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nuclear efectiva
! Los orbitales atmicos hidrogenoideos sufren una prdida de la
cuntico de espn
! Conocer los tres principios bsicos para determinar las
!
!
!
!
Curso 2007-08
tomos polielectrnicos
T-2
tomos monoelectrnicos
tomos polielectrnicos
r
Ncleo
q=+Ze
V(r) = !
r1
r12
ncleo
q=+2e
1 Ze2
4"# o r
r2
Orbitales hidrogenoideos
Curso 2007-08
T-5
tomos multielectrnicos
Penetracion orbital
! Penetracin orbital: Capacidad de los electrones para estar prximos al
ncleo
densidad electrnica
computacionales (Hartree-Fock)
orbital 1s
hidrogenoideos
Para un orbital 1s
Curso 2007-08
R2 (r )
EQEM
T-6
Curso 2007-08
EQEM
T-7
4! 2r 2R2 (r )
- se anula en el ncleo
- es mxima a una distancia que, para el
orbital 1s del tomo de hidrogeno, es
a0(53pm)
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-8
Penetracin orbital
Poder penetrante
! Los electrones 2s tiene una
Para un mismo nmero cuntico principal n, cuanto menor sea el nmero cuntico l,
mayor ser su poder penetrante
4! 2r 2R2 (r )
n=3 orbital
n =2 orbital
1s
2p
2s
2s
EQEM
T-9
Curso 2007-08
r(en u.a.)
T-10
Curso 2007-08
tipos de interacciones:
Hidrgeno
tomo Polielectrnico
Se rompe la degeneracin:
entero
T-11
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
+Zef
T-12
e-
e-
e-
11+
ee-
ee-
e-
Experimenta una
menor atraccin
nuclear!
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-13
Orden de apantallamiento
3s
3d
alejada de la experimental
"Razon? La carga nuclear que percibe el electrn de valencia del
Litio es mucho menor que la empleada en esa formula
$Zef"1,3 (en vez de Z=3)
En = !RH
EQEM
T-14
Curso 2007-08
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-15
Z2
n2
En = !RH
EQEM
Z2ef
n2
Curso 2007-08
Zef=Z-S
T-16
Mg: [Ne]3s2
interna de [Ne]
! Si los electrones internos fueran
Zef=Z-S
EQEM
T-17
Niveles de energa
! Para el H: la energa de los electrones
solo depende de n
En = !RH
Z2ef
n2
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-19
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-20
W .E. Pauli
P. Nob el Fisica 1945
EQEM
T-22
Curso 2007-08
T-23
biografia de
Pauli
Curso 2007-08
T-24
n
n
n total
orbitales electrones electrones
1
2
2
Capa
ml
1s
2s
-1 0 1
2p
3s
-1 0 1
3p
-2 -1 0 1 2
3d
10
4s
-1 0 1
4p
-2 -1 0 1 2
4d
10
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
4f
14
designacin
Curso 2007-08
n2
18
32
2n2
estado fundamental
EQEM
T-25
EQEM
T-26
Curso 2007-08
Llenando orbitales
bloque s
bloque p
Secuencia de ocupacin
de los orbitales
electrnicos
bloque d
lantnidos
actnicos
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-27
EQEM
T-28
Primer periodo
Segundo Periodo
Se llena el orbital 1s
13
14
15
16
17
2 perodo (Z=3-10):
18
Li
13
14
15
16
17
18
He
Be
Ne
Configuracin electrnica
Notacin
spdf
He
Diagrama de
orbitales
Alternativa:
Li: [He]2s1
Hidrgeno: Z=1:
Helio: Z=2:
1s1
Elemento
Configuracin
Li
[He] 2s1
1s 2
Be
[He] 2s2
EQEM
T-29
Curso 2007-08
Segundo periodo
EQEM
T-30
Curso 2007-08
2 Periodo
2 1
-1
0
+1
-1/2
ml
ms
+1/2
"#
E
Regla de Hund
Z=6 C:
Li
13
14
15
16
17
18
He
Be
Ne
estado fundamental
"
2p
2s
"#
1s
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-31
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-32
2 Periodo
2 Periodo
1
Z=7 N:
Li
Be
13
14
15
16
17
18
He
Ne
Li
Z=8 O:
[He] 2s2
13
14
15
16
17
18
He
Be
Ne
