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BASIC PROFILE
The cyclical outline, in an axial plane, of the
permanently established boundary between the
provinces of the external and internal threads. All
deviations are with respect to this boundary.
BASIC SIZE
That size from which the limits of size are derived by
the application of allowances and tolerances.
BEARING SURFACE
The
bearing
surface is the
supporting
or
locating surface
of a fastener
with respect to the part which it fastens (mates).
The loading of a fastener is usually through the bearing
surface.
BODY DIAMETER
The body diameter is the diameter of the body
of a threaded
fastener.
CHAMFER
The conical surface at the starting end of a thread.
CHAMFER POINT
A chamfer point
is a truncated
cone point, the
end of which is
approximately flat and perpendicular to the fastener
axis. These points on threaded fasteners generally
have point included angles of 45 to 90 degrees and a
point diameter equal to or slightly less than the minor
diameter of the thread. This point is intended to facilitate entry of fasteners into holes at assembly.
CLASS OF THREAD
An alphanumerical designation to indicate the standard
grade of tolerance and allowance specified for a thread.
EXTERNAL THREAD
A screw thread formed on the outside of a cylindrical
surface.
Class 1A and 1B
Classes 1A and 1B are very loosely toleranced, therefore, this class produces the loosest fit; that is, the
greatest amount of play in assembly. An allowance is
applied to the external thread in class 1A and 1B. This
class is ideally suited where quick and easy assembly
is of prime design concern.
Class 1A and 1B is standard for only coarse and fine
threads with sizes of 1/4 inch and larger. Very few
fasteners produced in Canada and the United States
have this class of fit.
FASTENER
A fastener is a mechanical devise for holding two or more
bodies in definite positions with respect to each other.
Class 2A and 2B
Class 2A and 2B is the most common thread class
specified for inch series fasteners. Class 2A for
external threads has an allowance while class 2B for
internal threads does not. Class 2A and 2B threads
offer excellent value of fit when considering manufacturing conveniences and economy, against fastener
performance. This class offers a good grade of
PROFESSIONALS SERVING PROFESSIONALS
FULL OR NOMINAL
DIAMETER BODY
A full or nominal diameter body is a body the diameter
of which is generally within the dimensional limits of the
major diameter of the thread. Sometimes referred to as
full size body.
GIMLET POINT
A gimlet point is
a
threaded
cone point usually having a
point angle of
45 to 50 degrees. It is used on thread forming screws
such as Type AB tapping screws, wood screws, lag
screws, etc.
TECHNICAL
ALLOWANCE
The prescribed difference between the design size
(maximum material) and the basic size.
TECHNICAL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical properties are the properties defining the
basic characteristics of the material or fastener.
PITCH
The pitch of a thread having uniform spacing is the
distance, measured parallel to its axis, between
corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the
same axial plane and on the same side of the axis.
Pitch is equal to the lead divided by the number of
thread starts.
POINT
The point of a
fastener is the
configuration
of the end of
the shank of a
headed fastener or of each end of a headless fastener.
PROOF LOAD
Proof load represents the maximum useable load limit
of the fastener for many design-service applications.
Proof load is commonly defined as the tension applied
load which the fastener must support without evidence
of any deformation. Often, proof load and yield
strength are interpreted as being the same.
Note: Proof load is a force measurement. The units
are pounds or newton. Yield strength is a stress
measurement. The units are PSI or MPa. The stress at
the proof load is 90-93% of the yield strength.
REFERENCE DIMENSION
A dimension usually without tolerance, used for
information purposes only. It does not govern
production or inspection operations. A reference
dimension is derived from other values shown on the
drawing or on related drawings.
RIGHT-HAND THREAD
A thread is right-hand if, when viewed end-on, it winds
in a clockwise and receding direction. A thread is
considered to be right-hand unless specifically
indicated.
ROOT
That surface of the thread that joins the flanks of adjacent thread forms and is immediately adjacent to the
cylinder from which the thread projects.
SHANK
The shank is
that portion of
a headed fastener which
lies between
the head and
the extreme point.
SHEAR STRENGTH
Shear is transverse rupture. It is caused by a pushing
or pulling force at 90 from the axis of a part. Thus, a
rivet used as a pulley axle will shear if the load on the
pulley exceeds the shear value of the rivet. Shear
strengths generally are 60% of the specified minimum
tensile strength.
SHOULDER
A shoulder is
an enlarged
portion of the
body of a
threaded fastener or shank of an unthreaded fastener.
PROFESSIONALS SERVING PROFESSIONALS
THREADED FASTENER
A threaded fastener is a fastener a portion of which
has some form of screw thread.
THREAD PITCH
The distance measured parallel to the thread axis
between corresponding points on adjacent threads.
Pitch is equal to the lead divided by the number of
thread starts. Unified threads are designated in threads
per inch and their thread pitch is reciprocal of the number of threads per inch (TPI). Metric threads are designated by their actual pitch.
THREAD SERIES
Thread series are groups of diameter-pitch combinations distinguished from each other by the number of
threads per inch applied to a series of specific diameters. There are two general series classifications:
standard and special.
Coarse Thread Series Applications
The coarse thread series (UNC/UNRC) is generally
used for the bulk production of screws, bolts, and nuts.
It is commonly used in relatively low strength materials
such as cast iron, aluminum, magnesium, brass,
bronze, and plastic because the coarse series threads
provide more resistance to internal thread stripping
than the fine or extra-fine series. Coarse series threads
are advantageous where rapid assembly or disassembly is required, or if corrosion or damage from nicks
due to handling or use is likely.
TOLERANCE
The total amount of variation permitted for the size of
a dimension. It is the difference between the maximum
limit of size and the minimum limit of size.
UNDERHEAD FILLET
An underhead
fillet is the fillet
at the junction
of the head and
shank of a headed fastener.
WASHER FACE
A washer face is
a circular boss
on the bearing
surface of a bolt
or nut.
YIELD STRENGTH
Yield strength is defined as the tension applied stress
at which the fastener experiences a specified amount
of permanent deformation. The fastener material
simply has been stressed beyond its elastic limit and
has entered its plastic zone. Yield strengths of
machined test specimens are easily determined
because of their uniform cross-sectional area throughout the stressed length. It has been noted that the yield
strength characteristics of test specimens do not
always parallel those of the full size fastener from
which they are taken. This is because the beneficial
effects of cold working may be completely lost when
the test piece is machined from the parent product. It
is difficult to test full size fasteners for yield strength
because of the different strain rates in areas such as:
the fully threaded portion; the thread runout; and the
unthreaded shank which comprises the stressed
length. Because of this, the proof load system was
introduced as an approved technique for testing a fasteners deformation characteristics.
TECHNICAL
TENSILE STRENGTH
Tensile strength, or ultimate strength, is that property
of a material which determines how much load it can
withstand without breaking. It is calculated by
determining the tensile stress corresponding to the
maximum load observed in a tension test. Cold
working raises the tensile strength of most metals and
alloys. Heat treatment can often be used to increase or
reduce the tensile strength.
TECHNICAL
STEEL FASTENERS
CARBON STEEL FASTENERS
Approximately 90 percent of all fasteners are manufactured
from carbon steel. Steel has excellent workability, a broad
range of strength properties, and the raw material is quite
inexpensive. There are over 100 different standard strength
grades for steel fasteners, each with its own set of properties
and designations.
In general, carbon steel fastener strength grades can be
placed into three broad groupings involving low carbon,
medium carbon, and alloy steel, The most widely referenced
strength grade for carbon steel external threaded fasteners is
detailed in the SAE J429 standard. The system is comprised
of bolt grades made from low carbon steel through to alloy
steels.
The common grades of the SAE system are repeated and
expanded upon in separate ASTM standards, notably A307,
A449, A325 and A490.
LOW CARBON STEELS
Low carbon steels, as used for fasteners, are defined as
those with insufficient carbon content to permit a predictable
response to a strengthening heat treatment process. The
most commonly used analysis are AISI 1006, 1008, 1016,
1018, 1021 and 1022. These steels have good workability,
they can be case hardened, and are weldable.
Note: (Piping Bolt) The low carbon steel fastener ASTM A307
is a special bolt used in piping and flange work. It has properties similar to other low carbon steel bolts except that it has
the added requirement of a specified maximum tensile
strength. The reason for this is to ensure that the bolt will
fracture, before breaking a cast iron flange on a pump or
valve, if the bolt is inadvertently over-tightened.
F593D
F593H
316
Present Head Markings
All Diameters
TECHNICAL
TECHNICAL
400 SERIES MARTENSITIC STAINLESS: About 5% of stainless fasteners; magnetic; no nickel and high carbon content mean the lowest corrosion resistance among the different
types of stainless. Tensile and yield will increase sharply in martensitic stainless by heat treating.
