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CAPTEURS DE PRESSION ET DE FORCE(

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Technique de l ingnieur, r410 Capteurs par Jacques TOUX

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= tg "
!m

H'$*#M#;#,7()@$+6#8-'(Q(;+(0"78-'$%'(0((3((HB0D(
frquence f , pulsation !=2"/f

Dans le cas dune variation sinusodale la frquence f de la mesure et du signal (rponse harmonique)

m(t) = m0 + m1 cos (! t ) !#
s1
" % S( f ) =
m1
s(t) = s0 + s1 cos (! t + " )#$

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RC
RC
! "v = "e
R + RC
R + RC
"e
Si R = R C ! "v =
2
v=e

h,##+*+-*:,-(:.-*45G.9.4=:3(:95:*+,)6(:=759(:I:i(':?9:(-:
)=*,94(:,-(:/5).5D+-:3(:4(-*.+-:3+--=(:#5):$:

!V =

!e
2

11:

42$,+5'('$(&2$,(
VB ! VD VD ! VA
V R + VAR 2
=
" VD = B 1
R2
R1
R1 + R 2
VB ! VC VC ! VA
VBR 4 + VAR 3
=
" VC =
R3
R4
R3 + R4

VB ! VA = e
VD ! VC = V

V = VD ! VC =

VB R1 + VA R2 VB R4 + VA R3
!
R1 + R2
R3 + R4

V=

( R3 + R4 ) (VB R1 + VA R2 ) ! ( R1 + R2 ) (VB R4 + VA R3 )
( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )

V=

VB R1R3 + VA R2 R3 + VB R1R4 + VA R2 R4 ! VB R4 R1 ! VA R3 R1 ! VB R4 R2 ! VA R3 R2
( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )

V=
V=

VB ( R1R3 + R1R4 ! R4 R1 ! R4 R2 ) + VA ( R2 R3 + VA R2 R4 ! R3 R1 ! R3 R2 )
( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )
VB ( R1R3 ! R2 R4 ) + VA ( R2 R4 ! R1R3 )
( R1R3 ! R2 R4 )
= (VB ! VA )
( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )
( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )

V =e

( R1R3 ! R2 R4 )
( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )

V =e

Z-: #+-4: 3(: j!(54*4+-(: (*4: ,-:

.-*4),8(-4: 3(: 8(*,)(: .-/(-4=:
C!5)9(*: j!(54*4+-(: (-: 1cS;': C(6.:
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7)5-3(,): #!@*.A,(: I: 8(*,)(): $:
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3(: #95D-(': <(*: 5,4)(*: *+-4: 3(*:
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3H(-4)=(: (4: I: 95: 7)5-3(,): #!@*.A,(:
A,(:9H+-:*+,!5.4(:8(*,)()'::
:

( R1R3 ! R2 R4 )
( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )
1\:

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( R1R3 ! R2 R4 )
V =e
( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )

Si le capteur correspond une des rsistances (R1 )!du pont

Soit une petite variation "R1 de R1
V"R1 = e

(( R + "R ) R ! R R )
(( R + "R ) + R ) ( R + R )
1

V"R1 = e

R "R

( 2R + "R) 2R

si R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R!!!(au!repos)
V"R1 = e

"R / 4R

(1 + "R / 2R)
V
!R / 4R
=
e (1 + !R / 2R )

<7&2$*'($2$(
;#$7+#"'(

<7&2$*'(;#$7+#"'(
P+,):3(*:25.G9(*:
/5).5D+-*:3(:dJ:95:
4(-*.+-:3(:3=65957(:3(:
#+-4:(*4:9.-=5.)(8(-4:
#)+#+)D+--(99(::I:95:
/5).5D+-:3(:)=*.*45-6(:d:

Si !R / R < 1
V
!R
=
e
4R

1;:

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V =e

( R1R3 ! R2 R4 )
( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )

<(:#+-4:(*4:=A,.9.G)=:*.:: R1 = R3 = R2 = R4 = R ! V = 0
h.:d1:+,:d;:/5).(:3(:id:

R1 varie
dV
R 4R 2
=e 3 2
dR1
4R 2

!V "

e !R
4 R

<(:#+-4:(*4:.-.D59(8(-4:=A,.9.G)=:85.*:d1:/5).(:3(:id:(4:dS:3(:0id':

dV = e
"V #

R3 4R 2

( 4R )

2 2

dR1 ! e

R2 4R 2

( 4R )

2 2

dR4

e "R
(doublage de la sensibilit)
2 R

<(:#+-4:(*4:.-.D59(8(-4:=A,.9.G)=:85.*:d1:(4:d;:/5).(-4:3(:id:(4:d\:(4:dS:3(:0id'::
!V = e

!R
(quadruplement de la sensibilit)
R

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::

Montage 3 fils

Montage 2 fils

V =e

((R + !R + 2R )R " R R )
1

( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )

R !R1 + 2R f
4R 2

) = e !R + 2R
1

((R + !R + 2R )R " (R

V =e

( R R + !R R + 2R R " R R

si!R1 = R3 = R2 = R4
V =e

V =e

+ 2R f )R4

( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )

( R1 + R2 ) ( R3 + R4 )

" 2R f R4

si!R1 = R3 = R2 = R4 !

V =e

4R

!R1
4R

1V:

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>+$*(-$(62$,+5'(&2,'$/267,"#8-'J:9(*:F,64,5D+-*:3(:4(-*.+-*:5,B:G+)-(*:3(:95:)=*.*45-6(:3,:
65#4(,):(4:3(:95:4(-*.+-:3T59.8(-45D+-:*+-4:3+--=(*:#5):95:)(95D+-:*,./5-4(':

RC
RC
! "v = "e
R + RC
R + RC
"e
Si R = R C ! "v =
2
v=e

>+$*(-$(62$,+5'('$(&2$,J:95:-54,)(:3.K=)(-D(99(:3(:95:8(*,)(:(-:#+-4:#()8(4:,-(:8(*,)(:A,.:
(*4:8+.-*:*(-*.G9(:5,B:G),.4*:(4:5,B:3=)./(*:3(:95:*+,)6(:3(:4(-*.+-':

pont!quilibr!R1 = R3 = R2 = R4 = R
R1 !varie!!de!!!R " !v =

e !R
4 R

Si!l'alim!fluctue!en plus de!!e!" !v =

!e !R
4 R

COMPARAISON DES DEUX MONTAGES

!e !R
Bruit dans un montage en pont
!R
= 4 R =
qcq%
!e
Bruit dans un montage potentiomtrique
2R
2

<(:G),.4:3(:95:4(-*.+-:
3T59.8(-45D+-:(*4:)=3,.4:35-*:,-:
8+-457(:(-:#+-4:

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m-:*,##+*(:A,(:95:8(*,)(::8M4N::M7)5-3(,):A,(:9 +-:8(*,)(N:(4:*.7-59:*M4N:8(*,)=:#5):9(:65#4(,):L+"#'$,()'(0+\2$(
*#$-*2Z)+;'':<5:*(-*.G.9.4=:(-:)=7.8(:3@-58.A,(:(*4:3+--=(:#5):9(:)5##+)4:3(*:/5).5D+-*:3(:*:(4:8':

m(t) = m1 cos(!t ) " m1 e j!t

s(t) = s1 cos(!t + ") # s1 e

j( !t +" )

Sensibilit S !

s1
!
m1

M<5:*(-*.G.9.4=:(*4:9(:)5##+)4:3(*:58#9.4,3(*:3(:8+3,95D+-N:

Y@&9("7&2$*'(?+"62$#8-'(9(5"+$)'-"(&?@*#8-'(8-'(;A2$(6'*-"'(6(',(*#5$+;(*(*2$,()'*(*#5$+-]()'(6^6'(0"78-'$%'(
m-:3.*D-7,(:35-*:95:#)5DA,(:3(,B:4@#(*:3(:)=#+-*(:1():+)3)(:(4:\]8(:+)3)(':
Z-:*@*4]8(:3,:#)(8.():+)3)(:(*4:)=7.:#5):,-(:=A,5D+-:3.K=)(-D(99(:3(:95:2+)8($:

ds
+ Bs = m(t)
dt

nB(8#9(:$:65#4(,):3(:4(8#=)54,)(:
m-: 6+-*.3])(: ,-(: *+-3(: 3(: 4(8#=)54,)(: #9+-7=(:
35-*:,-:8.9.(,:I:95:4(8#=)54,)(:58G.5-4(:R5':
Q:9T=A,.9.G)(J:95:4(8#=)54,)(:3,:65#4(,):R:(*4:=759(:I:
R 5 ': <5: 4(8#=)54,)(: 3,: 65#4(,): #(,4: /5).():
G),459(8(-4: *+,*: 9T(K(4: 3T,-: 5##+)4: 3T,-(: =-()7.(:
(B4=).(,)(: oM4N: M*+,)6(: 3(: 6!59(,)J: F,B: 9,8.-(,BpN':
<(: G.95-: 4!()8.A,(: M75.-: 3T=-()7.(%#()4(*N: *T=6).4: 3(:
95:25q+-:*,./5-4(':

dT
= e!! (t) ! K(T ! Ta )
dt
d(T ! Ta )
C
= e!! (t) ! K(T ! Ta )
dt
d"T
C
+ K"T = e!! (t)!si!"T = T ! Ta
dt
C

T!temprature!(en!K)
C!capacit!calorique!(en!J/K)

! = !0 sin(" t)!!!nergie!incidente!(en!W)
e!pourcentage d'nergie absorbe
K!conductance!thermique!(en!W/K)
1Y:

<7&2$*'('$(0"78-'$%'(B(*@*,R6'()-(&"'6#'"(2")"'D(

ds
+ Bs = m(t)
dt

m(t) = m1 cos(!t ) " m1 e j!t

ds
= j!s
dt

s(t) = s1 cos(!t + ") # s1 e j( !t +")

Aj! s1 e j(! t+" ) + Bs1 e j(! t+" ) = m1 e j! t

cos ! + j sin ! =

Aj! s1 e j" + Bs1 e j" = m1

m1
s1 =
( j! A + B ) e j"

cos ! + j sin ! =

Sensibilit S( f ) !
S( f ) =

s1
1
=
m1 B 1 + ! 2 A 2 B 2

1
B 1 + 4! f A B

S ( f ) = S (0)

avec fc = B / 2! A

1
" f%
1+ $ '
# fc &

m1
s1 ( j" A + B )

m1 ( B ! j" A )
s1 ! 2 A 2 + B 2

cos ! =

m1B
s1 " A 2 + B 2

sin ! =

!m1" A!
s1 " 2 A 2 + B 2

!" A
!!!!"!! fc = B / 2# A
B
!2# f ! f
tan ! =
=
2# fc
fc
tan ! =

$ = !arctg

f
fc

1c:

<7&2$*'('$(0"78-'$%'(B(*@*,R6'()-(&"'6#'"(2")"'D(
! f $2
1+ # &
" fc %

S ( f ) S (0) = 1

fc = frquence de coupure
La bande passante BP en frquence est
comprise entre f=0 et f=fc.

