BODY COORDINATION

Process by which different parts of the body work together to bring about the
correct response

Detect the stimulus

Carry out the response

Changes detected are called

STIMULI
Eg : light , heat , sound ,
pressure , touch , chemicals

EXAMPLE :

Body coordination is important because:

(a) It enables our body to respond to changes in our
surroundings.
(b) It regulates appropriate responses to these changes.
(c) It protects our body from injuries.
ACTIVITY
Q1 : Figure 2.3 shows a boy accidentally
hammering his
hand

(a) What is the stimulus in this reaction?

(b) What is the response?
(c) Which part of the body coordinates this action?

Q2 : Figure 2.4 shows a boy being chased by a dog.

(a) What is the stimulus in the diagram given above ?

(b) What is the response?
(c) Which part of the body coordinates this action?
3

Q3 : Walking is an activity that all of us carry out everyday.

(a) Name the systems that control and regulate this activity.
(b) Explain how the systems you named in 3(a) help to control and
regulate this activity.

HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

MIND MAP : HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

MIND MAP : NEURONE

Aspect
Axon
Dendron
Cell body

Sensory neurone
Short
Long

Relay neurone
Short
Short

In the middle of the

neurone, in the dorsal
ganglion

In the middle of the

neurone

Function

To transmit impulses
from the receptors to
the central nervous
system

To transmit impulses
from
the
sensory
neurones
to
motor
neurones

Motor neurone
Long
Short
At one end of the
neurone, in the grey
matter of the spinal
cord
To transmit impulses
from the central
nervous system to the
effectors

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEURONES

ACTIVITY
Q1 . (a) Name the components of the central nervous system.
(b) Name the components of the peripheral nervous system.
(c) To which system do the spinal nerves and the cranial nerves belong to?
Q2. (a) What is the smallest functional unit in the nervous system?
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of that functional unit.
Q3. (a) Name the three types of neurones present in our nervous system.
(b) What is the function of each type of neurone named in 3(a)?

REFLEX ACTION

An automatic and rapid response to a stimulus that does not involve the brain
Controlled by the spinal cord
Function : To avoid or protect us from serious injuries

Example of reflex action

Activity
Q1.
Which of the following is the correct pathway of body coordination?
A Skin Stimulus Brain Response Muscle
B Skin Stimulus Response Brain -> Muscle
C Stimulus Skin Brain Muscle Response
D Stimulus Brain Skin Muscle Response

Q2.

Q3 (a) What is a receptor?

(b) Give two examples of receptors.
Q4 (a) What is an effector?
(b) Give two examples of effectors.
Q5 Draw a diagram to show the path taken by an impulse in a reflex arc.

Q6 (a) What is a reflex action?

(b) Give two examples of reflex actions.

PROPRIOCEPTORS - sensors that provide information about joint

angle, muscle length, and muscle tension

Receptors that are connected to sensory neurons

Respond to stimuli that related to position and movement of the body
Found in : muscles , tendons , ligaments and joints
Function : Help to coordinate muscular activites and maintain body balance and
posture
Examples : buttoning shirt , climbing a ladder , tying shoe lace, locking the door
( without looking )

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ACTIVITY
Q1 (a) What are proprioceptors?
(b) Name two places in the body where they can be found.
Q2 Explain how impulses from the proprioceptors are transmitted.

Q3 (a) What is the importance of proprioceptors?

(b) Name two occasions when it is very important for a person to keep his balance

The human brain

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12

Differences between voluntary and involuntary

actions

Aspect
Awareness
Control
Controlled
by
Stimuli
Examples

Voluntary
We are aware of the actions
Action can be controlled
Controlled by the somatic nervous
system
Receives stimuli from the external
environment through the sensory
organs
Writing
Dancing

Involuntary
We are not aware of the actions
Action cannot be controlled
Controlled by the autonomic
nervous system
Receives stimuli from the internal
organs
Constriction of the pupil
Beating of the heart

ACTIVITY
Q1 The diagram shows a human brain.

Name the parts labelled X, Y and Z and list their functions.

Q2 (a) What is an involuntary action?
(b) Give one example of an involuntary action.
(c) State three differences between involuntary and voluntary actions.
Q3 Name five possible effects due to injury to the brain.

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Endocrine system

Consists of endocrine gland

gland without ducts which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Endocrine system

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Hormones

Functions of hormones

Effects of excessive
hormones

Growth
hormone
(from the
Pituitary
gland

Controls the qrowth of muscles

and bones
Stimulates the activities of
other endocrine qlands
Controls the reabsorption of
water
Controls the metabolism of the
body
Ensure normal physical and
mental development
Controls the level of qlucose in
the blood

Gigantism

-Low blood glucose level

(hypoglycaemia)

-cretinism:
Stunted physical
and mental
development
Diabetes
mellitus

Adrenaline
(from the
adrenal
glands)
Oestrogen
(from the
ovaries)

Prepares the body for action in

an emerqency

Extreme tiredness

Stimulates the development of

female secondary sexual
characteristics

Excessive male
characteristics and early
puberty

Progesterone
(from the
ovaries)

Controls the menstrual cycle

Failure in delivery at the

correct time

Affects the
development of
female
secondary
sexual
characteristics
Menstrual
problems
Abortion of
embryo

Testosterone
(from the
testis glands)

Controls the development of

male sex orqans
Produces sperms
Stimulates the development of
male secondary sexual
characteristics

Excessive male
characteristics and early
puberty

Thyroxin
(from the
thyroid gland)
Insulin (from
the pancreas)

Goitre swelling the

thyroid gland

Effects of
deficiency of
hormones
Dwarfism

Affects the
development of
male secondary
sexual
characteristics
Reduced sperm
production

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