The 'INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS', abbreviated SI, defines the seven quantities listed

in the left box below and the specific methods to build up a physical standard for each, called the
unit, against which any other quantity of the same type can be compared.

Fundamental Quantities
1. Length (meter)
2. Mass (kilogram)
3. Time (second)
4. Electric current (ampere)
5. Thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)
6. Amount of substance (mole)
7. Luminous intensity (candela)
These quantities are considered to be the building blocks of physics.
They are used to express the laws of physics.

Derived Quantities
Many other quantities can be derived out of the combination of the basic quantities.
For instance a speed is the ratio of a length by a time.
Acceleration is the ratio of a speed by a time.
And a force is the multiplication of acceleration by mass.
Because physics expresses everything in the Universe in terms of these basic quantities, one
concludes for oneself that in physics there are no other basic quantities than those of this SI unit
system.

The SI is founded on seven SI base units for seven base

quantities assumed to be mutually independent, as given in Table 1.
Table 1. SI base units
SI base unit
Base quantity
length
mass
time
electric current
thermodynamic temperature

Name
meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin

Symbol
m
kg
s
A
K

SI base unit
amount of substance
luminous intensity

mole
candela

mol
cd

The Systme Internationale dUnits (SI), or International System of Units, defines seven units of
measure as a basic set from which all other SI units are derived. The SI base units and their physical
quantities are:

metre for length (US English: meter)

kilogram for mass (note: not the gram)

second for time

ampere for electric current

kelvin for temperature

candela for luminous intensity

mole for the amount of substance.

The SI base quantities form a set of mutually independent dimensions as required by dimensional
analysis commonly employed in science and technology. However, in a given realization in these units
they may well be interdependent, i.e. defined in terms of each other.
The names of SI units are written in lowercase characters (the 'degree Celsius' meets this rule, as
'degree' is the unit, and 'Celsius' is a modifier). The symbols of units are written in lowercase
(e.g. metre has the symbol m), except that symbols for units named after persons are written with an
initial capital letter (e.g., the hertz has the uppercase symbol Hz).
Many other units, such as the litre (US English: liter), are formally not part of the SI, but are accepted
for use with SI.
Contents
[hide]

1 The seven SI base units

2 Proposed redefinitions

3 See also

4 References

5 External links

The seven SI base units[edit]

SI base units

Name

metre

kilogra
m

second

Symbo
l

kg

Measure

Current (2005) formal definition[1]

Historical origin /
justification

length

"The metre is the length of the path

travelled by light in vacuum during
a time interval of 1 299,792,458 of
a second."
17th CGPM (1983, Resolution 1,
CR, 97)

1 10,000,000 of the
distance from the Earth's
equator to the North Pole
measured on the
circumference
through Paris.

mass

"The kilogram is the unit of mass; it

is equal to the mass of the
international prototype of the
kilogram."
3rd CGPM (1901, CR, 70)

The mass of
one litre of water. A litre is
one thousandth of a cubic
metre.

time

"The second is the duration

of 9,192,631,770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the
transition between the two
hyperfine levels of the ground state
of the caesium 133 atom."
13th CGPM (1967/68, Resolution 1;
CR, 103)
"This definition refers to a caesium
atom at rest at a temperature of
0 K."
(Added by CIPM in 1997)

The day is divided in 24

hours, each hour divided in
60 minutes, each minute
divided in 60 seconds.
A second is
1 (24 60 60) of the day

"The ampere is that constant

current which, if maintained in two
straight parallel conductors of
infinite length, of negligible circular
cross-section, and placed 1 metre
electric current
apart in vacuum, would produce
between these conductors a force
equal to 2 107newton per metre
of length."
9th CGPM (1948)

The original "International

Ampere" was defined
electrochemically as the
current required to deposit
1.118 milligrams of silver
per second from a solution
of silver nitrate. Compared
to the SI ampere, the
difference is 0.015%.