Dphasage !

tg!! = !

f
fc

1e:

F]'6&;'()'(*@*,R6'()-(&"'6#'"(2")"'(9(;+(&?2,2)#2)'(
<(:F,B:9,8.-(,B:.-6.3(-4:oM4N:(*4:8+3,9=:I:95:#,9*5D+-:r':n-:)=7.8(:3@-58.A,(J:95:
#!+4+3.+3(:(*4:=A,./59(-4(:I:,-:7=-=)54(,):3(:6+,)5-4:(-:#5)599]9(:5/(6:,-(:65#56.4=:

dv v
+ =i
dt R
v
jC! v1ei" + 1 ei" = i1
R
C

Hypothse!harmonique

! (t) = !0 + !1 cos " t ! !1 e j(! t )

i(t) = i 0 + i1 cos ! t ! i1 e j(! t )
v(t) = v 0 + v1 cos(! t + ! ) ! v1 e j(! t+! )

v1
R
= e !i!
i1
1 + RjC"
v1
R
R
=
=
2
2
i1
1 + ( 2! fRC )
1 + ( f / fc )
Rponse du premier ordre
Frquence de coupure

fc =

1
2!RC

\f:

C'6&*()'("7&2$*'() -$(*@*,R6'()-(&"'6#'"(2")"'(
<5:)5#.3.4=:(*4:95:*#=6.b65D+-:3 ,-:65#4(,):A,.:#()8(4:3 5##)=6.():3(:A,(99(:25q+-:95:7)5-3(,):3(:*+)D(:*,.4:
35-*:9(:4(8#*:9(*:/5).5D+-*:3(:95:8(*,)(':<5:7)5-3(,):,D9.*=(:#+,):3=b-.):A,5-D45D/(8(-4:95:)5#.3.4=:(*4:9(:
4(8#*:3(:)=#+-*(:$:6 (*4:9 .-4()/599(:3(:4(8#*:A,.:* =6+,9(:5#)]*:,-(:/5).5D+-:G),*A,(:M,-:=6!(9+-N:3,:
8(*,)5-3(:[,*A, I:6(:A,(:95:*+)D(:-(:3.K])(:#9,*:3(:*5:/59(,):b-59(:3(:#9,*:3 ,-:=65)4:bB=':
:
<7&2$*'(Q(-$(7%?';2$(
ds
+ Bs = m0
dt
La solution un chelon est :
A

s = s0 1 ! e !t/!

avec ! " A / B cons tan te de temps!caractristique

avec!B = m0 / s0
Si t = ! #

S
= 1 !1 / e = 63%
S0

PREUVE!
solution!sans!2 nd !membre

solution!avec!2 nd !membre

ds
+ Bs = 0
dt
ds
A
= !Bdt
s
B
Ln!s = ! t + cte
A

s = c1e A + c2
t = 0 " s = 0 " c1 = !c2

B
! t

s = c1e

B
! t&
#
s = c2 % 1 ! e A (
$
'

t = ) " s = s0 = c2 !et !B = m0 / s0

B
! t
A

t
! &
#
A
s = s0 % 1 ! e ! ( !!!!avec!! =
B
$
'

\1:

C'6&*()'("7&2$*'() -$(*@*,R6'()-(&"'6#'"(2")"'(
d=#+-*(:I:,-:*.7-59:#=).+3.A,(:

Hyp. la mesure varie de faon priodique

Si

S
s=s0 (1!e ! t/! )
= 10% """"
# t10% = 0.1!
S0

S
s=s0 (1!e ! t/! )
Si
= 90% """"
# t90% = 2.3!
S0
!######
#"#######
$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$
Le temps de rponse t r est dfini de la faon suivante :
temps de rponse ! tr
cons tan te!de!temps!! !
tr ! tm ! td ! t90% " t10% = 2.2!
1 / Pour!un!systme!du! premier!ordre!! A
on!a!vu!que! fc = B / 2! A

ds
+ Bs = m(t) !,
dt

2 / Comme! " ! A / B cons tan te de temps!caractristique

Alors,!on!a tr = 2.2" = 2.2A / B = 0.35 / fc
P+,):,-:*@*4]8(:3,:#)(8.():+)3)(J:+-:5:95:)(95D+-:*,./5-4(:(-4)(:
4(8#*:3(:)=#+-*(:(4:2)=A,(-6(:3(:6+,#,)(:

tr = 0.35 / fc
\\:

<7&2$*'('$(0"78-'$%'() -$((*@*,R6'()-(*'%2$)(2")"'(
m(t) = m1 cos(!t ) " m1 e j!t

d 2s
ds
A 2 + B + Cs = m(t)
dt
dt

s(t) = s1 cos(!t + " ) # s1 e

!A! 2 s1 e j" + Bj! s1 e j" + Cs1 e j" = m1

m1
s1 =
j! B + C ! A! 2 e j!

avec

s1 ==

m1 / C

f0 =

s1 =

" A 2%
2 B
$# 1 ! " '& + " 2
C
C
2

ds
d 2s
= j!s et
= "! 2
dt
dt 2

j ( !t + " )

1
2!

C
A

frquence propre sans amortissement

et

"=

m1 / C

1 B
coefficient d 'amortissement
2 AC

2
" " f %2%
2" f %
$ 1 ! $ ' ' + 4# $ '
# f0 &
# # f0 & &

Sensibilit en rgime dynamique

Dphasage = ! = "arctg

S=

2#
$ $ '2 '
f0 &
f
1" & ) )
f &% % f0 ( )(

s1
=
m1

1
2

2
" " f% %
2" f %
C $ 1 ! $ ' ' + 4! $ '
# f0 &
# # f0 & &
2

\;:

<7&2$*'('$(0"78-'$%'() -$(
*@*,R6'()-(*'%2$)(2")"'(
P+,):,-:6+(s6.(-4:3T58+)D**(8(-4:
3(:9T+)3)(:3(:tLf'YJ:95:)=#+-*(:(-:
2)=A,(-6(:(*4:A,5*.:6+-*45-4(:35-*:
,-(:7588(:3(:2)=A,(-6(:=4(-3,(:(4:
95:3.*4+)*.+-:3(:#!5*(:(*4:)=3,.4(':

Sensibilit en rgime dynamique

S=

s1
=
m1

1
2

2
" " f %2%
" f%
C $ 1 ! $ ' ' + 4! 2 $ '
# f0 &
# # f0 & &

\S:

F]'6&;'()'(*@*,R6'()-(*'%2$)(2")"'((9(;A+%%7;7"26R,"'(
Z-:566=9=)+8]4)(:#(,4:E4)(:*6!=85D*=:#5):,-:*@*4]8(:85**(0
)(**+)4':Q:9H=A,.9.G)(J:95:#+*.D+-:^:3(:95:85**(:8:*()5:95:)=2=)(-6(J:
3+-6:^Lf':h.:9(:*,##+)4:*,G.4:,-(:566=9=)5D+-:/()D659(J:/()*:9(:G5*:
#5):(B(8#9(J:3(,B:6!+*(*:/+-4:5/+.):9.(,:$:6(:*,##+)4:/5:*(:
3=#956():/()*:9(:G5*:3H,-(:#5)4:(4J:I:65,*(:3(:9H.-()D(:3(:95:85**(:
8J:6(99(06.:/5:5/+.):4(-35-6(:I:)(*4():I:*5:#+*.D+-:3(:3=#5)4J:
2+)q5-4:9(:)(**+)4:I:*(:6+8#).8():3H5,4)(:#5)4':<5:/59(,):^:*()5:
3H5,45-4:#9,*:7)5-3(:A,(:9H566=9=)5D+-:5##9.A,=(:5,:*,##+)4:*()5:
.8#+)45-4(':

h5-*:566=9=)5D+-:(B4=).(,)(:

d 2z
dz
+ k ' + kz = 0
dt 2
dt

Q/(6:566=9=)5D+-:(B4=).(,)(:!"
d 2z
dz
M 2 + k ' + kz = !M !
dt
dt

Hypothse!harmonique

Solution

! = ! 1 cos (" t ) ! ! 1 e j(! t )

z1 =

z = z1 cos (! t + ! ) ! z1 e j(! t+! )

L'quation du mouvement est!celle!d'un

systme du second ordre!
d s
ds
+ B + Cs = m(t)
dt 2
dt

2
" " f %2%
2" f %
$ 1 ! $ ' ' + 4" $ '
# f0 &
# # f0 & &
avec!!

f0 =

!M ! 1 / k

1
2!

