SSLC Biology Instant Note by Minhad

BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG
BIOLOGY X
Instant Notes
Instant Notes
Minhad. M. Muhiyudheen
Kaliyattamukku, Malappuram
7minhad@gmail.com
SCIENCE INSTITUTE
Opp. HP pump, Vengara, Malappuram
First of all, thanking the CREATOR who bestowed me to bring out the book Biology-X
Instant notes to the students of class X under Kerala state syllabus.
This book has been exclusively designed as a powerful tool for the last-minute preparation in
their pursuit of success in the SSLC-Board Examination.
Every effort has been made to make the description point wise as per the new grading and
evaluation system. Difficulties which nerve the students have been dealt within simple and
lucid style.
I hereby express my sincere gratitude to Rahees Valappil (Director, Sunrise InstitutePandikasala) who put forward the idea of making capsule notes, Vinod Sir (G.Rajas.H.S.S,
Kottakal) & Jaleel Sir (Oriental H.S.S, Tirurangadi), who ready to share their valuable
materials, My brother, Munawar Ahammed, who helped me in typing material and all and all
Rajeev Sir (Blogger, www.english4keralasyllabus.com) who constantly motivated me in
bringing this note.
I kindly requesting the teaching faculties to share their materials with English blog, who
humbly trying to give as much aids to the student community.
I hope that this book will be warmly received by students and teachers. Great care has been
taken to avoid mistakes. Constructive criticism of the book and suggestions for its further
improvement will be gratefully acknowledged.
Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen
Kaliyattamukku, Malappuram
7minhad@gmail.com
Mob:9846292227
Faculty of Biology, Science Institute-Vengara
C{n-b-p-a-pdw...............................1
Chapter II. {]Xn-I-c-W- Cs\bpw.......................8
Chapter III. {]Xn-I-c-W-v ]nnse ck-X{w..........11
Chapter IV. D]m-]-N-bn\v tijw..............................18
Chapter V. ka-nXn XI-cptm............................22
Chapter VI. kpc-bpw NnInkbpw..........................25
Chapter VII. \-sf-s\ \-fmbn..............................31
Chapter VIII. Pohs IY, Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw .....................36
Chapter I.
1 C{n-b-p-a-pdw
akvXn-jvhpw 5 mt\-{n-b-fpw a\p-jys\ Npp-]m-Sp-ap am-sf a\-n-em-p-hm\pw {]Xn-I-cn-p-hm\pw klm-bn-p-p.
]mTw Npcp--n
Iv
I.
kwc-Ww
LS-\, [aw
ImgvN Step---1. t^m Zqcw {Iao-I-cn-p-p
Step---2. hkvXp-hns {]Xn-_nw_w sdn-\-bn ]Xn-p--p
Step---3. {]Imi {Kmln-I Do-]n-n--s-Sp-p
Step---4. \mUob Ath-K- Xe-tm-dntev
Zznt\{X Zi\w
sshI-ey-
\mUo-hy-h
\yqtdm--- ASn-m\ LSIw

\mUn 3 Xcw, Kmwn-tbm
{]h\w C{n-bm-\p-`-h--fnse ]v
Xe-tmdv kwc--Ww, LS-\, [aw
LS\
tIhn F A\p-`hw
ico-c-ns Xpe-\-\ne ]me\w
II.
sNhn
III.
\mhv
LS\
kzmZv F A\p-`hw
IV.
aqv
LS\
Kw F A\p-`hw
V.
Xzv
LS\
I.
I--v
ImgvN-bpsS C{nbw
kwc-Ww
1. Xe-tbm-n-bnse Ipgn-bn Dd-n-n-cn-p-p. BLm-X--fn \nv c
2. It]m-f, I]oen In s]mSn-]-S-e- hnSmsX XS-bp-p.
3. Ip-\o
Ins\ Ftmgpw Cu-ap--Xmn shp-p
s]mSn-ho-Wm IgpIn If-bp-p
ssetkmsskw In-\p-n-tev IS-p tcmKm-Wpsf \in-n-p cmkmn AS-n-bn-cn-p-p.
LS-\bpw [ahpw
SSLC Biology Instant Notes-SCIENCE, Vengara
t\{X-`mKw
I.
ZrV-]-Sew
a) tImWnb
b) t\{Xm-h-cWw
II.
c-]-Sew
a) sFdnkv
IrjvW-aWn
b) sekv
III.
ZrjvSn ]Sew
a) ]oX _np
b) A-_np
c) t\{X-\mUn
khn-ti-jX
[aw
_mly-]mfn
kpXm-cy-amb ap`mKw
tImWnb HgnsI Ins ap`mKw
Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-p ew
c-tem-an-I sIm-p a[y-]mfn
c-]-S-e-ns hrm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep Ccpap`mKw
sFdn-kns a[y-`m-K-p kpjncw
IrjvW-a-Wnv ]nm-enbn kv\mbp-
sIm-v koen-bdn t]in-I-fp-ambn _n
tImshIvkv sekv
{]Imi {Kmln-I ImW-s-Sp B-c-]mfn
ImgvN in Ghpw IqSp
A\p-`-h-s-Sp t\{X `mKw
ChnsS {]Xn-_nw_w cq]w sIm-m ImgvN
km[y-a-
A-_n-p-hn \nv XpS-p \mUn
AIzkv Ad
tImWn-bpw sekn\pw CS-bn-ep Ad
hn{Sn-bkv Ad
sekn\pw sdn-\pw CS-bn-ep henb

Ad
t\{X-tKm-f-n\v ZrVX \Ipp

{]Imi civan-Isf Dn-tev ISn hnSp-p
kwc-Ww
Inse Ie-Iv t]mj-Whpw HmIvkn-P\pw \Ip-p
sFdn-knse t]in-I {]Im-i-ns G-p-d-n-ep-I
-\p-k-cnv IrjvW-a-Wnsb NpcppIbpw hnI-kn-n-pIbpw hgn In-tev {]th-in-p {]Im-i-ns Afhv
\nb-{n-pp
t^m Zqcw {Iao-I-cnv {]Xn-_nw_w sdn-\-bn ]Xn-np-p
cq]-s-Sp {]Xn-_nw-_-n-\-\p-k-cnv Bth-K-sf
D-m-p-p
Bth-K-sf Xe-tm-dn-tev hln-p-p

tImWn-bpw sekn\pw Bh-iy-amb t]mj-Whpw O2
\Ip Pe-k-Zr-i-amb
\nd-n-cn-p-p
t\{XtKmf-n\v BIrXn \Ip sPn t]mep
\nd-n-cn-p-p
Imgv- L-
1. t^m Zqcw {Iao-I-cn-

ASppw AI-se-bp-ap hkvXp--fpsS {]Xn-_nw_w sdn-\-bn ]Xn-bm Inse sekv t^m Zqcw {Iao-I-cn-p hn[w
2. {]Xn-_n_w sdn-\-bn
hkvXp-hn \nv hcp {]Imi civan-I InIqSn
ISp t]mIp ]mX ImWn-p ^vtfmNm
tImWnb
AIzkv Ad
IrjvW-aWn
sekv
hn{Sn-bkv Ad
sdn-\-
{]Xn-_nw-_-ns {]tXy-I-X-I
o sNdpXv
o Xe Xncn-Xv
o bYmw
3. sdn-\-bpsS LS-\bpw {]Xn-_nw-_hpw cq]-s-Sp-tm-gp--m-Ip amhpw
sdn-\-bnse tdmUv, tIm tImi--fn ImW-s-Sp tdmtUm-]vkn, t^mtm-]vkn Fo hW--fpsS {]Imi hnL-S-\-amWv
ImgvN-bpsS ASn-m\w
Vit.A bn \np--m-Ip sdn-\m F cmk-h-kvXphpw Hm]vkn F amwkyhpw tNmWv Cu hW-I- D-m-hp--Xv.
tdmUp tImi- anb shfn--n Dt-Pn-X-am-Ip-p
tdmtUm-]vkn hnL-Snv sdn-\mepw Hm]vkn\pw Bbn amdp-p. Cu cmk-amw \mUob Bth-K- Df-hm-p-p.
Vit.A
sdtUm-]vkn
sdn-\m + Hm]vkn
Ch c-pw {]Imi-ns Akm-n-y-n tbmPn-p-p.

hnm-an F bpsS A`mhw ]p\x-kw-tbm-P-\-n Ipd-hp--m-p-p \nim--X.
tIm tImi- Xo{h {]Im-i-n Dt-Pn-X-am-Ip-p, \nd- Xncn--dn-bm (t^mtm-]vkn hnL-Sn-p-Xv Xo{h {]Im-i-n-em-b-Xn-\m)
a\p-jy-\n Nph-v, ], \oe Fo civan-I-fm ]c-am-h[n Dt-Pn--s-Sp 3 C\w tIm tImi--fm-Wp--Xv.
tIm tImi--fn XI-cmdv ImcWw Nne \nd- ImWm km[n-m Ah hWm--X.
Fp sIm-v?
?
?
?
?
?
\mb, ]q XpS-nb kkvX-\n-I temIs 2 \nd--fpsS an{in-X-am-bn-mWv ImWp-Xv

]n-I ImWp temIw a\p-jy-tc-m hW-i-_-f-am-Wv
A-_n-p-hn {]Xn-_nw_w ]Xn-m ImgvN km[y-a-
]qv cm{Xn-bn ImgvN in IqSp-X-emWv
aqv ]I ImgvN-bn-
4. \mUob Ath-K- Xe-tm-dn-tev ImgvN F A\p-`hw

1. Hcp hkvXp-hns {]Xn-_nw_w ZrjvSn-]-S-e-n ]Xn-p-tm
{]Imi {Kmln-I Do-]n-n--s-Sp-p.
2. Bth-K- cq]-s-Sp-p.
3. Bth-K- t\{X-\mUn hgn Xe-tm-dnse ImgvN-bpsS tI{-n
Fp-p.
4. ImgvN-bpsS tI{w c-v In \np-ap {]Xn-_nw-_-sf t\mn
hkvXp-hns\ AtX cq]-n ImgvN km[y-am-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
Zznt\{X Zi\w
hkvXp-hn \np AI-ehpw AXns I\hpw kw_-nv IrXy-amb [mcW \Ip {Xnam\ ImgvN km[y-am-p-p.
Ins sshI-ey-
sshIeyw
ImcWw
eWw
]cn-lmcw
t]io-ssh-Ieyw
c-v Ip-Ifpw Htc hkvXp-hn

tI{o-I-cn-I-cn-m Ign-bm
Ah
ikv{X-{Inb
1. ZoL ZrjvSn
2. {lkz-ZrjvSn
3. tImv
5. {]kv_tbm-nb
AIzkv {Zh-ns ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw

XS--s-Sp-Xv
sekns CemkvXn-IX
\jv-s-Spp
6. Xnancw
t\{X sekv AXm-cy-am-Ipp
4. tmtma
aqew In aw hn-p-p
ASp-p hkvXp-sf hy-ambn
ImWm Ign-bn
ImgvN {ItaW \jvS-s-Sp-p
tImshIvkv sekv
D]-tbm-Knv ]cn-l-cnmw
sekv amn-sh-
ikv{X-{Inb
\mUo hyh-- C{n-bm-\p-`-h--fnse ]v
mt\-{n-b--fn kzoI-cn--s hnh-c- (Ahn-sS-bp {Kmln-I Do-]n-n--sv Bth-K--fm-bn) Hn-e-[nIw

\qtdm-Wp-I-fn-eqsS IS-p-t]mbn Xe-tm-dnse {]tXyI tI{-n-se-p-p. AhnsS shv Bth-K- hni-I-e\w sNbvXpw
kwtbm-Pn-npw IrXy-amb C{n-bm-\p-`-h- \apv {]Zm\w sNp-p.
\yqtdm ASn-m\ LSIw
\mUn 3 Xcw
- mt\-{n-b--fn \np Xe-tm-dntepw kpjp-av\-bn-tepw BthKsf - sIm-p-t]m-Ip-- \mUo-X-p

- Xe-tm-dn-sbpw kpjp-av\-bp-sSbpw \n-tZ-i- Ah-b-h--fn-tep sIm-p-t]m-Ip-- \mUo-X-p
- kwth-Z-\mUo-Xpfpw t{]c-I-\mUo-Xpfpw DtNncn-p \mUn-I-
Kmwn-tbm- \mUo tImi-i-co-c- Iqam
Hcm-h-cWw sIm-v s]mXn-ncn- (tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bnep) `mK-.
hnh-c--fpsS ssIamw
{Kmln-I- - icoc--n\-p-n \npw ]cnk-c-p\-npw Do]-\-sf kzoIc-nph-m Ignh-p \mUotImi-

Do-]\w- icoc---n\-I-t--m Npp]-mSntem D-mI-p am {KmlotImi-fn-se ]mkvamk-vXc-ns
Ath-K- -
Ccph-i-pw \ne\-np sshZypX- kpenXmh-bn D-mI-p hyXn-bm\w

p

t-- -mI-p
w
{]Xn-I-cWw- Ath-K-
-mI-p am
Xe-tmdv \mUo-hy-h--bpsS tI{w
kwc--W-
1. Xe-tbmSv ISpw IqSnb IhNw
2. sa\n-kv Xe-tm-dns\ s]mXn-bp 3]mfn
3. CSF sa\n--kns B-c-]m-fn-In-S-bn-ep {Zhw
{][m\ `mK-
`mKw
khn-ti-jX
1. skdn{_w
Xe-tm-dnse Ghpw henb `mKw

]pdw `mKw t{Kam-dpw D`mKw sshv
am-dp-am-Wv
2. skdn-s_w
Xe-tm-dnse c-m-as henb `mKw
3. saUpe
Htm-tK
skdn-s_--tmSv tNv Zv t]mse

ImW-s-Sp `mKw
CXns XpS-bmWv kpipw\
sshv am ]pdpw t{Kam- AI-p-am-Wv
4. Xem-akv
5. ssltm Xem-akv
[w
_pn, Hma, Nn, `mh-\ XpS-nb KpW--fpsS
tI{w
ImgvN tIhn, Kw, cpNn, kv]iw Fn-hsb ]n
t_m[w Df-hm-p-p
Fm sFnI Ne-\--sfbpw \nb-{n-p-p
t]in {]h-\-sf GtIm-]n-nv ico-c-ns
Xpe\ \ne ]men-pp
Ass\-nI {]h-\-sf \nb-{n-p-p
skdn-{_-n-tepw Xncn-tI-bp-ap hni-I-e\w
sNbvXv Bth-K-sf ]p\x-{]-k-cWw sNp-p
Bc ka-nXn ]men-p-p.
CXns ]pdw-`m-Kv \yqtdm-Wp-IfpsS tImi-i-co-c- Xnn-sR-cpn ImW-sSp-p. ab-en CmXp- sIm-v skdn-{_-ns
Cu `mKn\v Nmc-\n-d-amWp-Xv. AXn-\m Cu ]pdw-`m-Ks t{Kam- Fp hnfnpp. t{Kam--dn D Npfn-hp-Ifpw aS-p-Ifpw
IqSp-X \yqtdm-Wp-Isf Dsm-p--Xn-\p A\p-Iq-e-\--fm-Wv.
shfpp \nd-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb ab-en sIm-v Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-p \mUo-X-p--fmWv Cu `mKpXv.
II.
sNhn
sNhn-bmWv {ih-Ws klm-bn-p mt\-{n-bw.

ico-c-ns Xpe\ \ne ]men-m klm-bn-pI F [hpw sNhn-p--v.
sNhn-bpsS LS\
tIhn F A\p-`hw
sNhn-pS
I-\mfw
tImnb
s]cn-enw^v
I-]Sw
An irwJe
FtUm enw^v
Hmh hntUm
HmK Hm^v tImn (i-_vZ-{Km-ln-I)
{ihW \mUn
Xe-tm-dnse {ihW tI{w
i_vZw Xncn--dn-bp-p
ico-c-ns kp-e-\hpw sNhnbpw

Bc I-nse A hrm-Imc Ipg, shn-_yq Fnh tNmWv ico-cs Xpe\ \ne ]men-m klm-bn-p--Xv.
Bc Iw
A hrm-Imc Ipg
shn-_yq
Bw]yq-f-bnse {Kmln-I
bq{Sn-n, kmyq
{Kmln-I
FtUmenw^n Ne\w
Do-]\w
BthKw
skdn-s_w
t]io {]h-\-sf GtIm-]n-nv

icoc Xpe\ \ne km[y-am-p-p
III. \mhv
\mhnepw Ihn-fnepw sXm--bnepw nXn-sN-p kzmZpapIp-f--fmWv kzmZv Adn-bp-hm klmbn-p--Xv.

a[p-cw, Ibv]v, ]pfn, Dv Fo {]mYanI kzmZp-I Xncn--dn-bp-hm hyXykvXkzmZpapIp-f- D-v.
LS\
cpNn F A\p-`hw
(Step-1) ]ZmY-I-Wn-II Dan-\o-cn ebn-pp
(Step-2) kzmZpap-Ip-f--fnse kzmZv{Km-ln-I
(Step-3)
(Step-4)
(Step-5)
(Step-6)
Do-]n-n-s-Spp
Bth-K- cq]-s-Sp-p.
\mUn hgn
skdn{_-nse cpNnbpsS tI{-n Fp-p
cpNn A\p-`hs-Spp
IV. aqv
LS\
Kw- F A\p-`hw
(Step-1) K-I-Wn-I-I hmbp-hn-t\m-sSmw aqn-\p-n {]th-in-p-p.
(Step-2) tjva{Zh-n ebnv K-I-Wn-I-I {LmW-{Km-ln-bn Fp-p.
(Step-3) {LmW-{Km-ln-I Do-]nv Bth-K- D-m-Ip-p.
(Step-4) B-th-K- {Lm-W\mUn hgn skdn{_-nse {Lm-WtI-{-n Fn-p-p
(Step-5) Kw- A\p-`hs-Spp.
V. Xzv
LS\
A\p-`h
1.
2.
3.
4.
NqSv, kv]iw, thZ\, XWpv, aZw Fo {Kmln-I

Do-]n--s-Sp-p
Bth-K-- D-mIp-p.
Bth-K- _-s \mUn-I hgn Xe-tm-dn Fp-p
Ah A\p-`-h--fmbn amdp-p.
2 {]Xn-I-c-W- Cs\bpw
a\p-jy-\nse {]Xn-I-cW kwhn-[m-\
ico-c-nse hnhn[ Ah-b-h--fpsS {]h-\-sf GtIm-]n-n-p-Ibpw \nb-{n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv \mUo-hy-h-bpw
Ax-{kmhnhyh-bpamWv (Ax-{kmhnhyh-ASp Aym-bn N sNpw).
Npp-]m-Sn \npw ico-c-n-\p-n \npw Do-]-\- kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw {]Xn-I-c-W- cq]s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpXv
\mUo-hy--bmWv. \psS \mUo-hy-h-sb tI{-\m-Uo-hy-h, s]cns^-d \mUo-hy-h Fn-s\ c-mbn- Xn-cn-mw.
Xe-tm
intcm-\m-UnI
(12 tPmUn)
kpjp-av\
tI{-\m-Uo-hy-h
s]cns^-d
\mUo-hy-h
kpjpav\ \m-UnI
(31 tPmUn)
tI{-\m-Uo-hy-h
Xe-tmdpw kpjp-av\bpw tN-XmWv tI{-\m-Uo-hy-h. imco-cnI {]h\-m-h-iy-amb

t_m[-]qh-amb Xocp-am-\- {][m-\-ambpw Xe-tmdn-emWp-m-Ip-Xv (C--c-n-ep sFnI {]Xn-I-c-W-sf Ipdnv ap Aymbn N sNbvXp).
Fm ASn-b-c-L---fn Do-]\--\p-k-cnv BI-kvan-Ihpw Ass\-n-Ihpambn D-m-Ip imco-cnI {]Xn-I-cW-v

(dn^vfIvkv {]h-\-) XmIm-enI \ntZ-i- A[n-Ihpw kpjp-av\-bn \nmWp-m-Ip-Xv.
kpjp-av\-bpsS LS\
saUp H_vtfmw-tKbpsS XpSbmbn \sns

Iogwhscsb-p AIw s]m-bmb Hcp hnc-ens
h-ap shfp ZmWv kpjp-av\.
kwc-Ww
1. \s-ns IhNw
2. 3 ]mfn sa\n-RvPkv sIm-p Bh-cWw
3. sa\n-RvPkv ]mfn-In-S-bnepw sk{S I\m-enepw CSF
AXn\ptij-am-bn-cnpw Bth-K- Xe-tm-dn-se-p--Xv. XpSv t_m[-]qhamb {]XnIcW- D-m-Ipp-.
DZm: bmZr-n-I-ambn Xobn Nhn-p-tm Imev s]sv ]nh-en-p-p.
Xbvv sIm-n-cn-p-tm kqNn ssIbn sIm-m ssI ]nh-en-p-p.
dn^vfIvkv {]h-\-nse Bth-K--fpsS ]mX-bmWv dn^vfIvkv BIv.