400 Mixture Martensitic Often a mixture of different 400 materials, usually with carbon content towards high end of max. giving greater strength but lowering corrosion resistance.
11.5-14%
.30%
1.25%
.06%
.15%
1%
180,000-250,000
150,000-200,000
C34-C45
Usually Usually Usually
Usually
if heat treated
if heat treated
.15-.30% 1%
.04%
.03%
410
Higher carbon content gives strength; most popular of the grades with 12% chrome; used in highly stressed conditions.
11.5-13.5%
.15%
1%
.04%
.03%
1%
180,000 heat treated
150,000 heat treated
C34
416
Higher sulfur content helps machinability but lowers corrosion resistance.
12-14%
.15%
1.25%
.06%
.15%
1%
180,000 heat treated
150,000 heat treated
C34
420
Higher carbon gives greater strength but lowers corrosion resistance.
12-14%
.30%
1%
.04%
.03%
1%
250,000 heat treated
200,000 heat treated
C45
Nom.
15% Min.
C28
B70
B60 heat
treated
Commercial Brass
Phosphorus Bronze
Naval Bronze
Max.
Carbon
Max.
Max.
Mangan. Phosph.
Max.
Max.
Sulphur Molybd. Silicon
Copper
Other
Elements
Tensile
Good cold forming due to high copper content; also used for milled from bar nuts.
65%
35% Zinc
70,000
Good machinability due to added lead; good for screw machine parts.
61.5%
3% Lead
50,000
remainder Zinc
Easier to cold form as copper content increases; as copper content decreases, the metal becomes stronger and harder.
60-65% 35-40% Zinc.
55,000
.05-.15 Lead
Generally used for hex head cap screws.
.07%
2.0%
96.0%
.05% Lead max. 70,000-80,000
min.
1.5% Zinc max.
Used for hot forged fasteners.
1.5%
3.8%
94.8%
.05% Lead max. 70,000-80,000
min.
1.5% Zinc max.
Addition of lead helps machinability.
2-4%
94-96% .05-.8% Lead,
70,000-80,000
.05-1.5% Zinc.
Tin increases strength; phosphorus helps against stress corrosion; excellent cold forming properties.
.3%
95%
5% Tin
60,000
Addition of tin gives better corrosion resistance against salt water.
59-62% .5-1% Tin,
70,000
2% Lead
remainder Zinc
Yield
Approx.
Hardness
45,000
B65
30,000
B55
35,000
B60
35,000-45,000
B70-B75
35,000-45,000
B70-B75
35,000-45,000
B70-B75
35,000
B60
30,000
B65
TECHNICAL
Chromium Nickel
BRASS and BRONZE
Brass Alloy 270
18-8 SERIES
STAINLESS
Proof
Load
None
Size
1/4 - 20
1/4 - 28
5/16 - 18
5/16 - 24
3/8 - 16
3/8 - 24
1/2 - 13
1/2 - 20
5/8 - 11
5/8 - 18
3/4 - 10
3/4 - 16
7/8 - 9
1-8
1-1/8 - 7
1-1/4 - 7
1-3/8 - 6
1-1/2 - 6
Yield
Strength
30,000
Clamp
Load
(lbs.)
1350
1500
2200
2400
3200
3700
5900
6700
9500
10800
14100
15700
11700
15300
19300
24500
29200
35600
Tensile
Strength
75,000
Assembly Torque
Dry
(ft. lbs.)
68 in.
77 in.
12 ft.
13
20
23
50
56
100
113
177
197
171
256
363
512
671
891
316
Diameter
1/4"-3/4"
3/4" - 1"
1 - 1-1/4"
1-1/4" - 1-1/2"
Min.
Lub
(ft lbs.)
51 in.
58 in.
9 ft.
10
15
17
37
42
75
84
132
148
128
192
272
384
503
668
Tensile
(lbs.)
2780
3020
4400
4700
6500
9000
11900
12800
18800
20400
27600
29600
37900
49700
62700
78800
94400
114000
Size
1/4 - 20
1/4 - 28
5/16 - 18
5/16 - 24
3/8 - 16
3/8 - 24
1/2 - 13
1/2 - 20
5/8 - 11
5/8 - 18
3/4 - 10
3/4 - 16
7/8 - 9
1-8
1-1/8 - 7
1-1/4 - 7
1-3/8 - 6
1-1/2 - 6
316 STAINLESS
B8M
Proof
Load
None
None
None
None
Clamp
Load
(lbs.)
2100
2400
3400
3800
5100
5700
9350
10550
14950
16850
20300
22670
16850
22900
25400
32200
38400
46700
Yield
Tensile
Strength Strength
100,000 125,000
80,000
115,000
65000
105,000
50,000
100,000
Assembly Torque
Dry
(ft. lbs.)
9
10
18
20
32
36
78
88
156
176
276
308
246
368
386
548
629
835
Min.
Lub
(ft lbs.)
7
7
13
15
24
27
58
66
117
132
121
191
213
290
411
480
629
835
Tensile
(lbs.)
4600
5000
7400
7900
10900
15000
19800
21400
31400
34000
42300
45400
58100
69500
87800
110300
125900
152000
This guide details the effects of various corrosive environments on popularly used fastener materials.
Stainless Steel
Corrosive
Medium
Acetate Solvents, Crude
Acetate Solvents, Pure
Acetate Acid, Crude
Acetate Acid (Pure)
Acetic Acid Vapors
Acetic Anhydride
Acetone
Acetylene
Alcohols
Aluminum Sulfate
Alums
Ammonia Gas4
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Phosphate
(Ammoniacal)
Ammonium Phosphate
(Neutral)
Ammonium Phosphate (Acid)
Ammonium Sulfate
Asphalt
Beer
Beet Sugar Liquors
Benzene or Benzol8
Benzine8
Borax
Boric Acid
Butane, Butylene, Butadiene9
Calcium Bisulfite
Calcium Hypochlorite
Cane Sugar Liquors
Carbon Dioxide (Dry)
Carbon Dioxide
(Wet and Aqueous)
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride12
Chlorine (Dry)
Chlorine (Wet)
Chromic Acid
Citric Acid
Coke Oven Gas
Copper Sulfate
Core Oils
Cottonseed Oil
Creosote
Ethers
Ethylene Glycol
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Sulfate
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Freon
Furfural
Gasoline (Sour)
Gasoline (Refined)
Gelatin
Glucose
Glue
Glycerine or Glycerol
18-8, 302
303, 304
305
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Naval
Bronze
Fair
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Fair1
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Silicon
Bronze
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Good
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410, 416
430
Poor
Brass and
Naval
Bronze
Poor
Silicon
Bronze
Fair14
Copper
Fair14
Copper
(Monel)
Fair14
Aluminum
Poor
Nylon
Poor
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Excel
Good
Good
Good
Excel
Fair
Good
Excel
Poor
Excel
Excel
Poor
Poor
Fair
Good
Poor
Poor
Excel
Excel
Excel
Poor
Poor
Fair
Excel
Poor
Excel
Excel
Poor
Excel
Poor
Poor
Excel
Fair
Poor
Poor
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Excel
Poor
Good
Fair
Good
Poor
Poor
Poor
Fair
Excel
Fair
Fair
Poor
Poor
Poor
Good
Excel
Poor
Excel
Poor
Excel
Excel
Poor
Good
Fair
Good37
Excel
Good
Excel
Good
Excel
TECHNICAL
Corrosive
Medium
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrocyanic Acid
(Hydrogen Cyanide)
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hydrogen9
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen Sulfide (Dry)
Hydrogen Sulfide
(Wet and Aqueous)
Lacquers and Lacquer Solvents
Lime-Sulfur
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium Sulfate
Mercuric Chloride
Mercury
Milk
Molasses
Natural Gas
Nickel Chloride17
Nickel Sulfate17
Nitric Acid
Oleic Acid
Oxalic Acid
Oxygen9
Palmitic Acid
Petroleum Oils (Sour)
Petroleum Oils (Refined)
Phosphoric Acid 25%
Phosphoric Acid 25%, 50%
Phosphoric Acid 50%, 85%
Picric Acid
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Sulfate
Propane9
Rosin (Dark)
Rosin (Light)
Shellac
Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate)
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium Metaphosphate
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Perborate
Sodium Peroxide
Sodium Phosphate (Alkaline)
Sodium Phosphate (Neutral)
Sodium Phosphate (Acid)
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfide
Sodium Thiosulfate (Hypo)
Sludge Acid
Stearic Acid
Sulfur
Sulfur Chloride
Sulfur Dioxide (Dry)9
Sulfur Dioxide (Wet)
18-8, 302
303, 304
305
Poor
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Poor
Poor
Poor
Excel
Poor
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Poor
Poor
Excel
Poor
Excel
Good38
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Fair
Excel
Good
Good38
Fair
Excel
Excel
Fair
Good
Excel
Fair
Good
Excel
Good
Good39
Excel
Good
Poor
Good
Fair
TECHNICAL
Corrosive
Medium
Sulfuric Acid 10%
Sulfuric Acid 10%, 75%
Sulfuric Acid 75%, 95%
Sulfuric Acid 95%
Sulfurous Acid
Tar
Tartaric Acid
Toluene or Toluol8
Trichloroethylene12
Turpentine
Varnish29
Vegetable Oils29
Vinegar25
Water (Acid Mine Water)
Water (Fresh)
Water (Salt)
Whiskey
Wines
Xylene or Xylol8
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Sulfate
Stainless Steel
18-8, 302
303, 304
305
316
Poor
Good25
Poor
Poor
Fair27
Good27
Good
Good
Fair
Good
Excel
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Excel
410, 416
430
Poor
Poor
Fair27
Good
Poor
Good
Fair
Excel
Excel
Good28
Excel
Excel
Fair
31
31
31
Excel
Good33
Excel
Excel
Excel
Poor
Good
Excel
Fair33
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Fair32
Fair
Fair
Excel
Poor
Fair
Brass and
Naval
Bronze
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Good
Fair1
Excel
Excel
Fair28
Good
Good
Poor
Poor
Fair32
Good
Good
Good
Excel
Poor
Fair
Notes:
1. Subject to dezincification and/or stress corrosion; especially at elevated
temperatures and with concentrated solutions.
