Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Frame Structure, Overheads and Pointers

Muhammad Zeeshan

SDH Overview
SDH Frame Structure
SDH Multiplexing
Overhead
Pointers

SDH OVERVIEW

SDH Definition
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a standard
which

is

developed

by

the

International

Telecommunication Union (ITU)

It is documented in standard G.707 and its extension G.708
It was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of
telephone and data traffic and to allow for interoperability
between equipment from different vendors
4

Limitation of PDH
INTERFACES:
Electrical interfaces
There are only regional standards, instead of universal standards

Optical interfaces
No unified standards for optical line equipments, manufacturers
develop equipment according to their own standards

Standardization of optical interface

PDH: the electric interface is a standard interface, but the optical
interface is not a standard interface

PDH Network
Standard electric interface
Manufacturer

Manufacturer

Manufacturer

2Mbit/s or 34Mbit/s

Special PDH optical signal

Limitations of PDH
MULTIPLEXING METHOD:
Asynchronous Multiplexing
Code rate justification is required for matching and
accepting clock difference
The locations of the low-rate signals in high-rate signals
are not regular nor fixed

Limitations of PDH
Japanese Series

European Series

North American Series

1.6Gb/s

565Mb/s

4
274Mb/s

4
139Mb/s

4
34Mb/s

400Mb/s
4
100Mb/s
3

45Mb/s

32Mb/s
5

7
6.3Mb/s

6.3Mb/s
4

4
1.5Mb/s

4
2Mb/s

24

30
64Kb/s

4
8Mb/s

Limitations of PDH
Adding and Dropping in PDH
Optical/Electrical

Electrical/Optical
34/140Mb/s

140/34 Mb/s

34/8 Mb/s

8/34 Mb/s

demultipexing

multiplexing
8/2 Mb/s

2/8 Mb/s

2 Mb/s
9

Limitations of PDH
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (OAM)
PDH signal frame structure has very few overhead bytes
for Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)

NETWORK MANAGEMENT INTERFACE

No universal network management interface for
network

10

PDH

Advantages of SDH over PDH

INTERFACE
Electrical interfaces
SDH provides a set of standard rate levels----STM-N.

(N= 4n =1, 4, 16, 64).

The basic signal transmission structure level is STM-1, at a rate of
155Mb/s

Optical interfaces
Optical interfaces adopt universal standards. Line coding of SDH
signals involves scrambling, instead of inserting redundancy codes

11

Standardization of optical interface

SDH has standard optical interface

SDH Network
Standard optical interface
Manufacturer

Manufacturer

Uniform STM-N optical signal

12

Advantages of SDH over PDH

MULTIPLEXING METHOD
Low-rate SDH signals high-rate SDH
Signals via byte interleaved multiplexing method

PDH signals SDH

Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

13

SDH Multiplexing
STM-N
N

STM-256
4

STM-64
4

STM-16
4

STM-4
4

STM-1
STM-1, 2, 34, 140 Mb/s

14

SDH Signals and Data Rates

SDH Signals

Bit rate(Mb/s)

STM-1

155.520 or 155M

STM-4

622.080 or 622M

STM-16

2488.320 or 2.5G

STM-64

9953.280 or 10G

STM: Synchronous Transport Module

SDH higher-rate signal (STM-4,16,64) is exactly 4 times that

of the lower-rate signal (STM-1)
15

Adding and dropping in SDH

SDH: Economical and easy way for network!