{Kmln-I
Do-]n--s-Spp
Bth-K- kwth-Z\ \yqtdm

hgn kpjp-av\-bn-tev
kwth-Z\ \mUn-bn \npw

Bth-K C \yqtdm hgn
t{]cI \mUn-bn-tev
{]XnI-cWw \S-pp
\nt-i- t{]cI \yqtdm

hgn _-s t]in-bn-tev
ap 2 dn^vf-Ivkp-I
skdn-{_ dn^vfIvkv : Xe-tm-dn \npw cq]-s-Sp dn^vfIvkv (NB:Igp-n\v apI-fn kw`-hn-pp). DZm:Ip-Nn-,Xp
I-o-jUv dn^vfIvkv : ]cn-io-e-\-n-eq-sSbpw A\p-`-h-n-eq-sSbpw cq]-s-Sp dn^vfIvkv
DZm: kU t{_v sNp--Xv.
cpNn-tb-dnb Blmc ]Zm-sf ]n tIp-tm Dan\o D]m-Z\w IqSp-p.
t{]an-p s]ns t]cv tImtem Ah-fp-]-tbm-Kn-p kvt{]bpsS Kw aqn-e-Sn-mtem tcmamw D-m-Ip--Xv.
s]cn-s^-d \mUo-hy-h-
tI{-\m-Uo-hy-h-sb ico-c-nse Ah-b-h--fp-ambn _n-n-p- \mUn-I tN-XmWv s]cn-s^-d \mUo-hy-h-.
B-cn-Im-h-b-h--fpsS {]h-\-sf \nb-{n-p-Xp s]cns^d \mUo-hy-h--bpsS `mK-amb kzX-{-\m-Uo-hy-h--bm-Wv.
knw]X-nIv hyh-bpw ]mcm-kn-w]XnIvhyh-bpw tNcp--XmWv kzX-{-\m-Uohy-h-.
\sns Ccp-h-i-p-ap Kmwntbm irwJ-ebpw AhtbmSv

_-s \mUo-tI-{-fpw tN-XmWv knw]XnIv hyh.
({]Xn-k-n-L--fn ico-c-tmSv A\pI (Sympathy)tXmn
ico-c-s cn-m {]h-\-a-am-IpXn\m-emWv Chv Cu
t]cv e`n--Xv)
akvXn-jv-In \npw kpjpav\-bpsS Ah-km-\-`m-Ks
KmwntbmWpIfn \npw ]pd-s-Sp \mUnI tN-XmWv
]mcmknw]XnIvhyh-
(knw]XnIv hyhv ]mc BbXn\m-emWv Chv Cu t]cv e`n--Xv)
{]Xn-k-n-L--sf t\cn-Sm knw]XnIvhyh ico-c-s k-am-pw. {]Xn-k-n-Lw XcWw sNbvXp Ign-m ]mcm-knw]-XnIvhyh imcocnI {]h-\-sf km[m-cW\ne-bn-tep sIm-p-h-cpIbpw sNpw.
? Bc Do-]-\--\p-k-cnv a\pjy {]Xn-I-cn-p--sX-s\

ckZnep--m-Ip hyXn-bm-\w, Pe-ns Afhn hcp amw, CO2s Af-hn hcp amw CsXmw Bc
Do-]-\--fmWv. Ccw Do-]-\-sf {Kln-p--Xn\v klmb-I-amb {Kmln-I B-cm-h-b--fnepw t]in-I-fnepw D-v.
DZm:- Iotam-dn-k-]vdp-I (cmk-h-kvXp--fpsS kmn-[n Do]n--s-Sp {Kmlo-tIm-i),
_mtcmdnk-]vdp-I (c-p-g-ep-Ifn ImW-s-Sp aZ{Km-lnI )
Cu {Kmln-I Do-]nn--s-Sp--Xns ê-ambn Bth-K- D-m-hp-Ibpw _-s Ah-b-h- AXn\\pkcnv
{]hn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
\mUo hyh--p--m-Ip sshI-ey-

tcmKw
1. kvt{Smv
2. XfhmXw
ImcWw
eWw
]cn-lmcw
3. Assj-a tcmKw
\mUo Ie-I-fn tIv cq]-s-Sp

ê-ambn \yqtdm-Wp-I \in-p-Xv
Hma ]qW-ambpw \in-pp
]qW-ambpw NnIn-nv t`Z-amm Ign-bn
4. ]mnk
tcmKw
tUm]m-ans Ipdhv aqew

Xe-tm-dnse Kmwn-tbm-Wp-I
\in-pp
hnd-b, Dan-\o HgpIn sIm-ncn-p-I, ico-c-ns Xpe-\mh \jvS-s-Sp-I, Pohn-XtmSv hnc-nbpw hnjm-Zhpw
]q-ambn kpJ-s-Sp-m
Ign-bn-. tUm]m-an
D]-tbm-Knv \nb-{nmw
5. A]-kvamcw
Xe-tm-dnse sshZypX Xcw-K-pkn, At_m-[m-h

-m-Ip {Ia-cm-lnXyw
acpv sIm-v ]cn-l-cnmw
ap Pohn-I-fnse {]Xn-I-cW kwhn-[m-\

Pohn
{Kmln-I Ds
Ah-bhw
{]Xn-I-cW coXn/ {]tXy-IX
man-tUm-sam-Wmkv,
bpo\
sFkvt]mv
{]Im-i-ns hyXn-bm-\- Xncn--dnv {]Xn-I-cn-p-p.
ssl{U
\mUo PmenI
jUv]-Z-
Ham-n-Unbw
\mUo tImi- he-t]mse ico-c-n hym]n-n-cnpw

Npp-]m-Sn \npw Do-]-\- kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw AXn\\p-kr-X-ambn
{]Xn-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
{]Imi Do-]-\-sf Hmtcm HamUn-n-b-n \npw
Bth-K--fmbn Xe-tm-dn-se-nv {]Xn-_nw-_-sf kwtbm-Pn-nv
ImgvN km[y-am-p-p.
A{Sm tkmWnIv i_vZns {]Xn-[z\n hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kmc
]mX-bnse XS Xncn--dnbp-p.
IqsS-qsS \op- \mn ]n-]n-Sn-n-cn-p K-I-Wn-I-Isf
tP-_vkkv HmK-\nse {LmW {Kmln-I kzoI-cnv aWw
Xncn--dn-bp-p.
cm{Xn-Im-e--fn av Pohn-I-fpsS kmn[yw Xncn--dnbm klm-bnp-p
hm-ep-I
]mv
tP-_vkkv
HmK-
AWen,
s]cp-mv
Xm]-{Kmln-I
kky--fnse {]Xn-I-cWw
ss^tmt{Imw (hWI t{]mo) {]Im-i-n-\-\p-k-cnv Imm{Ks hf-p-p, ]q-fp--m-p-p, hnv apf-np-p.
10
3 {]Xn-I-c-W-v ]nnse ck-X{w

a\pjy\pw Ahs kl-Po-hn-Ifpw _mlytam B-cn-Itam Bb Do-]-\--\p-k-cnv {]Xn-I-cn-p-Xv Ah-cpsS ico-c-n shv
\S-p- Nne cmkka-\z-b-ns ê-am-bm-Wv.
cmkka\zbw a\p-jy-\n
\mUo-hy-h- t]mse Ax-{kmhnhyh-bpw B-cn-Ihpw _mly-hp-amb ]cn-n-Xn-bnep--m-Ip hyXn-bm-\-\p-k-cnv Poh[-sf \nb-{npw {Iao-I-cnpamWv icocw kml-N-cy-sf XcWw sNpXv. \mUo-hy-h- \nb-{n-p- {]Xn-I-cW-
hfsc s]sv \S-phbm-Wv (ap Aym-bn N sNbvXp).
{Iam-\p-K-X-ambn \S-t- {]Xn-I-cW--sf (DZm: hfcpp, hyXy hnIm-c- {]I-Sn-n-pp, Dd-p-p, hnbp-p, aq{Xw t]mIpp)
\nb-{n-p-Xv Ax-{kmhnhyh-bmWv. AXn-\mbn a\pjy ico-c-ns hnhn[ `mK--fn nXn sNp Ax-{kmhn {Kn-I
Dev]m-Zn-n-p kt-i-hm-l-I-cmWv tlmtam-Wp-I. Cu cmk-h-kvXp- c-n-eqsS ey-m-\-s-p-Ibpw imco-cnI
{]h-\-sf Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw amw hcp-p-Ibpw sNpp.
tlmtam-Wp-I ey-Ie-I-fn
(Step-1) {Kn-I-fn \nv tlmtam-Wp-I t\cnv c-n Ie-cp-p.

(AXn-\memWv tlmtam D]m-ZI{Kn-Isf A-x-{km-hn-{K-n-I Fv hnfn-p-Xv-).
(Step-2) tlmtam- Xam-{X-I c-neqsS ey-IeIfn-tev kwh-l\w sNpp
(c-neqsS ico-c-ns Fm-bn-Spw Fp-p-s-nepw Hmtcm tlmtam-Wnt\bpw kzoI-cn-p-Xn\v AXns
{]h-\-tI-{--fn {]tXyI {Kmln-I-fp-v).
(Step-3) ey-IeIfpsS tImi-kvX-c-ntem tImi-{Z-hy-ntem ImWs-Sp- {Kmlnbpambn tlmtam knv tlmtam--{Kmln
kwbpw cq]-s-Spp.
(Step-4) CXn-s\ XpSv tImi-n-\-Iv cmkm-n-I {]h\aam-Ipp.
(Step-5) CXns êambn tImi-ns {]h-\-ntem LS-\bntem am-ap--m-Ipp.
a\p-jy-\nse A-x-{km-hn-{K-n-Ifpw
Ah-bpsS tlmtam-Wp-Ifpw (ico-c-nse m\-a-\p-k-cnv)
m\w akvXn-jvI-ns a[y`m-Kv X-em-akn\v Xmsg
tlmtam-Wp-I :
dneo-knwKv tlmtam-Wp-I
ssl-tm-X-em-aknse \mUo-tIm-i- D]m-Zn-n-p {]tXyI Xcw tlmtam-Wp-IfmWv dneo-knwKv tlmtam-Wp-I. Ch
Poh{]h-\-sf t\cnv \nb-{n-p-n-. Ch (t]m knc hgn Fn) ]nyq-dn {Kn-bpsS apZfs Do-]n-n-p-tm
hyXykvX t{Sm]nIv tlmtam-Wp-I D]m-Zn-n--s-Sp-p. Hmtcm t{Sm]nIv tlmtam-Wp-Ifpw AXmXv {Kn-Isf
Do-]n-nv hyXykvX tlmtam-Wp-I D]m-Zn-n--s-Sp-p.
Cln-_n-dn tlmtamWpI
dneo-knwKv tlmtam-Wp-IsXn-cmbn Nne {Kn-IfpsS tlmtam- D]m-Z\s ao-`-hn-n-p tlmtam-Wp-IIfm-Wn-h.
Cu c-p hn-`mKw tlmtam-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw kwtbm-Pn-X- {]-h\n-eq-sS-bmWv an Ax-{km-hn- {K-n-IfpsSbpw [a-
IrXy-ambn \nb-{n--s-Sp--Xv.
11
hmtkm-{]-kn
aq{X-n-eq-sS-bp Pe-\jvSw \nb-{n-p-p.
aq{X-n-eq-sS-bp Pe-\jvSw Ipd-bvt- kml-Ncyn (DZm--A-[nI hnbn-\mtem Pemw-i-ns Ipd-hn-\mtem c-n Pe-ns
Afhv Ipd-bpI)hmtkm-{]-kns D]m-Z\w IqSpIbpw Ah hr-I-fn \nv IqSp-X Pew c-ntev XncnsI BKncWw sN-pp.
aq{X-n-eq-sS- IqSp-X Pew ]pd--t- kml-Ncyn (c-n Pe-ns Afhv IpSptm DZm--agmew, ap-Imew AsIn
hnbmXncn-p-tm) hmtkm-{]-kns D]m-Z\wIpdbpIbpw Ah hr-I-fn \np Pe-ns ]p\cmKncWw Ipd-bvpIbpw
sN-pp.
aq{X-n-eqsSbp Pe-\jvSw {Iao-I-cn-p tlmtam F AY-n Bn-ssU-bqsd-nIv tlm-tam-ADH Fpw
hmtkm-{]-kn Adn-b-s-Sp-p--v. (ADH Cm-bn-cpsn Znh-khpw 27l aq{Xw cq]-s-Sp-am-bn-cpp).
Ub-_-nkv Ckn-]n-U-kvhmtkm-{]-kns Ipdhv aqew aq{X-n-eqsS Aan-X-ambn Pew \jvS-s-Sp Ah.
HmIvkntSm-kn
an\p-k-t]-in-I-fpsS ktmNw km[y-am-p- tlmtamWm-Wv HmIvkn-tSm-kn. AXn-\m {]khw kpK-a-am-m HmIvkn-tSm-kn
klmbn-p-p. ]m Npc-p--Xn\pw Cu tlmtam klm-bn-p-p--v.
m\w ssltmX-em-akn\v Xmsg
LS-\m-]-c-ambn ]nyq-dn {Kn-v c-p Z-ffp--vapZ-f-hpw ]nZ-f-hpw
apZ-f-w
tlmtam-Wp-I:
t{Sm]nIv tlmtam-Wp-I
dneo-knwKv tlmtam-Wp-IfpsS Do-]-\-ns ê-am-bmWv ]nyq-dn {Kn-bpsS apZfn \npw t{Sm]nIv tlmtam-Wp-I
D]m-Znn-s-Sp--Xv. ssXtdm-bvUv {Kn-, A{Un-\ tImIvkv, sKmWmUpI (hrj-W-, AWvUm-i-b-) XpS-n-b av
{Kn-I tlmtam-Wp-Isf {khn-p-Xv t{Sm]nIv (Do-]-\)tlmtam-Wp-IfpsS t{]c-W-bm-em-Wv.
Nne t{Sm]nIv tlmtam-Wp-I
TSH - ssXtdmbvUv nap-te-nwKv tlmtam
ACTH - A{Unt\m tImntmt{Sm]nIv tlmtam
GTH - sKmWmtUm t{Sm]nIv tlmtamWpI
skmamtm-t{Sm-]n (hfmtlmtam)
ico-c-h-f km[y-am-p-p. Cu tlmtam-Wns D]m-Z-\-n-ep--m-Ip G-p-d-n hfsb tZmjI-c-ambn _m[n-p-p.
sshIeyw
eWw
ImcWw
An-I-fpsS hf apc-Snv
hfm-ImeL-n skmamtmt{Sm-]n D]m-Z\w
hma-\Xzw
Ip-mcmbn Xocp-p.
Ipd-bp--Xv.
hfm-ImeL-n skmamtmt{Sm-]n D]m-Z\w
òam-Im-cXzw
s]mhpw `mchpw IqSn-b-h-cmbn Xocp-p.
IqSp-Xv.
B-cm-h-b-h-fpw ico-c-ns A{Khfm-ImeL-n\ptijw
At{Im-sa-Kmen
`m-K-fpw (hn-c-ep-I, apJm-nI)
skmamtm-t{Sm-]ns D]m-Z\w IqSp--Xv.
am{Xw Aan-X-ambn hf-cp-p.
t{]memIvn
]mep-]m-Z-\-n\p klm-bn-p-p
]nZ-f-w
ssl-tm-X-em-akv D]m-Zn-n-p HmIvkn-tSm-kn-\pw hmtkm-{]-kn\pw ]nyq-dn {KnbpsS ]nZfn kw`-cn--s-Sp-p. ]noSv
Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw ]nZ-f-n \nv c-n-tev hnp-sImSp--pIbpw sNpp. (av tlmtamWpI D]m-Zn-n--s-Sp-n)
m\w akvXn-jvI-ns a[y`m-Kv
tlmtam-:
sae-tSm-Wn
ssPhnI{]h-\-sf kzm[o-\nv ssZ\n-Ihpw EXp-_-n-bp-amb Xmfm--IX ssIh-cp-m klm-bn-p-p.
Nne DZm-l-c-W-
Dd-epw DW-cepw
Pohn-I-fpsS tZim-S\w
]pev tImgn Iqhp--Xv.
12
m\w sXm--bn kz\-t]-S-I-n\v sXmvXmsg

tlmtam-Wp-I:
ssXtdm-Ivkn
t]mj-I-L-S-I--fpsS hnL-S-\w, DutPm]m-Z-\w, ico-c-h-f, akvXnjvIhf, akvXnjvIns {]h-\w, lrZ-b-kv]\w
XpS-nb {]h-\- icn-bmbn \S-m ssXtdm-Ivkn Bh-iy-am-Wv.
sslt]mssXtdm-bvUn-kw ssXtdm-Ivkn Ipd-bp Ah-
Cu Ah--bn ico-c-nse DutPm]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw icoc`mcw IqSpIbpw sNp-p. `-W-tmSv Xmev]cyw Ipd-bp-Ibpw
tPmen-I sNm hnap-JX tXmp-Ibpw sNbvtXmw.
s{In-\n-kw ssXtdm-Ivkns Ipd-hp-aqew Ipn-I-fn D-mIp Ah-
imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb hf apc-Sn-p-p.
anIvsk-Una ssXtdm-Ivkns Ipd-hp-aqew apXn-h-cn D-mIp tcmKw
]cn-lmcw-ssXtdm-Ivkn Kpfn-I- D]-tbm-Kn-
sslssXtdm-bvUn-kw ssXtdm-Ivkns D]m-Z\w A[n-IamIp Ah-
CXns ê-ambn DutPm]m-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw icoc`mcw Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNp-p. lrZ-b-an-Snv IqSpIbpw `-W-tmSv Xmcyw
h[n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. ssII hnd-bvp-Ibpw icocw Ftmgpw hnbp-Ibpw sNp-p.
FIvkv-Hm-^vXmanIv tKmbv ssXtdm-Ivkns Afhv hfsc IqSp Ah-
sslssXtdm-bvUn-kns e-W--tfm-sSmw am\-kn-Im-kzmyw D-m-tbmw. Ip-I ]pd-tv Xn-\npw.
]cn-lmcw-ikv{X-{In-b, ssXtdmbvUv hncp acp-p-I
ImkntSm-Wn
c-nse Imy-ns Afhv IqSmsX kqn-p-p.
c-n Imy-ns Afhv IqSptm Imy-s aeaq{X-n-eqsS ]pd--, An-I-fn \nt-]n- Fnh hgn
Ipd-p-p.
m\w ssXtdm-bvUv {Kn-bpsS ]n`m-Kv

tlmtam-:
]mcm-tXmtam
c-nse Imy-ns Afhv Ipd-bmsX kqn-p-p.
c-n Imy-ns Afhv Ipdbptm Imy-s IpS--hrbn \nv ]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sN, An-I-fn \nv Xncn-s-Sp- hgn Iqp-p.
D. IqSnbm
*An _ew Ipdbpw

