Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Part I
Page
1. Structure of Matter
2. Physical Properties
3. Mechanical Properties
13
30
5. Polymers
35
6. Metallurgy
41
57
Part II
1. Model and Die Materials
61
2. Investment Materials
68
3. Casting Technology
75
81
5. Wrought Wires
6. Joining of Metals
7. Dental Amalgam
8. Impression Materials
9. Non Metallic Denture Base Material
10.Direct Aesthetic Restorative Materials
11.Dental Cements
12.Dental Ceramics: Dental Porcelain
Structure of Matter
Give short account on:
1.
Types of bond.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Polymorphism.
10.
Amorphous solid.
11.
12.
13.
Primary bond.
14.
Secondary bond.
15.
16.
The higher the atomic packing factor of the material the lower the strength
properties.
2.
3.
The higher the melting temperature, the lower the coefficient of thermal
expansion.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Atomic packing factor in body centered cubic is more than that of face
centered cubic.
8.
The type of bond and the arrangements of atoms specify the properties of
the materials.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The higher the interatomic bond, the higher the coefficient of thermal
expansion.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
The actual strength properties in crystalline structure are higher than their
theoretical strength.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Ionic bonds exist in ceramic solids while metallic type of bond governs the
behavior of alloys.
2.
3.
4.
Covalent bond:
a. Directional.
b. Hydrogen atom
c. Insoluble in water.
d. H2O molecule.
e. All of the above.
5.
a. Electron transfer
b. Involve electrons
c. Electron cloud
d. Directional
e. Physical forces
a) Sharing of electrons.
b) Attraction of dissimilar ions,
c) Attraction between free
electrons & positive ions
d) Insulators when solid
e) Highly directional
f) Polarization of molecules.
g) Calcium sulfate.
h) Poor thermal conductor.
2.
3.
4.
Opacity of metals.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
The polymorphic forms of silica have different physical properties but they
have the same crystalline structure.
6
15.
Polymers are so much weaker and more flexible than metals and ceramics.
16.
Metals conduct heat and electricity whereas polymers and ceramics do not.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Compare between:
1.
2.
3.
Physical Properties
Give reasons for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shade guide comparison should not exceed five seconds without resting
the eyes.
5.
Two same color may appear different due to difference in surface texture.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Two identical solids, one looks more dull and opaque than the other.
26.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Increasing the thickness of an object will lead to more opacity and higher
value
11.
Dead tooth have lower value than vital tooth, thus it appears more
vivid and translucent.
9
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Compare between:
10
5.
6.
7.
Discuss why a knowledge and understanding of the physical properties of
biomaterials is important in dentistry?
Choose the correct answer:
1.
2.
Value:
a.
Is a measurement of color intensity.
b.
Dominent wave length.
c.
Most important color factor in tooth color matching.
3.
c.
4.
Two objects that match color under different light sources are known as:
a.
Metameric pair.
b.
Isomeric pair.
c.
Polymorphic pair.
7.
8.
12
Mechanical Properties
Give an account on:
1.
2.
Force.
3.
4.
5.
Draw a stress strain curve showing strong , stiff and brittle material.
6.
Draw a stress strain curve showing stiff, ductile, strong and tough material.
7.
Draw a stress strain curve showing Flexible, brittle and weak material.
8.
Impact strength.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Stress/strain curves. Label and describe the properties that can be derived
from the curves below:
13
15.
16.
17.
18.
What are the properties that can be derived from stress-strain curve for a
material subjected to tensile test (draw and label the curve).
19.
20.
Draw:
i. Labelled stress-strain curve of a strong, rigid, ductile material
showing areas of resilience, toughness and hardness.
ii. Strain-time curves of strain-rate sensitive materials.
iii. Stress strain curve for a strong ductile material and define the
properties that can be identifical from it.
21.
g. Creep
22.
Determine the effect of the time of load applied on the properties of each
material:
i. Ideal elastic material.
ii. Ideal viscous material.
iii. Anelastic material.
iv. Visco-elastic material
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Transverse strength.
32.
Fatigue.
33.
34.
c. Ductility.
d. Impact strength.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
6.
18
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
hardness.
Creep
Ductility
Resilience
Fatigue
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Resilience.
Ductility
Yield strength
Malleability
None of the above
3. The greatest stress to which a material can be subjected such that it will return
to its original dimensions when the load is released is the:
a.
Elastic limit of the material
b.
Proportional limit of the material.
c.
Compressive strength of the material
d.
Shear
e.
None of the above.