kelvin

"The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic

temperature, is the fraction
1 273.16 of the thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of
water."
13th CGPM (1967/68, Resolution 4;
CR, 104)
thermodynamic "This definition refers to water
temperature
having the isotopic composition
defined exactly by the following
amount of substance ratios: 0.000
155 76 mole of 2H per mole
of 1H,0.000 379 9 mole of 17O per
mole of 16O, and 0.002 005 2 mole
of 18O per mole of16O."
(Added by CIPM in 2005)

The Celsius scale: the

Kelvin scale uses the
degree Celsius for its unit
increment, but is a
thermodynamic scale (0 K
is absolute zero).

mole

mol

ampere

amount of
substance

Atomic weight or molecular

"1. The mole is the amount of
weight divided by the molar
substance of a system which
mass constant, 1 g/mol.
contains as many elementary
entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of carbon 12; its symbol is
'mol.'
2. When the mole is used, the
elementary entities must be
specified and may be atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, other
particles, or specified groups of
such particles."
14th CGPM (1971, Resolution 3;
CR, 78)

"In this definition, it is understood

that unbound atoms of carbon 12,
at rest and in their ground state, are
referred to."
(Added by CIPM in 1980)

candela

cd

luminous
intensity

"The candela is the luminous

intensity, in a given direction, of a
source that emits monochromatic
radiation of
frequency 5401012 hertz and that
has a radiant intensity in that
direction of 1/683 watt
per steradian."
16th CGPM (1979, Resolution 3;
CR, 100)

The candlepower, which is

based on the light emitted
from a burning candle of
standard properties.

The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le

Systme International d'Units), is the modern metric system of measurement. The
SI was established in 1960 by the 11th General Conference on Weights and
Measures (CGPM, Confrence Gnrale des Poids et Mesures). The CGPM is the
international authority that ensures wide dissemination of the SI and modifies the SI
as necessary to reflect the latest advances in science and technology.

Definitions of the SI base units

Each of these other units (SI derived units) is either dimensionless or can be expressed as a
product of (positive or negative, but usually integral) powers of one or more of the base units.
For example, the SI derived unit of area is the square metre (m 2), and the SI derived unit of
density is the kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3 or kg m-3). The degree Celsius (see the table
below) has a somewhat unclear status, and is arguably an exception to this rule.

The SI is founded on seven SI base units for seven base quantities assumed
to be mutually independent

Base quantity

Name

Symbo
l

Description

Length

meter

The meter is the length of the path travelled by

light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299
792 458 of a second.

Mass

kilogra
m

kg

The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to

the mass of the international prototype of the
kilogram - Pavillon de Breteuil (Svres).

The second is the duration of 9 192 631

770 periods of the radiation corresponding to
the transition between the two hyperfine levels
of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.

Time

second

electric current

thermodynamic
temperature

amount of
substance

luminous
intensity

ampere A

The ampere is that constant current which, if

maintained in two straight parallel conductors
of infinite length, of negligible circular crosssection, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum,
would produce between these conductors a
force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per meter of
length.

kelvin

The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic

temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point
of water.

mol

1. The mole is the amount of substance of a

system which contains as many elementary
entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram
of carbon 12; its symbol is "mol."
2. When the mole is used, the elementary
entities must be specified and may be atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or
specified groups of such particles.

mole

candela cd

The candela is the luminous intensity, in a

given direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x
1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in
that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.

SI derived units
Other quantities, called derived quantities, are defined in terms of the seven
base quantities via a system of quantity equations. The SI derived units for
these derived quantities are obtained from these equations and the seven SI
base units.

For ease of understanding and convenience, 21 SI derived units have been

given special names and symbols, as shown in Table. The special names and
symbols of the 21 SI derived units with special names and symbols given in
Table may themselves be included in the names and symbols of other SI
derived units.