k
! frquence propre sans amortissement
M

et

"=

1 k'
!!!! coefficient d 'amortissement
2 kM

\V:

C'6&*()'("7&2$*'() -$(*@*,R6'()-(*'%2$)(2")"'((
h+.4:,-:=6!(9+-:$:8Lf:#+,):4uf:(4:8L8f:(-*,.4(':
P+,):,-:*@*4]8(:3,:*(6+-3:+)3)(:3=b-.:#5):9 =A,5D+-:3.K=)(-D(99(:
:
Q::3\*%34\:l:_:3*%34:l:C*:L:8f:
:
m-:*,##+*(:$:*Lf:(4:3*%34:L:f:#+,):4Lf':<(:)=7.8(:#()85-(-4:5:#+,):(B#)(**.+-:*fL8f%C':
1():65*:# u1:$:*@*4]8(:I:25.G9(:58+)D**(8(-4':<(:)=7.8(:4)5-*.4+.)(:(*4:#=).+3.A,(:58+)D':
\]8(:65*:# L1::$:*@*4]8(:I:58+)D**(8(-4:6).DA,(J:5#=).+3.A,(':
;]8(:65*:# U1:$:*@*4]8(:I:58+)D**(8(-4:2+)4J:5#=).+3.A,(':

h.:+-:*+,!5.4(:,-:4(8#*:3(:)=#+-*(:6+,)4::!:+-:6!+.*.4:# u1:
h.:+-:*+,!5.4(:,-:4(8#*:3(:)=#+-*(:6+,)4:(4:,-(:)=#+-*(:(-:2)=A,(-6(:6+-*45-4(::!:+-:6!+.*.4:# L:f'Y:
:
:::

\W:

F""'-"*(*@*,76+/8-'*(3(F""'-"*(+;7+,2#"'*((
F<<FJ<H( H_HC`4ICTaJFHb: n99(*: 5##5)5.**(-4: I: 6!5A,(: 8(*,)(: (4: #(,/(-4: E4)(: 9.=(*: I: 95: 3=)./(J: 5,:
/.(.99.**(8(-4: 3,: 65#4(,): I: ,-: =459+--57(: .-6+))(64p': <H())(,): *@*4=85DA,(: *(: 3=4(64(: (-: 6+8#5)5-4: 9(*:
/59(,)*:8+@(--(*:3(:95:8E8(:8(*,)(:3+--=(*:#5):3(,B:65#4(,)*:3.K=)(-4*'::
:
:
F<<FJ<H(Ic`IC:T<FH($:<5:65,*(:#).-6.#59(:3(:6(*:.-6()D4,3(*:(*4:95:#)=*(-6(:3(:*.7-5,B:+,:3 .-F,(-6(*:v:
#5)5*.4(*:w:3+-4:9H58#9.4,3(:(*4:59=54+.)(:(4:A,(:9 +-:A,59.b(:3(:v:G),.4:w':<(*:())(,)*:59=54+.)(*:#(,/(-4:E4)(:
9.=(*:5,B:())(,)*:3(:9(64,)(:+,:I:95:-54,)(:59=54+.)(:3,:#!=-+8]-(':<(:)=*,9454:3(:95:8(*,)(:(*4:65)564=).*=:
#5):,-(:3.*4).G,D+-:3(:#)+G5G.9.4=:)=#5)D(:5,4+,):3(:95:/59(,):/)5.(::35-*:9(:65*:3T())(,)*:#,)(8(-4:
59=54+.)(*':`5-*:6(:65*J:*,):,-:7)5-3:-+8G)(:3(:8(*,)(*J:+-:5:,-(:3.*#()*.+-:A,.:)(#)=*(-4(:95:/5).5G.9.4=:+,:
9H=4(-3,(:3(*:3.K=)(-4(*:/59(,)*:A,(:#(,4:#)(-3)(:95:8(*,)(':C("(:3.*#()*.+-:(*4:(*D8=(:#5):9H=65)4:4@#(:xJ:
A,.:*()4:I:6596,9():9H())(,):3(:8(*,)('::
::
4:_FKKF(
h,):,-:(-*(8G9(:3(:-:8(*,)(*:3(:95:/5).5G9(:BJ:95:
/59(,):8+@(--(::(*4:3=b-.(:#5)::
:
`.I<C3C_!F(
<H=65)404@#(J:65)564=).*(:95:3.*#()*.+-:3H,-(:*=).(:3(:8(*,)(*:5,4+,):3(:95:
8+@(--(':P+,):65)564=).*():A,5-D45D/(8(-4:95:3.*#()*.+-:3 ,-(:3.*4).G,D+-:
*45D*DA,(:+-:#+,))5.4::6596,9():95:8+@(--(:3(*:=65)4*:(-4)(:9(:)=*,9454:3(:
6!5A,(:8(*,)(:-:(4:95:/59(,):8+@(--('::C("(:8+@(--(:(*4:-,99(:#5):3=b-.D+-':
P+,):=/.4():95:6+8#(-*5D+-:(-4)(:/59(,)*:#+*.D/(*:(4:-=75D/(*:3(:9 =65)4:I:95:
8+@(--(J:+-:9(*:=9]/(:5,:65))=:5/5-4:3(:#)(-3)(:95:8+@(--(':m-:3=b-.4:59+)*:
9 =65)4:A,53)5DA,(:8+@(-:+,:=65)4:4@#(:x:6+88(:=45-4:95:)56.-(:65))=:3(:95:
8+@(--(:3(*:65))=*:3(*:=65)4*:I:95:8+@(--(:*,):,-:(-*(8G9(:3(:-:8(*,)(*:':

\Y:

c2#(=#$26#+;'(
95:9+.:G.-+8.59(:3(:#5)58]4)(*:-:(4:#:(*4:,-(:9+.:3(:#)+G5G.9.4=:3(:='"$2-#;;#:A,.:)(#)=*(-4(:,-(:(B#=).(-6(:+;7+,2#"':
M6H(*40I03.)(:*+,8.*(:5,:!5*5)3N:6+8#+)45-4:3(,B:.**,(*:#+**.G9(*J:7=-=)59(8(-4:3=-+88=(*:)(*#(6D/(8(-4:v:*,66]*:w:
(4:v:=6!(6:wJ:95:#)+G5G.9.4=:3H,-:*,66]*:=45-4:#J:6(99(:3H,-:=6!(6:=45-4:AL10#'::
:
nB(8#9(:
C+-*.3=)+-*:,-(:85)6!(:5,:!5*5)3:#+,):95A,(99(:+-:(K(64,(:a:#5*:/()*:95:3)+.4(:+,:/()*:95:75,6!(':h+.4:MlN:9 =/=-(8(-4:
/()*:95:3)+.4(:5/(6:Pl:*5:#)+G5G.9.4=:(4:M0N:9 =/=-(8(-4:/()*:95:75,6!(::5/(6::P0:*5:#)+G5G.9.4=':m-:5:PllP0L1':
y,(99(:(*4:35-*:6(*:6+-3.D+-*:95:#)+G5G.9.4=:PMaJ:-N:#+,):A,(J:5,:6+,)*:3(:a:#5*:9 =/=-(8(-4:MlN:*(:)=59.*(:-:2+.*z:
KM()'(
%26M#$+#*2$*(
!2-"(8-'(
;A7L7$'6'$,(BdD(
*'("7+;#*'($(02#*b(

&"2M+M#;#,7(!BKG($D(
&2-"(8-'G(+-(%2-"*(
)'(K(&+*(
; 7L7$'6'$,(BdD(
*'("7+;#*'($(02#*(

"
(+),
(+),
(+),
...(+)
(-),
(-),
!
##
#"
##
#
$, !
#(-),
#"
#...(-)
#$ $
n
N !n
$
%
$
$
(-),
(-),
(-),
...()
,
(+),
(+),
(+),
...(+)
!##"##$ !###"###
$$
#
N !n
n

CNn =

N!
n! (N!n)!

nb de combinaisons

(P+ ) ! (P+ ) ! (P+ ), ... ! (P+ ) ! (P- ), (P- ), (P- ), ...(P- ) = P+n P"N "n #
!####
"####$ !###"###$
%
n
N "n
%
%
%
(P- ) ! (P- ) ! (P- ), ... ! (P- ) ! (P+ ), (P+ ), (P+ ), ...(P+ ) = P+n P"N "n %
!####"####$ !###
#"####
$ probabilit %
N "n
n
$
N
"
n=0

P(N,n) =

N
n
" CN
n=0

P+n P!N!n

(P+ +P!)
formule du binme
=

=1

P(N,n)=CNn P+n P!N !n

loi binomiale

\c:

c2#(=#$26#+;'(
Valeur Moyenne : n =

N
"
n=0

n P(N,n) =

N
n
" n CN
n=0

P+n P!N!n

N
n PnPN ! n
n = " n CN
+ !
n=0
N
n P n !1P N ! n
n = P+ " n CN
+
!
n=0
N
d
n PnPN ! n
n = P+
" CN
+ !
+
dP n = 0
X+)8,9(:3,:G.-k8(:
N
d P+ + P!
n = P+
dP +
N !1
n = P+ N P+ + P!

n = N P+
{|PmR{nhn:$:PlLP0L1%\:
!:<(:-+8G)(:3(:3=#956(8(-4*:/()*:95:3)+.4(::5#)]*:a:4(-45D/(*:(*4:a%\:

\e:

F%+",(,@&'(
n2 =

! !=! ( n!n )
! !=! n !n
2

n2 = P
+

! != n 2 +n 2 !2nn
2

N
"
n=0

"n 2 = N (N !1)P+2 + N P+
$
#
$%n = N P+

n 2 = P+
n 2 = P+
n 2 = P+

! !=! N (N !1)P+2 + N P+ ! N 2 P+2

#
n 2 = % P+
$

! !=! N P+ (1!P+ )