4. The total work or energy required to rupture a material is:
a. Resilience.
b. Brittleness
c. Toughness.
d. Ultimate strength
e. None of the above
5. Malleability is the property that causes the material:
a. To withstand permanent deformation without fracture under tensile
load.
b. To withstand permanent deformation without fracture under
compressive load.
c. To continue to deform under a given load without the increase in the
load magnitude.
d. Non of the above.
6. The amount of energy absorbed by a material when it is stressed to its
proportional limit is its:
a. Resilience.
b. Proportional limit.
c. Modulus of rupture.
d. Elastic limit
7. The total energy required to rupture a material under a gradually increasing
static loading is the:
a. Endurance limit.
b. Toughness.
c. Malleability.
d. Elastic limit.
8. The strain that occurs when the material is stressed to its proportional is called:
21
a.
b.
c.
d.
Stress.
Resilience.
Deformation
Maximum flexibility.
14.
15.
16.
If load is applied to a rubber impression for a long rather than a short time:
a. The permanent strain will be greater
b. The permanent strain will be less
c. Elastic strain will be greater
d. Viscoelastic strain will be less
17.
Any internal force that is exerted throughout any unit area of a structure
and that resists an external force applied to that area is:
a. Modulus of elasticity
b. Stress
c. Creep.
d. Impact strength
18.
19.
20.
Fracture may occur at stress below the proportional limit due to:
a. Transverse loading
b. Fatigue loading
c. Creep
d. Ductile fracture
21.
22.
23.
The greatest stress to which a structure may be subjected and return to its
original dimensions when the forces are released is the:
a. Proportional limit
b. Yield strength
c. Elastic limit
d. Modulus of elasticity.
25.
26.
26
2.
3.
The flexure strength is the best test used to compare long span bridge
material.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
The removal of an elastic impression material with a sharp snap from the
patient's mouth.
17.
18.
3.
4.
5.
30
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
The higher the contact angle, the greater the wetting characteristics of
an adhesive on the adherend.
2.
The less the contraction of the adhesive during setting, the less will be
the stresses and the weaker will be the adhesive joint.
32
3.
For good wetting, the surface tension of the liquid adhesive should be
equal or more than the surface energy of the adherend.
4.
5.
6.
Thermal stresses have too much effect on the strength of the adhesive
junction when there is a big difference in the coefficient between the
adhesive and the adherend.
7.
8.
The smaller the contact angle, the greater the wetting characteristics of
an adhesive on the adherend.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
The higher the contact angle between the adhesive and the adherend
surface, the better the wettability
14.
15.
Waxes are not easily wetted because they have low surface energy.
16.
17.
33
18.
19.
The less the contraction of the adhesive during setting, the less will be
the stresses and the weaker will be the adhesive joint.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Match:
1. Mechanical adhesion
2. cohesion.
3. Interface
4. The classic test for measuring
wettability
5. chemical adhesion
2.
3.
34
Polymers
State true or false and correct the false:
1.
2.
Plasticizers prevent the resin molecules from slipping past one another
when the material is stressed.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
35
14.
15.
16.
The higher the moelecular weight of a resin, the higher is the strength
generally.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Polymers that may soften by heat and solidify on cooling are referred as
thermoset polymers.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Define:
1.
Plasticizers.
36
2.
Co-polymerization.
3.
Cross-linking agent.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Co-polymerization is .
12.
13.
14.
A free radical is ..
15.
37
16.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
d. Polymer.
2.
3.
Cross-linking:
a.
Limits the movement of polymer chain upon each other
b.
Increase flexibility
c.
Decrease resistance to action of solvents
d.
Decrease strength and hardness
Below the glass transition temperature, the polymer will be:
a. Rubbery.
b. Rigid.
c. Flexible.
d. a and c.
4.
5.
Compare between:
Condensation polymerization and addition polymerization.
Give an account on:
1. Properties of polymers are time dependent. Discuss.
2. Short notes on:
a.
Plasticisers.
b.
Copolymer.
c.
Retardation and inhibition.
d.
Cross linking.
39
3.
Classify polymers.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
40
Metallurgy
Choose the correct answer or answer:
1.
You are given two wires with the same diameter and length. One is
wrought and the other is cast:
a.
Cast wire has the greatest percentage elongation.
b.
Wrought wire has the greatest percentage elongation.
c.
Cast wire has the highest tensile strength.
2.
3..
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. The super-lattice Au-Cu formed in the gold-copper system is preferred than
the super-lattice Au-Cu3 because:
a.
It has more strengthening effect.
b.
It has lower coefficient of thermal expansion.
c.
