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1. Formation/basics of E1
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Basics of PDH
Basics of SDH
Formation of STM
4. Basics of E1
TS0: Frame synchronization & Alarms
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TS16: Signaling & Alarms
TS1 to TS15 & TS17 to TS31 : For Data
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2.240Mbps
(TUG3)X (3)+(High order POH)+( Stuffing)
TU12
2.304Mbps
VC 4
150.336Mbps (i.e. 63 E1)
SOH + Pointer
STM 1, 155.5Mbps
1. Advantages of SDH over PDH. High transmission rates up to 40 Gbit/s Simplified add
& drop function High availability and capacity matching Reliability Future-proof platform for new
services. Interconnection (SONET,SDH,PDH)
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5. STM-N frame 270 x N Columns 9xN Columns STM-N VC capacity 9 Rows 125 sec
Section Overhead7/26/2012
7. SDH Rates SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of 155.52 Mbit/s.The basic
unit of SDH is STM-1:STM-1 = 155.52 Mbit/sSTM-4 = 622.08 Mbit/sSTM-16 = 2588.32
Mbit/sSTM-64 = 9953.28 Mbit/s Each rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate therefore the
hierarchy is synchronous.7/26/2012
8. Frame Structures for Each Common Hierarchy Level 270 Columns STM-1 9 Rows
155.52 Mbit/s 1,080 Columns STM-4 9 Rows 622.08 Mbit/s 4,320 Columns STM-16 9 Rows
2488.32 Mbit/s STM-64 9 rows x 17280 columns, 9953.28 Mbit/s7/26/2012
9. Mapping Hierarchy xN x1 C-4 139 Mbit/sSTM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 ATM x3 x1 x3 TUG-3
TU-3 VC-3 x1 44 Mbit/sSTM-0 AUG AU-3 VC-3 C-3 34 Mbit/s x7 x7 x1 TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6.3 Mbit/s
TUG-2 x3 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2 Mbit/s xN Multiplexing x4 TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5 Mbit/s Aligning
Mapping7/26/2012
10. Containers - I. In SDH terminology, the original PDH payload with special framing is
called a container (C-x) Various container sizes with some space for stuffing are defined C-11
for DS1 (25 bytes = 1.600 Mbit/s) C-12 for E1 (34 bytes = 2.176 Mbit/s) C-2 for DS2 (106 bytes
= 6.784 Mbit/s) C-3 for DS3 or E3 (84 columns = 48.384 Mbit/s) C-4 for E4 (260 columns =
149.760 Mbit/s)
11. Virtual Containers - II. Various VC sizes defined: With 1 byte allocated for POH
VC-11 for DS1 (26 bytes = 1.664 Mbit/s) VC-12 for E1 (35 bytes = 2.240 Mbit/s) VC-2 for DS2
(107 bytes = 6.848 Mbit/s) With 1 column allocated for POH VC-3 for DS3 or E3 (85 columns =
48.960 Mbit/s) VC-4 for E4 (261 columns = 150.336 Mbit/s)
12. Tributary Unit Structure TUs are defined to fit into a number of columns This
requirement determines the size of virtual containers and containers TU-3 adds up 3-byte pointer
plus stuffing to VC-3 Lower TUs add up 1 byte for pointer storage Organized into 4 frames (500
s multi-frame) This provides V1, V2, V3, V4 TU pointer bytes Lower TUs also organize POH
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along the multi- frame This provides V5, J2, Z6, Z7 POH bytes Lower TUs use V1, V2, V3, V4
bytes in 500 s multi-frame
15. General StructureOrder of transmission 1st 270 columns 2nd Section overhead VC
Capacity (SOH) (for AUG) 9 columns 261 columns 7/26/2012
16. STM-1 frame 270 bytes RSOH 1 .. 9 261Byte 3 rows pointer Information 9 Rows
PayloadMSOH 5 rows Transport 125 s overhead Synchronous Payload Envelope7/26/2012
17. Pointer 4 Bytes v1 V1 & v2 points TU12 V5 v2 v5 VC-12 500 sec v37/26/2012