*aq{X-n Iv
D. IqSn-bm
]mcm-tXmtam
D. Ipd-m
* sS-\nc-n Imky-ns Afhv Ipdv t]in-I henv apdp-Ip Ah
m\w hr-Iv apI-fn

A{Un\ {Knv 2 ]mfnIfp--v-]pdw-]m-fn-bpw (-tImIvkv) AIw]mfnbpw (saUp-)
saUp-
tlmtam-Wp-I:
A{Un-\m-en
t\mA{Un-\m-en
ASnbckml-N-cy-sf t\cn-Sm ico-cs k-am-pp. lrZ-b-an-Snv Iqpp, c-k-Zw Iqpp, ssIIm-ep-I-fn-te-p
c-{]-hmlw Iqpp, c-nse qtm-kns Afhv Iqpp XpS-nb ico-cnI am- hcp-n-bmWv ASn-b-ckml-N-cy-sf
t\cn-Sm Cu tlmtam-Wp-I klm-bn-pXv.
km[mcWkml-N-cy--fn t\mA{Un-\m-en-\pw ASn-b-ckml-N-cy--fn A{Un-\men\pamWv IqSp-X {khn--s-Sp--Xv. AXn-\m
A{Un-\m-en "ASn-b-c-tlmtam' Fpw Adn-b-s-Sp-p.
13
tImIvkv
tlmtam-Wp-I:
tImn-tkm
amwkyw, sImgpv Fn-h-sb hnL-Snnpp; Aant\m BknUv hnL-Snnv qtmkv D]m-Zn-n-pp; Ic-fn sstm-P
kw`-cn-pp; {]Xn-tcm-[-tIm-i-sf ao-`-hn-n-p-p.
AePntcmK--sfbpw \oho--sbpw XSbp--Xn\v tImn-tkm klm-b-I-am-Wv. AXn-\m BkvXva, kn-how XpS-nb Nne
tcmK-v tImn-tkm Huj-[-ambn \Im-dp--v.
tImn-tkm-fns Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw c-nse qtm-kns Afhv IqSm Imc-W-am-Ip-p. AXp-sIm-v {]ta-l-tcm-Kn-Iv
CXv Huj-[-ambn \Im- ]mSpX-.
AtUm-o-tdm
ehWPekpe\w ]men-p--Xn\v klmbn-pp. hnbv, aq{Xw Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-bp tkmUnbw Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS \jvSw
Ipdpw s]mm-knbw Atbm-Wp-Isf ]pd--n-bp-amWv AtUm-o-tdm eh-W-k-p-e\w km[yam-p--Xv.
ssewKn-I-tlmtam-WpI
ssewKnIhfsbbpw [a-sfbpw \nb-{n-p-p.
m\w Bam-ibn\v Xmsg, ]Izm-i-b-tmSv tNv

tlmtam-Wp-I:
Ckp-en
c-nse qtm-kns Afhv A[n-I-am-ImsX {Iao-I-cn-pp. (c-nse qtmkns km[m-cW Afhv 70-110 mg / 100 ml)
qtm-kns Afhv IqSp-tm ]m{In-bm-kn-ep sFevkv Hm^v em-Klmknse tImi- Ckp-en D]m-Zn-n-pp.
Ckpen qtm-kns BKn-cWw Xzcn-X-sS-p-p-p, A[n-I-ap qtm-kns\ sstm-P, sImgpv, amwkyw Fn-h-bmn amp-p
q-tKm
c-n qtm-kns Afhv Ipd-bmsX {Iao-I-cn-pp.
qtm-kns Afhv Ipdbptm ]m{In-bm-kn-ep sFevkv Hm^v em-Klmknse tImi- q-tKm D]m-Zn-n-pp.
qtKm sstm-P-s\bpw Aant\m Bkn-UpIsfbpw qtm-kmn amp-p.
Ub-_-nkv saen-kvc-nse qtm-kns Afhv A[n-I-cn-p Ah-.

CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww-1) sFevkv Hm^v emKlmknse _om-tImi- \inp-I
2) Ckpen {Kmln-I {]h-\--a-a-m-Xm-Ip-I
3) {]h-\--a-a-m Ckpen D]m-Zn-n--
Cu tcmK-ap--h-cpsS aq{X-n-eqsS A[n-Iap qtmkv ]pdw-X--s-Sp-p. Cu Pe-\jvSw ]cn-l-cn-p-hm tcmKn IqSp-X
shw IpSn-pw.
]cn-lmcw-Huj[, Blm-c-\n-b-{Ww, Ckp-en Ipn-hbv]v
hrj-W- (]p-cp-jam-cn)
m\w DZ-cm-i-b-n\v shfn-bn, hrjvWknbn
tlmtam:
sStm-n-tdm
Iuam-c-nse imco-cn-I-am- km[y-am-, ssewKn-Im-h-b-h--fpsS hf, _otPm]mZ\w.
AWvUm-i-b- (kv{Xo-I-fn)
m\w DZ-cm-i-b-n, K`m-i-b-n-\n-cp-h-i-p-ambn
tlmtam-Wp-I:
Cukv{S-P
Iuam-c-nse imco-cn-I-am-- km[y-am-, ssewKn-Im-h-b-h--fpsS hf, Atm]mZ\w, B-h-N{I{Iao-Ic-Ww.
s{]mP--tdm
BhN{I{I-ao-I-c-Ww, K`-[m-c-Ws klmbn-, {`qWs \ne-\n, K`mibhf.
14
Ax-{kmhnhyh-bpw \mUohyhbpw-Hcp Xmc-Xayw
Ax-{kmhnhyh-
\mUo hyh
kti--f-b-p-Xv c-n-eqsS kwh-ln--s-Sp
kti--f-b-p-Xv \mUo-X-p-hn-eqsS t{]jWw sN-s{]tXyI cmk-h-kvXp- (tlmtam-Wp-I) hgn.
Sp Bth-K--fm-bn-v.
c-n-eqsS kwh-ln--s-SpXn\m tlmtam-W
Bth-K- AXn-th-K-n kcnp--Xn-\m \mUob
{]Xn-I-c-W- kmh-[m-\-n-emWv
{]Xn-I-c-W- s]s-p--h-bm-Wv.
c-n-tev {khn--s-Sp--Xn-\m tlmtam-Wp-I
\mUob Bth-K- {]tXyI \mUo-X-p- hgn \nZnjvS
ico-c-ns Fm `mKpw Fp-p. AXp-sIm-v
ey-m-\--fn am{Xsa Fp-p-p. AXp-sIm-v
tlmtam-W {]Xn-I-c-W- ]e-tmgpw ico-c-ns
\mUob {]Xn-I-c-W- hfsc {]mtZ-in-I-am-bn-cn-pw.
hnZqc `mK--fn-ep hnhn[ ey-Ie-I Ds-Sp--Xmbn-cn-pw.
tlmtam-W {]Xn-I-c-W- s]mXpsh ZoLIme\mUob {]Xn-I-c-W- {lkz-Im-e-tv am{X-aph-bmtv \o-p-\np--h-bm-bn-cn-pw.
bn-cn-pw.
DZmhf, D]m-]-Nbw
DZmHcp t]in-bpsS ktmNw
\mUobhpw cmko-b-hp-amb kt-i-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\- ]c-kv]c]qc-I-ambn {]hn-mWv B-c-k-a-nXn ]cn-]m-en--s-Sp-Xv.
cmkka\zbw ap Pohn-Ifn
Nne- Pp- ktihn\n-ab-n-\mbn Npp-]m-Sn-tev Nne {]tXyI cmk-h-kvXp- ]pd-p-hn-Sp-p--v. Cu cmkh-kvXp-sf ^ndtam-Wp-I Fp-]-d-bpw.
Htc Pohn-K-W-nse AwK-v am{Xta Ah D]m-Zn-n-p ^nd-tam-Wp-Isf Xncn--dnbm Ign-bq.
{][m\ [a
$ A]mbkqN\ \I
$ km-c-]m-X \nW-bn-
$ hmk--e-ns ]cn[n tcJ-s-Sp-
$ kmn-y-s-p-dn-p kqN\ \I
$ CW-Isf BIjn-
Nne Pohn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS ^nd-tam-Wp-Ifpw

Pohn
Ddp-v
^nd-tam-
shcpIv
IkvXq-cn-am
s] ]p\qie-`-
knsh-tm
IkvXqcn
t_mw_ntm
[aw
\nn-X-amb ]mX-bn-eqsS hcn-h-cn-bmbn k-cn-m
klm-bn-p-p
CW-Isf BIjn-m
^nd-tam-Wp-Isftbm kam\LS-\-bp cmk-h-kvXp--sftbm D]-tbm-Knv IoS-sf BIjnp \in-n-p kwhn-[m-\-amWv ^nd-tamsIWn
cmkka\zbw kkyfn
kky-fn Poh{]h-\--sf \nb-{n--m sacn--anItImi--fn (hf-cp `mK--fn ImW-s-Sp {]tXyIXcw tImi-)

\nan--s-Sp {]tXyI cmk-h-kvXp--fmWv kky-tlmtam-Wp-I.
tImi-hn-`-P-\w, tImi-hf, tImi--fpsS sshhn-[y-h-cWw Fo hfm L-sf kzm[o-\n-m-\p kt-i--fmWv
kky-tlmtam-Wp-I-fn-eqsS tImi-v \I-s-Sp--Xv. AXn-\m kky-tlmtam-Wp-I hfm-hkvXp- F t]cnepw Adn-b-s-Sp-p.
15
kky-tlmtam-Wp-I-:- -hfm L-sf kzm[o-\n-p- hn[w

hfsb klmbn-p-h
hfsb XS-bph
Kn-= apf-bvp hnnse

kw`r-Xmlmcs hnL-Sn-n-
A_vv B.=hnn-sbpw apIp-f-fpsSbpw kp]vXmh
sskt-m, Kn-= tImi-h-fbpw tImi-hn-`-P\hpw

Xzcn-X-s-Sp-, hnp-apf-bv
A_vv B.,FYn-=tImi-hn-`-P-\hpw tImi-h-fbpw XS-b
HmIvkn= _oP-ioj-nsbpw
_oP-aqensbpw hf
HmIvkn, Kn-=ImWvUZoLo-I-c-Ww
Kn-=Ce-I hnc-n-b
HmIvkn= A{K-ap-Ip-f-ns ta[m-hnw
]miz-th-cp-I-fpsS hf
HmIvkn=s]]q--fpsS D]m-Z\w
sskt-m=]qfpw Ce-Ifpw sImgn-bp-Xv
XS-bp-p
FYn= Ce-Ifpw ê-fpw aqs,]gp-
A_vv B.= ]mI-amb Ce-Ifpw ê-fpw sImgn-b
16
hf-p-h-f-cp--Xns ck-X{w
Ir{Xn-a kk-y-tlmtam-Wp-I
kkytlmtam-Wp-Iv kam-\-amb cmk-L-S-\-Sp kwbp-- Ir{Xn-a-ambn kwt-jn-v Cv Imjn-I taJebn hym]-I-ambn D]-tbmKn-p-p--v.
Ir{Xna kk-y-tlmtam-Wp-IfpsS {][m\ {]tbm-P-\-

\mc-, am XpS-nb ê- hmWn-P-ym-Sn-m-\-n Hcp-anv ]gp-n-m
ssIXtm---fn Htc ka-bv ]qhn-S \S-m
shcnhK hnf-I-fn s]]q--fpsS D]m-Z\w Iqm
Ir{Xna kk-y-tlmtam-Wp-IfpsS Ah-in-jvS- Nne-tm Btcm-Ky{]iv\-v Imc-W-amtbmw. Cmc-W-fm Ir{Xna kk-ytlmtam-Wp-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-n AXo-h-{i ]pet---Xp-v.
17
4 D]m-]-N-bn\v tijw
Pohn-I-fn Blm-cnse hnhn[ LS-I- Zl\{]{In-b-aqew hnL-Snv sNdnb LS-I-fmbn cq]-sv ico-cIeIfn-tev BKn-cWw sN-s-Spp. tImi-fn shv BlmcLS-I- hnhn[ cmk-am--v hnt[-b-am-Ipp (D]m-]-NbwPoh\v
B[m-c-amb {]{Inb). Cu D]m-]-Nb {]h-\-fpsS ê-ambn Blm-c-ns Hcwiw ico-c-h-f-mbpw `qcn-`mKhpw ico-c-ns
ssZ\wZn\ {]h-\-p DutPm-Xv]m-Z-\-n-\mbpw hn\n-tbm-Kn--s-Sp-p.
D]m-]-Nb{]h-\- ê-ambn ico-c-I-e-I-fn ]e-hn[ ]mgvhkvXpfpw D-m-Ip-p. ss\t{Sm-P-\nI amen-\y- (Atam-Wn-b/
bqdnb/bqdnIv BknUv), CO2 , Pew, ss_ ]nspI (lotam-tm-ns hnL-S-\-^-e-am-bp--m-IpXv), eh-W- Fn-h-bmWv Ch-bn
{][m-\-s--h. Ch ico-c-n-e-Snv IqSp-Xv B-c-k-a-nXn XI-cm-\n-S-bm-Ipw. AXn-\m Cu lm\n-I-c-amb hkvXp-sf thn-cnv
bYm-k-abw Hmtcm PohnbptSbpw hnkP-\m-h-b-h- ]pdw-X-p-p.
a\p-jy-\nse hnkP-\m-h-b-h-
a\p-jy hnkP\w \S-p-Xv {][m-\-ambpw Hcp tPmUn hr-I hgn-bm-Wv.
hr-I-fpsS
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
m\wDZ-cm-i-b-ns \s-ns Ccp-h-i-p-ap
amwk-t]-in-\n-c-I-fpsS Acn-In-.
BIrX
- n]ba-Wn-bpsS BIr-Xnhen-w 11cm \of-hpw, 5cm hoXn-bpw, 3cm I\hpw
`mcw150 {Kmw
\ndwISpwNphv
[aw bqdnb, eh-W-, Bh-iy-ne[n-I-ambn ico-c-nsep acp-p-I,
hnm-an-\p-I, tZmjI-c-amb ap ]ZmY- Fn-h-sb c-n \npw
Acn-pamn aq{X-cq]-n ]pdp-p.
(Step-1) hnkPy hkvXp- c-n Iev hrbntev
B-lm-c-nse amwky-ns D]m]Nb ê-ambn ({]tbm-P-\wicoc \namW{]h-\-m-h-iy-amb ]pXnb amwky, Fssk-ap-I XpSn hnhn[ ]ZmY--fpsS kwt-j-W-n\mbp Aant\m Bkn-Up-I hnL-Sn-p--m-Ipp) cq]-s-Sp-
]mgvhkvXp-hmb Atam-Wnbbpw [m\yInsbpw sImgpnsbpw D]m]Nb ê-ambn ({]tbm-P-\w DutPm-Xv]m-Z-\-w) cq]-s-Sp CO2pw Pehpw tImifn \npw c-n-tev hym]n-p-Ibpw cw Chsb Ic-fn Fn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Icfn
shv Fssk-apI-fpsS ssPh Dt{]-cIwklm-b-m Ch- IqSn-tv bqdnb F- ]-ZmY-ambn am-s-Sp-p.
NH3+ CO2+H2O bqdnb
(bqdn-bm-ssk-n Fdnb-s-Sp Cu {]h\w Nm{In-I-ambn ]e L---fmbmWv \S-p-Xv.
Atam-Wnb Gsd lm\n-I-chpw ebn-m [mcmfw Pew Bh-iy-am-b-Xn-\m-epwa\p-jy Pe Pohn
Am--Xn-\m bqdnbbmbn amp-p. bqdnb Xmc-X-tay\ hnjmwiw Ipd-hp-Xpw sh-n
\mbn ebn-p--Xp-amb Hcp ]ZmYamWv.)
Ic-fn cq]-s-Sp bqdnb ho-pw c-n-tev am-s-Spp. bqdnbbpw ap tZmjI-camb ]ZmY-fpw Ie cw (lrZ-b-n \nv D-X-aZ-n-ep) hrm-[a\n- hgn hr-I-fnse-p-p (GI-tZiw 1100ml/min).
(Step-2) hr hnkPy hkvXp-sf Acnv amn aq{Xampp
hrbpsS BcLS\-
18
Prepared by,
Minhad. M. Muhiyudheen
7minhad@gmail.com
Zl-\m-h-in-jvS-
Aant\m BknUv
qtmkv
aew
(tImi-n)
(IpS-en)
A[n-I-ap-Xv
Poh{]h\-sf
klm-bn-p-p,
]pXnb amwky-fpsSbpw
Fssk-ap-IfpsSbpw
kwt-j-W-w
]mgvhkvXp Atam-Wnb
]mgvhkvXp CO2+H2O
DutPm-Xv]m-Z-\-w
D]m-]-Nb {]h-\-
Zl-\w
(Ic-fn)
bqdn-bm-ssk-n
Bhiy
LS-I-
Bhiyanm
]Zm
(lrZbw)
cw
(hr-bnse s\t{^m-Wn)
kqva Acn-
ap-Jy-hn-kP-\m-hbhw
Pew
]nyqdn]nZfw, kw`-cnpp
(ssltm-X-em-akv \nv)
hmtkm-{]-kn /ADH
Hmtcm hr-bp-sSbpw tIm-Ivkn ImW-s-Sp kqva Acn--IfmWv s\t{^m-Wp-I (GXm-v 12 e-tmfwH-cw