155Mbit/s

ADM

Optical interface

Optical interface

2Mbit/s
Electric signal
16

155Mbit/s

Advantages of SDH over PDH

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Abundant overhead bits are used for OAM.
Unnecessary to add redundancy bits to monitor line
performance during line coding

COMPATIBILITY
SDH

network

and

the existing PDH network can work

together
SDH network can accommodate the signals of other hierarchies
such as ATM, FDDI, and Ethernet

17

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

STM-N Frame Structure

For the convenience of signal analysis, the frame
structures of the signals are often illustrated as block
frame structures
The frame structure of PDH signals, ATM signals and
data packets of IP network are also block frames
The frame of E1 signals is a block frame of 1 Rows x
32 Columns consisting of 32 Bytes
19

STM-1 Frame Structure

125 s

9 Rows

3
4
5

RSOH
AU-PTR
MSOH

P
O
H

STM-N payload
(including POH)

9
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
POH: Path Overhead
AUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer
20

261
270 Columns

STM-N Frame Structure

125 s

9 Rows

3
4
5

RSOH
AU-PTR
MSOH

P
O
H

STM-N payload
(including POH)

9N
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
POH: Path Overhead
AUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer
21

261N
270N
Columns

SDH Frame Structure - ANATOMY

Transmission rate of single byte of STM-N frame:
STM-N frame contains 2430xN Bytes and each frame is
transmitted every 125 s
That means a given byte is transmitted 8000 times a second
Transmission rate of a single byte:
8000 x 8 = 64 Kbps

Transmission rate of a STM-1 frame:

9 rows x 270 columns x 8000 frames/s x 8 bits = 15,55,20,000 bps
= 155.52 Mbps

22

STM-1 Frame Transmission

1st
Byte

270

271

540

2430th
Byte

2161

2430
Transmission Direction

1st Byte of
STM frame # 1

Transmission Mode: Byte-by-Byte,

From Left to right & top to bottom

STM-1 Frame # 1

Last byte of
STM frame # 1

1st Byte
STM Frame # 2

23

SDH Frame Structure

Payload area for services transmission in STM-N
2M, 34M, and 140M signals are packed and carried
in the payload of STM-N frame over SDH network
Path Overhead (POH) after packing low rate
signals, POH is added for OAM of every frame

24

SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead (SOH) monitors the whole STMN frame
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) monitors the
whole STM-N frame.
Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) monitors each
STM-1 of the STM-N frame.

RSOH, MSOH, and POH compose the integrated

monitoring system of SDH.
25

SDH Network NE Types

Terminal Multiplexer (TM)
Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Regenerator (REG)

26

Regenerator
Regenerator has the job of regenerating the clock and amplitude
relationships of the incoming data signals that have attenuated
and distorted by dispersion
The regenerator replaces the RSOH bytes before re-transmitting
the signal

STM-N

27

Regenerator

STM-N

Terminal Multiplexer
Terminal

multiplexers

are

used

to

combine

plesiochronous and synchronous input signals into

higher bit rate STM-N signals

PDH
SDH

28

Terminal Multiplexer

STM-N

Add / Drop Multiplexer

PDH and SDH signals can be extracted from or
inserted into high speed SDH bit streams by means of
ADMs
STM-N

STM-N

Towards other NEs

Towards other NEs

Add / Drop Multiplexer

ATM

IP

SDH

Customers
29

PDH

Sections in the SDH Network

There are three sections in the SDH
Path
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section

The overheads are always generated at the beginning of a

section and only evaluated at the end of a section
Path
Multiplex Section
Terminal
Multiplexer

REG

Add/Drop
Multiplexer

Regenerator Section

30

REG

REG

Terminal
Multiplexer

Overhead Layer

POH
MSOH
RSOH

31

Payload
Path
Section
Optical

Optical Fiber Cable

Payload
Path
Section
Optical

How to understand SOH and POH?