It can resist corrosion.
d.
It is face centered cubic
.
18. A homogeneous, mechanically, separable, distinct part of a system is called:
a) State
b) Matrix
c) Phase
d) Precipitate.
19. An alloy with a single melting point which is the lowest melting point of the
alloy system is called (a, an):
a) Inter-metallic
b) Eutectic
c) Solid solution
d) Peritcctic
20. Two metals are partially soluble in the liquid and solid condition form:
a) Solid solution b) Eutectic alloy
c) Inter-metallic compound
21. The number of phases present at any point between the liquidus and solidus
lines of an alloy system is usually:
a) One
b) Two
c) Three.
22. In precipitation hardening, the precipitated phase reduces the mobility of
dislocations and thus:
i. Increases the strength and hardness of the alloy.
43
ii.
iii.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Solid state reactions in metals and alloys do not affect the modulus of
elasticity.
13.
In gold alloys range of 64-88% An, Au Cu3 superlattice with F.C. cubic
fattice forms.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Wrought dental alloys usually have higher tensile strength compared to its
corresponding cast structure.
45
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
The greater the number of slip planes, the greater the ductility of a metal
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
During the process of cold working stresses are applied below the vield
strength.
55.
56.
57.
58.
High temperature and sufficient pressure and needed for sintering process.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Atoms at the grain boundaries have higher energy because they interfere
with dislocation movement.
71.
72.
73.
74.
Slow cooling of gold alloy of 64-88% gold below the solidus temperature
increases the strength.
75.
76.
The higher strength properties of a quenched metal than that which was
slowly cooled.
77.
78.
The energy content of grain proper is higher than that of grain boundaries
79.
80.
81.
2.
3.
Slow cooling of gold alloy of 64-88% gold below the solidus temperature
increases the strength
4.
5.
6.
7.
49
8.
9.
10. Cooling curve for a pure metal have a horizontal portion during
solidification.
Complete the following:
1.
2.
3.
c)
d)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
a)
b)
c)
d)
d)
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
2.
3.
4.
i.
ii.
2.
How does the melting of pure metal differ from the melting of an alloy?
3.
List several ways in which the yield strength of a metal or alloy may be
increased?
4.
5.
6.
What are the eutectic temperature and composition for the silver-copper
system?
7.
What is an alloy.
8.
9.
Characteristics of eutectic.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Draw:
a) Phase diagrams for solid solution and eutectic alloys.
b) Cooling curves for pure metal and an alloy.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Properties of metals
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Lattice imperfections.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
Homogenization.
40.
41.
42.
Cooling curves of pure metal, solid solution and eutectic (draw only).
43.
Compare between:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Phase diagram.
2)
i.
Cold working
ii.
iii.
iv.
Annealing
Recrystallization
Grain growth
Selected problems:
Problem 1:
In the metallic crystal lattice, the valence electrons are relatively unbound
to their atomic centers. What properties of metals result from this configuration?
Problem 2:
A person hands you two samples of the same metal, in the first sample (A).
She tells you that there are absolutely no flaws in the crystal structure of the
metal. In the second sample (B), there are numerous crystal flaws "defects".
How do the strengths of (A) and (B) compare, and why?
56
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Galvanic cell corrosion takes place only when two different metallic
restorations are present opposing each other.
12.
13.
1. Cathode.
2. Grain boundary zone.
3. Oxidation of dental alloy
4. Difference in electrolytic
composition
2.
3.
In electrolytic cell:
a.
b.
c.
Due to the difference in composition of the parent alloy and solder alloy
the following may occur:
a.
b.
c.
Chemical corrosion.
b.
c.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
All dental base metal alloys should contain chromium and/or titanium.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The cored structure has lower tarnish and corrosion resistance than
homogenized one.
11.
12.
13.
16. Corrosion tendency of metals and/or alloys increases when oxygen tension
decreases.
17. A highly stressed metallic structure is prone to corrosion than a non stressed
one.
18. Uses of eutectic alloys in patient's mouth should be limited.
19. In cast structure, stress cell corrosion may develop.
20. Localized corrosion is generally far more dangerous than uniform corrosion.
21. Solder joints may corrode in patients mouth.
22. All dental metallic alloys should have high tarnish and corrosion resistance.
23. Oral cavity is very conductive to the formation of corrosion products.
Give an account on :
59
The different types of corrosion that may occur in the dental amalgam inside and
outside the patient's mouth and how to overcome?
Complete the following:
1.
2.
3.
Tarnish is .
While corrosion is
4.
The passivity is
It's essential for.
5.
6.
7.
60