Xpd-Xpw at-bw AS--Xp-amb \o-p-Np-cp- Ipg-em-WXv). Ch-bmWv c-n Ie hnkPy hkvXp-sf Acnv amn
aq{XampXv.
s\t{^m-Wns LS\-
kqva Acn- \S-p hn[w
Hmtcm s\t{^m-Wn\pw Ins BIr-Xn-bn-ep `mK-amb t_mamkv Im]vkyqfn ImW-s-Sp teman-Im-Pm-es

tma-dp-ekv Fv ]d-bp-p.
henw IqSnb A^-cv shk (hrm[a-\n-bpsS imJ) t_mamkv Im]vkyqfntev cw hln-p sIm-v hcp-p. Fm
t\ C^-cv shk (hrmkncbpsS imJ) BWv t_mamkv Im]vkyqfn\v ]pd-tv cw -sIm-pt]mIp--Xv. hen--nep Cu hyXymkw c-ns Hgp-n aap-m-p-p. CXp Imc-W-ambn
tma-dp-ekntev hcp amen-\y--f-S-nb cw t_mamkv Im]vkyqfnse
AXn-kqva kpjn-c-n-eqsS Acn--s-Sp-p. Cu {Zmh-Is tma-dp-em
^nt{Sv Fp ]d-bp-p.
(kqva kpjn-c- Pe-tbpw c-nse hfsc sNdnb IWn-I-I-tfbpw
am{Xta IS-n-hn-Sp-I-bp-q. amwkyhpw Nph cm-Wp-fpw kpjn-csfm henw IqSn-b-Xn-\m ^nt{S-ntev Ahsb IS-n- hn-Spn).
127ml tma-dp-em ^nt{S-v 1 an-\pnep-m-Ipp. Fm Ch-bn-ep
Pehpw qtmkpw ap ]e LS-I-fpw ico-c-n\v Bh-iy-ap--h-bm-Wv.
^nt{S-v \ofw IqSnb hrm-\-fn-I-bn-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Ip-tm Cu -h-kvXp-sf
]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sN-s-Sp-p. CXn-s\mw Bh-iy-an-m Nne ]Zm-
^nt{S-ntev tN-s-Sp-p. GI-tZiw ^nt{S-ns 126mlDw
]p\-cm-Kn-cWw sN-s-Sp-Ibpw _mn `mKw aq{Xambn tiJ-c-W-\m-fn-bn-temv
ISpp.
lotam-tm_-ns hnL-S-\-^-e-am-bp--m-Ip bqtdmt{Imw F hW-I-amWv aq{X-n\v Cfw a-\ndw sImSp-p--Xv.
aq{Xw ]pd--p hn[w
tiJ-c-W-\m-fn-bn- \npw aq{Xw hr-bpsS s]hn-kn-se-p-p. AhnsS \npw aq{X-hm-ln-bn-eqsS

aq{Xm-i-b-n-sen tiJ-cn--s-Sp-p. aq{Xm-i-bw \nd-bp-tm aq{X-\mfn-bn-eqsS ]pd---s-Sp-p.
aq{Xns Af-hvtlmtam \nb-{Ww

icm-icn Hcp hyn 1.5l aq{X-amWv Znh-khpw ]pd---p-Xv. Fm Cu Afhv Imem-h--b-\p-k-cnv
hyXym-k-s-Sp-p. th\ Ime--fn \mw IqSp-X hnbp--Xn-\m ico-c-n Pe-\jvSw kw`-hn-p-p. Atm c-nse Pens Afhv Ipd-bp-Ibpw Pe-ns Afhv \ne\nt--n-h-cn-Ibpw sNp-p. AXn-\m ADH/hmtkm-{]-kns D]m-Z\w IqSpIbpw
aq{X-ns D]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNpw.
ag/ XWpv Ime--fn hnbns cq]-n Pe-\jvSw kw`-hn-p-n. Atm c-nse Pe-ns Afhv
IqSp--Xn-\m A[n-I-ap Pe-ns ]pd-t--n-h-cp-p. AXn-\m ADHs D]m-Z\w IpdbpIbpw aq{X-ns Afhv IqSp-Ibpw
sNpw.
(Step-3) ipo-I-cn cs knc-I-fn-tev ISn hnSpp

ipo-I-cn cw hrm-knch-gn- Xn-cn-sI-tm-hp-Ibpw sNp-p.
19
hr tcmK-
tcmKw
s\ss{^-nkv
(hrhow)
hr-amyw
{][m-\-tcm-K-e-Ww
Ie-n-bXpw ISpw-\n-d-tm-SpIqSnbXpamb aq{Xw, ]pdwthZ\bpw
]\n-bpw, apJpw IW-menepw
]mZ-nepw \oho-w.
hnf, ico-c-`mcw Ipd-bp-I, Xe-I-d-w,
On XpS-n-b-h.
bqdn-bbpw ap hnkPy-h-kvXpfpw
Acn-p-am--s-SmsX c-n Xs
\ne-\np-p.
ImcWw
kvs{S]vtmtImkv tcmKm-Wp- _m[,
aq{Xm-i-b-n-eq-sS-bp AWp-_m[,
kzbw {]Xntcm[ sshI-ey- Fnh.
ASn-h-b-n thZ-\, aq{X-X-S-w,

]pdw-th-Z-\, Xe-I-d-w, On.
Imyw HmIvk-tev, Imyw t^mkvt^v Fnh Xcn-Ifmbn aq{X-hm-lnbnepw hr-Ifnepw ASn-p-Iq-Spp.
aq{X-n Iv
apI-cp-X]-cn-lmcw
]eXcw hr-tcm-K--,
{]ta-lw, cmXnkZw, s\ss{^-nkv
Fn-h.
Znhkhpw 23 l shw
IpSn-p-I.
IrXy-amb CS-th-f-I-fn
aq{Xw Hgn-p-I.
aq{Xpcbpw Npp-]mSpw
ipNn-bmbn kqn-p-I.
Bh-iy-an-m acp-p-I
D]-tbm-Kn-m-Xn-cn-p-I.
hrmXI-cm-dp-Iv ]cn-lmcw
hr-I {]h-\-c-ln-X-amb DS Xs NnIn tXtS---Xm-Wv.
A. Ubm-en-kn-kv
koW-amb b{-kw-hn-[m\w D]-tbm-Knv c-nse amen-\y- Acn-p-amn cw ipo-I-cn-p {]{In-bbm-Wn-Xv.
c-v hr-Ifpw {]h\cln-X-am-Ip Ah--bnemWv Ubm-en-kn-kv \S-p-Xv.
? Ubm-en-kn-kv sNp--sX-s\
(Step-1) kuI-cy-{]-[-amb [a-\n-I-fn \npw hnkPy-h-kvXp-fpsS Af-hp-Iq-Snb
cw tiJ-cn-p-p.
(Step-2) cw I-]n-SnmXncn-m-\mbn slm-cn F cmk-hkvXp tNpp.

(Step-3) Ubm-en-kn-kv ^vfqbnUv \nd Smn\pnse \o- skp-temkv Ipg-en-eqsS
cs ]Xps IS-n-hn-Spp. skp-temkv Ipg- hfsc sNdnb IWn-I-Itfbpw Pe-tbpw ^vfqbnUntev Ahym-]\w sNp-p.
(Fm c-nse amwkyhpw tve-p-Ifpw henaph-bm-b-Xn-\m Ahym-]\w
sNsSp-n-. AXn\m Cu kwhn-[m\w Hcp Ir{Xna hrt]mse {]hn-p-p.)
(Step-4) ipo-I-cn--s cw tcmKn-bpsS knc-bn-tev IS-n-hn-S p-p.
B. hr amn-sh-
Hcn-epw NnIn-np t`Z-am-m Ign-bm Xc-n c-p hr-Ifpw {]h-\cln-X-am-Ip- Ah--bn-emWv hr-I amn
hbvt-n hcp--Xv. Cu Ir{Xna hr-I km[m-cW hr-t]mse {]hn-p-p.
km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw
$ ]q Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-bn-cns A]-I-S-ntem atm s]v ac-W-s-p-t]m-Ip--bmfpsStbm

]q Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-b HcmfpsStbm hr-I amn-sh-m-hp-XmWv.
$ GXp KW-ns] ZmXm-hm-bmepw, ZmXm-hn-sbpw kzoIm-hn-sbpw c-{Kq-pI ]c-kv]cw s]mcp--s-Sp--Xm-bn-cn--Ww.
$ ZmXm-hn \npw {]h\-\n-c-X-amb Hcp hr-bm-Wv kzoIm-hn-tebvv amnhbvp-Xv. kzoIm-hns icocw Cu hrsb ]q-ambpw kzoI-cn-p-tm am{Xta hr
amnhbv hnPb-I-c-am-Ip-p-q.
hr Zm\w sNq... Poh ]phbvq...
Hcp hr am{Xw D]tbmKnv Hcp hynv Pohn-m-\m-Ipw (AXn\v Aw henw IqSp-sav am{Xw). Btcm-Ky-hm-\mb Hcm
Abm-fpsS Hcp hr Zm\w sNbvXm asm-cmv AXp-]-tbm-Knv Pohn-m-\m-Ipw. AXn-\m hr Zm\-n-eqsS
asm-cm-fp-ambn PohnXw ]phbvm-\m-Ipw.
ico-c-nse ap hnkP-\m-h-b-h-
Xzv, izmk-tImiw, Ic Fn-hbpw hnkP\n\v klm-bn-pp.

A-h-b-h-w
izmk-tImiw
Ic
Xzv
hnkPy-
CO2 , Pew
ico-c-n cq]-s-Sp-tXm ]pdp \nv FptXm Bb hnjh-kvXp-
Pew, bqdnb, bqdnIv BknUv, eh-W--
hnkP\ coXn
CO2 tiJ-cnv \ocmhntbmsSmw ]pdpp.
hnjh-kvXp--sf \nhocy-ampp.
t\cnv ]pdp-n.
hnbn-eqsS]pd-pp.
20
ap Nne Pp--fnse hnkP-\m-h-b-h-
hnkPyh-kvXp-fpw hnkP-\m-h-bh-fpsS koWX Pohn-I-fnse Poh{]-h\ \nc--\p-k-cnpw Pohn-p

Npp-]m-S-\p-k-cnpw ({][m\-ambpw Pe-e-`yX) hyXym-k-s-Sp-p.
Pp
hnkPyhkvXp
hnkP-\m-h-b-hw
hnk\ coXn
Aao_
Atam-Wnb
ico-c-n A[n-I-am-sb-p Pehpw ktm-N-t^\- ]pd--p-p.

ico-c- A-d-bn \npw Pew, ss\t{Sm-P-\nI hnkPy-h-kvXp- Fnh
anc
bqdnb
s\{ô-Un-bthXn-cnv ico-tcm-]-cn-X-e-n-ep kpjn-cw- hgn ]pd-pp.
ico-c- A-d-bn \nd-p-\np ico-c-{Z-h-n kzX-{-ambn hym]np
am]o-Pnb
InS-p- Cu t\cnb Ipgep-I A-]-Y-n-tev Xpd-p-p.
jUv]-Z- bqdnIv BknUv
\fn-I-I
am]o-Pn-b \fn-I-I ico-c-{Z-h-n \nv amen-\y-sf thXn-cnv
A-]-Y-n Fn-p-p. AhnsS \nv ]pd--pp.
ayw
Atam-Wn-b
hr
-hr-I-fn-eqsS t\cnv Pe-n-tev hnkPn--s-Sp-p.
hmam-{InAtam-Wn-b
hr-I-fn-eqsS t\cnv Pe-n-tev hnkPn--s-Sp-p.
hrXhf
bqdnb
Npp-]m-Sn-tev hnkPn--s-Sp-p.
Jc-cq-]-n-tem Ipg-p-cq-]-ntem ]pd--pp.
]n-I,
bqdnIv BknUv
hr(CXv hnkP-\-n-eqsS-bp Pe-\jvSw ]c-am-h[n Ipdbvm
Dc-K-
klm-bn-p-p.)
kky--fnse hnkP-\{]{InbI
kky--fn Pp--sf-tmse Hcp {]tXyI hnkP-\-hy-h \ne-hn C. kky--fn cq]-s-Sp hnkPy-fpsS

Afhpw Pp-sf At]-nv hfsc Ipd-hmWv. Pp--fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm kky--fpsS {]h-\-\n-cX
Ipdhm-b-XmWv CXn\v Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-ambn ]d-b-s-Sp--Xv.
hnkPy hkvXp
hnk\ coXn
O2
({]Im-i-kw-t-j-W-ns Dt]m--ambp-mIp
HmIvkn-P Bh-iy-n-e-[n-I-ap-Xv)
CO2
(tImiiz-k-\-ns
ê-am-bp--m-IpXv)
Pew
(an
smam-- hgn
(Ce-I-fpsS Xmsgbpw Cfw ImWvU-fnepw
ImW-s-Sp kpjn-c-)
\nv Bh-iy-n-e-[nIw hen-s-Sp-pXv)
Pew
]phKkky--fn
sslUm-tm-Up-I hgn
(Ce-I-fpsS A{K-n ImW-s-Sp kpjn-c-)
smam--bn-eqsS _mjv]-ambpw sslUmtm-Un-eqsS sNdpXpn-I-fm-bp-amWv Pew ]pd-p-hnSp-Xv.

tImi-t^-\-n kqn-
ap Nne hnkPy-h-kvXp-
Im-WvU-ns a[y-n-ep {]mbwsN sskew

Ipg-ep-Ifn \nt-]n-
({ItaW ImX Bbn amdpp)
Ce sImgnb
(sImgn-bm-dm-Ip-tm kky- Bh-iy-amb
LS-I-sf Xncn-s-Sp-v hnkPy-h-kvXp-
\nt-]n-pp)
_mly-]-cn-nXnbpsS kpn-Xn
_mly-]-cn-nXn am-en-\y-ap--am-t---Xns Bh-iy-IX
tcmK-
Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS \miw
ssPh-ssh-hn[y timjWw
Imem-h-m-hy-Xn-bm\w
\nam-P\ amK-
21
5 ka-nXn XI-cptm
Poh{]h-\- \n_m[w \S--Wsa-n tImi-]-cn-k-cv Bh-iy-h-kvXp- Fn-t-tc---Xp--v. AtXm-sSmw AhnsS
\nv A\m-hiyhkvXp- \ow sN-s-tS---Xp-ap--v. Cu {]{In-b-Iv XSw t\cn-Sp-tm B-c-k-a-nXn XI-cm-dn-em-hp-Ibpw
Xqew hnhn[ tcmK--fp--m-hp-Ibpw sNp-p. AXp-t]mse Xs _mly-]-cn-n-Xn-bpsS kpn-Xnbpw Pohs \ne-\nn
{]m[m-\y-ap--Xm-Wv.
a\pjy tcmK-
1. kmw{I-anI tcmK-
Hcp hyn-bn \npw asm-cm-fn-tev ]I-cp tcmK-. kqva Pohn-I-fmWv C-c-n-ep tcmK-v Imc-W-am-Ip--Xv.
tcmKmcn
tcmKw
e-W-
$
Xet
hZ
\
$
ia
mb
]\n
$ DZ-c-th-Z-\, ae-w
ssSt^m-bnUv
$ hb-dn-fw, On
$ In-shw t]msebp aew
tImfd
$ t]in-I-fn tImn-n-Spw
$ XpS-bmbn A\p-`-hs-Sp-- hc-- Npa
bw
$ ]\n
$ I^-n cw
$ s\pthZ\
$ `mc-p-dhv
km[m-cW ]\n-bpsS e-W-p ]pdsa
$ In Nphv, shbn-e-p-t\m-m {]bmkw

$ B-cm-h-b-h--fmb hr, Ic, izm-k-tImiw Fnh-bn c-{kmhw
$ ]\n, Xe-th-Z\
$ ico-c-`m-Kfn Nph XnWp-I. Ch {ItaW Ipan-f-I-fmbn cq]-s-Sp-p.
$ apJpw ImWp Nph XSn-p-I
$ ico-c-ns hnhn[ `mK-fn c-{km-h-w
Fen--\n
Nnt]mIvkv
sUn-\n
(c-nse tvse-p-I-fpsS Fw Ipd-bp-Xp aqew)
$ PetZmj-n\p kam-\-amb e-W-