2. May be useful with cold dilute acid.
3. Alloys containing up to 60 percent copper acceptable; high copper alloys
not acceptable.
4. Temperature assumed to be below that at which gas cracks and liberates
nascent nitrogen.
5. Subject to stress corrosion with low concentrations.
6. Apparently resistant to dry gas at ordinary temperatures; attacked rapidly
by moist gas and by hot gas.
7. Not recommended for use with beverage grade.
8. Chemicals used for treating in manufacture assumed to be absent.
9. Temperature assumed to be no higher than that normally encountered in
compression, storage, and distribution.
10. Useful at elevated temperatures.
11. Not recommended for use with carbonated beverages.
12. Water assumed to be absent.
13. Not recommended for use with edible grades.
14. Only with dilute or unaerated solutions.
15. Subject to stress corrosion by moist gas; and to severe general corrosion
by saturated acqueous solution.
16. Subject to stress corrosion.
17. None of these materials recommended for use with nickel plating solutions.
18. Higher chromium alloys (over 18 percent) preferred.
19. Not recommended for temperature over 212F (100C).
20. Alloys with less than 18 percent Cr. not recommended for temperatures
over 212F (100C). Others not recommended for temperatures over
392F (200C).
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
Silicon
Bronze
Good25
Fair
Fair26
Fair
Good
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Good
Good
Copper
Good
Fair
Fair26
Poor
Good
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Good
Good
Copper
(Monel)
Good25
Good
Fair26
Poor
Poor
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
30
30
30
Good
Good
Good
Good
Excel
Good
Good
Good
Excel
Good
Good
Excel
Good
Good
Excel
Good
Good
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Aluminum
Poor
Poor
Poor
Fair
Poor
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Fair
Excel
Excel
Fair
Fair
Excel
Poor
Good
Nylon
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Fair
Excel
Fair
Excel
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Fair
Good
Excel
Excel
Excel
Excel
Good
Good39
Up to 140F (60C).
Up to 194F (90C).
At room temperature.
Not recommended for temperatures over 392F (200C).
Non-ferrous alloys preferred when unaerated and at temperatures above
normal. Stainless Steel best when aerated and at normal to moderate
temperatures.
With cold acid only.
In the absence of exposure to moist air.
Crude produce may contain acids which corrode these materials.
Some of these ratings may not apply when handling light colored products
at elevated temperatures of 392F (200C).
Good with water containing no oxidizing salts; fair with water containing
oxidizing salts.
Excellent with water containing oxidizing salts; not good with water
containing no oxidizing salts.
Subject to dezincification with hot and/or aerated waters.
Subject to pitting attack.
Copper may act as a catalyst for undesirable reactions.
Free sulphuric acid absent.
Good at concentrations under 10 percent and below 100F (38C).
Suitable for limited service at concentrations under 50 percent and below
100F (38C).
Good only at concentrations under 10 percent and below 100F (38C).
Good only at concentrations under 20 percent and below 100F (38C).
10
Grade Identification Markings for Popular Grades of Carbon Steel Externally Threaded Fasteners
Proof
Load
Stress
ksi
Tensile
Strength
Min.
ksi
33
55
60
60
74
B70
60
60 min
100 max
B70
B80
B100
B69
B69
B100
B100
85
74
55
120
105
90
C25
C19
183
C34
C30
235
85
120
C25
C40
85
85
120
120
C26
C25
C36
C34
85
74
120
105
C24
C19
C35
C31
85
74
120
105
C24
C19
C35
C31
85
74
120
105
C24
C19
C35
C31
Grade
Identification
Marking
Specification
Material: Low or Medium Carbon Steel
SAE J429 Grade 1
SAE J429 Grade 2
over 3/4 thru 1-1/2
ASTM A307 Grade A
ASTM A307 Grade B
NO MARK
thru 1-1/2
thru 3/4
thru 4
thru 4
Hardness Rockwell
Min.
Max
See Note
B100
B95
11
TECHNICAL
TECHNICAL
Proof
Load
Stress
ksi
Tensile
Strength
Min.
ksi
Hardness Rockwell
Min.
Max
105
95
125
115
C26
C22
C36
C33
120
120
105
150
150
140
C33
C33
C31
C39
C39
C39
120
150
C33
C39
120
150 min
170 max
C33
C38
120
150 min
170 max
C33
C38
120
150 min
170 max
C33
C38
See Note
7
7
A490
A490
Material: Atmospheric Corrosion Resistant Steel, Quenched and Tempered
ASTM A490 Type 3
1/2 thru 1-1/2
A490
NOTES:
1. In addition to the indicated grade marking, all grades included in this Table must be marked for manufacturer identification.
2. While hex heads are shown, grade markings apply equally to products with other head configurations.
3. Hardnesses are Brinell Hardness Numbers.
4. Grade 5.1 is a popular grade for sems.
5. A325 Type 1 bolts may also be marked with 3 radial lines 120 apart in addition to the A325 marking.
6. The bolt manufacturer, at his option, may add other markings to indicate the use of atmospheric corrosion resistant steel.
7. A354 Grade BD products, in sizes 1-1/2" and smaller, are identified as shown and, at the manufacturers option, may have the letters BD added. Larger sizes
are marked only BD.
Forget yourself in your work. If your employer sees that you are more concerned about your own interests than
about his, that you are fussy about getting credit of every little or big thing you do, then you are apt to be passed
by when a responsible job has to be filledDont worry about how big an increase in your salary you can
contrive to get. Dont let your mind dwell on money at all, if you can help it. Throw yourself, body, soul, and spirit, into whatever you are doingThe truth is that in every organization, no matter how large or how small, someone is taking notice of any employee who shows special ability.
HARRY B. THAYER
12
325
Diameter
1/4"-3/4"
3/4" - 1-1/2"
Proof
Load
55,000
33,000
Yield
Tensile
Strength Strength
57,000
74,000
36,000
60,000
Size
1/4 - 20
1/4 - 28
5/16 - 18
5/16 - 24
3/8 - 16
3/8 - 24
1/2 - 13
1/2 - 20
5/8 - 11
5/8 - 18
3/4 - 10
3/4 - 16
7/8 - 9
1-8
1-1/8 - 7
1-1/4 - 7
1-3/8 - 6
1-1/2 - 6
Clamp
Load
(lbs.)
1320
1500
2160
2400
3200
3620
5850
6600
9350
10550
13800
15400
11450
15000
18900
24000
28600
34800
Assembly Torque
Dry
Lub
(in lbs.)
(in lbs.)
66
50
76
56
11
11
12
12
20
15
23
17
50
35
55
40
100
75
110
85
175
130
200
150
170
125
250
190
350
270
500
380
670
490
870
650
Min.
Tensile
(lbs.)