Derived quantity

Name

Expression
Symbo in terms of
l
other SI
units

Expression
in terms of
SI base units

plane angle

radian (a)

rad

mm-1 = 1 (b)

solid angle

steradian (a)

sr (c)

m2m-2 = 1 (b)

frequency

hertz

Hz

s-1

Force

newton

mkgs-2

pressure, stress

pascal

Pa

N/m2

m-1kgs-2

energy, work, quantity of

heat

joule

Nm

m2kgs-2

power, radiant flux

watt

J/s

m2kgs-3

electric charge, quantity

of electricity

coulomb

electric potential
difference,
electromotive force

volt

W/A

m2kgs-3A-1

capacitance

farad

C/V

m-2kg-1s4A2

electric resistance

ohm

V/A

m2kgs-3A-2

electric conductance

siemens

A/V

m-2kg-1s3A2

magnetic flux

weber

Wb

Vs

m2kgs-2A-1

magnetic flux density

tesla

Wb/m2

kgs-2A-1

inductance

henry

Wb/A

m2kgs-2A-2

Celsius temperature

degree
Celsius (e)

luminous flux

lumen

lm

cdsr (c)

m2m-2cd = cd

illuminance

lux

lx

lm/m2

m2m-4cd = m-2cd

sA

s-1

activity (of a radionuclide) becquerel

Bq

absorbed dose, specific

gray
energy (imparted), kerma

Gy

J/kg

m2s-2

dose equivalent (d)

Sv

J/kg

m2s-2

sievert

2. tools
a. pliers
Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs used to handle hot
metal in Bronze Age Europe[1] they are also useful for bending and compressing a wide range of
materials. Generally, pliers consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned
closer to one end of the levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on
the other side.[1] This arrangement creates a mechanical advantage, allowing the force of the hand's
grip to be amplified and focused on an object with precision. The jaws can also be used to manipulate
objects too small or unwieldy to be manipulated with the fingers.

3. Magnet

Making a Paperclip Magnet

Gather supplies. A simple temporary magnet can be made with a tiny piece of
metal, such as a paperclip, and a refrigerator magnet. Gather these items as well as
a smaller piece of metal, such as an earring back or a tiny nail, that you can use to
test the magnetic properties of the magnetized paperclip.

Experiment with different paperclip sizes, and uncoated versus coated

paperclips.

Gather smaller objects in a range of sizes and metals to see which ones will
stick to the paperclips.

Rub the magnet against the paperclip. Move it in the same direction, rather than
back and forth. Use the same quick motion you'd use to light a match. Continue
rubbing the paperclip with the magnet 50 times as quickly as you can.
Touch the paperclip against the smaller piece of metal. Does the small piece of
metal stick to the paperclip? If so, you've successfully magnetized it.

If the metal won't stick to the paperclip, rub it 50 more times and try again.

Try picking up other paper clips and larger objects to determine how strong
the magnet is.

Consider recording the length of time the paper clip stays magnetized after a
certain number of rubs. Experiment with different types of metal, like pins or nails, to
see which one makes the strongest, longest-lasting magnet.

Membuat paperclip magnet mengumpulkan persediaan. Sementara sederhana magnet dapat dibuat dengan
sepotong kecil logam, seperti paperclip, dan lemari es magnet. Mengumpulkan barang-barang ini serta sepotong
logam, yang lebih kecil seperti anting-anting kembali atau paku kecil, yang dapat anda gunakan untuk menguji
sifat magnet magnetized paperclip. percobaan dengan berbagai paperclip ukuran, dan uncoated melawan
dilapisi paperclips. mengumpulkan obyek yang lebih kecil dalam berbagai ukuran dan logam untuk melihat
mana yang akan tetap berpegang pada paperclips. Menggosok magnet terhadap paperclip. Bergerak dalam arah
yang sama, daripada bolak-balik. Menggunakan sama gerak cepat anda ' d digunakan untuk cahaya
pertandingan. Terus menggosok paperclip dengan magnet 50 kali lebih cepat seperti anda bisa. Menyentuh
paperclip terhadap lebih kecil sepotong logam. Apakah bagian kecil dari logam tetap berpegang pada paperclip?
Jika demikian, anda ' telah berhasil magnetized itu. jika logam memenangkan ' tidak tetap berpegang pada
paperclip, menggosok ini 50 kali lebih dan mencoba lagi. mencoba memilih u
b. types of magnet