Both SOH and POH are OAM bytes added to ensure correct and
flexible transmission of signals
SOH and POH are used in different layers to supervise and
administrate the signals. RSOH and MSOH are used in RS and MS
separately, but HPOH and LPOH are used for VC-3/VC4 and VC12
LPOH----used to supervise small package (VC-12)
HPOH----used to supervise big package (VC-3 / VC-4)
MSOH----used to supervise the carriage(STM-1) of the truck
RSOH----used to supervise the motorcade formed by trucks (STM-4/16/64)

32

SDH Frame Structure

AU Pointer (AU-PTR)
Used for alignment of lower rate signals in the payload of STM-N
frame to accurately locate the payload
AU-PTR is added in transmitting end, when the signal is packed
into the payload of STM-N frame
At receiving end, the low rate signal is dropped from STM-N
frame according to the AU-PTR value
Low-rate signals in the STM frame are arranged obeying some
rules byte interleave; so only have to locate the first low-rate
signal in the STM frame

33

SDH MULTIPLEXING

SDH Multiplexing
SDH Multiplexing includes:
Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N)
PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N)
Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (ATM STM-N)

35

1
1
STM-16
1
1
STM-1

Mapping
AUG-64
4

STM-64

STM-4

SDH Multiplexing Structure

Aligning
Multiplexing

AUG-16
4

Pointer processing

AUG-4
4

1
AU-4

AUG-1

VC-4

C-4

139264 kbit/s

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

34368 kbit/s

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

2048 kbit/s

7
TUG-2

36

Mapping, Aligning and Multiplexing

Low-rate tributaries are multiplexed into STM-N signals through three procedures:
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing.

MAPPING
SDH mapping is a procedure by which tributaries are adapted into virtual containers at the
boundary of an SDH network, for example, E1 into VC-12, E3 into VC-3, E4 into VC-4.

ALIGNING
SDH aligning is a procedure by which the frame-offset information is incorporated into the
tributary unit, by adding a pointer
The pointer value constantly locates the start point of the VC frame within the payload, so that
the receiving end can correctly separate the corresponding VC

MULTIPLEXING
SDH multiplexing is the procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adapted
into a higher order path

37

Multiplexing Structure
C: Container
VC: Virtual Container
TU: Tributary Unit
TUG: Tributary Unit Group
AU: Administrative Unit
AUG: Administrative Unit Group

38

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

1 Byte Path
Overhead
(POH)

Rate
Adaptation
1

1
1

4
1

POH

C12
2 Mbps Signal

VC12
C12

125 s

MAPPING

125 s

C-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) 2 = 34 Bytes

C-12 Frame Duration = 125 s
VC-12 = C-12 + (1 Byte POH)

There can be four different POH

bytes for one C-12 V5, J2, N2, K4

VC-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) 1 = 35 Bytes

VC-12 Frame Duration = 125 s
39

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

VC12

1 Byte Tributary
Unit Pointer
(TU-PTR)
4

1
1

POH

TU12

Multiplexing
x3
4

C12
PTR

12

12

12

125 s

ALIGNING

125 s

MULTIPLEXING

TU-12 = VC-12 + (1 Byte TU-PTR)

TU-12 Size : (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 36 Bytes
TUG-2 = TU-12 + TU-12 + TU-12
TUG-2 size: (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 108 Bytes
TU-12 and TUG-2 Frame Duration = 125 s
40

12
1

POH

C12

TUG2

125 s

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Multiplexing
x7

TUG2

TUG3

12
1

12

12

12

R R G

125 s

TUG-3 Size = (TUG-2) x 7 + R (2 Columns)

TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 s
41

86

125 s

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

TUG3

Multiplexing
x3

VC4

86
1

261

O R R

125 s

125 s

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)

VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes
VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 s
42

2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

AU-PTR

VC4

Multiplexing
x1

261

AU4

RSOH and
MSOH

270

AUG

270

STM-1

1
RSOH

AU-PTR

AU-PTR

VC4

AU-PTR

VC4

VC4

MSOH

125 s

125 s

125 s

125 s

2 Mb Multiplexing Route
2 Mb

43

C-12

VC-12

TU-12

TG-2

TG-3

VC-4

AU-4

AUG

STM-1

270

34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Rate
Adaptation
1

84

Path
Overhead
(POH)

1
1

34 Mbps Signal

125 s

P
O

C3
9

VC3
C3

H
125 s

C-3 Frame Size: 9 rows x 84 columns = 756 Bytes

C-3 Frame Duration: 125 s
VC-3 = C-3 + (POH)

POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte

VC-3 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 85 Columns = 765 Bytes

VC-3 Frame Duration: 125 s
44

85

34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Tributary
Unit Pointer

TU3

1
H1
H2
H3

Fixed
Stuffing Bits

TUG3

86

H1
H2
H3

TU3

VC3

R
9

125 s

STUFFING

125 s

TU-3 = VC-3 + TU-PTR

TU-PTR = 3 Byte Pointer (H1, H2 and H3)

TUG-3 = TU-3 + R

R (Fixed Stuffing Bits) = 6 Bytes (Fixed Stuffing Bits)

Bits)

45

86

(Fixed Stuffing

TU-3 and TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 s

34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Multiplexing

TUG3

1
H1
H2
H3

x3

86
1

TU3

VC4

P
OR R

R
9

125 s

261

125 s

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)

VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes
VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 s
46

34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

AU-PTR

VC4

Multiplexing
x1

261

AU4

RSOH and
MSOH

270

AUG

270

STM-1

270

1
RSOH

AU-PTR

AU-PTR

VC4

AU-PTR

VC4

VC4

MSOH

125 s

125 s

125 s

125 s

34 Mb Multiplexing Route
34 Mb

47

C-3

VC-3

TU-3

TUG-3

VC-4

AU-4

AUG

STM-1

140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Rate
Adaptation
1

260

Path
Overhead
(POH)

1
1

140 Mbps Signal

125 s

261

P
O

C4

VC4
C4

H
125 s

Rate Adaptation: The process of Bit stuffing, to account for different

clock rates of the signals coming from different sources
C-4 Frame Size: 9 rows x 260 columns = 2340 Bytes
C-4 Frame Duration: 125 s
VC-4 = C-4 + (POH)

POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte

VC-4 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes

48

140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

AU-PTR

AU4
1

9 10

270

1
4

9 10

270

AU-PTR

VC4

AU4
9

125 s

AU-PTR: A 9 byte pointer is inserted at Row No 4

AU4 Size: (1x9)+(9x261) = 2358 Bytes
AU-4 and AUG Frame Duration: 125 s
In case of 140 Mb signal mapping in STM-1, AU-4 and AUG are identical

49

AUG4

Multiplexing x 1

125 s

140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

RSOH and
MSOH

AUG4

AUG4

270
1
1

AU4

9 10

270

270

RSOH

AU4

STM-1

MSOH

125 s

125 s

RSOH Size: 3 Rows x 9 Columns = 27 Bytes

MSOH Size: 5 Rows x 9 Columns = 45 Bytes
STM-1 Size: 9 Rows x 270 Columns = 2430 Bytes
STM-1 Frame Size: 125 s
50

125 s

OVERHEADS

Overhead Bytes
STM-1 Frame Structure
OVERHEAD
1

RSOH
AU-PTR

P
O

MSOH

9
1

270

PAYLOAD
52

Section Overhead (SOH)

Overhead in SDH frame structure are classified as:
Section Overhead SOH
Path Overhead POH

SOH is further divided into RSOH and MSOH

RSOH can be accessed in the regenerator or at the terminal
equipment
MSOH can be processed at the terminal equipment

53

Regenerator Section Overhead RSOH

A1

A1

A1

A2

A2

B1

E1

D1

D2

A2

J0

F1

D3

: Media dependent bytes

X: Bytes reserved for national use

54

A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame Alignment (Framing) Bytes
Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame
A1 = F6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
In STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes

stream
STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

Frame # 1

Frame # 2

Frame # 3

Frame # 4

Frame # 5

Finding frame head

STM-N
Frame # 6

A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing

Find
A1,A2
Y

N
625 s

OOF
over 3ms

LOF

Next
process

AIS
OOF: Out Of Frame
LOF: Loss Of Frame
AIS: Alarm Indication Signal

Regenerator Section Trace J0 Byte

Regenerator Section Trace Byte: J0
Its used to transmit repetitively a Section Access Point
Identifier so that a section receiver can verify its continued
connection to the intended transmitter
Another usage of the J0 byte is that J0 byte in each STM-N
frame is defined as an STM identifier C1 i.e., to identify
individual STM-1 inside a multiplexed STM-N
Within the domain of a single operator, this byte may use
any character
57

