IDEAL GASES

Louie Paolo D. Carpio

Instructor 3
Institute of Chemistry, UP Diliman

OBJECTIVES for today

1. Define gases
2. Define different variables of a gas
3. Define an ideal gas
4. Define and apply gas laws
5. Discuss Kinetic Molecular Theory
of gases

SKILLS that you will need

1. Solving ideal gas equations
2. Solving gas laws
3. Stoichiometry involving gases
4. Kinetic molecular theory problems

STATES OF MATTER

WHY STUDY GASES?

GASES would be an ideal model to

describe the kinetic behavior of
molecules.

PROPERTIES OF GASES
Gases have no definite shape.
Gases have no definite volume.
Gases enclosed in a non-rigid
container would have varying volumes
depending on the conditions.
Gases are capable of expanding or
can be easily compressed.

DESCRIBING A GAS
GASES CAN BE DESCRIBED BY 3
BASIC MACROSCOPIC VARIABLES:
1. VOLUME
2. PRESSURE
3. TEMPERATURE

VOLUME OF A GAS
VOLUME amount of space occupied
Conventional unit in chemistry - liters
Derived S.I. unit in chemistry m3
Conversion factors:
1 liter = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 liter = 0.001 m3

PRESSURE OF A GAS
PRESSURE amount of force per unit
area
Conventional unit in chemistry - atm
Derived S.I. unit in chemistry Pa
Conversion factors:
1 atm = 101325 Pa = 1.01325 bar
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr

PRESSURE OF A GAS
PRESSURE
- amount of force per unit
area
- Average force exerted by a
gas on the walls of the
container
- measured using a
barometer or a manometer

TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
- Quantitative description of the
average kinetic energy of molecules
Conventional unit in chemistry - Kelvin
Conversion formulas:
K = OC + 273.15
O
C = (OF - 32) / 1.8
O
F = 1.8 (OC) + 32O

IDEAL GAS
IDEAL GAS
- Perfect gas
- Individual gas molecules do not
attract, repel nor react with one another
- energy and momentum during
collisions with other gas molecules are
conserved
- gases exhibit this behavior at low
pressures and high temperatures

IDEAL GAS AS A MODEL

For general chemistry purposes all

calculations assume that gases have
ideal characteristics unless stated
otherwise.

IDEAL GAS EQUATION

For an ideal gas, its macroscopic
variables are related by the equation
Where

PV=nRT

P = pressure in atm
V = volume in liters
n = number of moles of gases
R = gas constant = 0.0821 (Latm)/(molK)
T = temperature in Kelvin scale

ALTERNATIVE IDEAL
GAS EQUATION

P MMgas = d R T
Where
P = pressure in atm
MMgas = molar mass of gas in g/mol
d = density of gas in g/L
R = gas constant = 0.0821 (Latm)/(molK)
T = temperature in Kelvin scale

STP CONDITIONS

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND

PRESSURE
T = 273 K = 0oC
P = 1.00 atm

STANDARD MOLAR VOLUME

VOLUME of 1 mole of any

ideal gas in STP Conditions
(1 atm and 273 K)

Vm = 22.414 L

EXAMPLE

2.00 moles of an ideal gas has a

pressure of 5.20 atm at 450 K.
Compute for the volume and molar
mass of this ideal gas if the mass of
the gas was found to be 84.8 grams.

EXAMPLE
Complete the table below for gaseous
N2O4 (MM N2O4 = 92.02 g/mol)
P

grams

1.77 atm 4.98 L

43.1 oC

(A)

(B)

673 mm
488 mL
Hg

(C)

0.783

(D)

390 K

(F)

105

(E)

1.15 L

EXAMPLE
Identify which is O3, CH4 and SO2 based
on the experimental data:
Density
Gas
P
T
(g/L)
1

1.00 atm

298 K

0.655

1.00 atm

298 K

1.96

1.00 atm

298 K

2.62

3.58 atm

465 K

6.01

STOICHIOMETRY involving gases

Type of reactant
1. substance
3. solute in soln

5. ideal gas

Formula to solve for

the number of moles

grams of substance
n=
molar mass

n = ( Msol'n ) ( Vsol'n, liters )

(
P
n=

gas, atm

) (V

gas, liters

R ( TK )

EXAMPLE
If 5.00 grams of Zn metal (MM Zn =
65.39 g/mol) is reacted with 75.00 mL
of 1.00 M HCl, what is the volume of
gaseous H2 released if the reaction
was done under 400.0 K and 2.00
atm?
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