#
n 2 = % P+
$
#
n 2 = %P
$ +

Si Ngrand!! ! P+ = 1 / 2

! = 12 N
comme n=N/2

n 2 P(N,n) =

CNn P+n P!N !n

N
n P n !1P N ! n
" n 2 CN
+
!
n=0
N
d
n PnPN ! n
" n CN
+ !
+
dP n = 0
&
N
d #
% P " n C n P n !1P N ! n (
% +
(
N +
!
dP + $ n = 0
'
#
&
N
d
d
n PnPN ! n (
%% P
C
"
(
+
N + !
dP + $ dP + n = 0
'
N
&
#
&
d
d
n n N!n
(% P+
( " CN P+ P!
dP + '$ dP + ' n = 0
X+)8,9(:3,:G.-k8(:
N
d &#
d &
P+
P+ + P!
(
%
(
dP + '$ dP + '

d &#
(% P+ N P+ + P!
dP + '$

N !1 &

(
'

N !1&
d #
P+ P+ + P!
%
(
'
dP + $
N !1
#
n2 = N P % P + P
+ (N !1)P P + P
+ $ +
!
+ +
!

n 2 = N P+

!
N
1
! =
=
!!! "!quand !n #
n
N
N

N
2
" n
n=0

n 2 = N P+ P+ + P!
n = N (N
2

!1)P+2

N !2

+ N P+

N !2 &

((P+ + P! ) + (N !1)P )

(
'

;f:

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http://www.univ-rouen.fr/
LMRS/Vulgarisation/
Galton/galton.html

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Dopage au phosphore P

S1:

H'6#3%2$)-%,'-"*(
>2&+5'(!((wikipedia)
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6)=5-4:5.-*.:,-:4)+,:35-*:95:*4),64,)(J:4)+,:A,.:#+,))5:E4)(:)(8#9.:#5):,-:=9(64)+-:3+--=:#5):,-:54+8(:3(:
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Soit le silicium dop laluminium. Par rapport au silicium, latome daluminium prsente un lectron
de valence en dfaut. Afin que Al puisse sintgrer dans le rseau et former 4 liaisons covalentes avec
ses 4 atomes voisins Si, le rseau lui cde llectron dficitaire partir de la bande de valence de Si
qui acquiert ainsi un trou. La charge ngative que prend latome Al nest pas mobile, car Al a besoin de
cet lectron supplmentaire pour assurer ses 4 liaisons. Mais la bande de valence du silicium se
dpeuple durablement et devient conductrice par sauts de trous . La migration de trous tant
assimilable une migration de charges positives, nous obtenons un semi-conducteur du type p (
positif ).:
:

Dopage laluminium Al

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6!5)7(*:9.G)(*:(4:)=3,.4::95:95)7(,):3(:95:^+-(:3(:4)5-*.D+-':<(:6+,)5-4:3(:3.K,*.+-::3(*:#+)4(,)*:
85[+).45.)(*: 5,78(-4(': h.: +-: #+95).*(: 95: 3.+3(: (-: .-/()*(: 95: ^+-(: 3(: 3=#9=D+-: 3(: 6!5)7(:
5,78(-4(:(4:9(:6+,)5-4:85[+).45.)(:3.8.-,('::

m-:538(4:9(*:)(95D+-*:*,./5-4(*:

W' = W 1!

U
"

W( m) =

2! "$ 1
1 %'
+
(
q # NA ND &

W" = W 1 !

U
"

SV:

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Z-:#!+4+-:3H=-()7.(:!:*,#=).(,)(:I:9H=-()7.(:3,:75#:n7:(*4:*,*6(#DG9(:3(:3+--():-5.**5-6(:#5):(K(4:#!+4+=9(64).A,(:
I::3(*:#!+4+0#+)4(,)*:35-*:6!56,-(:3(*:)=7.+-*:3(:95:3.+3(':P+,):A,(:6(*:#+)4(,)*:#,.**(-4:6+-4).G,():I:,-:6+,)5-4:.9:
25,4:=/.4():A,H.9*:-(:*(:)(6+8G.-(-4:(4:#+,):6(95:.9*:3+./(-4:E4)(:*=#5)=*:#5):9H56D+-:3H,-:6!58#':C(6.:-H(*4:#+**.G9(:
A,(: 35-*: 95: ^+-(: 3(: 4)5-*.D+-': Z-: =9(64)+-: (4: ,-: 4)+,: 6)==(*: 35-*: 6("(: ^+-(: *+-4: 5,**.4k4: 566=9=)=*: #5): 9(: 6!58#:
.-4()-(:(4:#5**(-4:35-*:9(*:)=7.+-*:a:(4:P:)(*#(6D/(8(-4J:6(:A,.:*(:4)53,.4:#5):9H5##5).D+-:3H,-:6+,)5-4:#!+4+0.-3,.4:
?#!': <5: ^+-(: 56D/(: (*4: 3+-6: 95: ^+-(: 3(: 4)5-*.D+-: 65): 4+,4(: #5.): =9(64)+-: 4)+,: 6)=(: 35-*: 95: )=7.+-: a: +,: P: (*4:
5,4+85DA,(8(-4:)(6+8G.-=(':

h! # =clairement

" ph
P

! "( m)
S=
(A / W)
1.24

+Eint
N

Iph =

!q"
P
hc

P:M#,.**5-6(:9,8.-(,*(::(-:jN: SW:

.+"+%,7"#*/8-'((%2-"+$,3,'$*#2$()'(;+(S2$%/2$(*2-*(7%;+#"'6'$,((
<(:6+,)5-4:#!+4+0.-3,.4:?#!:(*4:,-:6+,)5-4:.-/()*(:M:3(:*.7-(:+##+*=:5,:6+,)5-4:3(*:#+)4(,)*:85[+).45.)(*::
(4:3(:8E8(:*(-*:A,(:9(:6+,)5-4:9.=:5,B:#+)4(,)*:8.-+).45.)(*N::3+-4:9H.-4(-*.4=:5,78(-4(:5/(6:9(:-+8G)(:
3(:#!+4+-*:.-6.3(-4*:*,):95:G5)).])(':C(:6+,)5-4:* 5[+,4(:5,:6+,)5-4:3(:3.+3(:*5-*:=695.)(8(-4':
<H=695.)(8(-4::3(:95:^+-(:3(:4)5-*.D+-:5:3+-6:#+,):(K(4:3(:4)5-*954():95:65)564=).*DA,(:3(:95:3.+3(:/()*:
9(:G5*':y,5-3:5,6,-(:4(-*.+-:(B4=).(,)(::Z:-H(*4:5##9.A,=(:I:95:3.+3(J:+-:+GD(-4:9(*:#+.-4*:
6+))(*#+-35-4*:I:ZLf:

!
#e
"

I = Ip h + Idk

qU
kT

$&
- 1
%

!q"
P
hc

I ph =

+:P:(*4:95:#,.**5-6(:9,8.-(,*(::(-:j:

d(85)A,($:n-:#)5DA,(:?::?#!::(*4:#)+#+)D+--(9:I:9 =695.)(8(-4::

SY:

!"#$%#&'()'()7,'%/2$(
n-:7=-=)59:+-:-(:8(*,)(:#5*:9(:6+,)5-4:#!+4+:.-3,.4:3.)(64(8(-4:85.*:95:4(-*.+-:A,.:*H=45G9.4:5,B:G+)-(*:3H,-(:
)=*.*45-6(:3(:6!5)7(:d<':m-:8(*,)(:59+)*:,-(:4(-*.+-:Od<:A,.:-+)859(8(-4:(*4:#)+#+)D+--(99(:5,:-+8G)(:3(:
#!+4+-*:.-6.3(-4*':m-:3.*D-7,(:(-:7=-=)59:4)+.*:8+3(*:3(:2+-6D+--(8(-4':<(:8+3(:#!+4+6+-3,64(,):#+,):
9(A,(9:Zuf:(4:9(:8+3(:#!+4+/+945A,(:#+,):9(A,(9:ZLf':<(:8+-457(:(-:4)5-*.8#=35-6(:#+,):9(A,(9:,-:58#9.:
+#=)5D+--(9:(*4:,D9.*=':

g+3(:#!+4+/+945.A,(:ZLf::

d<Lf:

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G+)-(*:3(:6(99(06.:(4:/5:5,**.4k4:*H5##9.A,():5,B:
G+)-(*:3(:95:G5)).])(:
!"

Iph

V = RL i p h

RL

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A,.:25/+).*(:9(:#5**57(:3(*:#+)4(,)*:85[+).45.)(*:(4:)=3,.4:9(:6+,)5-4:#!+4+:.-3,.4N':`5-*:6(:4@#(:3(:
2+-6D+--(8(-4:95:4(-*.+-:8(*,)=(:OMd<N:)(#)=*(-4(:3.)(64(8(-4:95:6!,4(:3(:#+4(-D(9:o:3(:95:^+-(:3(:
4)5-*.D+-':C(99(:6.:-(:#(,B:3+-6:#5*:3=#5**():95:!5,4(,):.-.D59(:o:3(:95:G5)).])(:MWff:8O:#+,):9(:*.9.6.,8N'::
Sc:

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(B(8#9(N:59+)*:9(:6+,)5-4:3(*:#+)4(,)*:85[+).45.)(*:/.(-4:)=3,.)(:9(:6+,)5-4:#!+4+0.-3,.4:(4:95:)=#+-*(:-H(*4:
#9,*:9.-=5.)('::
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(-4)5>-(:,-:3=25,4:3(:9.-=5).4=:3(:95:3.+3(:(4:,-(:/59(,):4)+#:#(D4(:6+-3,.4:I:3(*:/59(,)*:8(*,)=(*:A,.:
#(,/(-4:E4)(:4)]*:25.G9(*:(4:3+-6:-+-:*.7-.b65D/(*'::$(,2;R"'('$(57$7"+;(-$'(,'$*#2$(+-](M2"$'*()'(<c()'(
; 2")"'()'(okk(Q(pkk(6qb((

!"