$ hnd-b-tem-Sp-Iq-Snb ]\n, Xe-th-Z\ ({]mcw-`-e--W--) $ kn-ho-w, thZ\
$ t\cnb hb-dp-th-Z\
$ CS-bvnsS ae-hn-kP\w $ ae-n chpw I^hpw
$ ITn-\-amb ]\n, hnd-b
$ Ak-l-y-amb Xe-th-Z-\
$ ico-c-amsI Npp-s]m-p A\p-`hw $ \nnX CS-thfIfn ]\n Bhn-pp.
]n-\n
NnpKp-\nb
hb-dp-ISn
ae\n
$ hnd-b-tem-Sp-Iq-Snb ]\n
$ tcmK-m-_m[-bp-n-Sv thZ-\, Nphv \ndw
$ ico-c-`m-K- hop-p (enw^vhmln-bn hnc-I hf-cp-Xpaqew, enw^ns {]hmlw
av
XS--s-SpXn\m)
]pgp--Sn
dnwKvthw(h--smdn)
$ ico-c-n hrm-Ir-Xnbn-ep XnWp-I
tcmK- ]I-cp coXnI

ssSt^m-bnUv
tImfd
hb-dp-ISn
bw
Nnt]mIvkv
]n-\n
sUn-\n
NnpKp-\nb
ae\n
av
Fen-\n
]pgp-Sn
dnwKv thw
tcmK-kw-{I-aWw XS-bm-\p apI-cp-X-ep-I
Blm-c-]m-\o-b-
hmbp
{]mWn-I-fpsS Zwi\w
kw, av coXn-I
22
kqva Pohn-I ico-cs _m[n-p hn[w

kqva Pohn-
B{I-a-W-co-Xn-I
tImi-ns P\n-XIkwhn-[m-\--fpsS \nb-{Ww Gs-Sp-v s]cp-In ico-c-tIm-i-sf \in-n--p-p
Ch D]m-Zn-n-p hnj-h-kvXp- tImi-fnse {]h-\-s _m[np-I-tbm \in-n-p-Itbm sNpp.
Ch D]m-Zn-n-p tSmIvkn\pI, Fssk-ap-I IpS-ensbpw apw Bh-c-W-I-esb \in-n-p-p.
Nn-eh c-tIm-i--sf- B{I-an-p--p
]pd-s-Sp-hn-p Fssk-ap-I tImi-sf \in-n-p-p.
2. Zpo-e-fpw tcmK-fpw
a.
Sm, \ntm-n, CO, s_tkm-ss]-dn XpSn 60- ]cw Imgvkn-t\m-P-\p-I-
]pI-bn-ebn AS-n-bn-p--v.
t{_mss-nkv]pI-bn-e-P\y cmkhkvXp- izk-\-]-Y-nse koen-b-I-fpsS Ne-\s
XSbpI-bpw izmk\-mf-n -tjvaw ASnp-IqSnizmk-tIm-i-n how D-mhpIbpw
sNp Ah.
c-n\v HmIvkn-Ps\ kzoI-cn-m-\p tijn Ipdbp-p.
(ImcWw lotam-tm-n\v O2-Sp--Xn-t\-m {]Xn-]n CO-t\mSmWv. AXn-\m CO lotamtm_-n-\pambn tNv Imt_mIvkolotam-tm-n-\mbn amdp-p. CXv hfsc kmh-[m-\ta hnL-Sn-p-pq).
]pI-hen ico-cs _m[n-p-- hn[w
b.
CXv \mUo-hy-h-sb _m[nv t]io-{]-h-\--fpsS GtIm-]\w XS--s-Sp-p-p.
dn^vf-Ivkp-I kmh-[m-\-am-Ip--Xn\pw ASn-b-ncL--fn s]sv Xocp-am-\- FSp-p--Xn-\p tijn \jvSs-Sp-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-p.
Ichow, kntdm-knkv Fo tcmK-p Imc-Whpw aZy-]m-\-amWv.
c.
DZmacn-Pp-hm\ ,sImss, Hmnbw, sltdmbn, tam^n, LSD.
Ch-bn NneXv `bw,DI-WvT, aXn-{àw Fnh D-m-p-p.
ap- Nn-eh \mUo-hyq-ls Xfn ab--ap--m-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
d.
Nne _mIvSo-cn-b-, ^wK-kp-I Fnh aqew aq{Xm-i-b-ns B-c-kvX-c-n AWp-m[ \nanw how D-m-Ipp. Ccw
AWp-_m[ Nne-tm s\ss{^-n-kn\v hgn-sh-bvp-p.
Imc-W-hnkP-\-n\v tijw hrn-bm-m-Xn-cn-pI
hrn-lo-\-amb aq{X-p-c- D]-tbm-Kn-
Bh-iy-n\v shw IpSn-m-Xn-cn-p-I
aq{X-samgn-msX ]nSnp \npI
kzoI-cn-m-hp apI-cp-X-ep-I
3. Imk
ico-c-tImi- A\n-b-{n-X-ambn s]cp-Ip-Ibpw av tImi-v e`n-t- t]mj-I- hen-s-Spv Ahsb \in-n-pIbpw sNp Ah--bmWv Imk.
Imk tImi-v Ah-bpsS D-h-m-\-p-\nv c-n-eq-sStbm enw^n-eq-sStbm ico-c-ns
av `mK-fn Fn-t-cp-hm\pw Ahn-S-fn s]cp-Ip-hm-\pap Ign-hp--v.
UV civan-I
]pI-bn-e
Imc-W-
av hnIn-c-W-
Nnebn\w sshd-kv
23
4. P\n-X-I-tcm-K-
Po\p-Ifnse sshIeyw \nan--ap tcmK-

tcmK-w
eWw
sNdnb apdn-hn\np t]mepw A\n-b-{n-X-amb c{km-hw
hnf, Imbn-I-amb A[-zm\w Bh-i-y-ap tPmen-I
sNm _pn-ap-v
ImcWw
cw I-]n-Sn-m-\m-h-iy-amb t{]mos A`mhw
1. lotam-tm_-ns LS-\m-]-c-amb sshIeyw
2. Acp-Wc- -m-Wp--fpsS Fw, Ah-bnse lotamtm_-n Ch km[m-c-W-tXm-Xnepw Ipd-hv
5. B-c-k-a-nXn XI-cm-\p ap Imc-W-
Pptcm-K-
B{mIvkv
Ipfv tcmKw
AInSphow
]ptmdw
kky- tcmK-
^wKkv
(Imp-h-gn)
sshdkv
(IoS- hgn)
1. kqva Pohn-Ifp--m-p tcmK-
Iqp-No-b (sXv)
almfn (Ihp-v)
{ZpX-hmw (Ipcpapf-Iv)
Ipdp-\m-p-tcm-Kw (hmg-)
samsskv tcmKw (]bsN-Sn, aco-\n-)
hm-tcmKw (hgp-X-\-) Ce-I s]sv hmSn- sIm-gn-bp-p,
D]m-Z\w KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-p.
_mIvSo-cn-b(hnp-h-gn)
ssv tcmKw (s\s-Sn-) Ce-bpsS hi--fn \nd-h-y-X-ym-k-ap ]mSp-I,

Ce-bpsS A{K-`m-K- DW-p-p.
2. \yq\-t]m-jWw sIm-p--mIp tcmK-
kky-v imco-cnI {]h-\-mbn hnhn[ imco-cnI {]hmbn hnhn[ aqe-I- an \npw e`y-am-tI---Xp--v.
Ch e`n-m-Xn-cp-m imco-cnI{]h XS--s]-Sp-Ibpw tcmK- D-mhp-Ibpw sNpw.
aqe-I-
s]mmkyw
{][m-\-[a-
$ amwkykwt-jWw
$ Bky-c-{- Xpd-m\pw
AS-bvm\pw klm-bn-pp
\yq\-t]m-jWw sIm-p--mIp tcmK-e--W-

$ Ce-I-fn Xhn-p-\n-d-n-ep DW-nb ]mSp-I
$ Ce-bpsS Rc-p-I-fn a-fnv
$ Ce-bpsS ASn-`m-Kv ]n \ndw
aojyw
$ lcn-X-I-ns \nan-Xnv
AXym-hiyw
$ izk-\-{]-{In-b-bnse
Fsskap-I-fpsS {]h\w
Xzcn-X-s-Sp-
$ Ce-I-fnse Rc-pIn-S-bn a-\ndw

aqs-nb Ce-I-fn-emWv Cu eWw I-p-Xp-S-p--Xv.
{ItaW CXv Xfn-cn-e-I-fntepw hym]n-p-p.
24
6 kpc-bpw NnInkbpw
tcmKfp--m-m tijn-bp [mcmfw kqva-Po-hn-Iv \Sp-hn-emWv \mw Pohn-p-sXnepw \mw Ftmgpw tcmK-_m-[n-X-cmIm-dn-. ImcWw kqva-Po-hn-I ico-c-nsepXv XS-bm\pw GsXnepw Xc-nsenbm Ahsb \in-n-m\pw Ignhp kpcm{]Xn-tcm[kwhn-[m-\- \ap-p--v. C\n tcmKw _m[nv Ign-m AXn \npw c t\Sp--Xn-\mbn \mw
NnIn-sb B{i-bn-p-p.
]mTw Npcp--n
Xzv
1. ico-c-nse kpcmkwhn-[m-\-
hnhn[ {kh, cmk-h-kvXp-
2. kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-tcm[ {]h-\-
hnI-kn-n-s-Sp imkv{X-RvP
hmIvkn-\p-I
3. Ir{Xna {]Xn-tcm-[-h-cWw
kzbw {]Xn-tcm-[- ssh-Iey-

AanX {]Xn-tcm-[w
Ah-b-hw amn-h-bvepw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw
{]Xn-tcm-[-tijn \in- AIDS
4. {]Xn-tcm-[- ssh-Iey-
1. NnInmcoXnI
2. B[p-\nI sshZy-imkv{Xw
3. A]ISw Ipd-m
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[w
1. ico-c-Xm-]-\ne Db
2. ^mtKm-ssktmknkv
3. ho {]Xn-I-cWw
4. cw I-]n-Sn-
5. Bn-t_m-Un-I D]m-Zn-n-
BbpthZw, tlman-tbm-Xn, Atem--Xn etc.

kvs]jy-sse-tk-j-\p-I
tcmK \nW-tbm-]m-[n-I
Bn-_-tbm-nIv
{]Ya ip{iqj
c \nth-i\w
c{Kqp-I, Rh LSIw, Fdn-t{Xm-m-tm-knkv ôm-enkv
cZm\w :{]m[m\yw
kzm`m-hnI kwhn-[m-\-
{]Xn-tcm-[-h-cWw
kpcmkwhn-[m-\-fpw {]Xn-tcm[ {]h-\-fpw
Xzv
1. ico-c-nse kpcmkwhn-[m-\-
tcmK-m-cn-Isf AIv {]th-in-msX kpiamb hnhn[ coXn-I-fn Xzv XSbpp.

sUankv
sIcm-n
(AWp-fpsS
Fn-sUankv
{]th-i\w XS-bp-p)
]mfn-I
tjvakvXcw
Xzv
sNhn, Iv, aqv, hmbv, aq{X\mfw

XpS-nb `mK--fnep t\ Cu
tjvamhc-W-w tcmKm-Wp-sf XSbpp
tcma-w
NqSn \npw XWp-n
\npw kwc-n-p-p
A\y-h-kvXp--sf XS-bp-p
{kh-
hnbv
AWp-\m-i-Iw
sk_w
AWp-\m-i-Iw
F-a-bap--Xn-\m
shw ]nn-Sn-n
25
Xzv Cm `mKv tcmKm-Wp-sf Nne {kh /cmk-h-kvXp- D]m-Zn-nv XS-bp-Itbm \in-n-p-Itbm sNp-p.
ImW-s-Sp
{kh /
{]Xn-tcm[ coXn
`mKw
cmk-h-kvXp-
ssetkmsskw F AWp-\m-in-\n- AS-n-bn-p- Cu {Zhw Ins\ \\bv-p-I
Ip-\o
Iv
hgn tcmKm-Wp-sf \in-np--p.
tjvaw
aqv
Hgp-Ip tjva-n-eqsS tcmKm-Wp-sf ]pd---p-p.
sagp-Iv
sNhn
AWp-\mi-Iw
Dan-\o
hmb
mcKpWhpw AWp-\m-i-I-ti-jnbpw tcmKm-Wp-sf XS-bp-p.
`-W-n-eq-sSbpw sh-n-eq-sSbpsa-p tcmKm-Wp-sf
Bam-ibw
HCl
\in-np--p.
2. -kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-tcm[ {]h-\-

i. ico-c-Xm-]-\ne Db
a\p-jys km[m-cW ico-tcm-jvamhv (36.9oC, Cuw, pH, t]mjILS-I--fpsS e`yX XpS-nb A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-)
tcmKm-Wp--fpsS h[\-hn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv.
tcmKmWp-_m-[-bp--m-Ip-tm Ah-bpsS s]cp-I tijnsb Ipd-p--Xn-\v icocw Xm]\ne Dbp--p.
(AYhm ]\n--Hcp {]Xntcm[ {]h\w)
ii. ^mtKm-ssktmknkv
ico-c-Xm-]-\ne Dbn tcmKm-Wp--fpsS s]cp-I \nb-{n-m ico-c-n\v Ign-bp-sa-nepw \in-n-p-n-.

(Dn-se-n-b- tcmKm-Wp-sf \in-n-m am{Xta tcmK-ap--m-IpXv XSbm-\mIq).
tizX-c-m-Wp-- (\yqt{Sm-^n, tamtWm-sskv) tcmKm-Wp-sf hngpn \in-n-pp ^mtKm-ssktmknkv.
iii. ho {]Xn-I-cWw
kqva-Po-hn-Is-Xnsc icocw \S-p Hcp {]Xn-tcm[ {]h-\-amWv ho.

ico-c-nse apdn-hn-eqsS tcmKm-Wp- Dn
ISptm B `mKs c-tem-an-I-I-fn-se `nn-I-fn
ho-ap--m-Ip-p.
(Step-2) c-tem-an-I-I-fn-eqsS D-m-Ip c-{]hmlw IqSp-p.
(Step-3) IqSp-X tizX-c-m-Wp- tem-an-I-m`nnbnse hnS-hp-Ifn-eqsS ]pdv hcp-p.(Step-4) tcmKm-Wp-sf hngpn \in-n-p-p.
(Step-5) apdn-th `mKw km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-Ip-p.
(Step-1)
iv. cw I-]n-Sn-
apdnth ev cw-I- cq]-s-Sp-Xv aqew tcmKm-Wp- apdnhn-eqsS ico-c-n-\-I-tv {]th-in-p-Xv XS-bp-p.

-AanXambn cw hmv A]-ISap-m-Im-Xncn-m klm-bn-pp.
26
v. Bn-t_m-Un-I D]m-Zn-n-
^mtKm-ssk-tm-kn-kns\ AXn-Pohnv Htsd tcmKm-Wp- ico-c-nsemw.

tcmKm-Wp--fpsS (Bn-P) {]tXy-IX Xncn--dnv B-en-wt^m-ssk-p-I-fpw T-enw-t^mssk-p-I-fpw
t\cntm Bn-t_m-Un-I (amwky Xm-{X-I-) D]m-Zn-ntm \in-n-p-p.
3. Ir{Xna {]Xn-tcm-[-h-cWw
tcmKm-Wp-sf {]Xn-tcm-[-nm\mbn kzm`m-hnI {]Xn-I-cW cq]-s-Sm- ka-b-sa-Sp-pw. Cu kabn\nSbns hfsc

Iq-Sp-X s]cp-Im\pw hym]n-m\pw Nne tcmKm-Wp-p Ign-bpw.
Cu Ah-k-c--fn Ir{Xna {]Xn-tcm-[tijn apIqn BPn-p--Xn-eqsS tcmKm-Wp-sf XS-bmw.
hnI-kn-n-s-Sp imkv{X-RvP
FtUzUv P-
BZy-ambn hmIvkn-t\-j ]con-p.
hkq-cn- Cm-Xm-m {]b-Xv\np.
eqbn ]mkvN
tcmKm-Wp-knmw (kqva-Po-hn-I aqe-amWv tcmK
D-m-Ip-sX knmw) BhnjvI-cn-p.
]mkvN-ssd-tk-j F {]{In-b- Is--n.
B{mIvkv, t]hn-j-m-[- Fnhbvs-Xnsc hmIvkn \nan-p
hmIvkn-\p-I
\nho-cy-am-n-btXm Poh-\n-m--tXm Bb tcmKmWp-sf Ipn-shv AWp-_m-[-tbm hyn-I-fn {]Xn-tcm[w hfn-sb-Spp {]h-\-amWv hmIvkn-t\-j. \nho-cy-am-p--Xn-eqsS Ah-bpsS tcmK-ap--m-m-\p tijn Ipd-bp--Xn-\m Ah-bn-e-S-nb
ssPhnIXm-{X-Isf ico-c-nse tizX-c-m-Wp- Bn-P-\mbn I-v Bn-t_mUn D]m-Zn-nv \in-n-m kmh-Imiw e`n-p-p.
Ccw {]Xntcm[-tijn ico-c-n \ne-\npXn-\m ]noSv {]th-in-p bYm tcmKm-Wp-hn\v tcmKw D-m-m Ign-bm
Ah ico-c-n-ep--m-Ip-p.
hmIvkn-\p-I ]e-hn[w
arX--fmb
AWp-
Poh-\p-Xpw \nho-cy-am-s--Xp-amb tcmKm-Wp-
DZmdm_okv hmIvkn-\p-I,
kmv hmIvkn
_n.-kn.-Pn.
tcmKw
bw
t]mfntbm
Ic-how
ap-n-\ocv
sS-\kv
Un^vXo-cnb
hnNpa
kPo-h-amb
tcmKm-Wphkqcn hmIvkn-
\nho-cy-amnb
tSmIvkn-\p-I
T.T
hmIvkn
BCG
OPV
sl-ssnkv hmI-kn-\p-I
MMR
DPT
DPT
DPT
4. {]Xn-tcm[ sshI-ey-
{]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\--fpsS XI-cm-dp-I ico-c-n Nne hn]-coX ê--fp--m-p-p.

XI-cm-dp-I
tcmKw
ImcWw
kzbw{]Xn-tcm-[hmX\n
kzw icocnse tImi--sfs Bn-P-\p-Ifm-bnssh-Iey-
-v Ah-bvs-Xnsc enwt^m-ssk-p-I {]hn-pp.
AanX {]Xn-tcm-[w- BkvXva
s]mSn-]-S-e-, ]cm-K-tc-Wp-- XpS-nb Bn-P-\p-IAePn
sXnsc icocw Aan-X-ambn {]Xn-Icn-p-Xv aqe-ap
Akz--X.
Ah-b-hw amn-h-bvepw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw
XI-cm-dn-emb Ah-b-h-p-]-I-c-ambn ]pXp-Xmbn tNp-h-bvp Ah-bhw ico-c-s kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Hc-\y-h-kvXp(Bn-P)B-Wv . tNphbvp Ah-b-h-ns\-Xnsc icocw Bn-t_m-Un-I D]m-Zn-nv {]XnIcW{]-h-\-
\S-n- Xnc-kv-cn-pw.
]cn-lm-cw{]Xn-tcm-[-tijn Xmm-en-I-ambn AapXn\p acp-p-I D]-tbm-Kn-pI.
shp-hn-fn -{]Xn-tcm-[-tijn Ipd-Xv ImcWw tcmKmWp {]th-i-\-ns km[yX IqSp-X. (AXp-sIm-v Cu Ah--bnse
]cn-N-c-W-n {]tXy-I -{i Bhiy-amWv)
27
{]Xn-tcm-[-tijn \in-/AIDS
kpc-n-X-a-m
ssew-Kn-I- _w
AWp-hn-ap--am-m
kqNnI
c\nthi\w
HIV ico-c-n IS-pp

enwt^m-ssk-p-I-fpw ap kpc-mkw-hn-[m-\-fpw
{]hn-pI hgn Btcm-Ky-ap icocw
HIV bpsS B{I-aWw enwt^m-ssk-p-I-sf \in-n-p-p
{]Xn-tcm-[-tijn Ipd-bp-p
tcmK ]nSns]Spp
ac-W-w
FbvUvkns\-Xnsc kzoI-cn-t- apI-cp-X-ep-I
NnIn
Hmtcm \mn-sebpw kml-N-cy--\p-k-cnv Htsd NnIn-m-co-Xn-I cq]-s-n-p--v.