18. STS-1 Frame 810x64kbps=51.84Mbps 810 Octets per frame @ 8000 frames/sec 90
columns A1 A2 J0 J1 B1 E1 F1 B3 1 D1 D2 D3 C2 Order of 2 transmission H1 H2 H3 G1 9 rows
B2 K1 K2 F2Special OH octets: D4 D5 D6 H4 D7 D8 D9 Z3A1, A2 Frame Synch D10 D11 D12
Z4B1 Parity on Previous Frame (BER monitoring) S1 M0/1 E2 N1J0 Section trace (Connection
Alive?) 3 Columns of Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)H1, H2, H3 Pointer Action Transport
OH 1 column of Path OH + 8 data columnsK1, K2 Automatic ProtectionSwitching Section
Overhead Path Overhead SKG/RTC/BBSR S Line Overhead Data
19. STM-0 Overheads HO Path Section Overhead Overhead Framing Framing RS Trace
Path Trace A1 A2 J0 J1 R-Section BIP-8 Orderwire User Channel BIP-8 Overhead B1 E1 F1 B3
Data Com Data Com Data Com Signal Label D1 D2 D3 C2 Pointer Path Status AU pointer Pointer
Pointer G1 H1 H2 H3 BIP-8 APS APS User Channel B2 K1 K2 F2 Multiframe Data Com Data
Com Data Com Indicator M-Section D4 D5 D6 H4 Overhead Data Com Data Com Data Com User
Channel D7 D8 D9 F3 Data Com Data Com Data Com APS D10 D11 D12 K3 Sync (REI)
Orderwire Tandem S1 (M1) E2 N17/26/2012
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22. Payload Pointer Payload Pointer marks start of STM-1 VC-3 or VC-4 90 (VC-3) or 270
(VC-4) Columns STM-1 Frame #1 H1 H2 H3... 9 Rows STM-1 VC-3 or VC-4 STM-1 Frame #2 125
sec 9 Rows STM-1 VC-3 or VC-4 POH column 250 sec7/26/2012 Section Overhead
24. path multiplex section multiplex section regenerator regen. regen. regenerator section
section section section ADM TM REG or REG TM DCS path regen. section multipl. section regen.
section pathtermination termination termination termination termination PTE = path terminating
elementservice (E1, E4..) TM = terminal multiplexermapping service (E1, E4..)demapping REG =
regenerator mapping ADM = add/drop multiplexer demapping DCS = digital cross-connect system
DXC= digital cross connect
25. Regenerator A regenerator simply extends the possible distance and quality of a line
by decomposing it into multiple sections Replaces regenerator section overhead Multiplex
section and path overhead is not altered
26. Add-drop Multiplexer - I. Add/drop multiplexer (ADM) Main element for configuring
paths on top of line topologies (point-to-point or ring) Multiplexed channels may be dropped and
added Special drop and repeat mode for broadcast and survivability An ADM has at least 3
logical ports: 2 core and 1 or more add-dropPorts have different Optical portroles Optical port
ADM(OEO)No switching betweenthe core portsSwitching only Electrical portbetween the adddropand the core ports.
27. Uni- and Bi-directional Routing A A A-C A-C F B F B C-AC-A E C E C D D Unidirectional Ring Bi-directional Ring (1 fiber) (2 fibers) Only working traffic is shown Subnetwork
(path) or multiplex section switching for protection
28. USHR Working traffic is carried around the ring in one direction only. Ring capacity is
sum of demands between nodes. Also called CounterRotatingRing; traffic in prot. rotates
opposite. 1:1 (USHR/L); extended to 1:N, then not entirely selfhealing. 1+1 (USHR/P).
30. USHR Concepts USHR/P = Unidirectional Self-Healing Ring / Path Switched 2-fiber
ring topology Head-end bridge, tail-end switch logical topology 1+1 protection with unidirectional routing on each fiber Traffic is sent in both directions on the ring on separate fibers
The better signal is selected by the receiver.
