Joists Design Guide

Joist
Catalogue
A division of Canam Group
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Our Mission - Our Values......................................................... 4
Our Products and Services ...................................................... 4
VIBRATION
Steel Joist Floor Vibration Comparison ................................. 30
GENERAL INFORMATION
The Advantages of Using Steel Joists .....................................
Steel .........................................................................................
Design Standards ....................................................................
Quality Assurance ....................................................................
Notes........................................................................................
Canam Joist Plants ..................................................................
5
5
5
5
5
6
ACCESSORIES
Metric
Material ....................................................................................
8
Axes Convention............................................................... 8
Section Properties ............................................................ 8
Imperial
Material ..................................................................................
10
Axes Convention............................................................. 10
Section Properties .......................................................... 10
Bridging .................................................................................. 13
Specifications.................................................................. 13
Bridging Line Requirements ........................................... 14
Spacing for Bridging ....................................................... 16
Knee Braces .......................................................................... 18
Material Weights .................................................................... 19
Special Joist Deflection..........................................................

Special Loads and Moments .................................................
Various Types of Loads ..................................................
Transfer of Axial Loads ...................................................
End Moments..................................................................
Joists Adjacent to More Rigid Surfaces .................................
Joists with Lateral Slope ........................................................
Special Joists .........................................................................
32
33
33
33
34
35
35
36
STANDARDS
CAN/CSA S16-01 Joist Standards and
CISC Commentary ................................................................. 38
JOIST DEPTH
SELECTION TABLES
Metric ..................................................................................... 51
Imperial .................................................................................. 60
JOIST GIRDER
STANDARD DETAILS
Extensions..............................................................................
Maximum Duct Openings.......................................................
Geometry and Shapes ...........................................................
Standard Shape ..............................................................
Non-Standard Shapes ....................................................
Special Shapes ...............................................................
Minimum Depth and Span .....................................................
Shoes .....................................................................................
Joist Identification ..................................................................
Standard Connections ...........................................................
Details ....................................................................................
Ceiling Extension ............................................................
Flush Shoe......................................................................
Bolted Splice ...................................................................
Bottom Chord Bearing ....................................................
Cantilever Joist ...............................................................
SURFACE PREPARATION
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
AND
21
23
25
25
25
25
25
25
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
Economical Primary Structural

Building Components ............................................................. 69
JOIST DESIGN
Joist Design Essential Information Check List....................... 70
Take-off ................................................................................ 71
Business Units & Internet Addresses ................................ 75
Canam Addresses................................................................ 76
PAINT
Paint Standards .....................................................................

Paint Costs.............................................................................
Colours...................................................................................
Joists Exposed to the Elements
or Corrosive Conditions .........................................................
29
29
29
29
OUR MISSION
OUR VALUES
To be a profitable company,
recognized as a leader in the design
and fabrication of building solutions
and distinguished by our versatility,
the high quality of our products,
our continuous innovation, our exceptional
customer service and the expertise
and dedication of our people.
Total client satisfaction: Exceptional service

Excellent relations with our personnel
First quality products: non negotiable
Low-cost producer
Safe, clean and orderly work environment
Good corporate citizen
OUR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

From bid preparation to design and fabrication, Canam can suggest innovative and effective solutions.
Our production equipment uses leading edge technology. Computer assisted manufacturing and numerically controlled machinery
are part of our everyday operations.
We offer a wide range of structural steel components including joists, joist girders, steel deck, purling and girts, welded beams, as
well as Hambro floor joist systems, Murox building systems and SunTM building systems.
Our exceptional service always includes on time delivery, which means our products arrive when you need them. With our
fleet of approximately 300 trucks and semitrailers, we can meet the requirements of your construction schedule. Depending on the
region and the delivery site, we can transport pieces up to 4.9 m (16 feet) wide by 36.5 m (120 feet) in length.
GENERAL INFORMATION
THE ADVANTAGES
OF USING STEEL JOISTS
STEEL
Using a steel joist and steel deck system for floor and roof
construction has proven itself to be a most advantageous
solution. It can result in substantial savings based on:
Our joist design makes use of high strength steel purchased

in accordance with the latest issue of the standards below:
Cold formed angles and U-shaped channels:
ASTM A1011 and ASTM A1018
Hot rolled angles and round bars:
CAN/CSA-G40.20/G40.21
Efficiences of high-strength steel;