2700
2900
4400
4700
6400
8800
11500
12500
18500
20000
27000
29000
30000
39500
50000
63000
75500
91000
325
A325
GRADE 5
H5CZ
Proof
Yield
Tensile
Diameter
Load Strength Strength
1/4"-1"
85,000
92,000
120,000
3/4" - 1-1/2" 74,000
81,000
105,000
Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered
Size
1/4 - 20
1/4 - 28
5/16 - 18
5/16 - 24
3/8 - 16
3/8 - 24
1/2 - 13
1/2 - 20
5/8 - 11
5/8 - 18
3/4 - 10
3/4 - 16
7/8 - 9
1-8
1-1/8 - 7
1-1/4 - 7
1-3/8 - 6
1-1/2 - 6
Clamp
Load
(lbs.)
2000
2300
3350
3700
4950
5600
9000
10500
14400
16370
21300
23800
29450
38600
42300
53800
64100
78000
Assembly Torque
Dry
Lub
(in lbs.)
(ft. lbs.)
8
75
10
86
17
13
19
14
30
23
35
25
75
55
90
65
150
110
180
130
260
200
300
220
320
320
640
480
800
600
1120
840
1460
1100
1910
1460
Min.
Tensile
(lbs.)
4450
4840
7190
7670
10530
14400
19000
20500
30100
32600
44200
47400
53100
69500
87800
110300
132200
159600
GRADE 8
Proof
Load
120,000
Yield
Strength
130,000
Tensile
Strength
150,000
Assembly Torque
Dry
Lub
(ft. lbs.)
(ft lbs.)
12
9
14
10
25
18
25
20
45
35
50
35
110
80
120
90
220
170
240
180
380
280
420
320
600
460
900
680
1280
960
1820
1360
2380
1780
3160
2360
Min.
Tensile
(lbs.)
6600
7200
10700
11500
15800
21600
28600
30800
45200
49000
66300
71100
91000
119200
150500
189200
226700
273600
Stressed
Cross
Section
(sq. inch)
0.0318
0.0775
0.1419
0.226
0.334
0.462
0.606
0.969
1.045
Yield
Strength
1,145
2,790
5,108
8,136
12,024
16,632
21,816
34,884
37,620
13
TECHNICAL
GRADE 2
METRIC/ISO/DIN
TECHNICAL
METRIC THREADS
Metric threads evolved similarly to the inch thread series. The
current ISO metric screw thread system includes a coarse
series, fine series and a number of constant pitch thread
series.
The ISO metric coarse thread series is uniquely positioned, in
terms of its thread pitches. It is located approximately half
way between Unified coarse and Unified fine. For a given
diameter, metric coarse threads are finer than Unified coarse
but coarser than Unified fine. The metric coarse thread has
certain technical advantages over either of the two Unified
inch thread series.
ISO metric fine thread series has much finer thread pitches
than those of the Unified fine series. Use of the metric fine
series for commercial metric fastener applications is not
recommended.
Metric External Fastener Strength Grades
The metric fastener strength grades are called property
classes. This term originated in ISO standards and were
continued into ASTM and SAE specifications. The ISO property class system for externally threaded metric fasteners is
specified in ISO 898/1.
Property class designations, as found on the head of a
metric bolt, are numerals indicating the following information:
The numeral or numerals preceding the first decimal point
approximate 1/100th of the specified minimum tensile
strength in megapascals (MPa).
Metric Grades
The numeral following the first decimal point approximates
1/10th of the ratio (expressed as a percentage), between
the minimum yield strength and the minimum tensile
strength. The yield strength is always a percentage of the
tensile strength. Yield strength is where thread deformation
begins, and this value is always less than the bolts tensile
strength.
Metric Strength Grade System Examples
A class 4.6 steel metric bolt has a specified minimum tensile
strength of 400 MPa (4 x 100) and a specified minimum yield
strength of 240 MPa (0.6 x 400). The numbers 4 and .6 make
up the designation, with the .6 being the ratio of 240 MPa
minimum yield strength to 400 MPa minimum tensile
strength.
Not all metric designations give exact tensile and yield values
as earlier discussed. Each gives reasonable approximates.
Note: It is a mandatory regulation in SAE and ASTM
standards that inch series fasteners of the mediumcarbon and alloy steel strength grades and metric
fasteners of all property classes be marked for grade
identification. The only exceptions are slotted and
recessed head screws and bolts smaller than 5mm. Also
of major importance is that these same standards require
that all steel fasteners be marked to identify the
manufacturer.
Decimal (in.)
(0.079)
(0.098)
(0.118)
(0.138)
(0.157)
(0.197)
(0.236)
(0.315)
(0.394)
(0.472)
M14
M16
M20
M24
M30
M36
(0.551)
(0.630)
(0.787)
(0.945)
(1.181)
(1.417)
M42
M48
(1.653)
(1.890)
M56
M64
M72
M80
M90
M100
(2.205)
(2.520)
(2.835)
(3.150)
(3.543)
(3.937)
1 mm = 0.04"
Nearest Diameter (in.)
#2
#3
#5
#6
#8
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
3-1/2
4
Decimal (in.)
(0.086)
(0.999)
(0.125)
(0.138)
(0.164)
(0.187)
(0.250)
(0.312)
(0.375)
(0.437)
(0.500)
(0.562)
(0.625)
(0.750)
(1.000)
(1.125)
(1.250)
(1.375)
(1.500)
(1.750)
(2.000)
(2.250)
(2.500)
(2.750)
(3.000)
(3.500)
(4.000)
Decimal (in.)
(0.394)
(0.472)
(0.630)
(0.787)
(0.984)
(1.181
(1.387)
(1.575)
(1.772)
(1.968)
(2.165)
(2.362)
(2.559)
(2.756)
(2.953)
(3.150)
(3.543)
(3.937)
(4.724)
(5.118)
(5.512)
(5.905)
(6.299)
(6.693)
(7.087)
(7.480)
(7.874)
Decimal (in.)
(0.375)
(0.500)
(0.625)
(0.750)
(1.000)
(1.250)
(1.375)
(1.500)
(1.750)
(2.000)
(2.250)
(3.375)
(2.500)
(2.750)
(3.000)
(3.250)
(3.500)
(4.000)
(4.750)
(5.000)
(5.500)
(6.000)
(6.250)
(6.500)
(7.000)
(7.500)
(8.000)
14
METRIC/ISO/DIN
FASTENER CONVERSION CHART
Gauge or
Diameter
No. 0000
No. 000
No. 00
No. 0
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 8
No. 10
No. 12
INCH TO METRIC
Inch Equivalent
UNC
1 - 64
3 - 48
4 - 40
6 - 32
8 - 32
10 - 24
1/4 - 20
5/16 - 18
3/8 - 16
7/16 - 14
1/2 - 13
5/8 - 11
3/4 - 10
1-8
1-1/4 - 7
1-1/2 - 6
Decimal
(Inches)
0.021
0.034
0.047
0.060
0.073
0.086
0.099
0.112
0.125
0.138
0.164
0.190
0.216
Millimeters
.53
.86
1.19
1.524
1.854
2.184
2.515
2.845
3.175
3.505
4.166
4.826
5.484
UNF
1 - 72
3 - 56
4 - 48
6 - 40
8 - 36
10 - 32
1/4 - 28
5/16 - 24
3/8 - 24
7/16 - 20
1/2 - 20
5/8 - 18
3/4 - 16
1 - 12
1-1/8 - 12
1-1/4 - 12
Metric Size-Pitch
ISO and IFI Recommended
M2 x 0.4
M2.5 x 0.45
M3 x .05
M3.5 x 0.6
M4 x .07
M5 x .08
M6 x 1
M8 x 1.25
M10 x 1.5
M12 x 1.75
M14 x 2
M18 x 2
M20 x 2.5
M24 x 3
M30 x 3.5
M36 x 4
DIN
931
933
930
961
DIN
934
985
980V
DIN
125
127
DIN
912
7991
916
DIN
7985
965
DIN
975
STRENGTHS
METRIC
(ISO 898)
No
Marking
INCH
(SAE J429)
METRIC
(ISO 898)
No
Marking
INCH
(SAE J429)
=
10.9
Grade: 2
Tensile: 60,000 psi
Grade: 10.9
Tensile: 1040 MPa
(150,800 psi)
=
Grade 8.8
Tensile: 830 MPa
(120,350 psi)
Grade: 8
Tensile: 150,000 psi
8.8
12.9
Grade: 5
Tensile: 120,000 psi
Grade: 12.9
Tensile: 1220 MPa
(176,900 psi)
*
Hex Capscrews
Coarse Thread Pitch Partially Threaded (Specify grade)
Coarse Thread Pitch Fully Threaded (Specify grade)
Fine Thread Pitch Partially Threaded (Specify grade)
Fine Thread Pitch Fully Threaded (Specify grade)
Nuts
Hex Nuts (Specify pitch and class)
Nylon Insert Locknuts (Specify pitch and class)
All Metal Locknuts (Specify pitch and class)
Washers
Flatwashers
Lockwashers
Socket Products
Socket Head Capscrews (Normally GR 12.9 and coarse thread)
Flat Head Socket Capscrews (Normally GR 12.9 and coarse thread)
Socket Setscrews (Normally GR 12.9 and coarse thread)
Machine Screws
Pan head Phillips Drive Zinc Plated
Flat head Phillips Drive Zinc Plated
Threaded Rod
All Threaded Rod (Normally 1 meter lengths, specify grade and pitch)
*Note: Metric Hex Socket Cap Screws are available in lower strength grades
(8.8, 10.9) and marked accordingly.