GAS LAWS:
1. Boyles Law
2. Charless Law
3. Gay-Lussacs Law
4. Avogadros Law
5. Combined Gas Law
6. Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
7. Grahams Law of Effusion

Gas laws
1. Boyles law at constant T, the
volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to the applied pressure.
V (1/P)
or

P1V1 = P2V2

Gas laws
2. Charless law at constant P, volume
is directly proportional to temperature
VT
or

V1 V2
=
T1 T2

Derivation of the Kelvin scale

Absolute scale Kelvin scale

Absolute zero temperature at which
there is zero volume (O K = -273.15 oC)

Gas laws
3. Gay-Lussacs law at constant V,
pressure is directly proportional to
temperature
PT
or

P1 P2
=
T1 T2

Gas laws
4. Combined gas law equation
combination of the three previous gas
laws as long as no gas escapes the
container (constant n or moles of gas)

P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1
T2

EXAMPLE
Gaseous NH3 at 200oC exerts a
pressure of 3.45 atm in a 38.9-liter
balloon. If the temperature was
decreased to 150oC and the pressure
was relieved to 2.00 atm, calculate
the volume of the balloon containing
NH3.

Gas laws
5. Avogadros law at constant
temperature and pressure, the number
of particles of a gas is directly
proportional to its volume
Vn
or

V1 V2
=
n1 n2

DERIVATION OF IDEAL GAS

EQUATION
VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS
Avogadros law
Boyles law
Charless law
SUMMARY:
V = R (nT / P)

Vn
V 1/P
VT
V nT / P
PV = n R T

Gas laws
6. Daltons law of Partial pressures at
constant temperature and volume, the
pressure of a gas is directly
proportional to its number of moles

Pn
or

P1 P2
=
n1 n2

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + .....Pn

MOLE FRACTION
MOLE FRACTION () - mole fraction of
of a component in a mixture can be
described by the equation:

n1
n1
1 =
=
ntotal n1 + n2 + n3 + ...
In a mixture, the
fractions add up to 1

mole

n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... = 1

PARTIAL PRESSURES
PARTIAL PRESSURE
- pressure exerted by a gas in a
mixture of gases
- Depends on its mole fraction in the
mixture

P1 = Ptotal ( 1 )

GAS COLLECTED OVER WATER

Since water evaporates even below its
boiling point, pressure of the water
vapor must be accounted when a gas is
collected over water.

Pgas = Ptotal Pwater vapor

GAS COLLECTED OVER WATER

Example A sample of hydrogen was
collected by displacement of water at 25.0
o
C. The atmospheric pressure was 748
torr. The vapor pressure of water at 25oC
is 24 torr.What pressure would the dry
hydrogen exert in the same container?

PTotal = PH2 + PH2O PH2 = PTotal PH2O

PH2 = ( 748 24 ) torr = 724 torr

ALTERNATIVE STOICHIOMETRY in
GASES
Avogadros law (constant T and P)

V moles of a gas
Volume ratios instead of
mole ratios!
Daltons law (constant T and V)

P moles of gas
Partial pressure ratios
instead of mole ratios!

Gay-Lussacs Law of
Combining Volumes

The mole ratios of gaseous substances

in a chemical reaction can also be
expressed in the same volume ratios

EXAMPLE
How many liters of ammonia are
required to change 12.1 liters of NO
to N2? Assume 100% yield and the
reaction was done under constant T
and P.
4 NH3(g) + 6 NO(g) 5 N2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

EXAMPLE
In a 1.00-liter container and 200oC, a
certain amount of N2 gas would exert
a pressure of 0.036 atm. A certain
amount of H2 gas would exert a
pressure of 0.120 atm in the same
container. What would be the final
pressure in the 1.00-liter container if
the gaseous N2 and H2 were
combined and allowed to react to
form gaseous NH3?

KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY OF GASES
Louie Paolo D. Carpio

Instructor 3
Institute of Chemistry, UP Diliman

SUMMARY OF KINETIC
MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
1. Gases are mostly empty space.
2. Gas molecules are in constant,
chaotic motion.
3. Collisions are elastic (energy and
momentum is conserved)
4. Gas pressure is caused by the
collisions of the molecules with
the walls of the container.

Expression for Pressure

2

NMu
P=
3V

N = # of molecules
u = average speed
M = mass of molecule
V = volume of container

The pressure is directly proportional

to speed of the gas.
Pressure is inversely proportional to
volume.