B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
A parity code (even parity), used to check the transmission
errors over the RS

BIP-8

A1
A2
A3
A4

00110011
11001100
10101010
00001111

B 01011010

STM-N

Rx

Tx

1#STM-N
2#STM-N

Calculate
B1 of STM-N #1
Place the result
of BIP in B1 of
STM-N #2

2#STM-N
Verify B1 B2

1#STM-N

F1 Byte
User Channel Byte: F1
Provides a 64 kb/s data/voice channel for special
maintenance purposes.

TM

REG

ADM
F1

59

TM

E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes: Provides one 64 kbps each for voice
communication
E1: RS Orderwire Byte RSOH orderwire message
E2: MS Orderwire Byte MSOH orderwire message

Digital telephone channel

E1-RS, E2-MS

TM

ADM
E1 and E2

REG

TM

Quiz
If only E2 byte is used as order wire byte, then order
wire voice communication is provided between:
A and B
B and C
C and D

61

Quiz
If only E1 byte is used as order wire byte, then order
wire voice communication is provided between:
A and B
B and C
C and D
A and D

62

D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channels (DCC) Bytes
Message-based Channel for OAM between NEs and NMS
RS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 kbit/s (3X64 kbit/s)
MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 576 kbit/s (9X64kbit/s)

NE

NE

NE

NE

DCC channel
TMN

OAM Information: Control, Maintenance,

Remote Provisioning, Monitoring (Alarm &
Performance), Administration

Multiplex Section Overhead MSOH

B2

K1

K2

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

D11

D12

S1

B2

B2

M1 E2

X: Bytes reserved for national use

64

B2 Bytes
The B1 byte monitors the transmission error of the
complete STM-N frame signal
The B2 bytes monitor the error performance status for
each STM-1 frame within the STM-N frame
There are N*3 B2 bytes in an STM-N frame with
every three B2 bytes corresponding to an STM-1 frame

65

B2 Bytes
B2 Byte Principle
At transmitting end, the BIP-Nx24 is computed over all bits of the STMN frame except for the first three rows of SOH, and the result is placed
in 3 bytes B2 of the preceding frame before scrambling.
At receiving end, the BIP- Nx24 is computed over all bits of the frame
except for the first three rows of SOH, and then Exclusive OR with the
B2 bytes of the later arrived frame.
If the value of Exclusive OR operation is zero, there is no bit block error.
Any mismatch in result indicates transmission errors.
11001100 11001100 11001100
01011101 01011101 01011101
For example
BIP-N24 is computed over
a frame of signal composed
of 9 bytes.

66

BIP24

11110000 11110000 11110000

01100001 01100001 01100001

K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel
bytes
Used for transmitting APS signaling to implement
equipment self-healing function
The K1 byte and K2(b1~b5) are used for
automatic switchover to a standby path

67

K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)

NE-B detects a transmission error on the line and informs NE-A via K1 byte
to switchover
NE-A switches to the standby channel
NE-A via K2 byte indicates the switchover in NE-B
NE-B switches to the standby channel
NE-A

NE-B
Working path

K2

Standby path

Working path

Standby path

68

K1

S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB)
This byte is used for synchronization of network
Bits 5 to 8 of S1 byte indicate the quality of the incoming clock
The smaller the value of S1 (b5-b8), the higher the level of clock quality
This helps to determine whether or not to switch the clock source, i.e.
switch to higher quality clock source
bits 5 ~ 8 Meaning
0000

Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)

0010

G.811 PRC

0100

G.812 transit

1000

G.812 local

1011
1111

G.813 SETS (Synchronous Equipment

Timing Clock)
Do not use for sync.