15
TECHNICAL
IMPERIAL/DECIMAL/METRIC
CHART FOR SMALL DIAMETERS
TECHNICAL
Thread Diameter
M4
M5
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
4.6
1.02
2.00
3.50
8.40
17
29
46
71
97
138
186
235
350
475
645
830
5.6
1.37
2.70
4.60
11
22
39
62
95
130
184
250
315
470
635
865
1,111
Property Classes
8.8
10.9
3.0
4.4
5.9
8.7
10
15
25
36
49
72
85
125
135
200
210
310
300
430
425
610
580
820
730
1,050
1,100
1,550
1,450
2,100
1,970
2,770
2,530
3,560
12.9
5
10
18
43
84
145
235
365
500
710
960
1,220
1,800
2,450
3,330
4,280
The only thing to do with good advice is to pass it on; it is never of any
use to oneself.
OSCAR WILDE
Thread
Diameter
M8 x 1.00
M10 x 1.25
M12 x 1.25
M14 x 1.50
M16 x 1.50
M18 x 1.50
M20 x 1.50
M22 x 1.50
M24 x 2.00
Conversion Figures
To get NCM from Nm
To get inch pounds from Ncm
To get foot pounds from Ncm
To get foot pounds from NM
Nm x 100
Ncm x 0.08851
Ncm x 0.00737
Nm x 0.7376
We pay for the mistakes of our ancestors, and it seems only fair that
they should leave us the money to pay with.
DONALD MARQUIS
16
mm
.01
.10
.25
.397
.50
.75
.794
1.
1.191
1.5
1.588
1.984
2.
2.381
2.5
2.778
3.
3.175
3.5
3.572
3.969
4.
4.366
4.5
4.763
5.
5.159
5.5
5.556
5.953
6.
6.350
6.5
6.747
7.
7.144
7l5
7.541
7.938
8.
8.334
8.5
8.731
9.
9.128
9.5
9.525
9.922
10.
10.319
10.5
10.716
11.
11.113
11.509
11.906
12.
12.303
12.5
12.700
13.
13.097
13.494
13.891
14.
14.288
14.5
14.684
15.
15.081
15.478
15.875
16.
16.272
16.5
16.669
17.
17.066
17.463
17.859
18.
18.256
18.5
18.653
19.
19.050
19.447
Fractions
in.
25/32
51/64
13/16
53/64
27/32
55/64
7/8
57/64
29/32
59/64
15/16
61/64
31.32
63/64
1
1-1/32
1-1/16
1-3/32
1-1/8
1-5/32
1-3/16
1-7/32
1-1/4
_
1-9/32
1-5/16
1-11/32
1-3/8
1-13/32
1-7/16
1-15/32
1-1/2
1-17/32
1-9/16
1-19/32
1-5/8
1-21/32
1-11/16
1-23/32
1-3/4
1-25/32
1-13/16
1-27/32
1-7/8
1-29/32
1-15/16
1-31/32
2
2-1/32
2-1/16
2-3/32
2-1/8
2-5/32
Decimals
in.
.781
.7874
.797
.8125
.8268
.828
.844
.859
.8661
.875
.8906
.9055
.9062
.922
.9375
.9449
.953
.969
.9843
.9844
1.000
1.0236
1.0312
1.062
1.063
1.094
1.1024
1.125
1.1417
1.156
1.1811
1.1875
1.219
1.2205
1.250
1.2598
1.281
1.2992
1.312
1.3386
1.344
1.375
1.3779
1.406
1.4173
1.438
1.4567
1.469
1.4961
1.500
1.531
1.5354
1.562
1.5748
1.594
1.6142
1.625
1.6535
1.6562
1.6875
1.6929
1.719
1.7323
1.750
1.7717
1.781
1.8110
1.8125
1.844
1.8504
1.875
1.8898
1.9062
1.9291
1.9375
1.9685
1.969
2.000
2.0079
2.03125
2.0472
2.062
2.0866
2.094
2.125
2.126
2.156
mm
19.844
20.
20.241
20.638
21.
21.034
21.431
21.828
22.
22.225
22.622
23.
23.019
23.416
23.813
24.
24.209
24.606
25.
25.003
25.400
26.
26.194
26.988
27.
27.781
28.
28.575
29.
29.369
30.
30.163
30.956
31.
31.750
32.
32.544
33.
33.338
34.
34.131
34.925
35.
35.719
36.
36.513
37.
37.306
38.
38.100
38.894
39.
39.688
40.
40.481
41.
41.275
42.
42.069
42.863
43.
43.656
44.
44.450
45.
45.244
46.
46.038
46.831
47.
47.625
48.
48.419
49.
49.213
50.
50.006
50.800
51.
51.594
52.
52.388
53.
53.181
53.975
54
54.769
Fractions
in.
2-3/16
2-7/32
2-1/4
2-9/32
2-5/16
2-11/32
2-3/8
2-13/32
2-7/16
2-15/32
2-1/2
2-17/32
2-9/16
2-19/32
2-5/8
2-21/32
2-11/16
2-23/32
2-3/4
2-25/32
2-13/16
2-27/32
2-7/8
2-29/32
2-15/16
2-31/32
3
3-1/32
3-1/16
3-3/32
3-1/8
3-5/32
3-3/16
3-7/32
3-1/4
3-9/32
3-5/16
3-11/32
3-3/8
3-13/32
3-7/16
3-15/32
3-1/2
3-17/32
3-9/16
3-19/32
3-5/8
3-21/32
Decimals
in.
2.165
2.1875
2.2047
2.219
2.244
2.250
2.281
2.2835
2-312
2.3228
2.344
2.3622
2.375
2.4016
2.406
2.438
2.4409
2.469
2.4803
2.500
2.5197
2.531
2.559
2.562
2.594
2.5984
2.625
2.638
2.656
2.6772
2.6875
2.7165
2.719
2.750
2.7559
2.781
2.7953
2.8125
2.8346
2.844
2.8740
2.875
2.9062
2.9134
2.9375
2.9527
2.969
2.9921
3.000
3.0312
3.0315
3.062
3.0709
3.094
3.1102
3.125
3.1496
3.156
3.1875
3.1890
3.219
3.2283
3.250
3.2677
3.281
3.3071
3.312
3.344
3.3464
3.375
3.3858
3.406
3.4252
3.438
3.4646
3.469
3.500
3.5039
3.531
3.5433
3.562
3.5827
3.594
3.622
3.625
3.656
3.6614
mm
55.
55.563
56.
56.356
57.
57.150
57.944
58.
58.738
59.
59.531
60.
60.325
61.
61.119
61.913
62.
62.706
63.
63.500
64.
64.294
65.
65.088
65.881
66.
66.675
67.
67.469
68.
68.263
69.
69.056
69.850
70.
70.6439
71.
71.4376
72.
72.2314
73.
73.025
73.819
74.
74.613
75.
75.406
76.
76.200
76.994
77.
77.788
78.
78.581
79.
79.375
80.
80.169
80.963
81.
81.756
82
82.550
83.
83.344
84.
84.1377
84.9314
85.
85.725
86.
86.519
87.
87.313
88.
88.106
88.900
89.
89.694
90.
90.4877
91.
91.281
92.
92.075
92.869
93.
Fractions
in.
3-11/16
3-23/32
3-3/4
3-25/32
3-13/16
3-27/32
3-7/8
3-29/32
3-15/16
3-31/32
4
4-1/16
4-1/8
4-3/16
4-1/4
4-5/16
4-3/8
4-7/16
4-1/2
4-9/16
4-5/8
4-11/16
4-3/4
4-13/16
4-7/8
4-15/16
5
5-1/4
5-1/2
5-3/4
6
6-1/4
6-1/2
6-3/4
7
7-1/2
8-1/2
9-1/2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Decimals
in.