estado fundamental
Z=9 F:
[He] 2s2
Curso 2007-08
grupo 18
T-33
Segundo periodo
EQEM
T-34
Curso 2007-08
3 Periodo
Se llenan los orbitales 3s, 3p
Z=11 Na: [Ne] 3s1
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-35
3s2
Z=12
Mg:
Mg: [Ne
[Ne]]
Z=13
Z=14
Si: [Ne
[Ne]] 3s2 3p2
Z=15
Z=16
S: [Ne
[Ne]] 3s2 3p4
Z=17
Z=18
Ar:
Ar: [Ne
[Ne]] 3s2 3p6
1
1
13
14
15
16
17
18
He
Li
Be
Ne
Na Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
Regularidad perfecta
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-36
Orbitales d
4 Periodo
1
4s
3s
2s
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
3d
18
He
Ne
3p
Ar
K
2p
Ca Sc
Ti
Cr Mn Fe Co
Ni
Cu Zn Ga Ge As
a) Z=19 y 20
1s
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
Cr: [Ar]3d54s1
Cu: [Ar]3d104s1
Ga: [Ar]
3d104s24p1
Ge: [Ar]
3d104s24p2
As: [Ar]
3d104s24p3
Kr
Sc [Ar]4s2 3d1,
Ti [Ar]4s2 3d2,
V [Ar]4s2 3d3,
Cr [Ar]4s1 3d5,
Mn [Ar]4s2 3d5,
Fe [Ar]4s2 3d6,
Co [Ar]4s2 3d7,
Ni [Ar]4s2 3d8,
Cu [Ar]4s1 3d10,
Br
1 Serie transicin
K: [Ar] 4s1
Se
Zn [Ar]4s2 3d10,
Se: [Ar]
24p4
3d104sEQEM
Br: [Ar]
Kr: [Ar]
24p5
3d104s
3d104s24p6
Curso
2007-08
T-38
5 periodo
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
In
Sn Sb Te
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-39
Xe
2 Serie transicin
Y [Kr]5s2 4d1,
Zr [Kr]5s2 4d2,
Nb [Kr]5s2 4d3,
Mo [Kr]5s1 4d5,
Tc [Kr]5s2 4d5,
Ru [Kr]5s1 4d7,
Rh [Kr]5s1 4d8,
Pd [Kr]5s0 4d10,
Ag [Kr]5s1 4d10,
In: [Kr]
Sn: [Kr]
Sb: [Kr]
Te: [Kr]
I: [Kr]
Xe: [Kr]
10,
4d105s25p1 4d105s25p2 4d105s25p3 4d105s25p4 4d105s25p5 4d105s25p6 Cd [Kr]5s2 4dT-40
Curso 2007-08
EQEM
6 Periodo
6 Periodo
Cs Ba La(*) Hf Ta
Ce
Pr
Re Os
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Ir
Pt
Au Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Tm Yb
Lu
Nd Pm Sm Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
b) 5d o 4f?
La:
La [Xe] 5d1 6s2 vs [Xe]
Xe] 4f1 5d0 6s2
Subnivel 4f: lantnidos (Z=58-71) Al ser muy semejante la energa de los orb itales (n-2)f(n-1)dns es
difcil conocer la estructura electrnica verdadera
Ce: [Xe]
Pr: [Xe]
Nd: [Xe]
Pm: [Xe] Sm: [Xe] Eu: [Xe]
Gd: [Xe]
4f1 5d1 6s2 4f3 5d0 6s2 4f4 5d0 6s2 4f5 5d0 6s2 4f6 5d0 6s2 4f7 5d0 6s2 4f7 5d1 6s2
Tb: [Xe]
Dy: [Xe]
4f9 5d0 6s2 4f105d06s2
Ho: [Xe]
4f115d06s2
Er: [Xe]
4f125d06s2
Tm: [Xe]
4f135d06s2
Yb: [Xe]
4f145d06s2
Lu: [Xe]
4f145d16s2
T-41
Curso 2007-08
EQEM
7 Periodo
1
6
Cs Ba La(*) Hf Ta W Re Os
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ir
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Ta: [Xe]
4f14 5d3 6s2
W: [Xe]
4f14 5d4 6s2
Re: [Xe]
4f14 5d5 6s2
Os: [Xe]
4f14 5d6 6s2
Ir: [Xe]
4f14 5d7 6s2
Pt: [Xe]
4f14 5d9 6s1
Au: [Xe]
4f14 5d10 6s1
Hg:
Hg [Xe]
4f14 5d10 6s2
Pb: [ ] 4f14
5d10 6s26p2
Bi: [ ] 4f14
5d106s26p3
EQEM
Po: [ ] 4f14
5d106s26p4
At: [ ] 4f14
5d106s26p5
Rn: [ ] 4f14
5d10 6s26p6
T-42
Curso 2007-08
Configuracin electronica
4
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
a) Z=87 y 88 (orbitales 7s)
Zr: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d2
or [Kr]5s24d2
b) Cal es ms estable? 6d o 5f
Ac:
Ac [Rn] 6d1 7s2 vs [Xe]
Xe] 5f1 6d0 7s2
Tras el Ac, se llenan los orbitales 5f. Subnivel 5f: actnidos (Z=90-103)
Th: [Rn]
5f0 6d2 7s2
Pa: [Rn]
5f26d1 7s2
Md: [Rn]
5f136d07s2
Curso 2007-08
No: [Rn]
5f146d07s2
Lr: [Rn]
5f146d17s2
T-43
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-44
aufbau
! Cationes
abbau
2.