!
N

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RL

)=7.8(:9.-=5.)(:
Se:

42)'(&?2,2%2$)-%,'-"(Jrk(
<(:6+,)5-4:?:A,.:6.)6,9(:(*4:3+--=:#5)$::

I = Ip h + Idk

Vpn !

VPN = !U + VRL

VRL = RL

N
RL

VR

! qU
# e kT - 1$&
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%

#+,):,-(:4(-*.+-:.-/()*(:3(:
A,(9A,(*:/+94*:+-:5:
9H5##)+B.85D+-:*,./5-4(:?::?#!'::

ip h

VPN = RL i p h ! U

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A,(:35-*:9(:)=7.8(:#)=6=3(-4':<H.-4=)E4:3(:#+95).*():95:
3.+3(: (-: .-/()*(: (*4: 3+-6: 3(: #+,/+.): +G4(-.): ,-:
6+8#+)4(8(-4:A,.:)(*4(:9.-=5.)(:#+,):3(*:=695.)(8(-4*:
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Vf:

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3(: 2564(,): 3 58#9.b65D+-: QJ: 9(*: 3(,B: G+)-(*: P: (4: a: 3(: 95: [+-6D+-: *+-4:
bB=(*:I:,-:#+4(-D(9:=759:I:^=)+b(c+(&?2,2)#2)'('*,()2$%('$(%2-",(%#"%-#,(',(
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g+-457(:*5-*:4(-*.+-:3(:#+95).*5D+-:MZLfN:
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"
"
$
!V
R
$
$
# & Zin =
# & Zin =
Aiph
A
$
V = A (V+ ! V! ) = !AV! $%
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V ! V! ' V = R iph $% '*,(&;-*(0+#M;'(B;#$7+"#,7(&;-*(
V ! V+ V!
Zin = !
=
iph
iph

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d*L)=*.*45-6(:3(:6+-4564:3(:9 +)3)(:3(:1f::

iph
Cj

Rload

Vout

'L)=*.*D/.4=:M:68N:
h:*,)256(:(-:68\:

Jrk(

W" = W 1 !
C j (U) =

c j (U) =

C j (0)
U
1!
"

U
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(pF)

!o!r S
!o!r
19.2 S
=
$S %
L
2 "( U + # )
"( U + # )

V;:

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)=*.*45-6(:3(:6!5)7(:d<:(4:95:65#56.4=:=A,./59(-4(::C[:3(:95:[+-6D+-:

iph
Cj

Rload

Vout

t r = RLC j
=+$)'(&+**+$,'(l(0"78-'$%'()'(%2-&-"'(B0%D(
C'est la mesure utilise pour valuer le temps
de rponse des photodiodes un signal
priodique sinusodal. Elle est dfinie comme
la frquence laquelle la rponse de la
photodiode diminue de 3 dcibels. Le temps
de monte tr et la frquence de coupure fc
sont relis par la relation suivante:

tr =

0, 35
fc
VS:

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g+-457(:(-:#!+4+/+945.A,(:

Vout
RL
=
iph 1 + jc! RL

iph
Cj

Vout
=
ip h

Vout

Rload

RL
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fc =

1
2!RLC

RL
iph

g+-457(:(-:4)5-*.8#=35-6(:

Cj

Rsh

Vin

Vout

iph =

Vin
V !V
+ jc! Vin + in out !!!!et!!!!Vout = !AVin
Rsh
RL

iph =

!Vout jc! Vout Vout Vout

!
!
!
A!Rsh
A
ARL RL

" !1
jc!
1
1%
iph = Vout $
!
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A
ARL RL &
# ARsh
!V " R
jc! RL 1 %
iph = out $ L +
+ +1'
RL # ARsh
A
A &

Vout
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=
iph 1 + 1 + RL + jc! RL
A ARsh
A
Rsh = 1010 ! , A = 10 5 !10 6
Vout
"RL
!
iph 1 + jc! RL
A

fc =

A
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VV:

>+,+(*?'',(

VW:

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:(*4:9(:-+8G)(:8+@(-*:3(:#!+4+=9(64)+-*:=8.*:
#5):95:3.+3(:59+)*:35-*:,-:#)+6(**,*:3(:P+.**+-:
95: 3.*#()*.+-: ia: : 5,4+,): 3(: 6("(: /59(,):
8+@(--(:(*4:3+--=(:#5)$:

!N =

<+.:3(:P+.**+-:

RAPPEL : 9H=65)404@#(:65)564=).*(:
95:3.*#()*.+-:3H,-(:*=).(:3(:
8(*,)(*:5,4+,):3(:95:8+@(--(:

W1:

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i=

:
:

Nq
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q

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3(:#!+4+=9(64)+-*:(*4:3+--=:#5)$:
<+.:3(:P+.**+-:

!i ( A) =

*.:+-:#+*(::

!f =

1
2!t

q !N q N
=
=
!t
!t

!t i
q
=
!t

i q
!t

igrenaille = 2qi !f
W\:

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1
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kT
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thermique

2R"t

kT

P=

1
2

kT
!t

kT "f
#
R

ithermique =

4kT!f
R

.2-"+$,()'(M"-#,(,2,+;(

igrenaille = 2qi !f

ithermique =

4kT !f
R

ibruit total = igrenaille + ithermique

2

G (21'+,)('1,,0*(023,6+/,6+2;,#'2"1/,+/1,)'%)%'5%33+$,H,/$!#$-+%'!-$##3!6+,$(,/2'I(0+,3-/$+#3'!4,,
62,0()1+2',:$+,/"&3($,(2&4+31+,(J+0,$(,/2'I(0+,=0$("'=+F<,

igrenaille , ithermique ! A

KF!(

W;:

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>7,'%/L#,7((>(

1
(W "1 ) si inoise (A)
NEP
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D!
85.*:

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!

D "

A # $f % Hz cm (
'
*
NEP & W
)

<(:)5##+)4:*.7-59:*,):G),.4:Mh%aN:(*4:3=b-.:#5)$:

P
P ! D"
S/N =
=
NEP
A ! #f
P:(*4:95:#,.**5-6(:.-6.3(-4(:(-:jJ:`:(*4:(B#).8=(:(-:
68j01{^0\J:Q:(-:68\:(4:2:(-:{^':
WS:

F]'"%#%'(
1%:C596,9():9(:6+,)5-4:3(:G),.4:5**+6.=:I:95:/59(,):3,:anP:#+,):95:3.+3(:h\;cW0SS:(4:#+,):,-(:9+-7,(,):
3 +-3(:3(:18'::
\%:C596,9():9(:6+,)5-4:3(:G),.4:3(:7)(-5.99(:.*!+4:(4:9(:6+,)5-4:3(:G),.4:4!()8.A,(:.4!:(-:Q%{^':n-:3=3,.)(:9(:
6+,)5-4:3(:G),.4:4+459':C+8#5)():6("(:/59(,):I:95:/59(,):#)=6=3(-4(':C+-69,)(':
;%: n-: -(: 6+-*.3=)5-4: A,(: 9(: G),.4: 3(: 7)(-5.99(: 6596,9(): 9(: )5##+)4: *.7-59: *,): G),.4: h%a: (-: 2+-6D+-: 3(: 95:
#,.**5-6(:.-6.3(-4(:P:MjN:(4:3(:95:G5-3(:#5**5-4(:3,:*@*4]8(:2:M{^N':
S%:C596,9():95:#,.**5-6(:+#DA,(:-=6(**5.)(:#+,):+G4(-.):,-:)5##+)4:h%a:L1:5/(6:,-(:)=*.*45-6(:3(:6!5)7(:
3(:dL1ff:(4:dL1f':C+-69,)('::
V%:h.:PL18j:(4:dL1ffJ:6596,9():h%a:(4:`':

WV:

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WW:

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Q8#9.b65D+-:#5):9(:4)5-*.*4+):Vf:I:Vff:
h(-*.G.9.4=:3(:9 +)3)(:3(:1:I:1ffQ%j:
R(8#*:3(:)=#+-*(:1ff*:
:<.-=5).4=:*,):,-(:3=653(:

+V

iph

:
C

B
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! iph

Transistor NPN

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-V

Intrinsque

+V

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d5#.3.4=(:`=4(6D/.4=(::C+,4:"

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4(-*.+-:3(:9 +)3)(:3(:\ffO':
WY:

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1%:?-4)+3,6D+-:
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*#(64)+6+#.(:,/J:/.*.G9(:(4:.-2)5)+,7(':X9,+)(*6(-6(J:*#(64+#!+4+8=4).(:)585-J:`.K)564+8=4).(::
\%:P).-6.#(:
y,5-3:95:9,8.])(:#=-]4)(:35-*:9(:4,G(:(4:2)5##(:95:#!+4+654!+3(J:3(*:#!+4+=9(64)+-*:*+-4:5))56!=*:(4:=8.*:35-*:
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ik shot = 2qik dk !f
NEP ! Sk = 2qik dk "f
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Sa

::

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RO RL
RO + RL

C = CO + CL

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- Echauffement du corps noir $T% Q (quantit de chaleur absorbe)
- Dilatation thermique #$ (dformation) % #T
- Effet pizo-lectrique P (polarisation) % %
( % contrainte exece sur llment pizo)

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FW',(&#7O27;'%,"#8-'(
Supposons que lon mtallise les deux faces opposes dun cristal
pizo-lectrique et quon le soumettre une force F suivant leur
normale : une polarisation dilectrique P apparait. Les diples
lmentaires produisent par influence lectrostatique des charges
+ et - respectivement dans les lectrodes mtalliques M1 et M2
et la charge totale de lensemble reste nulle. Par contre il apparat
des charges en surface au niveau des lectrodes et une tension
lectrique rsultante V.

