normally assumed to be equal, unless the Fault duration is the sum of
successive shocks.
tc
Enter in seconds the duration of Fault Current for sizing ground conductors.
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ts
Enter in seconds the duration of Shock Current to determine permissible levels for the human body.
Cp
Enter the Corrective Projection Factor in percent, accounting for the relative increase of fault currents
during the station lifespan. For a zero future system growth, Cp = 100.
Sf
Enter the Current Division Factor in percent, relating the magnitude of Fault current to that of its portion
flowing between the grounding grid and the surrounding earth.
Update
Check this box to update/replace the number of conductors/rods in the Conductor/Rod Editor, with the
number of conductors/rods calculated by using optimization methods. This box is only valid with the
IEEE methods.
User Specified
Check this button to input and display values for 3I0 and X/R specified by the user.
Short-Circuit Study
Check this button to use and display the 3I0 and X/R values obtained from a short circuit study performed
on a One-Line Diagram.
3I0
Enter the rms value of the zero-sequence fault current in kA. The Maximum Grid Current is determined
from this rms value, the Decrement Factor, Current Projection Factor, and Current Division Factor.
X/R
Enter the ratio of Inductive Reactance to Resistance. This value is used to calculate the decrement factor.
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For the ANSI SC Unbalanced Fault Calculation only the half-cycle values are transferred.
For the IEC SC Unbalanced Fault Calculation only the IEC 909 values are transferred.
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GRD ID
Displays the ID of the selected grid.
Existing SC kA
Displays the current short-circuit kA value used with the selected grid.
Existing SC kA X/R
Displays the current short-circuit kA X/R value used with the selected grid.
New SC kA
Displays the new Short-Circuit kA value to be updated for the selected grid.
New SC kA X/R
Displays the new short-circuit kA X/R value to be updated for the selected grid. The Range and format
are the same as those for the X/R field in the Induction Motor Editor.
Faulted Bus
Displays the ID of the faulted bus used for the study case.
Fault Type
Displays the type of fault used to calculate the New SC kA value. Currently only Line-Ground faults are
used, but additional fault types will be added in future versions of PowerStation.
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Replace
Click on this button to update the New SC kA and X/R values for the selected grid.
Cancel
Click on this button to close the dialog box and retain the existing SC kA and X/R values.
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Soil Editor
Surface Material
Used to specify the resistivity, depth, and material type for the surface layer.
Resistivity
Enter the Resistivity of the Surface Material in Ohms-m.
Material
Select the type of Surface Material.
Depth
Enter the Surface Material depth in m/ft.
Top Layer
Used to specify the resistivity, depth, and type of material for the Top Layer soil.
Resistivity
Enter the material resistivity of the Top Layer soil in Ohms-m.
Material
Select the type of material of the Top Layer soil.
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Soil Editor
Depth
Enter the depth of the Top Layer soil in m/ft.
Lower Layer
Used to specify the Resistivity and type of material used for Lower Layer soil.
Resistivity
Enter the resistivity of the material of the Lower Layer soil in Ohms-m.
Material
Select the type of material of the Lower Layer soil.
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Grid Size
Lx/Lx,long
Enter the long length of the grid in the X direction in m/ft. Show Lx if the rectangular/triangular shape is
selected; show Lx,long if the L-shape or T-shape are selected.
Ly/Ly,long
Enter the long length of the grid in the Y direction in m/ft. Show Ly if the rectangular/triangular shape is
selected; show Ly,long if the L-shape or T-shape are selected.
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Lx,short
Enter the short length of the grid in the X direction in m/ft. Lx,short appears only if the L-shape or T-shape
are selected.
Ly,short
Enter the short length of the grid in the Y direction in m/ft. Ly,short shows only if the L-shape or T-shape
are selected.
# of Conductors
X Direction
Enter the number of the conductors in the X direction
Y Direction
Enter the number of the conductors in the Y direction
Conductors
Depth
Enter the depth of the conductor grip in m/ft.
Type
Select the type of the conductor material.
Size
Select the conductor size in AWG/kcmil or mm2.
Cost
Enter the cost of the conductor in $/m or $/ft.
Material Constants
This information is displayed on the Conductors Page to reflect the selected conductor type (the
conductor constants are from an internal conductor library/file GRDLib.mdb which can be modified using
Microsoft Access). It includes Material Conductivity (%), Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity at 20 0C
(1/0C), K0 Factor (0C), Fusing Temperature (0C), Resistivity of the Ground Conductor at 20 0C in cm,
and the Thermal Capacity Factor in J/cm3/0C.
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Rods
# of Rods
Enter the number of rods.
Diameter
Enter the diameter of the rod in inch/cm.
Length
Enter the length of the rod in m/ft
Arrangement
Select the arrangement of the rods throughout the grid area.
Type
Select the type of rod material.
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Cost
Enter the cost of the rod in $/rod.
Material Constants
This information is displayed on the Rods Page to reflect the selected rod type (the conductor constants
are from an internal conductor library/file GRDLib.mdb which can be modified using Microsoft Access).
It includes Material Conductivity (%), Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity at 20 0C (1/0C), K0 Factor (0C),
Fusing Temperature (0C), Resistivity of the Ground Conductor at 20 0C in cm, and the Thermal
Capacity Factor in J/cm3/0C.
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Grid Size
Lx/Lx,long
Enter the long length of the grid in the X direction in m/ft. Show Lx if the rectangular/triangular shape is
selected; show Lx,long if the L-shape or T-shape are selected.
Ly/Ly,long
Enter the long length of the grid in the Y direction in m/ft. Show Ly if the rectangular/triangular shape is
selected; show Ly,long if the L-shape or T-shape are selected.