NnInmcoXn
BbpthZw
tlman-tbm-Xn
Atem--Xn
khn-ti-jX
-]p-cm-W-Imew apX `mc-X-n {]Nm-c-nep-m-bn-cp NnIn-m-co-Xn- icocs kpk--ambn
]cn-]m-en-m-\p Hcp Pohn-X-Ncy
m]-Ikmaph l\n-am
XXzw Hmtcmcp-cn-epap tcmK-e--W-v {]m[m-\y-amWv \Ip--Xv.
tcmK-n\p Imc-W-am-Ip hkvXp-hn\pXstcmK-i-a\ap-mm-\pw Ignbpw.
{]am-W-w Huj-[- t\n-pw-tXmdpw Ah-bpsS hocywh[n-p-p-.
m]-I--lntm-{Im-kv
tcmK- \nW-bw, tcmK-Nn-In-, acp-p-I Fnhbvv {]m[m\yw
B[p-\nI sshZy-im-kv{Xw
Hmtcm tcmK-Nn-In-pw {]tXyI]T\ (kvs]jysse-tk-j) ap-Xn-\mepw \qX\ tcmK-\nW-tbm-]m-[n-Ifp-Xn-\mepw Cv an

Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw B[p-\nI sshZy-imkv{Xw ASn-m-\-am-n-bmWv {]hn-p--Xv.
kvs]jysse-tk-j
_-s taJe
]oUn-bm-{SnIvkv
inip-tcmK NnIn
ImUn-tbm-fPn
lrZ-b-Nn-In
sPdn-bm-{SnIvkv
hm[-Iy-tcmK Nn-In
Hmtm-fPn
Imk Nn-In
H^vXmtam-fPn
t\{X-Nn-In
\yqtdm-fPn
akvXn-jvI--\m-Uo-tcmK Nn-In
bqtdm-fPn
aq{Xm-i-b-tcmK Nn-In
ssK\-tm-fPn
kv{XotcmK NnIn
tdUn-tbm-fPn
tdUn-tb-j D]-tbm-Kn-p tcmK\nW-bhpw Nn-Inbpw
sNhn, sXm-, aqv kw_--amb
E.N.T
tcmK--fpsS Nn-In
28
tcmK-\nW-tbm-]m-[n-I-
tcmK-\nW-b
D-]m-[n-I
n\n- sXtam-ao-
sX-kvtImv
kv^ntm-am-t\m-ao-
MRI kvIm
FIvkvtd
kn. n. kvIm
t]kvta
ECG
EEG
BPntbm{Kmw
Ir{Xna hmhpI
ss_mkv kPdn
sSen saUnkn
P\nnIv Fn\obdnwKv
\mt\m sSIvt\mfPn
FtUmkvtImn
PosXdmn
{]tbm-P\w
ico-c-ns Xm]-\ne Af-p--Xn-\p D]-I-c-W-w
lrZb-kv]-\w Af-p--Xn-\p D]-I-c-W-w
c-k-w Af-p--Xn-\p D]-I-c-W-w
arZp-I-e-I-fpsS Nn{X-sfSpp--Xn\p kwhn-[m\w
Fp-IfpsS Nn{X-sfSpp--Xn\p kwhn-[m\w
arZp-I-e-I-fpsS 3DNn{X-sfSpp--Xn\p kwhn-[m\w
lrZ-b-an-Snv IrXy-ambn \nb-{n-p--Xn-\p D]-I-c-Ww
lrZ-b-nse sshZypX Xcw-K- tcJ-s-Sp-m klm-bn-p kmt-XnIhnZy-.
akvXn-jvI-nse sshZyp-X-X-cw-K-sf sdtmUv sNp kmt-XnIhnZy-.
lrZ-b-c--p-gepIfnse XS-- Ip-]n-Sn-pXn\v CXv klm-bn-p-p
{]h-\-c-ln-X-amb lrZb hmhp-I-fpsS ]I-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-m
c-Ip-g XS--s-m asmcp c-Ip-g B `mK-n\v kam--c-ambn Xpn-tp ikv{X-{In-b
hnh-c- ssIam-dm Ign-bp hn[-n-ep Zriy--{ihy kt-XfpsS klmbw tcmKnsb
]cn-tim-[n-p--Xn\pw acpv \nt[-in-p--Xn\pw sSv \S-p--Xn\pw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-p
Hcp Pohn-bpsS P\n-X-I LS-\-bn A`n-e-jWo-b-amb am- hcp-p kmt-XnI
B--fp-tS Xe-n ]Zms ssIImcyw sNp kmt-XnIhnZyZl-\-]-Yhpw ico-c-A-dbpw \nco-n-p--Xn-\p kwhn-[m-\-w.
-XIcm-dnemb Po\p-Isf amn ]Icw Btcm-Ky-ap Po\p-I shv ]nSn-nv tcmKw NnIn-np coXn-
Bn-_tbm-nIv (
kqvaPohn-Isf \in-ntm \nho-cy-am-ntbm tcmK- NnIn-nv t`Z-am-p-hm D]-tbm-Kn-p hkvXp--fmWv Bn-_-tbm-n-p-I.

ico-c-n-\p-nepw ico-tcm-]-cn-X-e-nepw Ch D]-tbm-Kn--s-Sp-p. Ch-bn NneXv kqvaPohn-Ifn \ntm Asn
cmk-{]-{In-b-I-fn-eq-sStbm D-m-p-p.
Ae-Ivkm-- ^vsfanwKmWv BZy Bn-_-tbm-n-mb s]\n-kn-en I-p-]n-Sn--Xv.
#
Bn-_tbm-npI Poh-Zm-bn-\n-I
kqn-p-]-tbm-Kn-nsn Poh-\m-in-\n-I
\nc-c-amb D]-tbmKw Ch-bvs-Xnsc _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fn AXn-Po-h-\-tijn D-m-Im CS-bm-p-p.
ico-c-nse D]-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-p _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf \in-n-p-p.
ico-c-n Nne hnm-an-\pIfpsS Afhv Ipdbvpp.
A]ISw Ipd-m
i. {]Y-a-ip-{iq-j X-ta--hpw s]sv tcmKw aqn--hpw Bip-]-{Xn-bn-se-n-p-Xv hsc \Ip ip{iq-j.
sh-n hoWmsf cn-m
An-`wKw kw`-hn-m
izmk-]Yw AS-m
]e Imc-W--fmepw Bfp-I A]-ISw kw`-hn hynv {]Y-a-ip-{iq-j \Im aSn-pp
ii. c\n-thi\w
ASn-b-c L--fn Poh cn-m c\n-thi\w klm-b-I-am-hpw.
{in-t- Imcy-
$ tcmK--Im km[yX
$ c-ns Afhv
$ ZmXm-hns {]mbw, enwKw, Btcm-Ky-nXn XpS-n-bh
$ A\p-tbm-PyXHmtcm hynbptSbpw c-n hyXykvX t{]mo BnP\pw Bnt_mUnbpw AS-n-bn-cn-p-p. Ch
ZmXm-hnepw kzoIm-hnepw tbmPn-n-cn--Ww.
Bcn\n-smw
c-{Kqv
BnP
Bnt_mUn
A
B
AB
O
A
B
A, B
C
Anti-B
Anti-A
C
Anti-A, Anti-B
kzoI-cnmw
A, O
B, O
AB, A, B, O
O
29
c-\n-th-i\w \S-p-tm A, B Bn-P-\p-Ismw Rh LSIw F Hcn\w BnPs kmn[yw IqSn ]cn-K-Wnt-Xp-v.

Rh LS-I- ]e-Xp-s--nepw Bn-P D BWv Ah-bn {][m-\w. Cu LS-Iap-h Rh+ Fpw Cm--h Rh Fpw
Adn-b-s-Spp.
Fdn-t{Xm-m-tm-knkv ôm-enkv
Rh+ c-{Kq-p kv{Xov Rh c-{Kq-p Ipv P\np-tm-gp--m-Ip sshcp-y]camb Ah--bmWnXv.
(a) -ve c-{Kq-p kv{Xopw +ve c-{Kq-p ]pcp-j\pw BZyw P\n-p Ipn\v
XI-cm-sdmpap--m-Ip-n-.
(b) Fm {]khka-bv mk ths]-Sp-tm Ipns c-nse Rh LSIw
A-bpsS c-n-se-ntbmw.
(c) Atm A-bpsS icocw Cu LS-I-n-s\-Xnsc Bn-t_m-Un-I cq]-s-Sp-p-p.
(d) ]no-Sp K`--fn Ipv Rh+ BsW-n t\cs cq]-s Bn-t_m-Un-I mk-hgn
{`qW-n {]th-inv Acp-W-c-m-Wp- I-]n-Snv {`qWw \in-p--Xn-\n-S-bm-p-p.
Fdn-t{Xm-m-tm-knkvômenkv aqew acn Ipv
c-Zm\w t{]mm-ln-n-m sNm-hp Imcy-
kpc-m-kw-hn-[m-\w kky--fn
1. kzm`m-hnI -{]-Xn-tcm[kwhn-[m-\-
LS-\m-]-c-amb kwhn-[m-\-
sXmen, sXmen-p-ds sagpIv, Iyqn-n, enn
ssPhcmk]c-amb am-
(Step-1)
(Step-2)
(Step-3)
(Step-4)
tcmKm-Wp- D-n {]th-in-p-tm Ahbn-ep cmk-h-kvXp-sf kky-tIm-i- Xncn--dn-bpp.

Nne-Xcw t{]mo-\p-I, kmen-kn-enIv BknUv, FYnen XpS-nb ]ZmY- D]mZnn--p-p.
Cu ]ZmY-fpsS kmn[yw hgn tcmKm-Wp_-m-[-bpsS hnhcw kky-ico-c-n-se-m-bnSpw Fnp-p.
tcmKm-Wp-sf t\cn-Sm hnhn[ kky-I-e-I-fnse tImi--fn LS-\m-]-c-amb ]e amfpw D-m-Ipp.
$ AWp-_m-[nXtImi--fpsS s]s-p \miw.
$ AWp-m-[nXtImi--sf thXn-cn-p tImv tImi\nc-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww.
$ ^nt\m kwbpfpsS \nam-Ww.
2. {]Xn-tcm-[-h-cWw
P\n-XI amw hcp-nb kky- D]m-Zn-n-p Bn-t_mUnIfmWv mn-t_m-Un-I.

DZm]pI-bn-e-s-Snbn samsskIv F tcmK-n\p Imc-Wamb Sp_m-tm-sam-sskIv sshdkns Nne Po\p-I IS-n-hn sNSn-Iv
Cu tcmK-n-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn- cq]-s-p.
30
]gb tcmK-\nW-tbm-]m-[n-I
1. n\n- sXtam-ao-
Cu D]-I-cWw a\p-jy-i-co-c-ns Xm]-\ne Af-p-hm D]-tbm-Kn-p-p. n\n- sXtam-ao-dn Xm]-\ne ^mclov

kvsIbven BWv. CXn 950 F(350C) apX 1080F(420C) hsc AS-bmfsSp-n-bn-cnpw.
2. sX-kvtImv
lrZb-kv]-\w Af-p--Xn-\p D]-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. sX-kvtIm-nse Ub-{^ns I-\-n-eqsS lrZb-kv]-\ns
kz`mhw tUmIvS Xncn--dn-bp-p.
3. kv^ntm-am-t\m-ao-
c-k-w Af-p--Xn-\p D]-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. lrZbw ktmNnp-tm D-m-Ip aw aqew [a-\n-I hnI-kn-pp.

Cu a-amWv kntm-fnIv {]j. Fm lrZbw hn{i-an-p-tmgp a-amWv Ubtm-fnIv {]j. Btcm-Ky-ap Hcm-fpsS kntm-fnIv
{]j 120mm/Hgbpw Ubtm-fnIv {]j 80mm/Hgbpw Bbn-cn-pw.
\qX\ tcmK-\nW-tbm-]m-[n-I
1. MRI kvIm
B-cm-h-b-h-psS hni-Z-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-W-n\v klm-bn-p asmcp kwhn-[m-\-am-WnXv. ImnIa-ehpw tdUntbm hnIn-cW-fpamWv Nn{X--sf-Sp-p--Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. arZp-I-e-I-fpsS Nn{X-sfSpp--Xn\v hfsc klm-b-I-amWv Cu kwhn-[m-\-w.
CXn Atbm-Wo-I-cW tdUn-tb-j-\p-I D]-tbm-Kn-p-n-. akvXn-jvI-n-sbpw \s-n-sbpw tISp-]m-Sp-I Is--p--Xn\pw
knIfnse XI-cm-dp-I Is--p--Xn\pw Cu kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-p. Pe-n-ep H2 B--fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmWv
CXv t^mkv sNp--Xv. AXn-\m Pemwiw Ipd-hp An-I-sfbpw ]n-s\bpw CXn-\m ImWm ]n-.
2. X-ray
X-ray F sshZyp-X-Im-nI hnIn-c-W--fpsS klmb-m B-c-`m-K--fpsS Nn{X--sfSp-p kmt-XnIhnZy-bmWnXv.
X-ray hnIn-c-W-sf IS-n-hn-Sm-\p tijn-bpsS Imcy-n ico-c-I-e-I hyXym-k-s-n-cn-p-p. Cu {]tXy-IX {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-nsIm--mWv X-ray Nn{X--sf-Sp-p--Xv. hkvXp--fpsS Dn IS-p- ]pdv h-cp hnIn-c-Ws Hcp t^mtm-^n-en-an hogm-\-\p-h-Znp-tm ico-c-n\pnse hkvXp--fpsS {]Xn-cq]w ^nen-an ]Xn-bpp. X-ray Isf Hpw Xs IS-n-hn-Sm--Xn-\m Fp-I
X-ray Nn{X-n shfp \nd-nepw, `mKn-I-ambn ISn-hn-SpXn-\m arZp-I-e-I Nmc-\n-d-nepw hmbp ]qW-ambpw ISn-hn-
SpXn-\m izmk-tIm-i- Idpv \nd-nepw ImW-s-Sp-p.
3. C.T.kvIm
X-ray hnIn-c-W--fp-]-tbm-Knv ico-c-nse B-c-`m-K--fpsS Nn{X--sf-Sp-p--Xn-\p
Hcp kmt-XnIhnZy-bmWv C.T.kvIm. arZp-e I-e-IfpsS Nn{X--sfSp-pXn\v hfsc A\p-tbm-Pyam-Wn-Xv. ]ccmKX X-raybn \npw hyXy-kvX-ambn C.T.kvIm\nwKn Htc kabw hyXykvX BwKnfp-I-fn, At\Iw X-ray _oap-I ico-c-n-eqsS IS-n-hn-Sp-p. ico-c-n \nv ]pdv hcp
hnIn-c-W-sf Hcp detector kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw Iyq--dns klm-b-tmsS {Xnam\ Nn{X--fmn
amp-Ibpw sNp-p. C-c-n ico-c-ns image D-m-n-sIm-v ico-cs ]cn-tim-[n-p--Xn\p Hcp kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv.
4. Ir{Xn-a t]kvta-
Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-I aptJ\ sshZypX Bth-K- \In-sm-v lrZ-b-an-Snv IrXy-ambn

\nb-{n-p--Xn-\p D]-I-c-Ww. _mdn hgn {]hn-p-p. CSs tXmsf-n\v
Xmsg-bmbn ico-c-n-\p-n CXv m]n-p-p. Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-Isf lrZ-b-hp-ambn
_n-n-p-p.
5. ECG (Electrocardiograph)
lrZ-b-Xm-fhpw, lrZ-b-nse sshZypX Xcw-K-fpw hni-Z-ambn tcJ-s-Sp-m klm-bn-p Hcp kmt-XnIhnZy-bmWnXv.
ECG bneqsS e`y-am-Ip {Km^v \nco-v lrZ-b {]h-\-nse sshI-ey-w a\-n-emmw.
6. EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Xe-tbm-Sn Ddn-p Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-I D]-tbm-Knv akvXn-jvI-nse sshZyp-XX-cw-K-sf sdtmUv sNp Hcp kmt-XnIhnZy-bmWnXv. Xe-tm-dns {]h-\-s
hni-I-e\w sNbvXv GsX-nepw Xc-n A]m-I-X-I Ds--n Is--p--Xn\v
klm-bn-p-p.
7. BPn-tbm{Kmw
Contrastal dye bpw X-ray bpw D]-tbm-Knv c-Ip-g-ep-I-fp-sSbpw lrZ-b-nsbpw B-cn-I-`m-K-
]cn-tim-[n-p kmt-XnIhnZy-bmWnXv. In-tetbm Ib-e(hb-dn-sbpw XpS-bp-tSbpw CS-bn-ep `mKw)bnsetbm [a\n-bn-eqsS IS-n-hn-Sp Io- D]-tbm-Knv lrZ-b-n\v kao-]-ap c-Ip-g-ep-I-fn ssU Ipn-h-bvp-p.
]noSv ssU hym]n-pXns X-ray Nn{X--sf-Spv hni-I-e\w sNp-p. lrZ-b-c--p-gepIfnse XS- I-p-]n-Sn-pXn\v CXv klm-bn-p-p.
8. Ir{Xn-a-hmhp-I
{]h-\-c-ln-X-amb lrZb hmhp-I-fpsS m\v Ir{Xn-a-hmhp-I shv

]nSn-n-p kwhn-[m\hpw Cv \ne-hn-ep--v.
9. ss_mkv kPdn
c-Ip-g icn-s-Sp-m Ign-bm--hn[w XS--s-m asmcp c-Ip-g (km[m-cW tcmKn-bpsS
Xs XpS-bn \ns-SpXv) B `mK-n\v kam--c-ambn Xpn-tp ikv{X-{In-b-bmWv
ss_mkv kP-dn.
ii
10. sSen-sa-Un-kn
hnh-c-hn-\n-abkmt-XnIhnZy-sb tcmK-\nW-b--Nn-Inm cwKv D]-tbm-Kn-p-I-bmWv sSen-sa-Unkn\neqsS sNp--Xv. Cu kwhn-[m-\-n-eqsS tcmKnbpw tUmIvSdpw tcmK-\nWb kwhn-[m-\-fpw Xnep Zqc-ns {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn--s-Sp-p. ]c-kv]cw hnh-c- ssIam-dm Ign-bp hn[-n-ep
Zriy--{ihy kt-XfpsS klmbw tcmKnsb ]cn-tim-[n-p--Xn\pw acpv \nt[-in-p--Xn\pw sSv \Sp--Xn\pw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-p.
11. \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn
B--fp-tStbm Xm-{X-I-fp-tStbm Xe-n ]Zms ssIImcyw sNp kmt-XnIhnZy-bmWv \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn. km[m-c-WK-Xn-bn 1100nm (1 nm=10-9m)hen--ap hkvXp--fmWv Cu kmt-XnIhnZybn Ds-Sp-p--Xv. {]mcw-`-Z-i-bn-ep Cu kmtXnIhnZybvv NnIn-m-cw-Kpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wnv taJ-e-bn-ep-sams Zqchym]-I-amb am- hcp-m-\-Ip-sap Icp-X-s-Sp-p.
12. FtUm-kvtImn
Zl-\-]-Yhpw DS-ens D`m-Khpw (B-cm-h-b-h- DsIm-p Ad) Endoscope F D]-I-cWw D]-tbm-Knv \nco-n-p--Xn\p kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. hg--ap Hcp Syq_pw AXn-\--mbn LSn-n-n-cn-p __pw Iyma-d-bp-amWv Cu D]-I-c-W-ns {][m\
`mK-. Syq_v ico-c-n-\-Iv ISn Iyp-dns tamWn--dn-eqsS Zriy- \nco-n-p-p. Zl-\-]-Ynse XS-- Is-p-Xn-\mWv CXv {][m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Nne-tm eLpikv{X-{In-b-Ipw D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
13. P\n-nIv Fn-\o-b-dnwKv
P\n-X-I- hkvXp- \ow- sNbvtXm Iqn-ttm Hcp Pohn-bpsS P\n-X-I LS-\-bn

A`n-e-jWo-b-amb hy-Xn-bm-\- hcp-p kmt-XnIhnZy-bmWv P\n-XI Fn\o-b-dnwKv /
dotIm-n-\v DNA sSIvt\m-fPn.
Tools sdkv{SnIvj FtUm\yq-n-tbkv'- -("tamfn-Iyq-em I{XnI')DNA sb apdn-m D]-tbm-Kn-p
Fssk-ap-I.
entK-kv ("tamfn-Iyp-em ]i')DNA sb Xn tNp Fsskw.
Kth-jWw, ssPhkmt-XnIhnZy, sshZy-im-kv{Xw, Irjn, hyh-km-bw XpS-nb ]e taJ-eI-fnepw Cu kmt-XnIhnZy hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
14. PosX-dmn
]mc--cy-tcm-K-v ImcWw Po\nse sshIeyw aqew sXmb t{]mo-\p-I D]m-Zn-n-p--Xm-Wv.