3.
EQEM
T-45
Curso 2007-08
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
O: [He]
2s2
2p4
66
71
91
94
103
Reglas de Slater
T-47
T-46
Reglas de Slater
!
Reglas de Slater
2.
3.
4.
Para electrones d o f:
a)
b)
5.
nuclear.
b) Los electrones en los niveles n-1 apantallan 0,85 unidades
Zef = Z ! "
unidades)
Zef = Z ! "
EQEM
T-49
Curso 2007-08
Zef = Z ! "
Reglas de Slater
sop
0,35
n-1
0,85
n-2
1,00
Electrn estudiado
dof
1,00 para los electrones s y p
0,35 para los d o f
1,00 para los electrones s y p
0,85 para los d o f
1,00
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-51
EQEM
T-50
Curso 2007-08
Cargas nucleares
efectivas.
Calculadas segn Clementi
Cargas
nucleares
efectivas
y Raimondi (resultados diferentes a las reglas anteriores)
Z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
1s
1,00
1,69
2,69
3,68
4,68
5,67
6,66
7,66
8,65
9,64
10,63
11,61
12,59
13,57
14,56
15,54
2s
------1,28
1,91
2,58
3,22
3,85
4,49
5,13
5,76
6,57
7,39
8,21
9,02
9,82
10,63
2p
------------2,42
3,14
3,83
4,45
5,10
5,76
6,80
7,83
8,96
9,94
10,96
11,98
EQEM
3s
------------------------------2,51
3,31
4,12
4,90
5,64
6,37
Curso 2007-08
3p
------------------------------------4,07
4,29
4,89
5,48
T-52
Ejercicios
Calcula la carga nuclear efectiva que siente uno de los electrones 2p del tomo de oxgeno.
Configuracin electrnica O:1s22s22p4
Los 5 electrones del nivel n=2 apantallan con 0,35.
Los 2 electrones del nivel n=1 apantallan con 0,85 cada uno
La constante de apantallamiento s =5*0,35+2*0,85=3,45
Zef=Z-s=8-3,45=4,55
Electrones
Electrones
n=4
1 (s)
n=4
n=3
4(d) + 8(s, p )
4x0,35 + 8x1,0
n=2
8 (s, p )
10x1,0
2(s)
2x1,0
1x0,35
n=3
13 (s, p , d)
13x0,85
n<=2
10 (s o p )
10x1,0
n=1
ap antallamiento
carga nuclear efectiva
contrib ucin
contrib ucin
21,4
ap antallamiento
19,4
5,6
3,6
EQEM
Curso 2007-08
T-53
Wolfgang Pauli was born on April 25th, 1900 in Vienna. He received his early education in Vienna before
studying at the University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld. He obtained his doctor's degree in 1921 and
spent a year at the University of Gttingen as assistant to Max Born and a further year with Niels Bohr at
Copenhagen. The years 1923-1928 were spent as a lecturer at the University of Hamburg before his
appointment as Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. During
1935-1936, he was visiting Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey and he had
similar appointments at the University of Michigan (1931 and 1941) and Purdue University (1942). He was
elected to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at Princeton in 1940 but he returned to Zurich at the end of World
War II.
Pauli was outstanding among the brilliant mid-twentieth century school of physicists. He was recognized as one
of the leaders when, barely out of his teens and still a student, he published a masterly exposition of the
theory of relativity. His exclusion principle, which is often quoted bearing his name, crystallized the existing
knowledge of atomic structure at the time it was postulated and it led to the recognition of the two-valued
variable required to characterize the state of an electron. Pauli was the first to recognize the existence of the
neutrino, an uncharged and massless particle which carries off energy in radioactive -disintegration; this
came at the beginning of a great decade, prior to World War II, for his centre of research in theoretical
physics at Zurich.
Pauli helped to lay the foundations of the quantum theory of fields and he participated actively in the great
advances made in this domain around 1945. Earlier, he had further consolidated field theory by giving proof
of the relationship between spin and"statistics" of elementary particles. He has written many articles on
problems of theoretical physics, mostly quantum mechanics, in scientific journals of many countries; his
Theory of Relativity appears in the Enzyklopaedie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, Volume 5, Part 2
(1920), his Quantum Theory in Handbuch der Physik, Vol. 23 (1926), and his Principles of Wave Mechanics
in Handbuch der Physik, Vol. 24 (1933).
Pauli was a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London and a member of the Swiss Physical Society, the
American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was awarded
the Lorentz Medal in 1930.
http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1945/pauli-bio.html
EQEM
para saber ms
r+dr
4! 2r 2R2 (r )
Fin
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
! (r + dr ) " ! r 3 = ! r 3 + ! r 2 dr + ! rdr 2 + ! dr 3 " ! r 3 = ! r 2 dr
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
!0
EQEM
!0
Curso 2007-08
T-55
Curso 2007-08
T-54