There are three main categories of magnets: permanent magnets, temporary magnets,
and electromagnets

are objects that generate a magnetic field, a force-field that either pulls or
repels certain materials, such as nickel and iron. Of course, not all magnets
are composed of the same elements, and thus can be broken down into
categories based on their composition and source of
magnetism.Permanent magnets are magnets retain their magnetism
once magnetized.Temporary magnets arematerials magnets that
perform like permanent magnets when in the presence of a magnetic field,
but lose magnetism when not in a magnetic field. Electromagnets are
wound coils of wire that function as magnets when an electrical current is

passed through. By adjusting the strength and direction of the current, the
strength of the magnet is also altered.
Permanent Magnets
There are typically four categories of permanent magnets: neodymium iron
boron (NdFeB), samarium cobalt (SmCo), alnico, and ceramic or ferrite
magnets.

Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB)

This type of magnet is composed of rare earth magnetic material, and has a
high coercive force. They have an extremely high energy product range, up
to 50 MGOe. Because of this high product energy level, they can usually be
manufactured to be small and compact in size. However, NdFeB magnets
have low mechanical strength, tend to be brittle, and low corrosionresistance if left uncoated. If treated with gold, iron, or nickel plating, they
can be used in many applications. They are very strong magnets and are
difficult to demagnetize.

Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)

Like NdFeB magnets, SmCo magnets are also very strong and difficult to
demagnetize. They are also highly oxidation-resistant and temperature
resistant, withstanding temperatures up to 300 degrees Celsius. Two
different groups of SmCo magnets exist, divided based on their product
energy range. The first series (Sm1Co5) has an energy product range of 1522 MGOe. The second series (Sm2Co17) has a range that falls between 22
and 30 MGOe. However, they can be expensive and have low-mechanical
strength.

Alnico

Alnico magnets get their name from the first two letters of each of three
main ingredients: aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. Although they feature
good temperature resistance, they can easily be demagnetized and are
sometimes replaced by ceramic and rare earth magnets in certain
applications. They can be produced by either sintering or casting, with each
process yielding different magnet characteristics. Sintering produces
enhanced mechanical traits. Casting results in higher energy products and
enables the magnets to achieve more complicated design features.

Ceramic or Ferrite

Comprised of sintered iron oxide and barium or strontium carbonate,

ceramic (or ferrite) magnets are typically inexpensive and easily produced,

either through sintering or pressing. However, because these magnets tend

to be brittle, they require grinding using a diamond wheel. They are one of
the most commonly used types of magnet, and are strong and is not easy to
demagnetize.
Temporary Magnets
Temporary magnets can vary in composition, as they are essentially any
material that behaves like a permanent magnet when in the presence of a
magnetic field. Soft iron devices, such as paper clips, are often temporary
magnets.
Electromagnets
Electromagnets are made by winding a wire into multiple loops around a
core materialthis formation is known as a solenoid. To magnetize
electromagnets, an electrical current is passed through the solenoid to
create a magnetic field. The field is strongest on the inside of the coil, and
the strength of the field is proportionate to the number of loops and the
strength of the current.
The material at the center of the coil, the core of the solenoid, can also
affect the strength of an electromagnet. If a wire is wrapped around a
nonmagnetic material, such as a piece of wood, the overall magnetic field
will not be very strong. However, if the core is composed of ferromagnetic
material, such as iron, the strength of the magnet will dramatically
increase.

c. poles of magnet
a. The South Magnetic Pole of planet Earth, a point where the south end of a compass points
downward