++++++++

--------

Les charges qui apparaissent sur les faces du cristal pizo-lectrique dpendent de lorientation
des forces appliques qui se dcomposent en composantes axiales et de cisaillement.
Les forces axiales tendent tirer le cube suivant
et les forces de cisaillement tendent faire glisser
les plans parallles lun par rapport lautre.
les composantes des contraintes dans un
solide, lindice i donnant la direction de la
composante et lindice j indiquant la normale de
la face laquelle cette composante est
applique

! 11 , ! 22 , ! 33 " tension, contrainte

! 12 , ! 21 , ! 13 , ! 31 , ! 23 , ! 32 " cisaillement

Pi (C / m 2 ) = dijk! jk

3.[:6+(s6.(-4:
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eV:

!?@*#8-'(I$#*2,"2&'(

eW:

C"+$*02"6+/2$()'*(%26&2*+$,'*()A-$(,'$*'-"((
&"#$%#&'()'(K'-6+$$GE!@')!3/36'%2)!&'!)>632#+'!&'!%*+615#2'!?(*'//'!1#51#+323!1;>)+?('!&5+2!+%-/(#'!/')!3/36'%2)!&'!
)>632#+')!&(!"#5(1'!15%-2('/!&(!-#+)2$/!-5%)+&3#3!GF!!
!!@$!"#$%&'(#!1;>)+?('!82'%)'(#!-5##')15%&$%2:!&5+2!15))3&'#!/')!)>632#+')!&(!"#5(1'!15%-2('/!&(!-#+)2$/!-5%)+&3#3F
Z-: 4(-*(,): 3(: )5-7: \: M: +,: 3(: )5-7:
*,#=).(,)N: #()8(4: 3(: )(#)=*(-4(): 9(*:
#)+#).=4=*: #!@*.A,(*: 3T,-: 6).*459: (4: 3+.4:
.-69,)(:4+,4(*:9(*:#)+#).=4=*:3,:6).*459:(4:
-+4588(-4: *(*: *@8=4).(*': Z-: 4(-*(,):
*@8=4).A,(: 3(: )5-7: \: #+**]3(: *.B:
6+8#+*5-4(*: .-3=#(-35-4(*: 35-*: ,-:
* @ * 4 ] 8 (: 3 H 5 B ( *: A , ( 9 6 + - A , ( ': < 5:
6+--5.**5-6(: 3(: 95: *@8=4).(: 3,: 6).*459:
3+.4: #()8(")(: 3(: )=3,.)(: 9(: -+8G)(: 3(:
6+8#+*5-4(*: .-3=#(-35-4(*: 3,: 4(-*(,):
6+-*.3=)=':
`H5#)]*: 9(: &"#$%#&'( )'( K'-6+$$GE! @')!
3/36'%2)! &'! )>632#+'! &'! %*+615#2'!
?(*'//'! 1#51#+323! 1;>)+?('! &5+2! +%-/(#'!
/')! 3/36'%2)! &'! )>632#+')! &(! "#5(1'!
15%-2('/! &(! -#+)2$/! -5%)+&3#3EF( C(95:
*.7-.b(: A,(: 9(: 4(-*(,): =4,3.=: 3+.4: 5,**.:
#+**=3(): 9(*: =9=8(-4*: 3(: *@8=4).(: 3,:
7)+,#(:#+-64,(9':

Transformation des axes sous laction dune opration de symtrie A

! a11 a12
(A ) = # a 21 a 22
#
" a 31 a 32

a13 $
a 23 &
&
a 33 %

e !2 = cos " 2 1 e 1 + cos " 2 2 e 2 + cos" 2 3 e 3

e !2 = a2 1 e 1 + a2 2 e 2 + a2 3 e 3

e!i = a ij e j
e j = aij e !i

Notation condense (dite notation d'Einstein)

La sommation est implicite sur l'indice qui
apparat deux fois dans le mme terme (ici
l'indice j).
Attention au sens des indices

Deux vecteurs p et q se transforment en p' et q' de la mme

faon que les vecteurs de base sous l'action de la matrice de
passage (A)

pi! = aij p j

et q j = aij qi!

L'indice muet peut tre quelconque pourvu que l'on utilise aucun autre indice avec une lettre identique
dans la mme expression. Les deux critures suivantes sont donc quivalentes:

pi = Tij q j = Tik qk

eY:

C"+$*02"6+/2$()'*(%26&2*+$,'*()A-$(,'$*'-"()'("+$5(p((
Transformation des composantes d'un point de coordonnes x,y,z
sous laction dune opration de symtrie A

xi! = aij x j

et

x j = aij xi!

xi! x !j = aik x k a jl xl = aik a jl x k x l

Transformation des composantes d'un tenseur T
sous laction dune opration de symtrie A

pi! = aik pk
pk = Tkl ql
ql = a jl q!j
pi! = aikTkl a jlq !j = Tij!q !j

Pk
#
pk = Tkl ql
#
ql

!
pi" = aik pk
ql = a jl q"j
!

pi"
#
pi" = Tij"q"j
#
q "j

Tij! = aik a jl Tkl

(;'*(%26&2*+$,'*(C#S()-(,'$*'-"(C((Bde rang 2 D(*'(,"+$*02"6'$,(%266'(;'(&"2)-#,()'*(%26&2*+$,'*()X-$(&2#$,((

ec:

z(*@*,R6'*(%"#*,+;;#$*(

c'*(6+#;;'*(,',"+52$+;G(
2",?2"26M#8-'G,"#%;#$#8-'G(
62$2%;#$#8-'G(,"#52$+;(*2$,(
2M,'$-'*(&+"()#;+,+/2$()-(
%-M'(

Q-79(*:(-4)(:9(*:5B(*:
6).*4599+7)5#!.A,(*:

ee:

o{(<`HFIJ|(>F(=<IqITH((

Les mailles
reprsentes sont
les mailles
conventionnelles et
elles ne sont pas
toujours primitives
(une maille primitive
possde un nud ou
un motif /maille)

1ff:

H_4FC<TFH(
Les symtries du cristal dpendent
la fois de celles du rseau de
Bravais et du motif

Une molcule avec une symtrie dordre

5 ou 7 peut exister, mais un cristal avec
une telle symtrie nexiste pas car on ne
peut pas remplir lespace avec un tel
objet.

1f1:

H@67,"#'*(',("7*'+-]()'(="+L+#*(
:$(&'-,()7[$#"(;'*(*@67,"#'*(%+"+%,7"#*/8-'*()'(%?+8-'(6+#;;'()'(="+L+#*(

Cubique

Tetragonal

Monoclinique
2
m

2/m (inversion)

Etc&.

1f\:

U"2-&'(&2$%,-';(
<(:7)+,#(:#+-64,(9:3=b-.:9T(-*(8G9(:3(*:+#=)5D+-*:3(:*@8=4).(*:3,:6).*459:A,.:9(:95.**(:.-/5).5-4:9+)*A,T+-:9(*:
5##9.A,(:5,4+,):3T,-:-~,3:3,:)=*(5,:

K",$+,)$(3,4,+/1,
23,)$(3,6+,
/L4=1'"+,62,
0'"/1($,($%'/,$+,
'=/+(2,+1,$+,4%5I,
6%"J+31,M1'+,
"3J('"(31,)(',
$?%)='(5%3,4"'%"',

<(:6).*459:(-D():M+G4(-,:#5):4)5-*95D+-:
3(:95:85.99(:=9=8(-45.)(N:3+.4:E4)(:
.-/5).5-4:#5):,-(:+#=)5D+-:3(:
*@8=4).(:#+**.G9(:3(:95:85.99(:
=9=8(-45.)(':

;'("7*'+-()2#,(^,"'(#$L+"#+$,(&+"(%'}'(2&7"+/2$()'(*@67,"#'(
;'(62/0()2#,(^,"'(#$L+"#+$,(&+"(%'}'(2&7"+/2$()'(*@67,"#'(
h.:9(:8+D2:#+**]3(:,-(:*@8=4).(:3(:)=/+9,D+-:*#!=).A,(:59+)*:9(*:Y:*@*4]8(*:6).*4599.-*:
3=b-.**(-4:9(*:Y:25q+-*:3(:)(8#9.):9T(*#56(':<5:)=3,6D+-:3(:95:*@8=4).(:3,:8+D2:M)(*45-4:
6+8#5DG9(:5/(6:6(99(:3,:)=*(5,N:(-4)5>-(:9T5##5).D+-:3(:;\:#+**.G.9.4=*:3(:)(8#9.):9T(*#56(:
#+,):9T(-*(8G9(:3(*:Y:695**(*:6).*4599.-(*'::
;\:7)+,#(*:#+-64,(9*:
1f;:

H@67,"#'*(',(62/0(9(']'6&;'(

Monoclinique
2

2/m
Symtrie
max du
motif

2/m

2
H!"#5(1')!15%-2('/)!15(#!/'!
)>)2I6'!65%5-/+%+?('!
1fS:

up(5"2-&'*(&2$%,-';*(
T;(@(+(up(0+\2$*()'(%26M#$'"(;'*(*@67,"#'*(%26&+/M;'*(+L'%(;'*(z(*@*,R6'(%"#*,+;;#$*(

1fV:

up(5"2-&'*(&2$%,-';*(

1fW:

F;76'$,*()'(*@67,"#'(

1fY:

F;76'$,*()'(*@67,"#'(

1fc:

`;76'$,*(57$7"+,'-"*()X-$(5"2-&'(&2$%,-';((
N3,)+21,6=O3"',$+/,=$=4+31/,6+,/L4=1'"+,
&=3='(1+2'/,6P23,&'%2)+,Q2",)+'4+R+31D,+3,
$+/,0%4#"3(31D,6+,'+/512+',1%21+/,$+/,
/L4=1'"+/,62,0'"/1($,

Orthorhombique
(3 axes d'ordre 2 perpendiculaires 222
entre eux)
a!b!c et !="=#=90
mm2
mmm
Tetragonal (1 axe d'ordre 4)
(4 // c par convention)
4
a=b!c et !="=#=90
4
4/m
422
4mm
4 2m
4/mmm

+JMJ%$:5B(*:6).*4599+7)5#!.A,(*:
n$:.3(-D4=:
.$:.-/()*.+-:
-:5JGJ6:$:)+45D+-:3(:\~%-:5,4+,):3(:9H5B(:+J:MJ:%(
8:5JGJ6$:#95-:8.)+.):#()#(-3.6,95.)(:I:9H5B(:+J:MJ:%(
exemple

! x1 $
#x &
# 2&
" x3%

c
"
a

! x1 $
2b
' # (x 2 & '
#
&
" ( x3%
2a

! ( x1$
# (x & i. e. 2
2
c
#
&
" x3 %

Trigonal (1 axe d'ordre 3 )

(3// c par convention)
a=b!c et !="=90, #=120

Hexagonal (1 axe d'ordre 6)

(6//c par convention)
a=b!c et !="=90, #=120

#
Groupe
ponctuel

Triclinique
a!b!c et !!"!#

Monoclinique (1 axe d'ordre 2)

(2 // b par convention)
a!b!c et !=#=90!"

lment gnrateur
du groupe

E
i

2
m

2b
mb

2/m

2b, i

2c, ma ou 2c, mb
2c, 2a, i ou 2c, 2b, i ou 2b, 2a, i
4c
4c+i
4c, i
4c, 2a ou 2b
4c, ma ou mb
4c+i, 2a ou 2b
4c, 2a ou 2b, i

3
3

32
3m
3m

Systme cristallographique

2c, 2a ou 2c, 2b ou 2b, 2a

3c
3c, i
3c, 2b ou 2a
3c, mb ou ma
3c, 2b ou 2a, i

6c
6c+i
6/m 6c, i
622 6c, 2a ou 2b
6mm 6c, ma ou mb
6 m2 6c+i, ma ou mb
6/mmm
6c, 2a ou 2b, i
6

Cubique (4 axes d'ordre 3// diagonales

du cube)
23
a=b=c et !="=#=90
m3
432
4 3m
m3m

2a ou 2b ou 2c, 3abc
2a ou 2b ou 2c, 3abc , i
4a ou 4b ou 4c, 3abc
(4a ou 4b ou 4c)+i, 3abc
4a ou 4b ou 4c, 3abc, i

1fe:

47,?2)'()A#$*&'%/2$()#"'%,'(
<7)-%/2$()'*(7;76'$,*()X-$(,'$*'-"(&+"(;+(*@67,"#'(%"#*,+;;#$'(
(:
:C("(:8=4!+3(:#)+#+*=(:#5):XZg?:M1eV\N:#()8(4:3(:)=3,.)(:)5#.3(8(-4:9(:-+8G)(:3(:6+8#+*5-4(*:
.-3=#(-35-4(*:3H,-:4(-*(,)':.266'(-$(,'$*'-"()2#,("'*,'"(#$L+"#+$,(&+"(;X+&&;#%+/2$()X-$(7;76'$,()'(*@67,"#'(
)-(5"2-&'G(%';+(*#5$#['(8-'(%?+8-'(%26&2*+$,'()-(,'$*'-"()2#,("'*,'"(#)'$/8-'(&+"(;X+&&;#%+/2$()'(;X7;76'$,(
)'(*@67,"#'':n-:6(:A,.:6+-6()-(:,-:4(-*(,):3(:)5-7:\J:+-:5:/,:A,(:%?+8-'(%26&2*+$,'(()X-$(,'$*'-"()'("+$5(p(*'(
,"+$*02"6+#,(%266'(;'(&"2)-#,()'*(%26&2*+$,'*()X-$(&2#$,':?9:*,s4:3+-6:3(:4)5-*2+)8():9(*:6+8#+*5-4(*:3H,-:
#+.-4:#5):9H=9=8(-4:3(:*@8=4).(:6+-*.3=)=:(4:3H(K(64,():9(:#)+3,.4:3(*:6+8#+*5-4(*:\:I:\:#+,):*5/+.):6+88(-4:*(:
4)5-*2+)8(:9(*:6+8#+*5-4(*:3,:4(-*(,)'::
!"'$2$*(%266'(']'6&;'(-$(%"#*,+;()-(5"2-&'({(8-#(&2**R)'(-$(+]'()X2")"'({(&+"+;;R;'(Q(;X+]'(%b((
h+.4:R:,-:4(-*(,):A6A:
:
x //c
x
x

! T11
[T] = ##T12
#"T13

T12
T22
T23

T13 $
T23 &
&
T33 &%

! x1x1 $
! +x 2 x 2 $ ! x1x1 $
# x1x 2 &
# (x1x 2 & # x1x 2 &
#
& 4c #
& #
&
# x1x 3 & ' # +x 2 x 3 & ) # x1x 3 &
# x2x3&
# (x1x 3 & # x 2 x 3 &
#x x &
# +x x & # x x &
# 3 3&
# 3 3& # 3 3&
" x2x2%
" +x1x1 % " x 2 x 2 %

H@67"#'({%(

x 1 //a

90
90

90
x2 / / b

T1 1 = T2 2
T1 2 = T1 3 = T2 3 = 0

! 1$
#x &
# 2&
" x3%

! 2$
' # (x1 &
#
&
" x3%
4c

0 $
!T11 0
#
[T] = # 0 T11 0 &&
0 T33 &%
#" 0
11f:

.;+**#[%+/2$(2&/8-'()A-$(,'$*'-"()'("+$5(p((

111:

H@67,"#'((,'$*'-"*:

Rang 4

Rang 3

Rang 2

11\:

H@67,"#'((,'$*'-"*:

11;:

H@67,"#'((,'$*'-"*:

11S:

FW',(&#7O27;'%,"#8-'(

11V:

FW',(&#7O27;'%,"#8-'(

Pi = dijk! jk

d111
d122
d133
d211
d222
d233
d311
d322
d333
11W:

(
F]'6&;'(9(a-+",O(B&#7O27;'%,"#8-'D(
y,5)4^:$:X+)8,9(:6!.8.A,(:h.m\:J:h@*4]8(:6).*4599.-:$:
(
12
)!+8G+=3).A,(:J:695**(:6).*4599.-(:$:;\J:d11=2.1 10

C.N1:

.7"+6#8-'*(&#7O27;'%,"#8-'*l0'""27;'%,"#8-'*(
Parmi les cristaux pizolectriques certains sont aussi ferrolectriques :
un champ lectrique excitateur E correspond une polarisation P et la
reprsentation graphique de P en fonction de E est une courbe ferme,
ce qui permet de dfinir une polarisation rmanente Pr et un champ
coercitif Ec. Tel est le cas en particulier du titanate de baryum BaTiO3 et
de nombreux sels (titanates, zirconates, stannates) ayant comme lui la
structure cristalline de la perovskite (CaTiO3). Le cas des cramiques
diffre toutefois de celui des cris- taux pizolectriques et cest en fait
lexistence de la ferro- lectricit qui conduit dexcellentes
caractristiques pizolectriques. Par frittage doxydes ou de sels de
plomb, de zirconium et de titanate on ralise des composs de formule
gnrale :Pb Ti (1x) Zrx O3 avec x voisin de 0,5. Dans tous ces
composs, les microcristaux lmentaires sont ferrolectriques, donc
dous dune polarisation spontane, mais lagrgat dsordonn de ces
microcristaux qui constitue la cramique simplement fritte na,
lchelle macroscopique, aucun moment dipolaire lectrique global. Pour
introduire dans un tel milieu lanisotropie ncessaire lexistence de la
pizolectricit, on doit le soumettre un champ lectrique intense qui,
alignant prfrentiellement sur sa direction les polarisations des
microcristaux lmentaires, va susciter une polarisation rmanente
considrable. Cest uniquement aprs cette opration dite polarisation
que la cramique devient ferrolectrique, et puis pizolectrique. Une
lvation de la temprature tende dtruire lalignement des diples
lmentaires sur le champ de polarisation. A une temprature dite
temprature de Curie, il nexiste plus de moment lectrique
macroscopique et la cramique perd toutes ses proprits
pizolectriques. Lun des avantages des cramiques est dailleurs
davoir une temprature de Curie nettement plus leve que celle de la
plupart des cristaux pizolectriques. Constantes pizolectriques
d33=65 1012 C.N1 , d31=-2.5 1012 C.N1.