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Lx,short
Enter the short length of the grid in the X direction in m/ft. Lx,short appears only if the L-shape or T-shape
are selected.
Ly,short
Enter the short length of the grid in the Y direction in m/ft. Ly,short appears only if the L-shape or T-shape
are selected.
# of Conductors
X Direction
Enter the number of conductors in the X direction.
Y Direction
Enter the number of conductors in the Y direction.
Conductors
Depth
Enter the depth of conductor grip in m/ft.
Size
Select the conductor size in AWG/kcmil or mm2.
Type
Select the type of conductor material.
Insulation
Select the type of conductor insulation (Bare or Insulated). If Insulated is selected, this grid group will
not be reconsidered for calculation/plotting.
Cost
Enter the cost of the conductor in $/m or $/ft.
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Label
Symbol representing a conductor/rod.
Length
Length of the conductor/rod in m/ft. If the length is altered, X2, Y2 and Z2 are changed accordingly. If X1,
Y1, Z1, X2, Y2, and Z2 values are entered, the length is changed accordingly.
X1
X coordinate of One End of the conductor/rod in m/ft
Y1
Y coordinate of One End of the conductor/rod in m/ft
Z1
Z coordinate of One End of the conductor/rod in m/ft
X2
X coordinate of the Other End of the conductor/rod in m/ft
Y2
Y coordinate of the Other End of the conductor/rod in m/ft
Diameter
Rod diameter in cm or inches, used only in the Rod Editor.
Type
Type of conductor/rod material.
Size
Conductor cross-sectional area in AWG/kcmil or mm2, used only in the Conductor Editor.
Insulation
Conductor insulation type, used only in the Conductor Editor.
Cost
Cost in $/m or $/ft for a conductor, cost in $/rod for a rod.
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Calculation Methods
28-29
Calculation Methods
Reflection Factor, K
K=
s
+ s
Where is the resistivity of the earth beneath the surface material in ohm-m; s is the surface layer soil
resistivity in ohm-m.
Cs = 1
0.09(1 / s )
2hs + 0.09
1
0.96
Kn
1 + 2
2
n =1 1 + (2nh / 0.08)
s
Cs is 1 when K=0.
Decrement Factor, Df
Df = 1+
Ta
2t / T
1 e f a
tf
0.116
ts
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Calculation Methods
0.116
ts
0.157
ts
0.157
ts
I G = S f C p D f (3I 0 )
28-31
Required Data
System Data
System Frequency
Average Weight of Worker
Ambient Temperature
Short Circuit Current
Short Circuit Current Division Factor
Short Circuit Current Projector Factor
Durations of Fault
System X/R Ratio
Plot Step (for FEM model only)
Boundary Extension (for FEM model only)
Soil Parameters
Material Conductivity
Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity
K0 Factor
Fusing Temperature
Ground Conductor Resistivity
Thermal Capacity Factor
Shape
Material Type
Conductor Cross Section
Grid Depth
Maximum Length of the Grid in the X Direction
Maximum Length of the Grid in the Y Direction
Minimum Length of the Grid in the X Direction (for IEEE Std 80-2000 L-Shaped or T-Shaped Grids
Only)
Minimum Length of the Grid in the Y Direction (for IEEE Std 80-2000 L-Shaped or T-Shaped Grid
Only)
Number of Conductors in the X Direction
Number of Conductors in the Y Direction
Cost
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Required Data
Material Type
Number of Rods
Average Length
Diameter
Arrangement
Cost
Material Type
Insulation
Cross Section
X, Y and Z Coordinates of One End of Conductor
X, Y and Z Coordinates of Other End of Conductor
Cost
Material Type
Insulation
Diameter
X, Y and Z Coordinates of One End of Rod
X, Y and Z Coordinates of Other End of Rod
Cost
Shape
Material Type
Conductor Cross Section
Grid Depth
Maximum Length of the Grid in the X Direction
Maximum Length of the Grid in the Y Direction
Minimum Length of the Grid in the X Direction (for L-Shaped or T-Shaped Grids)
Minimum Length of the Grid in the Y Direction (for L-Shaped or T-Shaped Grids)
Number of Conductors in the X Direction
Number of Conductors in the Y Direction
Cost
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Output Reports
Complete Page
Selects a report format that provides the complete output report.
Input Page
Provides the format for different input data.
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Output Reports
Result Page
Provides the format for different calculation results.
Summary Page
Provides the summary from the calculation results.
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Output Reports
Cover Page
This is the first page of the Ground Grid Systems study Crystal Report. It includes information from the
number of conductors and rods, to unit system, project file name, and the output file name and its
location.
Input Data
This section reports the input data related to the System, Soil, Grid, and Conductor Library.
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Output Reports
Conductor Library
This section reports Conductor Library information. It shows the Material Conductivity, Thermal
Coefficient of Resistivity, K0 Factor, Fusing Temperature, Ground Conductor Resistivity, and Thermal
Capacity Factor.
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Output Reports
Cost Data
Lists the cost data of conductors/rods.
Result
This section reports the results related to Intermediate Constants, Potential Profiles, S ummary, and
Warning.
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Output Reports
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Output Reports
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Output Reports
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Plot Selection
Plot Selection
The following 3-D Potential profiles are available for analysis of GGS study case results:
Absolute Voltage
Select to plot an Absolute Potential profile.
Touch Voltage
Select to plot a Touch Potential profile.
Step Voltage
Select to plot a Step Potential profile.
Plot Type
The following plot types are available for analysis of GGS study case results:
3-D
Plot a 3-D Potential profile for the Absolute/Touch/Step voltage.
Contour
Plot a Contour Potential profile for the Absolute/Touch/Step voltage.
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Plot Selection
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Plot Selection
28-44
Plot Selection
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