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the bandwidth in each direction in a link is reserved for the shared protection of all traffic in that
reverse direction of the link An even number of STM-1s are required 4 fibers for dedicated
protection configuration Bi-directional routing on 2 fibers (working line) Each direction has a
working and a protect fiber
32. BSHR Concepts - II. Multiple fail-over options for 4-fiber BSHR/MS In normal
operation traffic is sent only in the required direction During fiber interruption, the traffic is routed
around the break in opposite direction (long path) Ring switching Optionally if the other 2 fibers
are still available, then traffic might be routed onto the parallel 2 fibers (short path) Span
switching
36. Automatic Protection Switching - II. K1 byte: Tributary Channels Type of request
(bits STM-N Mux 1-4) MSTE K1K2 K1K2 Channel requested Read/Sel Write (bits 5-8) K2 byte:
Channel selected (bits 1-4) Working Protect Architecture (bit 5) STM-N STM-N Mode of
operation (bits 6-8) e.g. Alarm Indication Signal MSTE K1K2 Write K1K2 Read/Sel (AIS),
Remote Defect Indicator STM -N Mux (RDI) Tributary Channels
37. Uni- and Bi-directional APS Uni-directional APS Only traffic on the affected fiber is
switched to the protect line Bi-directional APS TX and RX are both switched when channel is
affected
38. Revertive and Non-revertive APS Revertive switching Will restore to the working
channel when WTR timer expires Non-revertive switching Will not move to working channel
after failure unless requested
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1. MINI PROJECT PRESENTATION Prepared By: Hasna Heng Kamal Koh 0911796
Hasna Heng
5. OPTICAL FIBER Fine threads of glass in layers Diameter human hair Core &
Cladding + protection layers (polymers) 2 types of fiber profiles Hasna Heng
8. OPTICAL CARRIER Optical Carrier Line Rate (Mb/s) OC-1 51.84 OC-3 155.52 OC-12
622.08 OC-48 2,488.32 OC-192 9.953.28 OC-768 Standardized set of specification of Tx
bandwidth digital signal carried on SONET/SDH use terms STS-n/STM-n Optical signals: OC-n
39,813.12 Hasna Heng
9. WHY MOVE TO OPTICAL FIBER? Copper Wiring Optical Fiber Expensive material
High power consumption Large and heavy Weak signal due to power degradation Low signal
capacity Stealing cases Low cost on installation Low cost material Lower power
consumption Smaller size & lighter Minimize degradation of signal Large data capacity Expensive
for construction and installation Less flexible easily damaged Hasna Heng
10. RESOLVING THE BANDWIDTH DEMAND INTORDUCING TDM & WDM Hasna Heng
11. Statistical studies: Annual growth of the internet = 40% !! Upsurge of emerging
services: 3G, broadband, integrated multimedia services etc. Network traffic became
sophisticated Increasing bandwidth demands Internet growth 2 solutions: Time-Division
Multiplexing (TDM) Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) 40%/year Hasna Heng
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12. TDM Increase the bit rate data Input data Arrange in sequence Output WDM
Increase the wavelength Input wavelength Combine & Split Wavelength Output Hasna Heng
13. TDM Input Signals Output Signals WDM Input Signals Output Signals Hasna Heng
14. WDM Coarse WDM (CWDM) Wide channel spacing (20nm) Up to 16 wavelengths
Low cost Dense WDM (DWDM) Dense channel spacing (0.2nm) Allows numerous
wavelength transmission simultaneously high capacity Hasna Heng
15. DENSE WAVELENGTHDIVISION MULTIPLEXING DWDM Hasna Heng
16. DWDM TECHNOLOGY Multiplex multiple signals on single optical fiber using different
wavelength Channel signals carried by its wavelength Using C-band (1550nm) or L-band
(1625nm) (Early development) Hasna Heng
17. Hasna Heng
22. 16 fiber pairs + 128 generators 1 fiber pair + 16 Optical Amplifier Hasna Heng
23. ERBIUMDOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER (EDFA) Significant breakthrough for DWDM
system (1995) Larger power output Minimize noise factor Operates on wide bandwidth
network No data format restriction Hasna Heng
24. ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAM Hasna Heng
25. 3. OPTICAL ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER (OADM) aka Intermediate optical terminal
Allows wavelength to be added/dropped from the signal as other wavelength passes through Can
substitute optical amplifier Hasna Heng
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28. WHY MOVE TO DWDM? Capacity upgrade w/o adding fibers Transparency can
carry any transmission format Scalability Install additional equipment as needed Wavelength
routing and switching wavelength is used as another dimension to time and space Hasna Heng