XI-cm-dnemb Po\p-Isf amn ]Icw Btcm-Ky-ap Po\p-I shv ]nSn-nv tcmKw NnIn-np B[p-\nI coXn-bmWv PosX-dm-n.
Courtesy: Vinod Master (GRHSS, Kottakkal)
iii
7 \-sf-s\ \-fmbn
Assew-KnI {]Xyp]m-Z\w Hcp amXm-hn \nv am{X-am-I-bm Ah D]m-Zn-n-p- ASp Xe-ap-d AXns X\n-]-Im-bn-cnpw.
Fm a\p-jy-\Sw ]e Pohn-I-fnepw \S-p ssewKnI {]Xyp]m-Z\w amXmhpw ]nXmhpw Ds-Sp--Xm-Wv. Cs\bp-m-Ip
]pXp-X-e-apd Ah Xnepw amXm-]n-Xm--fn \npw kmZr-iy-fpw (hwi-]m-c-cyw) sshhn-[y-fpw (hyXn-bm-\-) {]I-S-am-p-p.
AXn-\m C-c-n-ep--m-Ip km-\- AXp-ey-cm-bn-cnpw (\sf t]mse \mw am{Xw).
C-c-n-ep hwi-]m-c-cytbpw hyXn-bm-\-tfbpw Ipdn-p ]T-\-amWv P\n-XI imkv{Xw.
]mTw Npcp--n
P\n-XI imkv{Xw
- endal-]co--W-, ]mc-cy \nb-a-

M
imkv{X-im-J-bm-bp Bhn`mhw
hf-bnse \mgnI Ip-I
Po\p-I- (DNAbpsS {]h\ LSIw)
t{Ima-tkmw, DNA LS\
]mc--cyns
Xm-{Xm-Sn-m\w
Po\p-I-fpsS {]h\w
DNA (gene) RNA t{]mo- (kz`mhw \nb{n-pp)
hyXn-bm-\-p
Imc-W--
-1. Po hn\n-a-bw
2. D]-cn-h\w (
a\p-jy-\nse
enwK-\nWbw
enwK\nWb t{Ima-tkmapI]p-cp-j-\nepw kv{Xobnepw
_o-P-tIm-i--fn
_oP-kw-tbm-Kkm[y-Xbpw enwKhpw (enwK \nWbn ]pw_o-P-ns ]v)
]mc--cy-tcm-K-)
P\n-XI FPn\o-b-dnwKv
P\n-XI imkv{X-ns
kw`m-h-\-I
km[y-X-Ifpw BiIfpw
{KnK tPm saU F imkv{X--\mWv BZy-ambn hwi-]m-c--cys Ipdnv imkv{Xo-b-ambn Dcw Is--n-b-Xv.
AXn-\m At-lw ]mc--cyimkv{X-ns ]nXm-hmbn Adn-b-s-Sp-p.
At-lw ]bs-Sn-bn-emWv ]T-\- \S-n-b-Xv. AXn\p Imc-Ww
saU-s ]co-Wn\v 3 LS--fp--v.

(Step-1) ]bs-Sn-bnse ip amXr-]nXr kky-sf Is--n.
(Step-2) h kcW-neqsS Hmw Xe-ap-dsb D]m-Zn-n-p.
(Step-3) c-mw Xe-ap-dtbbpw ]no-Sp Xe-ap-dItfbpw kz]-cm-K-W-n\v hnt[-b-am-n.
GI-tZiw 29,000tmfw ]bs-Sn-Isf C-c-n apf-nv \nco-n-p.

]co--W--fn \npw Atlw e`n Nne \nK-a-\--
$ Hmtcm kz-`m-h-n\pw Imc-W-am-Ip Hmtcm tPmUn LS-I- Fm Pohn-I-fnepw D-mbn-cnpw. Cu LS-I-sf
Atlw {]Xo-I- D]-tbm-Knv kqNn-n-p.
DZm: Db-c-q-Sp-X T T ,Nph ]qhv
RR
Db-c-p-dhv
tt
,shfp ]qhv rr
$ Cu tPmUn LS-I--fn Hv amXm-hn \npw atXp ]nXm-hn \np-am-bn-cnpw e`n-p--Xv.
(Cu LS-I--fmWv amXm-]n-Xm--fn \npw ]mc--cy-Kp-W- ASp Xe-ap-d-bn-tev hln-p--Xv).
$ hn]-coX KpW- amXr-k-k-y-ntem ]nXr-k-k-y-ntem Bbn-cp-mepw ]co-W ê-n\v bmsXmcp amhpw D-m-hn-.
31
]co-Ww : 1
]bsNSn-IfpsS Db-c-q-Sp-X, Db-cpdhv Fo hn]-coX KpW--fmWv ]co-Ww1 ]T-\hn-t[-b-am-n-bXv.
amXr-k-kyw
(Db-cw IqSnbXv)
]nXr-k-kyw
(Db-cw Ipd--Xv)
TT
tt
_oPtImi
(F1
Tt
(Db-cw IqSnbXv)
\nco--Ww- 1-mw Xe-ap-d-bn amXr-k-kyns Db-c-q-Sp-X F KpWhntij-W-amWv km-\- {]I-S-am-nb-Xv. Fm P\n-XI

LS-I--fn Ch Xn hyXym-k-ap--v. amXr-k-kyn Db-c-q-Sp-X-en-\p 2 LS-I--fp--tm (TT) k-Xn-bn Db-c-q-Sp-X-en-\pw
Db-c-pdhn-\p-ap Hmtcm LS-I--fmWp-Xv (Tt).
\nb-a-kq-N\ Db-c-q-Sp-X-en\p LS-Iw (T) Db-c-pdhn-\p- LS-Ins (t) ta ta[m-hnXzw ImWn-p.
\nKa\w -{]I-S-k-z-`mh \nbaw
Hcp tPmUn hn]-coX KpW- IqSn-t-cptm AXn-semcp KpWw am{Xw {]I-S-amhp-Ibpw ({]I-S-Kp-Ww) atXp
ad-n-cn-p-Ibpw (Kp]vX-Kp-Ww) sNpw.
]co-Ww : 2
]co-Ww1se F1 Xe-apdbn kz]-cm-KWw \Sn D]m-Zn-n-p hnp-I apf-n-m-bn-cpp 2mas ]co-Ww.
Tt
_oPtImi
Tt
TT
(Db-cw IqSnbXv)
(F2
T
Tt
(D. IqSnbXv)
Tt
(D. IqSnbXv)
tt
(D. Ipd--Xv)
\nco--Ww- 2mw Xe-ap-d-bn 3:1 F A\p-]m-X-n Db-c-w IqSnb sNSn-Ifpw Db-c-w Ipd sNSn-Ifpw D-m-bn.
Fm Dbcw IqSnb Fm kky--fp-sSbpw P\n-XI LS-\ Hcp-t]m-te-b-. 1/3 Db-c-q-Sp-X-en\v Imc-W-amb LS-I-- (TT) am{X-ap-hbpw 2/3 Db-c-q-Sp-X-en-\pw Db-c-pdhn-\p-ap Hmtcm LS-I--fphbp-amWv (Tt).
\nb-a-kq-N\ amXr-k-ky-n-se--t]mse ]nXr-k-ky-nepw tPmUn-bmbn ImW-s-Sp LS-I-- tPmUn ]ncn-mWv Hmtcm _oP-tIm-i--fntepw t]mIp--Xv.
\nKa\w hnth-N\ \nbaw
_oP-tIm-i- D-m-Ip-tm KpW-hn-tij-sf \nW-bn-p ]mc-cy LS-I- tPmUn]n-cn-bp-Ibpw Hmtcmpw Hmtcm enwKtImin-tev t]mhp-Ibpw sNp-p.
]co-Ww : 3
]co--W-w3 saU ]bsN-Sn-bpsS Dbcw F KpWhpw ]qhns \ndhpw ]cn-K-Wn-p.
amXr-k-kyw
(D. IqSnb Nph ]q-fp-Xv)
]nXr-k-kyw
(D. Ipd-- sh ]q-fp-Xv)
TTRR
_oPtImi
(F1
ttrr
TR
tr
TtRr
(D. IqSnb Nph ]q-fp-Xv)

32
\nco--Ww- 1mw Xe-ap-d-bn Fm k-Xn-Ifpw amXr-k-ky-ns Db-c-w IqSnb Nph ]q-fp--m-p KpW--fmWv {]I-S-am-n-bXv.
Fm amXr-k-ky-n \npw hyXy-kvX-ambn Kp]vX-Kp-W-n\pw Imc-W-am-Ip Hmtcm LS hoXhpw AS-n-bn-cn-pp.
]co-Ww : 4
]co--W-w3se F1 Xeapdsb kz]-cm-K-W-n\v hnt[-b-ampXm-bn-cpp 4mas ]co--W-w.
TtRr
TtRr
kv{Xo_o-P-
_oPtImi
TR Tr
tR
]pw_o-P-
tr
TR Tr tR
tr
Ch-bpsS kwtbm-K-kw-`m-hyX ]v kvIzb-dn Cs\ kw{K-ln-mw

TR
TR
Tr
tR
tr
tr
tR
Tr
TTRR
TTRr
TtRR
TtRr
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
TTRr
TTrr
TtRr
Ttrr
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
sh ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
sh ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
TtRR
TtRr
ttRR
ttRr
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
TtRr
Ttrr
ttRr
ttrr
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
sh ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
Np. ]q-fp
Dbcw IqSnbh
sh ]q-fp
D. Ipd--h
\nco--Ww- 1mw Xe-ap-d-bn \nv 4 Xc-n-ep kv{Xo_o-P-fpw ]pw_o-P-fpw D-m-Ip-p. amXr]nXr-k-ky--fn Hnp\n
KpW-hn-ti-j-fp km-\-v ]pdsa 2 kcbn-\-fpw D-mbn.
Np-h ]q-fp Dbcw Ipd-h
shfp ]q-fp Dbcw IqSn-bh
A\p-]m-Xw9:3:3:1
\nb-a-kq-N\ Hmtcm kz`m-h-hn-ti-jhpw asm-p-ambn ZrV-_w ImWn-p-n-spw Ahbvv GXp-ambpw IqSn-t-cp-hm km[yX
Ds-pw hne-bn-cp-n.
\nKa\w kz-X{ A]-h-yq-l\ \nbaw
ct-m AXn-e-[n-Itam tPmUn hn]-co-X-Kp-W- IqSn-t-cp-tm AXn-temtcm tPmUn- KpWhpw A]-c-tPmUnbpambn IqSn--e-cmsX
XnIpw kz-X-{-ambn ASp Xe-ap-d-bn-tep hym]-cnp-p.
saUens ]co-Wê- 1866 {]kn-o-I-cn-p-sh-nepw Av AXn\v th-{X AwKo-Imcw InpI-bp--mbn-.
1884 saU A-cn-p. saU- ac-W-sv 16 hj-p tijw lyq-tKm -Uo -{ho-kv, Im tImdkv , FdnIv sjamIv Fo
imkv{X-mcmWv saUens ]mc--c-y-imkv{X \nba- kzX-{-ambn Is-n ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn--Xv. ]no-SmWv ]mc--c-y-tbpw
hy-Xn-bm-\--tfbpw]n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p P\n-XIimkv{Xw F imkv{X-imJ cq]w sIm-Xv.
hjw
1866
1869
1902
imkv{X-
{KnK tPm saU
{ÛdnIv anj
lyqtKm Un {hokv,
FdnIv sjamv,
Im tImdkv
hm Fkv k,
XntbmU t_mhdn
1905
t_vk
1943
Bthcn
Pbnwkv hmSvk,
{^mknkv {Inv
sPmlmk
amj \nc_Kv,
ltKm-_nv sJmcm\
1900
1953
1909
1970
kw`m-h\
P\n-XI \nb-a- BhnjvI-cnp.
\yq-nIv BknUv Is--n.
saUens \nb-a- ]p\cmhn-jvIcn-p.
]mc--cy-L-S-I- t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fnemWv AS-n-bn-cn-p-Xv Fv Is-n.
]mc--c-ysbpw hy-Xn-bm-\--sfbpw ]n ]Tn-p ]pXnb imkv{X-im-Jbvv
P\-nIvkv F t]cp \In.
Ct-l-ns t\Xr-Xz-n-ep Kth-j-I DNA BWv P\nXI hkvXp-shp Is-n.
DNA bpsS NpptKmh-Wn- amXrI Ah-X-cn-n-p.
saU hniZoIcn ]mc--c-y-L-S-I-p Po Fp t]cp \In.

P\n-XI tImUv Is-n.
33
]mc--cy-t{]-jWns Xm-{Xm-Sn-m\w
kz`m-h-hn-ti-j--fpsS ]mc--cy-t{]-jWw Nne LS-I- hgn-bm-sW saU-ens
kev]w bmYmYy-am-sWv ]noSv sXfn-bn--s-p. GsXmcp Pohn-bp-sSbpw Hmtcm kz-`m-hkhn-ti-j-Xtbbpw \nb-{n-p-Xv Po\p-I-fm-sWpw Po\p-I DNA Xm-{X-bpsS `mK-fm-sWpw hy-ambn.
aa-n-\p-n t{Ima-tkm-an-emWv DNA ImW-s-Sp--Xv.

Uo HmIvkn ssdt_m--\yq-nIv BknUns \o- 2 Cg-I-fmWv Hcp DNA Xm-{X.
2 Cg-Ifpw Hcp Npp-tKm-h-Wn-bpsS BIr-Xn-bn-em-Wv.
DNAbpsS ASn-m\ LS-I--fmWv \yqn-tbm-ssS-Up-I.
CXn 3 LS-I--fp--vUo HmIvkn ssdt_mkv ]-km-c, t^mkvt^v Xm-{X-, 4 Xcw
ss\{S-P t_kpI AU-n\n(A), ssXao(T), Kzm-\n(G), ssksm-kn(C).
ss\{S-P t_kpI 4 Xcn D-Xn-\m \yqn-tbm-ssS-Up-Ifpw 4 Xcnem-Wv.
]-km-cbpw t^mkvt^pw tNmWv Npp-tKm-h-Wn-bpsS s\Snb Cg-Ifpw ss\{S-P
t_kp-I tNmWv AXns ]Sn-I-fp-w \nan-n-cn-p--Xv.
A-T pambpw G-C pambpw tPmUn-tN-cpp. AXm-bXv DNA bnse c-n-g-Ifpw Hcp t]mseb-. Ah ]c-kv]c ]qc-I--fm-Wv.
DNA bpsS {]h-\LS-I--fmWv Po\p-I. D]m-]-Nb {]h-\-sf \nb-{np-Xpw kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Ip Imc-W-am-Ip-Xpw Cu `mK-fmWv.
Po\p-I-fpsS {]h\w
kz`m-h-k-hn-tj-X-I cq]-s-Sp-p-Xpw D]m-]-Nb {]h-\-sf \nb-{n-p-Xpw t{]mo-\p-I-fm-Wv. GXp-Xcw t{]mo-\p-I

\nan--W-sav Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv DNA bnse Po\p-I-fm-Wv. DNA t\cnv t{]mo \nan-p-n-.
(Step-1) DNA bn\n-v RNA\nan-p-p.
DNA Cg-]n-cnbpp Po\nse t_kp-I-fp-ambn ssdt_m

\yqn-tbm-ssS-Up-I tNv XXp-ey-amb RNA\nan-p-p
RNAbpsS Cg-I DNA bn \npw th]n-cn-bp-p.
(DNA ]qh nXn-bn-em-Ipp).
(Step-2) RNA bn\n-v t{]mo \nan-pp.
RNA aa-n \npw tImi-{Z-hy-n-ep- ssdt_mtkmap
Ifnsepp RNA bnse \nt-i-n-\-\p-k-cnv
ssdt_mtkman shv Aant\m Bkn-Up-I Iqntv

t{]mo \nan-pp.
DNA bpw RNA bpw Xn-ep hyXym-k-
hyXn-bm-\-p Imc-W-
amXm-]n-Xm--fn \npw hyXy-kvXamb kz`m-h-hn-ti-j- (hyXn-bm\w) k-Xn-I-fn {]IS-am-IpXns