3.6875
3.7008
3.719
3.7401
3.750
3.7795
3.781
3.8125
3.8189
3.844
3.8583
3.875
3.8976
3.9062
3.9370
3.9375
3.969
3.9764
4.000
4.062
4.125
4.1338
4.1875
4.250
4.312
4.3307
4.375
4.438
4.500
4.5275
4.562
4.625
4.6875
4.7244
4.750
4.8125
4.875
4.9212
4.9375
5.000
5.1181
5.250
5.500
5.5118
5.750
5.9055
6.000
6.250
6.2992
6.500
6.6929
6.750
7.000
7.0866
7.4803
7.500
7.8740
8.000
8.2677
8.500
8.6614
9.000
9.0551
9.4488
9.500
9.8425
10.000
10.2362
10.6299
11.000
11.0236
11.4173
11.8110
12.000
13.000
13.7795
14.000
15.000
15.7480
16.000
17.000
17.7165
18.000
19.000
19.6850
20.000
mm
93.663
94.
94.456
95.
95.
96.
96.044
96.838
97.
97.631
98.
98.425
99.
99.219
100.
100.013
100.806
101.
101.600
103.188
104.775
105.
106.363
107.950
109.538
110.
111.125
112.713
114.300
115.
115.888
117.475
119.063
120.
120.650
122.238
123.825
125.
125.413
127.000
130.
133.350
139.700
140.
146.050
150.
152.400
158.750
160.
165.100
170.
171.450
177.800
180.
190.
190.500
200.
203.200
210.
215.900
220.
228.600
230.
240.
241.300
250.
254.001
260.
270.
279.401
280.
290.
300.
304.801
330.201
350.
355.601
381.001
400.
406.401
431.801
450.
457.201
482.601
500.
508.001
TECHNICAL
Fractions
in.
1/64
1/32
3/64
1/16
5/64
3/32
7/64
1/8
9/64
5/32
11/64
3/16
13/64
7/32
15/64
1/4
17/64
9/32
19/64
5/16
21/64
11/32
23/64
3/8
25/64
13/32
27/64
7/16
29/64
15/32
31/64
1/2
33/64
17/32
35/64
9/16
37/64
19/32
39/64
5/8
41/64
21/32
43/64
11/16
45/64
23/32
47/64
3/4
49/64
17
TECHNICAL
METRIC TABLES
LINEAR
SQUARE
CUBIC
CAPACITY
WEIGHT
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
One METRE (m) = 10 decimetre (dm) = 100 centimetre (cm) = 1000 millimetres (mm)
1000 metres = One kilometre (km)
One SQUARE METRE (m2) = 100 sq. decimetres (dm2) = 1000 sq. centimetres (cm2) = 1,000,000 sq. millimetres (mm2)
One CUBIC METRE (m3) = 1000 cu. decimetre (dm3) = 1,000,000 cu. centimetres (cm3)
One LITRE (L) = 10 decilitres (dL) = 1000 millilitres (mL)
100 litres = One Hectolitre (hL)
One DILOGRAM (kg) = 100 decagrams (dkg) = 1000 grams (g)
100 kilos = One metric cent (q)
1000 kilos = One ton (t)
KILO PER SQUARE CENTIMETRE (kg/cm2)
One kilo per sq. centimetre = One ATMOSPHERE (atm)
CENTIGRADE degree (C) = CELCIUS degree (C)
INCH to METRIC
1 inch = 25,400 millimetres
1 inch = 2.540 centimetres
1 foot = 304.800 millimetres
1 foot = 30.480 centimetres
1 foot = 0.3048 metres
1 yard = 91.4400 centimetres
1 yard = 0.9144 metres
1 mile = 1.609.35 metres
1 mile = 1.609 kilometres
METRIC to INCH
1 millimetre = .0393700 inches
1 centimetre = .393700 inches
1 metre = 39.3700 inches
1 metre = 3,2808 feet
1 metre = 1.0936 yards
1 kilometre = .62137 miles
AREA
CUBIC
CAPACITY
IMPERIAL to METRIC
1 fluid ounce = 28.413 millilitres
1 fluid ounce = 0.02841 litres
1 pint = 0.56826 litres
1 quart = 1.13652 litres
1 gallon = 4.546 litres
WEIGHT
METRIC to IMPERIAL
1 millilitre = 0.035195 fluid oz.
1 centilitre = 0.35195 fluid oz.
1 decilitre = 3.5195 fluid oz.
1 litre = 0.88 quarts
1 hectolitre = 21.9969 gallons
PRESSURE
POUNDS/INCHES to METRIC
1 pound per square inch = .0703 kilogram per square centimetre
1 pound per square inch = .0703 atmosphere (metric)
METRIC to POUNDS/INCHES
1 kilogram/sq. centimetre = 14.223 pounds/sq. inch
1 kilogram/sq. centimetre = 1 atmosphere
TEMPERATURE
FAHRENHEIT to CELSIUS
1 Fahrenheit degree (F) = 1.8 x (C) plus 32
18
CELSIUS to FAHRENHEIT
1 Centigrade (Celsius) degree () = .556 x (F minus 32)
Size
mm
M1
M1.1
M1.2
M1.4
M1.6
M1.8
M2
M2.2
M2.5
M3
M3.5
M4
M4.5
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
M10
M11
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
M42
M45
M48
M52
M56
M60
M64
M68
M72
M76
Size
mm
M2
M2.2
M2.3
M2.5
M2.6
M3
M3.5
M4
M4
M5
M5
M5
M5.5
M6
M6
M7
M8
M8
M8
M9
M9
M10
M10
M10
M10
M11
M11
M11
M12
M12
M12
M12
M12
M14
M14
M14
M15
M15
M15
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M17
M17
M18
M18
M18
M18
M19
M20
M20
M20
M22
M22
M22
M24
Pitch
mm
.25
.25
.25
.3
.35
.35
.4
.45
.45
.5
6
.7
.75
.8
1
1
1.25
1.25
1.5
1.5
1.75
2
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
4
4
4.5
4.5
5
5
5.5
5.5
6
6
6
6
Drill
mm
.75
.85
.95
1.1
1.25
1.45
1.6
1.75
2.05
2.5
2.9
3.3
3.75
4.2
5
6
6.75
7.75
8.5
9.5
10.2
12
14
15.5
17.5
19.5
21
24
26.5
29.5
32
35
37.5
40.5
43
47
50.5
54.5
58
62
66
70
Pitch
mm
.25
.25
.25
.35
.35
.35
.35
.35
.5
.35
.5
.75
.5
.5
.75
.75
.5
.75
1
.75
.1
.5
.75
1
1.25
.75
1
1.25
.5
.75
1
1.25
1.5
1
1.25
1.5
.75
1
1.5
.5
.75
1
1.25
1.5
1
1.5
.75
1.25
1.5
2
1
1
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
1
Size
mm
M24
M24
M25
M25
M25
M27
M27
M27
M28
M28
M28
M30
M30
M30
M30
M32
M32
M32
M33
M33
M33
M35
M35
M35
M36
M36
M36
M36
M38
M38
M38
M39
M39
M39
M40
M40
M40
M42
M42
M42
M42
M45
M45
M45
M48
M48
M48
M48
M50
M50
M50
M52
M52
M52
M52
M56
M56
Pitch
mm
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
3
1
1.5
2
1.5
2
3
1.5
2
3
1
1.5
2
3
1
1.5
2
1.5
2
3
1
1.5
3
1.5
2
3
4
1.5
2
3
1.5
2
3
4
1.5
2
3
1.5
2
3
4
2
4
TECHNICAL
Drill
mm
22.5
22
24
23.5
23
26
25.5
25
27
26.5
26
29
28.5
28
27
31
30.5
30
31.5
31
30
33.5
33
32
35
34.4
34
33
37
36.5
36
37.5
37
36
39
38.5
37
40.5
40
39
38
43.5
43
42
46.5
46
45
44
48.5
48
47
50.5
50
49
48
54
52
19
TECHNICAL
20
Drill
3/64
53
53
51
50
5/64
46
43
42
39
37
36
33
29
29
25
21
17
15
7
3
F
I
5/16
Q
U
W
27/64
29/64
31/64
33/64
17/32
37/64
21/32
11/16
49/64
13/16
7/8
59/64
15/16
DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS
Fractional Wire Metric Letter Sizes
Drill Size Decimal
0.10
.0039
97
.0059
96
.0063
95
.0067
94
.0071
93
.0075
92
.0079
0.20
.0079
91
.0083
90
.0087
89
.0091
88
.0095
87
.0100
86
.0105
85
.0010
84
.0015
0.30
.0018
83
.0120
82
.0125
81
.0130
80
.0135
0.35
.0138
79
.0145
1/64
.0156
0.40
.0157
78
.0160
0.45
.0177
77
.0180
0.50
.0197
76
.0200
75
.0210
0.55
.0217
74
.0225
0.60
.0236
73
.0240
72
.0250
0.65
.0256
71
.0260
0.70
.0276
70
.0280
69
.0292
0.75
.0295
68
.0310
1/32
.0312
0.80
.0315
67
.0320
66
.0330
0.85
.0335
65
.0350
0.90
.0354
64