Speed and ease of erection;
Low self-weight of roof and floor construction allowing for
smaller columns and foundations than for a concrete
structure;
Increased bay dimensions, which reduces the number of
joists and columns and simplifies building erection;
Cold Formed Angle
Hot Rolled Angle
Greater floor plan layout flexibility for the building occupant

due to the increased bay dimensions;
Maximum ceiling height due to installation of ducts through
the joist web system;
DESIGN STANDARDS
Easy adaptation to acoustical insulation systems;
Joist design is based on the latest issue of the design

standards in effect:
Floor and roof composition having long-term resistance to

fire, as established by the Underwriters Laboratories of
Canada (ULC).
Canada:
United States:
CAN/CSA S16
SJI
CAN/CSA S136
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Over the years, we have established strict quality standards. All our welders, inspectors, and quality assurance technicians are
certified by the Canadian Welding Bureau (CWB). We do visual inspections on 100% of the welded joints and non-destructive testing
if required.
Plants
United States
Canada
Boucherville, QC
Saint-Gdon, QC
Mississauga, ON
Calgary, AB
Qubec, QC
Laval, QC
Sunnyside, WA
CWB
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SJI
Yes
Yes
Yes
AISC
ISO
UL
ULC
Cbd, Cbr, P, F
9002
9001
Steel Deck
Hambro
Steel Deck
Hambro
Steel Deck
Hambro
Steel Deck
Steel Deck
Cbr, F
Cbd
Jacksonville, FL
Yes
Cbd, Cbr, P
Point of Rocks, MA
Washington, MO
Yes
Yes
Cbd, P
Cbd
FM
Steel Deck
Hambro
Steel Deck
Steel Deck
9001
9002
Hambro
Yes
ICBO
Steel Deck
& Hambro
Steel Deck
& Plant
Steel Deck
Steel Deck
CWB : Canadian Welding Bureau

SJI : Steel Joist Institute
AISC : American Institute of Steel
Construction
ISO : International Organization
for Standardization
UL :
Underwriter Laboratories
ULC : Underwriters Laboratories of Canada
ICBO : International Conference
of Building Officials
FM : Factory Mutual
Cbd : Complex Steel Building Structures
Cbr : Major Steel Bridges
P:
Sophisticated Paint Endorsement
F:
Fracture Critical Endorsement
NOTES
This catalog was produced by Canam, a business unit of Canam Group Inc. It is intended for use by engineers, architects, and
building contractors working in steel construction. It is a selection tool for our economical steel products. It is also a practical guide for
Canam joists and joist girders. Canam reserves the right to change, revise, or withdraw any product or procedure without notice.
The information presented in this catalog was prepared according to recognized engineering principles and is for general use.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this catalog is correct and complete, it is possible that errors
or oversights may have occurred. The information contained herein should not be used without examination and verification of its
applications by a certified professional.
GENERAL INFORMATION
CANAM JOIST PLANTS
5
4
GENERAL INFORMATION
9
11
10
Calgary
Issaquah
3
Qubec
11
Sunnyside
5
Laval
Gold Hill
Saint-Gdon Moncton
2 Saint-Joseph
4 Boucherville
Chittenango
Mississauga
Eden Prairie
Easton
Chambersburg
Russiaville
Bolingbrook
Wynnewood
Lafayette
Pickerington
Lenexa
PLANTS
Point of Rocks
10
Bealeton
Washington
Phoenix
Oceanside
Jacksonville
San Antonio
Hypoluxo
CANADA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Saint-Gdon (Qubec)
Saint-Joseph (Qubec)
Qubec (Qubec)
Boucherville (Qubec)
Laval (Qubec)
Mississauga (Ontario)
Calgary (Alberta)
UNITED STATES
Plant
Canam Sales Office
8
9
10
11
Point of Rocks (Maryland)