Imc-W- c-m-Wv Po hn\n-a-bhpw D]-cn-h\hpw.
1. Po hn\n-a-bw
_oP-tIm-i- cq]-s-Sp ka-bv (Du\-`w-K-n-eq-sS-) amXm-hn \npw ]nXm-hn \npw e`n
ka-cq] t{Ima-tkm-ap-I tPmUn-tN-cp-Ibpw P\n-XI hkvXp- ssIam-dpIbpw sNpw. Cu {]{In-bbmWv Po hn\n-a-bw.
Pohn\n-a-bê-ambn amXm-hn \nv e`n t{Ima-tkm-an ]nXm-hn \np-ap Nne Po\p-Ifpw
]nXm-hn \nv e`n t{Ima-tkm-an amXm-hn \np-ap Nne Po\p-Ifpw Fnt-cp-p. CXv km-\-fn sshhn[y-ap--m-p-p.
34
2. D]-cn-h\w
BI-kvan-I-ambn t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fpsS LS-\-bntem F-ntem kw`-hn-p am-- (D]-cn-h-\-) km-\--fn ]ehn[ sshI-ey-pw Imc-W-am-Ipp. Ch ]mc--cy-ambn t{]jWw sN-s-Sp-p. Ccw sshI-ey-fmWv ]mc--cy-tcm-K-.
km[m-c-W-bm-bp ]mc--cy-tcm-K-
tcm-K-
SW
knt{Umw
Uu
knt{Umw
knnsk
A\o-anb
XI-cm
e-W-
enwK-\nWb t{Imatkm-ap-I-fn Hp Ipdhv (Hcp

t{Imatkmw am{Xw)
kv{Xoe--Ww,
hy-X,
s]m-p-d-hv.
_pn-am-yw,
hy-X,
Ipd tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[tijn.-
t{Ima-tkm-ap-I = 44 + XT
kzcq] t{Ima-tkm-ap-Ifn Hp-Iq-Sp-X

(2-1mw t{Imatkmw aqs-w.BsI 47 t{Imatkmw).
t{Ima-tkm-ap-I = 45 + XX / 45 + XY
Acp-W-c-m-Wp--fnse lotam-tm_-n
Xm-{X-I-fn LS-\m-]-c-amb sshI-ey-ap--m-Ip-p.
Bb-Xn-\m c-n HmIvkn-Ps Afhv Ipd-bptm AcpWcm-Wp-v cq]-amw kw`-hnv
Acn-hm-fns BIr-Xn-bmbn amdp-p.
Ie-I-fn-te-p HmIvkn-P
kwh-l-\-tijn Ipdbp--p.
enwK-\nWbw a\p-jy-\n
enwK \nWb t{Ima-tkmapI
]pcp-j-\nepw kv{Xobnepw 46 t{Ima-tkm-w B-Wp--Xv. Fm Ch-bn 2 Fw

enwKs \nW-bn-p--h-bm-Wv. enwK\nWb t{Ima-tkmapI 2 Xc-ap--v X & Y.
]pcp-j-\n X Y Dw kv{Xobn X X Dw.
enwK \nWb t{Ima-tkmapI_o-P-tIm-i--fn

AWvUn X t{Ima-tkmapI am{X-am-bn-cnpw D-Xv. Fm ]pw_o-P-n
50% X Dw 50% Y Dw Bbn-cn-pw.
enwK \nWbn ]pw_o-P-ns ]v
_oP-kw-tbmK ka-bv AWvUhpambn X t{Ima-tkmw AS-nb ]pw_o-PamWv

kwtbm-PnpsXn B knmWvUw hfv s]Ip-n-bm-Ipw(X X). adnv
AWvUhpambn kwtbm-PnpXv Y t{Ima-tkmw AS-nb ]pw_o-PamsWn AXv hfv
BIp-n-bm-Ipw(X Y)
P\n-X-I- hkvXp- \ow- sNbvtXm Iqn-ttm Hcp Pohn-bpsS P\n-X-I LS-\-bn A`n-e-jWo-b-amb
hy-Xn-bm-\- hcp-p kmt-XnIhnZy-bmWv P\n-XI Fn\o-b-dnwKv / dotIm-n-\v DNA sSIvt\m-fPn.
ToolsA. sdkv{SnIvj FtUm\yq-n-tbkv'- -("tamfn-Iyq-em I{XnI')DNA sb apdn-m D]-tbm-Kn-p Fssk-ap-I.
B. entK-kv ("tamfn-Iyp-em ]i')Po\p-Isf Xn tNp Fsskw.
kw`m-h-\-I
1. sshZyimkv{X taJ-e_mIvSo-cn-bsb sIm-v a\p-jyCkp-en D]m-Zn-n-pp.
2. Irjn taJ-eIoS-\m-iI tijn-bp sNSn-I D]m-Zn-n-p. (Eg: Bt ]cp-nbpw Bt hgp-X-\-bpw)
3. hyh-km-bnI taJ-es]t{Sm-fnbw D]-- Xnp\in-n-p- kq _Kp-Isf krjvSn-p.
4. Ipm-t\zm-jW taJ-e]nXr-Xzw kw_-n X- ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn\pw Ip-Ir-Xy- sXfn-bn-p--Xn\pw
D]-tbm-Kn-p-h-cp DNA ^nwK{]nnwKv
BiI
35
8 Pohs IY... Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw

Pohs D]-nsbpdnpw Poh-nI-fpsS Bhn`m-hs kw_-npw hyXy-kvX-amb A`n-{]m-b- \ne-\np-p--v.
APo-hob LS-I--fn \nmWv BZyPohIWnI D-m-b-sXpw ]noSv AXn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb am-w (]cn-Wmaw) kw`-hn-mWv
hyXykvX Pohn-hK D-mbsXp-amWv imkv{X-temIw hniz-kn-p--Xv.
]mTw Npcp--n
Pohs D]-n-bp-w XpSbpw
Pohn-I-fn hyXn-bm-\-v
ImcWw
Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-ns sXfn-hp-I
a\p-jys D]-n-bp-w ]cn-Wm-ahpw
]cn-Wm-a-n a\p-jys CS-s]-S-ep-I
BZy Poh-I-WnI
cm-k-]-cn-Wma hmZw (H]m-cnlmtU ]cn-I-ev]\)
av 2 hmZ-K-Xn-I
Poh-I-WnIbn \npw ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-n-tev
kzbmPnXkz`m-h--fpsS ]mc--cy-t{]jWknmw
{]Ir-Xn-\n[m-cW knm-wD]-cn-h\ knmw
\h Umhn-\nkw
ayqt-j-\p-I aqew
H--s-S
Pohn-I-fpsS Bc-LS\bnse kmayw
Poh {]h-\-fnse kmayw
t^mkn ]T\w
Bn-tbm-]vsSdnIvkv
B\bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw
ss{]ta-v HmU-dn \nv
sXfn-hp-I 1. Hb irwJe ]T\w
2. t^mkn ]T\w
]cn-Wma hrw
{]Xym-Lm-X-
Pohs Bhn`m-hw-(BZy Poh-I-WnI cq]-s-Xv)

cm-k-]-cn-Wma hmZw (H]m-cnlmtU ]cn-I-ev]\)
]cn-Iev]-\-bpsS km[q-I-cWw
men an, ltcmUv bqtd (1953):
bphm Hmsd (1961):
kndn s]mws]cpa (1963):
36
av 2 hmZ-K-Xn-I
kap-{Z-n-\-Sn-bnse An]-X--cnInemWv BZyPohs DXv`-hw

]mkvs]anb hmZw {]]--ns at-sX-nepw `mK-p cq]-s- Pohs IWn-I `qan-bn-se-n.
BZy Poh-IWnIb-n \npw _lp-tIm-i-Po-hn-I-fn-tev

cmk-]-cn-Wm-a-n-eqsS BZy Poh-IWnI cq]-s-Sm GI-tZiw 1100 Zi-ew
hj- th-n-h-p.
kzX{ HmIvkn-P Cm-Xn-cp--Xn-\m Ap--mbncpPohn-I hfsc efn-X-amb
LS-\-bp Ahmbh GI-tIm-i-Po-hn-I-fm-bn-cpp.
]noSv {]Im-i-kw-t-jWtijn-bp tImi- cq]-s-p. CtX-p-Sv A-co-n kzX-{m-h--bn HmIvkn-P cq]-s-Sp-Ibpw CXv hmbh Pohn-I-fpsS
Bhn`m-h-n-\n-S-bm-p-Ibpw sNbvX-p.
Pohn- hK-fp--m-bXv]cn-Wm-a-kn-m--
1. kzbmPnXkz`m-h--fpsS ]mc--cy-t{]jWknmw (By Lamarck)
Eg: Pndm-^ns Igp-v
Eg: ]mn Im
Hcp Pohn AXns Pohn-X-Im-ev t\Sn-sb-Sp-p imcocnI am- (kzbmPnXkz`m-h-) Pohn-bpsS Po\p-I-fpsS -L-S-\sb
_m[n-mXn-\m Ah XpSp X-e-ap-d-bn-tev t{]jWw sN-s-Sn-. AXn-\m emamns knmw Ime-l-cW-s-p.
2. {]Ir-Xn-\n[m-cW knm-w- (By Darwin & Wallace)

Pohn-I-fn \nc-cw hyXn-bm-\-fp-mIp-p. CXn A\pKpW-amb hyXn-bm-\-fphsb {]IrXn \n[m-cWw (Xnc-sSpp-I)
sNpIbpw Am-h \in-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
37
Eg:- (a) Kem-tKmkv Ipcp-hn-I-- -Umhns\ ]cn-Wma Nn-bn-tev \bn Ch 15 Zzo]p-I-fn 13 C\ap-m-bncpp. i_vZhpw
IqSp-Iq-p hn[hpw Hp- t]mse-bp Ipcp-hn-I Blm-c-nepw Blm-cco-Xn-bn-ep-amWv sshhn[yw {]Zin-n-n-cp-Xv.
Umhns \nK-a\whnp-Xo\n IpcphnI-fpsS ]qhn-I sXt Ata-cn--bn\npw Ke-m-tKmkv Zzo]p-I-fntev IpSn-tb-dn. Hmtcm
Zzo]nepw F-s- Ipcphn kaq-l- Cc-]n-Sn-bamcpsS A`m-h-n AXXv e--fnse hyXy-kvX- kmlN-cyfpambn A\pIqe\w t\Sn hyXykvX Ipcp-hn-hK--fmbn ]cn-W-an-p.
(b) Kme--tKmkv BaI
(c) kky-`p-p-I-fmb CKzm-\-I, IS CKzm-\-I
hy-Xn-bm-\--sf-s\bp-m-Ip-p-shpw Ah ASp Xeapd-bn-tev ssIamw sN-ssX-s\-sbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-m
Umhn\p Ign-n-. CXv Atlw t\cn Hcp {][m\ ]cn-an-Xnbm-bn-cpp.
]cn-Wm-a-]-T-\-v ]pXnb cq]w \In-bXv P\n-X-I-im-kv{X-ns hnIm-k-am-Wv.
3. D]-cnh\ knmw (By Hugo de Vries)

Pohn-I-fpsS P\n-X-I-L-S-\-bn BI-kvan-Iambp-mIpXpw Xe-ap-d-Ifn-tev ssIam-w -sN--s-SmhpXpamb am--fmWv
(D]-cn-h\w) Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-n-tev \bn-p-Xv.
4. \hUmhn-\n-kw
Umhns ]cn-Wma Bi-b-sf P\n-XI imkv{X-n-se ]pXnb Adn-hp-I-fpsS shfn--n hni-Zo-I-cn-p B[p-\nI ]cn-Wmaimkv{X-w.
t{Imatkm-ap-I-fnepw Po\p-I-fn-ep-ap--m-Ip ayqt-j-\p-I-fpsS ê-ambn Hmtcm kv]ojnknepw sshhn-[y- D-m-Ipw. Ch {]Ir-Xn-\n[mc-W-n\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-tm amdnb kml-N-cy--fp-ambn Hp-t]m-Ip-h am{Xw \ne-\n-p-Ibpw Am-h \in-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
5. H-s-S-
acp-`q-an-I, ]-X-\n-c-I, \Zn-I XpSn-bh Hcp h-ns] Pp-sf ap Pp-fn \npw ths]-Sp-pw.
Cs\ H-sv Ign-bp Pohn-k-aq-l--fn \nc-cw D-mtbm-hp ayqt-j-\p-I aqew {]tXyI h-ambn Xocmw.
Eg: knar-K- (Bkvt{X-enbbn am{X-w)
Atd-_y H-Ihpw (B{^n--bn-epw Atd-_y cmPy--fnepw) _mIv{Sn-b H-I-hpw (a[y Gjy)
Poh-]-cn-Wm-a-ns sXfn-hp-I
(a) Pohn-IfpsS Bc-LS\bnse kmayw
hyXykvX hn`m-K--fnepw kml-Ncy--fnepw Pohn-p Pohn-I-fpsS B-c-L-S-\-bn s]mXp-hmb kmayw ImWp-p.
DZm--a-\p-jys ssI (\nb-{W-n\v), apX-e-bpsS apIm (Cg-bm), Xnanw-K-e-ns Xpg (Xpg-bm), ]n-bpsS NndIv (]d-Im)
Ch-sbmw \nn-n-cn-p-Xv `pPm-n-1, tdUn-b-kv-1, A\-1, Im-8, sam-Im-5, sêm\vPkv-14 (Total-30)
An-I sIm-m-Wv.
(b) Poh {]h-\-
Fm Poh-Pm-e--fp-sSbpw tImi-L-S\, Poh{]h-\- Fn-h-bn hf-sctbsd- k-am-\-X-I D-Xmbn ImW-sSpp.
(c) t^mkn ]T\w
]cn-Wm-as Ipdn-p Ghpw hnizk\obamb sXfn-hmWv t^mkn-ep-I.F-s-m t^mkn-ep-I `qh-n
kwc-n--s-n-p {]mNo\ Pohn-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-tfm AS-bm-f-tfm BWv.
t^mkn ap-cq-]-nepw
]i-I-fn (Bw_-) s]ptmb Pohn-I
emh-bnepw apw ]Xn Pohn-I-fpsS AS-bm-f-.
ap]mfn-bn IpSpntmb Pohn-IfpsS ico-c-.
CS-\n-e-t^m-kn-epI Hcp-Po-hn-hK-n \npw asm-n-te-p ]cn-Wm-as Ipdnv hnhcw \Ip-p.
eLp-L-S-\-bp Pohn-I-fn \nv koWL-S-\-bp Pohn-I ]cn-W-an-p-p Fpw t^mkn ]T\w ImWn-p-p.
Bn-tbm-]vsSdnIvkv
(hmw--{]m-No\ ]n)
Bn-tbm-]vsSdnIvkns t^mkn Dc-K--fn \npw ]n-I- ]cn-W-anp F-Xn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. ImcWw AXn Dc-K--fpsSbpw ]n-I-fp-sSbpw kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-I- ImWmw.
DcK kz`m-h-
]n- kz`m-h-
Xqh-ep-I-fpsS kmnyw
\sv hmep hsc \o-p-In-S-pp
sImp-I-fpsS kmnyw
sImn ]p-I
apIm-en hnc-ep-I. Ah-bpsS Av
hfv Iq \J-.
38
B\bpsS ]cn-Wm-a Ncn{Xw
t^mkn ]T-\-n-eqsS a\-n-em-n.
B\bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-n kw`-hn {][m\ imco-cnI am-

Xe-tbm-Sn-\-Iv [mcmfw hmbp-A-d-Ifp-m-bn.
]p-I-fpsS Fw Ipd-p. AW--p-I
{]tXyI coXn-bn cq]-s-p.
hen--n h[-\hv
Imev hfv i-ambn
Igpv sNdp-Xmbn
Xpnss hfp
sNhn hep-Xmbn
tam-Sn-bnse c-m-as Dfn--p-I hfv sImp-I-fmbn.
a\p-jys D]-n-bp-w ]cn-Wm-ahpw

a\p-jys D]-n- ss{]ta-v HmU-dn \nv
Bt{m-t]m-bn-tU-
? a\pjy Ipc-n \ntm
\s-p Pp--fnse kkvX\n hn`m-K-n ss{]tav HmU-dn-emWv a\pjy\pw Ipc-pw Ds-Sp--Xv.

ss{]ta-p-Isf 2 hn`m-K-ambn Xncn-n-cn-p-ps{]mkn-an-bkpw Bt{m-t]m-bn-tU-bpw. Bt{m-t]m-bn-tUsb (hmw--a-\pjy kmZr-iyam-bXv) ho-pw 2 Bn Xncn-n-cn-p-p sktm-]n--tm-bn-tUbpw tlman-t\m-bn-tU-bpw. BZy-t-Xn Ipc-p-Ifpw c-m-a-t-Xn
BIp-c-p-Ifpw a\p-jycpw Ds-Sp-p. AXn-\m a\p-jy Ipc-n \npw t\cnv ]cn-W-an--X-.
sXfn-hp-I
1. Hb irwJe Xmc-Xayw
39
2. t^mkn ]T\w
bpPo Upt_mbv (1891):

Ctm-t\-jy-bnse Pmhm-Zzo-]n \npw tlmtam Cd-IvS-kn-s t^mkn Is--n-.
sUmWmUv sPmlmk (1971) :
sXp-In-gt B{^n--bn \np-w Ghpw ]gw IqSnb B-kv{Smtem]n-kv t^mkn Is--n.
eon IpSpw_w (1976):
Xmkm-\n-b-bn \npw emh-b-n ]Xn a\p-jy-]qhn-I-cpsS Imm-Sp-I Is--n.
a\pjy]cn-Wma hrw
]cn-Wm-a-n a\p-jys CS-s]-S-ep-I
a\p-jys CS-s]-S-ep-I {]IrXnbnse PohPme-fpsS \ne-\nns\ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-p-p. ImjnI cwKw,

sshZy-im-kv{X-cwKw XpS-nb taJ-e-I-fn Ah ]co--W-n-\mbn hyXykvX Poh-Pm-e-sf D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-Xn\m P\n-XI-ssh-hn-[y-ap-h D]m-Zn-n--s-Sp-p. CXv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kzta-[-bm-ep \n[m-cW km[yXbn Ipdhv hcp-p-p. AtXmsSmw Nne Pohn-IfpsS hwi-\min\pw Ahs CS-s]-S-ep-I Imc-W-am-bn-p-v. DZm--kz--h-f, tUmtUm ]n
IqSmsX hnth-I-iq-\y-amb IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbm-Kw, Bn-_-tbm-n-p-I-fpsS D]tbm-Kw XpSnbh AXn-s\-Xnsc
{]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bp Pohn-I-fpsS Bhn`mh-n\v Imc-W-am-Ipp. Npcp--n B[p-\nI a\p-jy ]cn-Wm-a-ns Znisb
\nW-bn-p-p. hnI-k\w kpn-chpw PohPmev \miw kw`-hn-m coXn-bn-ep-am-I-Ww.
40

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