11Y:

F]'6&;'*(

11c:

F]'"%#%'(9('W',(&#7O27;'%,"#8-'(
:`5-*:,-:6).*459:#.=^+0=9(64).A,(:*+,8.*:I:,-(:6+-4)5.-4(J:*(:3=/(9+##(:,-(:
#+95).*5D+-:=9(64).A,(:!':<5:)(95D+-:A,.:)(9.(:6(*:3(,B:7)5-3(,)*:(*4:4(-*+).(99(:(4:*H=6).4:
(-:-+45D+-:6+-3(-*=(:3Hn.-*4(.-$:::M6!5A,(:.-3.6(:.J[J:(*4:=759:I:1J\:+,:;N':`5-*:6("(:
(B#)(**.+-:P.::M(-:C%8\N:(*4:,-(:6+8#+*5-4(:3(:95:#+95).*5D+-:=9(64).A,(:!:(B#).8=(:
35-*:,-:)(#])(:65)4=*.(-:MBJ:@J:^N:A,(96+-A,(J:*.[:M(-:a%8\N:(*4:,-(:6+8#+*5-4(:3,:
4(-*(,):*@8=4).A,(:3(*:6+-4)5.-4(*::(4:3.[:(*4:,-(:6+8#+*5-4(:3,:4(-*(,):#.=^+0
=9(64).A,(:'::
::
1%:nB#9.A,():#+,)A,+.:9(:4(-*(,)::(*4:*@8=4).A,(:#5):#()8,45D+-:3(*:3(,B:3()-.()*:
.-3.6(*':
::
\%::Z-(:5,4)(:-+45D+-:#9,*:6+-3(-*=(:6+-*.*4(:I:6+-4)564():9(*:3(,B:3()-.()*:.-3.6(*:3(:
6!5A,(:6+8#+*5-4(:3,:4(-*(,):#.=^+0=9(64).A,(:3(:95:25q+-:*,./5-4($:3.[L3.8:5/(6:
.L1J\J;:(4:8L1J\J;JSJVJW':h(9+-:95:/59(,):3(*:.-3.6(*:[:(4::95:6+-4)56D+-:(*4:95:*,./5-4($:
M11L1J:\\L\J:;;L;J:\;LVJ:1;LSJ:1\LWN'::
m-:=6).)5:59+)*::P.:L:3.8:*8:(-:(K(64,5-4:95:8E8(:6+-4)56D+-:#+,):9(:4(-*(,):3(*:
6+-4)5.-4(*':n-:6+-*.3=)5-4:9(:65*:3H,-:6).*459:3,:*@*4]8(:4(4)57+-59:5##5)4(-5-4:I:95:
695**(:SJ::5##9.A,():95:8=4!+3(:3H.-*#(6D+-:3.)(64(:3(:X,8.:*,):6!5A,(:6+8#+*5-4(:3.8:
(4:8+-4)():A,(:9(:4(-*(,):#.=^+0=9(64).A,(:5:95:2+)8(:*,./5-4(:(-:-+45D+-:6+-3(-*=($:
7$11'/J!5%!$&6'2!?('!-;$?('!-5615)$%2'!&+KL!&A(%!2'%)'(#!&'!#$%"!H!)'!2#$%)M5#6'!
-566'!/'!1#5&(+2!&')!-5615)$%2')!&A(%!15+%2!0+>KCLF!
:
;%:m-:6+-*.3])(:,-(:958(:3H=#5.**(,):(:3(:*(6D+-:Q:2+)8=(:I:#5)D):3H,-:6).*459:3,:
*@*4]8(:4(4)57+-59:5##5)4(-5-4:I:95:695**(:S:*+,8.*:I:,-(:6+-4)5.-4(:3(:4)56D+-:,-.5B.59(:
*:35-*:95:3.)(6D+-:%'::
::
;05%:g+-4)():A,(:35-*:6(:65*:9(*:6!5)7(*:.-3,.4(*:5##5)5.**(-4:*,):9(*:3(,B:256(*:
#5)599]9(*:5,:#95-:M+JMN:(4:A,(:95:#+95).*5D+-:6+))(*#+-35-4(:5:#+,):8+3,9(::P;L3;;x;;:
;0G%:h+.4:C:95:65#56.4=:3,:6+-3(-*54(,):=A,./59(-4:2+)8=:#5):9(*:3(,B:256(*:M+JMN:*,):
9(*A,(99(*:+-:5:3=#+*=:3(,B:=9(64)+3(*:(4:O:95:3.K=)(-6(:3(:#+4(-D(9:A,.:5##5)5>4:5,B:
G+)-(*:3,:6).*459':nB#).8():95:2+)6(:X:(-:2+-6D+-:3(:CJ:3;;:(4:O'::
Qa$:QL168\J:(L\88J:)L1\ffJ:+Lc'cV:1f01\:h?J:OL18OJ:3;;L:1ff:#C%a:
:

Pi = d ijk ! jk

0
0 d14
"0
$
[d] = $ 0 0 0 d15
$#d 31 d 31 d 33 0

d15
!d14
0

0%
0'
'
0 '&

11e:

>7,'%,'-"*(2&/8-'*(T<(&@"27;'%,"#8-'(3(&#7O27;'%,"#8-'(

m-:5:/,:A,(:

1\f:

>7,'%,'-"*(2&/8-'*(T<(&@"27;'%,"#8-'(3(&#7O27;'%,"#8-'(

1\1:

>+,+(H?'',(

1\\:

>+,+(H?'',(

1\;:

>+,+(H?'',(

1\S:

>+,+(H?'',(

1\V:

.+&,'-"*()'(&"'**#2$(',()'(02"%'((9(<+&&';()A7;+*/%#,7(
9.8.4(:3(:9T=95*D6.4=:
<+)*A,T+-:5##9.A,(:,-:*@*4]8(:3(:2+)6(*::X:I:,-:6+)#*:*+9.3(:.9:*(:
3=2+)8(':<5:4!=+).(:3(:9 =95*D6.4=:6+-6()-(:9 :=4,3(:3(*:)(95D+-*:(-4)(:
9(*:6+-4)5.-4(*:(4:9(*:3=2+)85D+-*':<+)*A,(:9(*:2+)6(*:5##9.A,=(*:*+-4:
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!!Cij 31" 31 +

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Mesures de tempratures

"Thermocouples V(T)
"Thermorsistances R(T)

1;c:

THERMOCOUPLES
Effet Seebeck

L'effet Seebeck a t dcouvert par le

physicien allemand Thomas Johann Seebeck
en 1821. Une diffrence de potentiel
apparat entre deux points dun mme
matriau et la jonction de deux matriaux
soumis une diffrence de temprature.

2
T2

U1

T1
U2

T2

U1 = SA (T2 -T1 )
U 2 = SB (T2 -T1 )
U = U 2 ! U1 = (SB ! SA )(T2 ! T1 ) = SAB "T
SAB (V/K) est le coefficient Seebeck s'exprime en V.K-1

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Exemples de thermocouples

A chaque type de
thermocouple correspond
un type de couleur suivant
la norme utilise.

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Thermomsistance
D'une faon gnrale, la valeur de la rsistance lectrique d'un matriau varie avec
sa temprature. On distingue deux cas : les mtaux et les oxydes mtalliques.

1/ Conducteurs mtalliques
Le courant lectrique dans un mtal est d au dplacement d'lectrons libres : un rseau
cristallin parfaitement priodique ne prsenterait aucun obstacle leur mouvement et sa
rsistance lectrique serait nulle. Lagitation thermique et la prsence dimpurets engendrent
une rsistivit non nulle. Dans le modle de Drude , l'expression de la rsistivit est :

!=

m
!!!!!%!!!T
Nq 2"

m est la masse de l'lectron

N est le nombre d'lectrons libres par unit de volume
q la charge de l'lectron
:le temps de relaxation (dure moyenne entre 2 chocs)

% 1/ T:
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Critres de choix d'un mtal

pt100

Selon le domaine de temprature o elles seront utilises et des qualits particulires

recherches, on ralise les rsistances en platine, en nickel et plus rarement en cuivre et en
tungstne.
Le platine peut tre obtenu avec une trs grande puret (99,999%) garantissant une bonne
reproductibilit des caractristiques; son inertie chimique et l'absence de modifications
cristallines assurent la stabilit de ses caractristiques lectriques. Les sondes de platine sont
utilises pour des tempratures allant de -200C 1000C, lorsque leur enveloppe leur permet
(problme de sublimation du platine).
L'intrt du nickel rside dans sa sensibilit thermique suprieure : entre 0C et 100C, sa
rsistance est multiplie par 1,617 alors que celle du platine est multiplie par 1,385; par contre
sa ractivit chimique (oxydation en particulier) peut affecter sa stabilit et limite en gnral son
utilisation des tempratures infrieures 250C.
Le cuivre a trouv des applications cause de la trs grande linarit de ses variations
thermiques de rsistance; cependant sa ractivit chimique ne permet pas son emploi au-del
de 180C et sa faible rsistivit amne utiliser de plus grandes longueurs de fil.
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Rsistance de platine
Equation de Callendar-Van Dusen :
2
3
&
, T
), T )
, T
), T ) #
R(T) = R 0 $1 + #T - " *
- 1'*
- 1'*
' -!*
' !
1000
100
1000
1000
+
(
+
(
+
(
+
( "!
%$

Equation qui peut aussi scrire sous la forme :

R(T) = R 0 1 + AT + BT 2 + C(T - 100)T 3

Avec:

Avec R0 = R(0C); ', ( et ) sont des constantes qui dpendent de la calibration de

chaque rsistance. Par dfinition, ( = 0 si * > 0C. Des valeurs de ', ( et ) typiques
sont donnes par :
' = 3,90802.10-3 (C)-1
( = 0,1
(C)-4
) = 1,49
(C)-3

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Valeurs de la rsistance au platine

R(0C) = 100!
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2) Thermistances
- La proprit primordiale de ce type de
rsistance est une sensibilit thermique trs
suprieure, de lordre de 10 fois, celles
des rsistances mtalliques; en outre leur
coefficient de temprature est gnralement
ngatif et dpend fortement de T.
- Elles sont constitues partir de mlange
doxydes poly-cristallins tels que : MgO,
MgAl 2 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Co 2 O 3 , NiO,
ZnTiO4.
- La trs grande sensibilit thermique des
thermistances les rend particulirement
aptes la dtection et la mesure de trs
faibles variations de temprature (10-4
10-3K).

R = Ae

Eg
2kT

!!!!!!si!!T "

Mesures de rsistance
Typiquement, une mesure de rsistance
via un pont de Wheatstone 4 fils est
utilise.
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