.0360
63
.0370
0.95
.0374
62
.0380
61
.0390
1.00
.0394
60
.0400
59
.0410
1.05
.0413
58
.0420
57
.0430
1.10
.0433
1.15
.0453
56
.0465
3/64
.0469
1.20
.0472
1.25
.0492
1.30
.0512
55
.0520
Drill Size
3.70
26
25
3.80
24
3.90
23
5/32
22
4.00
21
20
4.10
4.20
19
4.30
18
11/64
17
4.40
16
4.50
15
4.60
14
13
4.70
3/16
12
4.80
11
4.90
10
9
5.00
8
5.10
7
13/64
6
5.20
5
5.30
4
5.40
3
5.50
7/32
5.60
2
5.70
1
5.80
5.90
A
15/64
6.00
B
6.10
C
6.20
D
6.30
1/4
E
6.40
6.50
F
6.60
Decimal
.1457
.1470
.1495
.1496
.1520
.1535
.1540
.1562
.1570
.1575
.1590
.1610
.1614
.1654
.1660
.1693
.1695
.1719
.1730
.1732
.1770
.1772
.1800
.1811
.1820
.1850
.1850
.1875
.1890
.1890
.1910
.1929
.1935
.1960
.1969
.1990
.2008
.2010
.2031
.2040
.2047
.2055
.2087
.2090
.2126
.2130
.2165
.2188
.2205
.2210
.2244
.2280
.2283
.2323
.2340
.2344
.2362
.2380
.2402
.2420
.2441
.2460
.2480
.2500
.2500
.2520
.2559
.2570
.2598
Drill Size
G
6.70
17/64
H
6.80
6.90
I
7.00
J
7.10
K
9/32
7.20
7.30
L
7.40
M
7.50
19/64
7.60
N
7.70
7.80
7.90
5/16
8.00
O
8.10
8.20
P
8.30
21/64
8.40
Q
8.50
8.60
R
8.70
11/32
8.80
S
8.90
9.00
T
9.10
23/64
9.20
9.30
U
9.40
9.50
3/8
V
9.60
9.70
9.80
W
9.90
25/64
10.00
X
10.20
Y
10.30
13/32
Z
10.50
27/64
10.80
Decimal
.2610
.2638
.2656
.2660
.2677
.2717
.2720
.2756
.2770
.2795
.2810
.2812
.2835
.2874
.2900
.2913
.2950
.2953
.2969
.2992
.3020
.3031
.3071
.3110
.3125
.3150
.3160
.3189
.3228
.3230
.3268
.3281
.3307
.3320
.3346
.3386
.3390
.3425
.3438
.3465
.3480
.3504
.3543
.3580
.3583
.3594
.3622
.3661
.3680
.3701
.3740
.3750
.3770
.3780
.3819
.3858
.3860
.3998
.3906
.3937
.3970
.4016
.4040
.4055
.4062
.4130
.4134
.4219
.4252
Drill Size
11.00
7/16
11.20
11.50
29/64
11.80
15/32
12.00
12.20
31/64
12.50
1/2
13.00
33/64
17/32
13.50
35/64
14.00
9/16
14.50
37/64
15.00
19/32
39/64
15.50
5/8
16.00
41/64
16.50
21/32
17.00
43/64
11/16
17.50
45/64
18.00
23/32
18.50
47/64
19.00
3/4
49/64
19.50
25/32
20.00
51/64
20.50
13/16
21.00
53/64
27/32
21.50
55/64
22.00
7/8
22.50
57/64
23.00
29/32
59/64
23.50
15/16
24.00
61/64
24.50
31/32
25.00
63/64
1
Decimal
.4331
.4375
.4409
.4528
.4531
.4646
.4688
.4724
.4803
.4844
.4921
.5000
.5118
.5156
.5312
.5315
.5469
.5512
.5625
.5709
.5781
.5906
.5938
.6094
.6102
.6250
.6299
.6406
.6495
.5452
.6693
.6719
.6875
.6890
.7031
.7087
.7188
.7283
.7344
.7480
.7500
.7656
.7677
.7812
.7874
.7969
.8071
.8125
.8268
.8281
.8438
.8465
.8594
.8661
.8750
.8858
.8906
.9055
.9062
.9219
.9252
.9375
.9449
.9531
.9646
.9688
.9843
.9844
1.000
ASTM REFERENCE
Cleaning and Descaling Stainless Steel Parts,
Equipment, and Systems
A385
A394
A31
A36
Structural Steel
A90
A31
A143
A153
A183
A193/
A193M Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for
High-Temperature Service
A437/
A437M Alloy Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially
Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service
A449
A453/
A453M Bolting Materials, High-Temperature, 50 to 120 ksi
Yield Strength, with Expansion Coefficients Comparable to Austenitic Steels
A484/
A484M Stainless and Heat-Resisting
Products (Except Wire)
Wrought
Steel
A489
A490
A540/
A540M Alloy Steel Bolting Materials for Special Applications
A555/
A555M Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Wire
A563
A194/
A194M Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for HighPressure and High-Temperature Service
A564
A239
A568
A574
A242
A582
A262
A276
A307
Low-Alloy
A588/
A588M High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50 ksi
Minimum Yield Point to 4 in. Thick
A591
A320/
A320M Alloy Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature
Service
A676
A687
A325
A706
A342
A709
A751
A788
Steel Forgings
B6
B16
A353/
A353M Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, 9 Percent
Nickel, Double-Normalized and Tempered
A354
A370
21
TECHNICAL
A380
ASTM STANDARDS
TECHNICAL
ASTM REFERENCE
B99
B568
B117
B134
Brass Wire
B571
B151
B602
B154
B633
B159
B695
B183
B696
B193
B697
B201
B211
F432
F436
F467
F468
F541
B242/
B242M Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Electroplating
B244
F593
B254
F594
B320
F606
B322
B342
F788
B374
F812
B487
F835
B499
F837
F844
F879
F880
F901
F912
F959
B504
B565
B567
22
Round
Socket Cap
HEXAGON NUTS
Dia.
MACHINE SCREWS
TECHNICAL
WOOD SCREWS
Round
Width
Flat
Oval
Flat
Socket Set
Oval
Square Set
Pan
Studs
Thick
WASHERS
I.D.
Length
Length
Truss
O.D.
Dia.
Fillister
Length
TAPPING SCREWS
Lock Washers
STANDARD PINS
Measuring Threads
Dia.
Hex
Cotter
Clevis
Flat
Carriage
Plow
Dia.
Oval
Taper
Pan
Truss
Lag
Length
Length
Hex
23
TECHNICAL
Head
Style
Description
Applications /
Advantages
Bugle
Pan
Flat 82
Flat
Undercut
Indented Hex
Indented Hex
Washer
Serrated Hex
Washer
Truss
Wafer
Oval
Round
(U-drive)
Schematic
DRIVE TYPES
Schematic
24
Drive
Type
Phillips
Slotted
Uses
Increases productivity
with excellent torque
transmission and
resists cam-out.
Phillips/Sq. Drive
Hex / Slotted-hex
Combination
Accepts Phillips and
square drive
screwdrivers. Used
when fastener is
expected to be backed
out several times.
Torx
Positive-engaging,
Accepts hex wrench.
fast-locating method
Slotted drive is added to
which transmits drive
make it easier to remove
torque with less required
the fastener.
downward pressure.
Square
Head
Description
Applications /
Advantages
Pan
Binding
Undercut
Flat 82
Flat
Undercut
Flat 100
Fillister
Indented
Hex
Indented Hex
Washer
Truss
Oval
Round
Schematic
Style
DRIVE TYPES
Schematic
Drive
Type
Square
Phillips
Uses
Slotted
Phillips/Sq. Drive
Combination
Hex /
Slotted-hex
Torx
Positive-engaging,
fast-locating method
of transmitting drive
torque and optimizing
worker efficiency.
25
TECHNICAL
THREAD LENGTHS
Diameter
of Bolt
(In.)
No. 0
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 8
No. 10
No. 12
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
UNC Coarse
Thread
Series
64
56
48
40
40
32
32
24
24
20
18
16
14
13
UNF Fine
Thread
Series
80
72
64
56
48
44
40
36
32
28
28
24
24
20
20
Diameter
of Bolt
(In.)
