Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse

change.[1] Pollution can take the form ofchemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or
light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally
occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.

Ancient cultures
Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times when man
created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "sootfound on ceilings of
prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with
inadequate ventilation of open fires."[2] Metal forgingappears to be a key turning point in the creation
of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate
increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production, [3] but at that time
the pollution was comparatively small and could be handled by nature.

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies

(e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are
directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds.
Water pollution affects all the biosphere - plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In
almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the
natural biological communities.
Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water
resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been
suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, [1][2] and that it accounts for
the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.[2] An estimated 580 people in India die of water pollution
related illness every day.[3] Around 90% the water in the cities of China is polluted,[4] and as of 2007,
half a billion Chinese had no access to safe drinking water.[5] In addition to the acute problems of
water pollution in developing countries, developed countries continue to struggle with pollution
problems as well. In the most recent national report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent
of assessed stream miles, 47% of assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of
assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted.[6]The head of Chinas national
development agency in 2007 said 1/4th the length of China's seven main rivers were so poisoned
the water harmed the skin.[7]

Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into
the Earth's atmosphere, possibly causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living
organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment.
The atmosphere is a complex natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on
planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletiondue to air pollution has been recognized as a threat to
human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution
problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] According to the
2014 WHO report, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide. [2]
An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the
ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of
natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are
usually produced from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption. Other examples
include carbon monoxidegas from motor vehicle exhaust, or the sulfur dioxide released from
factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary
pollutants react or interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant.
Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from
other primary pollutants.
Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:

Noise pollution or noise disturbance is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the
activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly
caused by machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains.[3][4] Outdoor
noise is summarized by the word environmental noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise
pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the
residential areas.
Indoor noise can be caused by machines, building activities, and music performances, especially in
some workplaces. Noise-induced hearing loss can be caused by outside (e.g. trains) or inside (e.g.
music) noise.

High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in blood pressure, and
an increase in stress and vasoconstriction, and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. In
animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance,
interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss.

Soil contamination or soil pollution is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made)

chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial
activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste. The most common chemicals involved
are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene
andbenzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated
with the degree ofindustrialization and intensity of chemical usage.[citation needed]
The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct contact with the
contaminated soil, vapors from the contaminants, and from secondary contamination of water
supplies within and underlying the soil.[1] Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting
cleanup are time consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive amounts
ofgeology, hydrology, chemistry, computer modeling skills, and GIS in Environmental Contamination,
as well as an appreciation of the history of industrial chemistry.
In North America and Western Europe that the extent of contaminated land is best known, with many
of countries in these areas having a legal framework to identify and deal with this environmental
problem. Developing countries tend to be less tightly regulated despite some of them having
undergone significant industrialization.[citation needed]