Average Kinetic Energy of

Translational Motion
3RT
Et =
2NA

NA = 6.02 x 1023
T = temperature in K
R = 8.314 J/molK

Energy is directly proportional to

temperature
Energy is independent of mass at the
same temperature

Average Speed of Gases,

The kinetic energy of the molecules is
proportional to the absolute temperature.
The kinetic energy of the molecules is
proportional to the absolute temperature.
Displayed in a Maxwellian distribution.

Average Speed of Gases,

3RT
MM

MM = molar mass of gas

T = temperature in K
R = 8.314 J/molK

Speed is directly proportional to the

square root of temperature
Speed is inversely proportional to the
square root of the molar mass

Relative Speeds of Gases

Given two gases, their relative speeds
can be derived:
3RT1
MM1
T1 MM2
1

=
=
2
3RT2
T2 MM1
MM2
Speed is directly proportional to the
square root of temperature
Speed is inversely proportional to the
square root of the molar mass

Gas law from the KMT

7. Grahams law of effusion at
constant temperature and pressure, the
velocity of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its
molar mass

1
MM1

OR

1
MM2
=
2
MM1

EXAMPLE
Compare the speeds of O3 and
gaseous HCl. Which is faster?
Express the speed of HCl in terms of
the speed of O3.
O3 48.00 g/mol

HCl 36.46 g/mol

REAL GASES

Louie Paolo D. Carpio

Instructor 3
Institute of Chemistry, UP Diliman

REAL GASES
ideal gases conditions: high
temperature and low pressures
A real gas will condense at low
temperatures and high pressures,
hence, its characteristics deviate
from that of an ideal gas.
In reality, attractive and repulsive
forces are present and appreciable.

REAL GASES
From a molecular standpoint,
deviations from the ideal gas law
arise because it neglects two
factors:
2. attractive forces between gases
3. the finite volume of gas particles

Molar Volume
Definition
the volume of 1 mole of gas
- Denoted by the symbol Vm

Vm

V
=
n

Standard Molar Volume

Definition
the volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas
- Denoted by the symbol Vmo

V RT
V = =
n nP
o
m

At STP conditions: Vmo = 22.414 L

Effect of Attractive Forces

They cause a decrease in molar
volume as predicted by the ideal
gas law.
o
m

Vm - V
<
0
o
Vm

Effect of Attractive Forces

Result: The measured pressure is
less than the pressure predicted by
the ideal gas law.
Reason: attractive forces become
appreciable and decrease the
number of collisions with the walls
of the container especially at low
temperatures

Effect of Attractive Forces

Result: The measured pressure is less than the
pressure predicted by the ideal gas law.

Pmeasured = Pideally exerted

na
2
measured

OR

Pideally exerted = Pmeasured +

na
2
measured

a = correction factor associated

with attractive forces

Effect of Particle Volume

They cause an increase in molar
volume at very high pressures
compared to the molar volume
predicted by the ideal gas law.
o
m

Vm - V
>0
o
Vm

Effect of Particle Volume

Result: The measured volume is
greater than the volume predicted
by the ideal gas law.
Reason: the volume of gas
molecules
become
significant
especially at high pressures

Effect of Particle Volume

Result: The measured volume is greater than
the volume predicted by the ideal gas law.

Vmeasured = Videally available + nb

OR

Videally available = Vmeasured nb

b = correction factor associated
with particle volume

Van der Waals Equation

Similar to the ideal gas equation but
accounts the effect of attractive forces
and particle volume.

( Pideal )( Videal ) = nRT

where

Pideally exerted = Pmeasured +

n a
2
measured

Videally available = Vmeasured nb

Van der Waals Equation

na
Pmeasured + 2
( Vmeasured nb ) = nRT
Vmeasured

a = correction factor associated

with attractive forces
b = correction factor associated
with particle volume

Correction factor a
a = correction factor associated
with attractive forces
The value of a increases with
increasing attractive forces between
the same type of molecules. Polar gas
molecules like HCl and NH3 would
have larger a values.

Dispersion forces and the value of a

Dispersion forces weak attractive
forces from short-lived electrical dipoles
produced by the attraction of one atoms
nucleus for an adjacent atoms
electrons.
- they are
interactions

weaker

than

dipole

- nonpolar and spherical molecules have

lower a values than polar molecules
Other names: Van der Waals forces or
London forces

Correction factor b
b = correction factor associated
with particle volume

Larger molecules would have larger

values of b.

OTHER REAL GAS EQUATIONS

Redlich-Kwong equation of state

Peng-Robinson equation of state

OTHER REAL GAS EQUATIONS

Dieterici equation of state

Virial Equation of state

END OF CLASS

Chapter covered: Chapter 12

Next meeting: Thermodynamics
QUESTIONS????