9/16
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
UNC Coarse
Thread
Series
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
4-1/2
4-1/2
4
4
4
UNF Fine
Thread
Series
18
18
16
14
14 (12)*
12
12
12
12
Diameter
of Bolt
(In.)
No. 10
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
6" and
Shorter
(in.)
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
Longer
Than 6"
(in.)
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
Diameter
of Bolt
(In.)
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
1-3/4
1-7/8
2
6" and
Shorter
(in.)
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
3-1/2
3-3/4
4
4-1/4
Longer
Than 6"
(in.)
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
3-1/4
3-1/2
3-3/4
4
4-1/4
4-1/2
*Indicates number of threads per inch for Unified Fine (1"-12 thread is
U.N.F. standard. However 1"-14 thread is popular demand and generally
stocked in place of 1"-12.)
Length
(in.)
#6
#8
#10
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-5/8
1-3/4
2
2-1/4
2-1/2
2-3/4
3
Pkg.
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
25
25
20
20
20
15
15
10
10
HEX NUTS
Case
Bulk
2000
15000
2000
15000
2000
15000
2000
5500
2000
3600
1500
250
800
1400
800
1000
300
650
300
540
325
200
135
95
65
50
40
30
23
15
10
8
6
5
USS WASHERS
Pkg.
Bulk (lbs.)
100
50
100
50
100
50
100
40
100
40
100
40
50
40
50
40
25
40
25
40
20
40
20
40
20
40
15
40
15
40
10
40
10
40
10
40
10
40
10
40
SAE WASHERS
Pkg.
Bulk (lbs.)
100
100
100
50
50
25
25
20
20
20
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
USS WASHERS
Qty./100 lbs.
(approx.)
29400
16200
9600
7460
3800
2740
2300
1290
1000
720
580
490
520
360
340
250
230
180
SAE WASHERS
Qty./100 lbs.
(approx.)
24400
21200
15140
11360
5900
5740
3880
2360
1720
1310
LOCKWASHERS
Pkg.
Case
100
7500
100
7500
100
7500
100
7500
100
7500
100
7500
50
3750
50
2500
25
1250
25
1250
20
1000
20
780
20
40
15
300
15
300
10
150
10
150
When I am working on a problem, I never think about beauty. I think only about how to solve the problem. But
when I have finished, if the solution is not beautiful, I know it is wrong.
BUCKMINSTER FULLER
26
5/16"
1950
1800
1650
1400
1100
1000
850
800
700
600
550
500
450
450
400
400
300
250
250
250
3/8"
1300
1200
1100
900
800
675
600
550
450
400
400
325
325
300
250
250
225
225
175
175
175
150
150
150
130
120
100
7/16"
1/2"
750
650
550
500
450
400
350
300
300
275
250
225
225
200
175
150
150
125
475
400
375
300
275
250
225
225
200
200
175
150
150
150
125
125
100
100
100
90
90
80
75
65
55
100
90
75
9/16"
350
300
300
250
225
200
175
150
150
125
125
125
100
100
100
75
75
Diameter
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
250
225
200
175
175
150
125
125
100
100
100
100
90
80
75
70
65
60
55
55
50
45
40
35
150
140
125
120
100
100
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
45
45
40
40
35
35
35
30
30
25
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
50
45
45
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
25
23
20
17
55
55
50
50
45
40
40
40
35
35
35
30
25
25
25
20
20
20
18
15
15
13
6
Pkg.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
6
Case
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1000
1000
1000
6
Bulk
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
12
Pkg.
12
Case
12
Bulk
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
25
25
25
2000
2000
2000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
500
500
500
400
10000
6000
6000
6000
4000
3000
2000
2000
1500
1000
800
500
1-1/8"
1-1/4"
40
30
35
25
30
25
15
30
20
15
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
15
15
13
12
10
20
15
15
15
15
14
12
12
10
10
10
8
12
12
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
5
14
Pkg.
14
Case
14
Bulk
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
25
25
25
500
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
500
400
400
300
5000
4000
3000
2500
2000
2000
1500
1000
800
500
TECHNICAL
1-1/2"
Length (in.)
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
Length (in.)
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
1
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-3/4
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
4
Pkg.
100
100
100
100
100
100
4
Case
3000
3000
30000
3000
3000
3000
4
Bulk
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
5
Pkg.
5
Case
Size
5
Bulk
100
100
100
100
100
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
8
Pkg.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
25
25
8
Case
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2000
2000
2000
1500
1000
500
500
500
8
Bulk
15000
15000
15000
15000
10000
7500
5000
4000
3500
2500
2000
1000
10
Pkg.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
50
25
25
10
Case
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2000
2000
1000
1000
750
500
500
400
Size
10
Bulk
12000
10000
10000
10000
8000
5000
4000
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
800
7
Pkg.
100
100
100
100
100
27
TECHNICAL
WASHER GUIDE
Dimensions
Bolt Dia.
Outside Dia.
(in.)
(in.)
PLATE WASHERS
1/8
7/16
3/16
9/16
1/4
3/4
5/16
7/8
3/8
1
7/16
1-1/4
1/2
1-3/8
9/16
1-1/2
5/8
1-3/4
5/8
1-3/4
3/4
2
3/4
2
7/8
2-1/4
7/8
2-1/4
1 (S)
2-1/2
1 (L)
2-1/2
1-1/8 (S)
2-3/4
1-1/8 (L)
2-3/4
1-1/4 (S)
2-3/4
1-1/4 (L)
3
1-3/8
3-1/4
1-1/2 (S)
3-1/4
1-1/2 (L)
3-1/2
1-5/8
3-3/4
1-3/4 (S)
3-3/4
1-3/4 (L)
4
2 (S)
4-1/4
2 (L)
4-1/2
S.A.E. WASHERS
3/16
1/2
1/4
5/8
5/16
11/16
3/8
13/16
7/16
59/64
1/2
1-1/16
9/16
1-3/16
5/8
1-5/16
3/4
1-1/2
7/8
1-3/4
1
2P
PLATE WASHERS HOT GALVANIZED
1/4
3/4
5/16
7/8
3/8
1
7/16
1-1/4
1/2
1-3/8
9/16
1-1/2
5/8
1-3/4
3/4
2
7/8
2-1/4
1(S)
2-1/2
1-1/8 (L)
2-3/4
1-1/4 (S)
2-3/4
Dimensions
Hole Dia.
(in.)
Thickness
Gauge
Thickness
Inches
*Approx. Number
in 100 Lbs.
*Approx. Wt.
1000 Pcs. in Lbs.
3/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
11/16
3/4
13/16
7/8
15/16
1
1-1/6
1-1/8
1-3/16
1-1/4
1-5/16
1-3/8
1-1/2
1-9/16
1-5/8
1-3/4
1-13/16
1-7/8
2-1/16
2-1/8
18
18
16
14
14
13
12
12
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
3/64
3/64
1/16
5/64
5/64
3/32
7/64
7/64
9/64
9/64
9/64
5/32
5/32
5/32
5/32
5/32
5/32
5/32
5/32
5/32
5/32
11/64
11/64
11/64
3/16
3/16
3/16
3/16
55,400
29,400
16,200
9,600
7,460
3,800
2,740
2,300
1,290
1,340
1,000
930
720
740
580
600
490
500
520
420
360
340
280
250
230
200
180
160
1.8
3.4
6.2
10.4
13.4
26.2
36.6
43.3
77.5
74.8
100.0
107.6
139.2
135.2
170.4
165.9
204.7
199.7
194.3
236.6
276.6
297.2
351.6
402.5
430.1
498.3
551.1
628.0
7/32
9/32
11/32
13/32
15/32
17/32
19/32
21/32
13/16
15/16
1-1/16
16
16
16
16
16
13
13
13
11
11
11
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
1/16
3/32
3/32
3/32
1/8
1/8
1/8
37,000
24,400
21,200
15,140
11,360
5,900
4,740
3,880
2,360
1,720
1,310
2.7
4.1
4.7
6.6
8.8
16.9
21.1
25.8
42.3
58.1
76.4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
5/8
11/16
13/16
15/16
1-1/16
1-1/4
1-5/16
16
14
14
13
12
12
10
10
9
9
9
9
1/16
5/64
5/64
3/32
7/64
7/64
9/64
9/64
5/32
5/32
5/32
5/32
15,700
9,100
6,500
3,350
2,400
2,100
1,200
950
660
530
460
480
S SERIES STOCKED
*Quantity per pound may vary 15% based on I.F.I. allowable thickness tolerances.
Any man worth his salt will stick up for what he believes right, but it takes a slightly bigger man to acknowledge
instantly and without reservation that he is in error.
GENERAL PEYTON C. MARCH
28