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Network
Jang Ping Sheu
Introduction
Ad Hoc Network is a multi-hop relaying
network
ALOHAnet developed in 1970
Ethernet developed in 1980
In 1994, Bluetooth proposed by Ericsson to
develop a short-range, low-power, lowcomplexity, and inexpensive radio inteface
WLAN 802.11 spec. is proposed in 1997
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Wireless Mesh
Networks
Cellular Wireless Networks
Hybrid Wireless
Networks
Infrastructure Dependent
(Single-Hop Wireless Networks)
Wireless Sensor
Networks
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B
A
C
Switching Center
+
Gateway
Base Station
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Mobile Node
Path from C to E
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B
A
C
F
E
Mobile Node
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Wireless Link
Path from C to E
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Fixed infrastructure-based
Infrastructure-less
Guaranteed bandwidth
(designed for voice traffic)
Centralized routing
Distributed routing
Circuit-switched
(evolving toward packet switching)
Packet-switched
(evolving toward emulation of circuit
switching)
Seamless connectivity
(low call drops during handoffs)
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Emergency Operations
Search, rescue, crowd control, and commando operations
Support real-time and fault-tolerant communication paths
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Wired Network
Gateway node
Transmission range
A house with rooftop transceiver
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Internet
Lamp
Coverage area
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Advantages:
Higher capacity than cellular networks due to better
channel reuse
Increased flexibility and reliability in routing
Better coverage and connectivity in holes
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B
A
C
D
E
Base Station
Switching Center
+
Gateway
Mobile Node
MCN communication
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Synchronization
Mandatory for TDMA-based systems
Hidden terminals
Can significantly reduce the throughput of a MAC protocol
Exposed terminals
To improve the efficiency of the MAC protocol, the exposed
nodes should be allowed to transmit in a controlled fashion
without causing collision to the on-going data transfer
Access delay
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Fairness
Equal share or weighted share of the bandwidth to all
competing nodes
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Efficiency
minimum number of transmissions to deliver a data packet
to all the group members
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QoS framework:
A frame work for QoS is a complete system that attempts
to provide the promised service
The QoS modules such as routing protocol, signaling
protocol, and resource management should react
promptly according to changes in the network state
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Self-Organization
An important property that an ad hoc wireless
network should exhibit is organizing and maintaining
the network by itself
Major activities: neighbor discovery, topology
organization, and topology reorganization
Ad hoc wireless networks should be able to perform
self-organization quickly and efficiently
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Security
The attack against ad hoc wireless networks are
classified into two types: passive and active attacks
Passive attack: malicious nodes to observe the
nature of activities and to obtain information in the
network without disrupting the operation
Active attack: disrupt the operation of the network
Internal attack: nodes belong to the same network
External attack: nodes outside the network
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Energy Management
Transmission power management:
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Scalability
The latency of path-finding involved with an
on-demand routing protocol in a large ad hoc
wireless network may be unacceptably high
A hierarchical topology-based system and
addressing may be more suitable for large ad
hoc wireless networks
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Deployment Considerations
The deployment of a commercial ad hoc wireless
network has the following benefits
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Application Layer
(HTTP, TELNET, SMTP,
etc.)
Application Layer
(HTTP, TELNET, SMTP,
etc.)
Application Layer
(HTTP, TELNET, SMTP,
etc.)
Transport Layer
(TCP/UDP)
Transport Layer
(TCP/UDP)
Transport Layer
(TCP/UDP)
Network Layer
(IPv4/IPv6)
Network Layer
(IPv4/IPv6)
802.11/HIPERLAN
802.11/HIPERLAN
Network Layer
(IPv4/IPv6)
802.11
HIPERLAN
802.3/802.4/80
2.5
Network Layer
(IPv4/IPv6)
802.3/802.4/802.5
Internet
Mobile node that
can be connected
to any AP running
ad hoc wireless
routing protocol
Transceiver antenna
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Internet
A
Gateway Node
Transmission range
Path 1
Path 2
Wireless link
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Home Work
4, 8, 11, 13
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