The South Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's Southern Hemisphere where

the geomagnetic field lines are directed vertically upwards. It should not be confused with the
lesser known South Geomagnetic Pole described later.
For historical reasons, the "end" of a magnet that points (roughly) north is itself called the

"north pole" of the magnet, and the other end, pointing south, is called magnet's "south pole".
Because opposite poles attract, the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is physically actually a
magnetic north pole (see also North Magnetic Pole Polarity).
The South Magnetic Pole is constantly shifting due to changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
As of 2005 it was calculated to lie at643148S 1375136E,[2] just off the coast of Adelie

Land, French Antarctica. That point lies outside the Antarctic Circle. Due topolar drift, the pole
is moving northwest by about 10 to 15 kilometers per year.

b. The North Magnetic Pole of planet Earth, a point where the north end of a compass points
downward
The North Magnetic Pole is the point on the surface of Earth's Northern Hemisphere at which
the planet's magnetic field points vertically downwards (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle
is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis, it will point straight down). There is only one location
where this occurs, near (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North
Pole.
The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth's core.[1] In 2001, it
was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie near Ellesmere Island in northern
Canada at 81.3N 110.8W. It was situated at 83.1N 117.8W in 2005. In 2009, while still situated
within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim at 84.9N 131.0W,[2] it was moving toward Russia at
between 34 and 37 miles (55 and 60 km) per year.[3] As of 2012, the pole is projected to have moved
beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to85.9N 147.0W.[2]
Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Since the Earth's magnetic field is
not exactly symmetrical, the North and South Magnetic Poles are not antipodal: i.e., a line drawn from
one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth.
The Earth's North and South Magnetic Poles are also known as Magnetic Dip Poles, with reference
to the vertical "dip" of the magnetic field lines at those points. [4]

4. scientists and their invention

Top 10 Greatest Scientists

A list of the top 10 scientists of all time.

1.

Sir Isaac Newton. (1642-1726) Newton was a polymath who made

investigations into a whole range of subjects including mathematics, optics, physics, and
astronomy. In his Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, he laid the foundations for classical
mechanics, explaining law of gravity and the Laws of Motion.

2.

Louis Pasteur. (1822 1895) Contributed greatly towards the

advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies, anthrax and other infectious
diseases. Also enabled process of pasteurisation to make milk safer to drink. Probably saved more
lives than any other person.

3.

Galileo. (1564 1642) Creating one of the first modern telescope,

Galileo revolutionised our understanding of the world successfully proving the earth revolved
around the sun and not the other way around. His work Two New Sciences laid ground work for
science of Kinetics and strength of materiels.

4.

Marie Curie. (1867 1934) Polish physicist and chemist. Discovered

radiation and helped to apply it in the field of X ray. She won Nobel Prize in both Chemistry and
Physics.

5.

Albert Einstein. (1879 1955) Revolutionised modern physics with his

general theory of relativity. Won Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) for his discovery of the
Photoelectric effect, which formed basis of Quantum Theory.

6.

Charles Darwin. (1809 1882) Developed theory of evolution against

a backdrop of disbelief and scepticism. Collected evidence over 20 years, and published
conclusions in On the Origin of Species (1859).

7.

Otto Hahn (1879-1968) - German Chemist who discovered nuclear

fission (1939). Pioneering scientist in the field of radio-chemistry. Discovered radio-active

elements and nuclear isomerism (1921). Awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1944)

8.

Nikola Tesla (1856 1943) - Work on electro-magnetism and AC

current. Credited with many patents from electricity to radio transmission.

9.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) - Made great strides in

understanding electro-magnetism. His research in electricity and kinetics, laid foundation for
quantum physics. Einstein said of Maxwell, "The work of James Clerk Maxwell changed the
world forever."

10.

Aristotle 384BC - 322BC Great early Greek scientist who made many

researches in the natural sciences including botany, zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, and
meteorology, geometry

5. Quantities related to heat