M1 Byte
Multiplex Section Remote Error IndicationMS-REIByte
This byte is used to report back the number of error blocks
detected by the receiver by evaluating three B2 bytes
Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-REI

Evaluate B2 and
detect bit errors

Traffic
B2

B2

B2

Rx

Tx

M1

MS-REI

Generate MS-REI

Report no. of
errors detected

Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

J1

VC-n Path Trace Byte

B3

Path BIP-8

C2

Path Signal Label

G1

Path Status

F2

Path User Channel

H4

TU Multiframe Indication

F3

Path User Channel

K3

AP Switching

N1

Network Operator

Higher Order Path Overhead

Path Signal Label : C2 Byte

C2 byte is used to indicate the type and composition
of the VC-4 tributary information

72

Path Status : G1 Byte

Path status byte
This byte is used to report back the fault from path sink to path
source and is set in the POH of the opposite direction

HP-REI
1

HP-RDI
3

HP-REI: High order Path Remote Error Indication

HP-RDI: High order Path Remote Defect Indication

73

Reserved
6

HP-REI and HP-RDI

Higher order Path Remote Error Indication
The SDH NE (sink end) checks B3 bytes
If error blocks are detected, the number of error blocks detected
is sent to the remote terminal in HP-REI signal

Higher order Path Remote Defect Indication

The SDH NE (sink end) checks J1 and C2 bytes
If J1 and C2 fail to be consistent, HP-TIM (Higher order path
Trace Identifier Mismatch) and HP-SLM (Higher order Path
Signal Label Mismatch) alarms are generated
HP-RDI is sent back to the remote end
74

Multiframe Indication : H4 Byte

This byte indicates the frame
label for a multiframe in the next
VC-4 payload
The value of this byte ranges
from 00H to 03H

75

Path Overheads
Low Order Path Overhead
1

1 V5

J2

VC-12

N2

VC-12

K4

VC-12

9
500s VC-12 multiframe

VC-12

Path Status and Signal Label : V5 Byte

BIP-2
1

LP-REI LP-RFI
2

Signal Label
5

LP-RDI
7

BIP-2
Parity code of VC-12

LP-REI
Low order Path Remote Error Indication
LP-REI is set to "1" and returned to the opposite direction if one or more errors are detected via BIP-2

LP-RFI
Low order Path Remote Failure Indication
If a defect condition persists beyond the maximum allowed time, it becomes a failure, then LP-RFI is set to "1"
and sent back to the source

Signal Label
Indicates type and composition of VC-12 tributary information

LP-RDI
Low order Path Remote Defect Indication
If sink end detects a TU-12 AIS, it sets LP-RDI to "1" and sends back to the source

77

POINTERS

Pointers

Pointers

AU-PTR

TU-PTR

AU-PTR
1
RSOH

AU-PTR

MSOH

AU-PTR
H1
1

H2
4

H3
7

H3

H3

Y: Fixed value 1001SS11

F: Fixed value 11111111
H3:

Additional

transmission

capacity

during

negative

justification
H1 and H2: Pointer value is contained in the last ten bits of H1
and H2
81

AU-PTR
H1 and H2
N

N: New data flag bits

A notification to the receiver about the change in pointer value and pointer
justification operation

AU/TU type:
For AU-4 and TU-3, SS=10

I/D: Increment/Decrement bits

D bits are inverted to decrement next AU-PTR address (-ve justification)
I bits are inverted to increment next AU-PTR address (+ve justification)
82

TU-PTR
The tributary unit pointer is used to indicate the
specific location of the first byte (V5) of the VC-12
within the TU-12 payload

83

TU-PTR
500s VC-12 multiframe

VC-12

VC-12

V1

VC-12

V2

TU POINTERS

VC-12

V3

V4

THANK YOU