Read chapter 1&2 , answer the following questions:

1. What is radio frequency?

Can be describe as a frequency or band of frequencies in the range 10 4 to 1011 or

1012 Hz, suitable for use in telecommunications.
2. What is frequency?

The waves involved in a wireless link that can be measure and described in
several ways.
3. What is wavelength?

Is a measure of the physical distance that a wave travels over one complete
cycle!
4. What is Amplitude?

The strength or the height from the top peak to the bottom peak of the
signals waveform

5. What is Watt?

The SI unit of power, equivalent to one joule per second, corresponding

to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is
one volt and the current one ampere.

6. What is decibels?

The dB measures the power of a signal as a function of its ratio to another

standardized value. The abbreviation dB is often combined with other
abbreviations in order to represent the values that are compared. Decibel
(Symbol: dB) is a logarithmic unit that indicates ratio or gain.
Decibel is used to indicate the level of acoustic waves and electronic signals.
The logarithmic scale can describe very big or very small numbers with shorter
notation. The dB level can be viewed as relative gain of one level vs. other level,
or absolute logarithmic scale level for well known reference levels.
7. What is 0 dB?

Means that the power change is (=) equal with a: 0db Value. The decibel ( dB) is
used to measure sound level, but it is also widely used in electronics, signals and
communication. The dB is a logarithmic way of dscribing a ratio. The ratio may
be power, sound pressure, voltage or intensity or several other things.
8. What is 10 dB?
Means that the power change is x10 with a +10dB value and amplitude ratio
of 3.162
9. What is -10 dB?
Means that the power change is /10 with a -10dB value
10.What is 3 dB?
Means that the power change is x2 with a +3dB value
11.What is -3 dB?

Means that the power change is /2 with a +3dB value

12.A power increased 6 dB, how much more power it gain comparing to the
reference?
For every increase of 6 dB, the coverage distance doubles (Estimate outdoor
range)
13.A power increase of 9 dB, how much more powerful the device is comparing
to the reference source?
For every increase of 9 dB, the coverage area doubles. (Estimate indoor
range)
14.What is dBm?
The value that indicates how much power is received is called Received
Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). It is usually expressed in dBm (a unit of
relative power measurement against milliwatt).
15.0 dBm = ____1__ mW
a. 10 dBm = __10____ mW
b. 20 dBm = __100____ mW
c. 30 dBm = __1000_____ mW

16.What is FHSS and DSSS?

FHSS is the Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum and DSSS is the Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum. Devices using FHSS hop to the same frequency
at the same time and stay tuned. Because it is hopping, the signal from the
device using FHSS may lose only a few packets every now and then, whereas
the signal from the device using DSSS may be more durably affected if the
interference is right in the middle of its emission zone. On the other hand, an
FHSS will more likely cross an interference zone than a DSSS signal that may
be away from the interference and will not move from the frequencies around
which it is spread. From a pure interference point of view, it is difficult to
determine which one is more efficient because it depends on the
circumstances.
17.What is DSSS encoding?
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), as its name states, is a technology
used to send a signal over a spectrum that is wider than the one needed just
for signal density use. The technique used in wireless networks consists of
encoding the real information to send. If a 1 is to be sent, it will be encoded
that is, transformed into a sequence of numbers, and it is this sequence
of numbers that will be sent in parallel to represent this 1. The process of
converting the signal into data 1 and 0 is known as encoding. The first
encoding system used in wireless networks is called Barker code 11, from the
name of its inventor. The Barker code is an 11-bit sequence of numbers,
10110111000, which has some interesting properties that are designed to
minimize autocorrelation (that is, to avoid a situation in which one signal

being misunderstood results in other parallel signals also being

misunderstood).
18.What is DSSS modulation:CCK?
To increase speed, a new technique is used, called Complementary Code
Keying (CCK). CCK uses groups of 4 bits, and encodes them in chips of 6 bits
each (where Barker was using an 11-bit chip to represent 1 bit of data).
Within the data flow, CCK creates groups of 4 bits and creates a 6-bit-long
chip to represent them. It then associates a complex and unique resulting
symbol for each chip, which is a combination of phase changes using DQPSK
(that is, 4 angle rotations of 90 degrees). Each symbol is a precise and
unique sequence of phase shifts in the wave: DQPSK is closely associated to
CCK, because CCK uses DQPSK to represent the symbols.
19.What is OFDM?
is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier
modulation method. A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are
used to carry data on several parallel data streams or channels.