Jacksonville (Florida)
Washington (Missouri)
Sunnyside (Washington)
ACCESSORIES
MATERIAL
METRIC
AXES CONVENTION
x
X
SECTION PROPERTIES
Y
ROUND AND SQUARE BARS
Material
(in.)
1/2
9/16
5/8
11/16
3/4
13/16
7/8
15/16
1
1 1/8
1 square
Grade
(MPa)
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
Material
U SHAPES
(in.)
1
1
1
1 3/8
1 3/8
1 3/4
1 3/4
2 3/8
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(in.)
5/8
1
1
1 3/8
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 3/4
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(in.)
0.090
0.090
0.118
0.118
0.157
0.157
0.197
0.197
Grade
(MPa)
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
Forming
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
Forming
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
formed
formed
formed
formed
formed
formed
formed
formed
Mass
(kg/m)
0.99
1.26
1.55
1.88
2.24
2.62
3.05
3.49
3.97
5.03
5.06
Mass
(kg/m)
0.88
1.20
1.55
2.28
2.99
3.52
4.76
5.66
Area
(mm2)
127
160
198
239
285
335
388
445
507
641
645
Area
(mm2)
107
146
191
283
374
440
597
711
I
(103mm4)
1.28
2.05
3.11
4.56
6.46
8.91
11.99
15.78
20.43
32.73
34.69
y
(mm)
5.1
8.7
9.6
13.1
14.3
14.5
18.0
18.0
Axis X-X
Ixx
(103mm4)
2.13
7.71
10.70
34.03
46.87
66.68
120.22
171.57
r
(mm)
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0
6.4
7.1
7.3
rxx
(mm)
4.4
7.3
7.5
11.0
11.2
12.3
14.2
15.5
Axis Y-Y
Iyy
ryy
(103mm4)
(mm)
9.30
9.3
14.25
9.9
17.55
9.6
55.72
14.0
69.47
13.6
138.13
17.7
183.92
17.6
396.63
23.6
ACCESSORIES
DOUBLE ANGLES (LONG LEGS BACK-TO-BACK)
(in.)
1
1
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 5/8
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 7/8
1 7/8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/4
2 1/4
2 3/8
2 3/8
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 5/8
2 3/4
2 7/8
3
3
3
3
3 1/8
3 1/2
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
8
8
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Material
(in.)
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1 1/8 x
1 1/8 x
1 1/4 x
1 1/4 x
1 1/4 x
1 3/8 x
1 1/2 x
1 1/2 x
1 1/2 x
1 1/2 x
1 1/2 x
1 5/8 x
1 5/8 x
1 3/4 x
1 3/4 x
1 3/4 x
1 3/4 x
1 7/8 x
1 7/8 x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2 1/8 x
2 1/8 x
2 1/4 x
2 1/4 x
2 3/8 x
2 3/8 x
2 1/2 x
2 1/2 x
2 1/2 x
2 1/2 x
2 5/8 x
2 3/4 x
2 7/8 x
3
x
2
x
3
x
3
x
3 1/8 x
3 1/2 x
3
x
4
x
3
x
4
x
4
x
3 1/2 x
5
x
5
x
5
x
6
x
4
x
6
x
6
x
8
x
8
x
(in.)
0.090
7/64
0.118
1/8
0.090
0.118
0.118
1/8
3/16
0.118
0.118
1/8
5/32
0.157
3/16
0.118
0.157
0.118
5/32
0.157
3/16
0.157
0.197
0.118
0.157
3/16
0.197
7/32
1/4
0.157
0.197
0.197
0.236
0.197
0.236
0.197
0.236
1/4
5/16
0.236
0.236
0.236
0.236
5/16
5/16
3/8
0.236
3/8
3/8
3/8
1/2
1/2
9/16
1/2
1/2
9/16
5/8
9/16
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
1
Grade
(MPa)
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
300
300
300
Forming
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Mass Area
(kg/m) (mm2)
1.74
215
2.09
266
2.22
275
2.38
296
1.97
244
2.53
313
2.84
351
3.00
387
4.40
555
3.14
390
3.45
428
3.66
465
4.49
573
4.47
557
5.36
684
3.76
466
4.87
608
4.06
504
5.31
674
5.28
659
6.31
800
5.69
709
6.96
870
4.66
580
6.10
760
7.26
916
7.46
934
8.37 1068
9.50 1213
6.50
811
7.97
997
8.48 1061
9.99 1253
8.98
1124
10.60 1330
9.49
1188
11.20 1406
12.21 1536
14.89 1890
11.81 1482
12.42 1558
13.02 1634
13.63
1711
14.89 1882
18.16 2291
21.44 2722
14.23 1787
25.30 3206
25.31 3200
29.19 3691
33.05 4194
38.12 4860
42.56 5400
40.51 5161
48.25 6129
53.91 6850
59.57 7561
65.18 8296
59.57 7561
72.08 9161
85.48 10887
115.86 14758
151.90 19355
Axis X-X
y
Ixx
(mm) (106mm4)
7.4
0.013
7.4
0.016
7.8
0.017
7.5
0.018
8.2
0.019
8.6
0.024
9.4
0.034
9.1
0.037
9.7
0.051
10.1
0.046
10.9
0.061
10.7
0.065
11.0
0.079
11.4
0.077
11.3
0.092
11.7
0.078
12.2
0.099
12.5
0.098
12.6
0.128
13.0
0.126
12.9
0.149
13.8
0.156
14.3
0.188
14.1
0.148
14.6
0.191
14.5
0.227
15.1
0.231
14.7
0.259
15.0
0.289
15.4
0.231
15.9
0.280
16.6
0.335
17.1
0.390
17.4
0.398
17.9
0.463
18.2
0.467
18.7
0.545
18.2
0.585
18.8
0.706
19.5
0.636
20.3
0.737
21.1
0.848
21.9
0.969
25.8
1.095
22.0
1.256
22.5
1.465
22.7
1.101
25.7
2.384
32.6
3.298
28.9
3.630
33.7
4.203
30.1
4.630
30.6
5.097
42.1
8.313
36.4
9.365
37.0 10.353
37.6 11.300
43.3 18.232
51.6 17.539
43.9 20.105
45.1 23.438
57.8 58.054
60.1 74.075
ryy
rxx
(mm)
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.7
8.9
8.8
9.8
9.8
9.6
10.9
11.9
11.8
11.7
11.7
11.6
12.9
12.8
13.9
13.8
13.8
13.6
14.8
14.7
16.0
15.8
15.7
15.7
15.6
15.5
16.9
16.7
17.8
17.6
18.8
18.6
19.8
19.7
19.5
19.3
20.7
21.7
22.7
23.8
24.1
23.4
23.2
24.8
27.3
32.1
31.4
31.7
30.9
30.7
40.1
39.1
38.9
38.7
46.9
48.2
46.8
46.4
62.7
61.9
12.7
(mm)
15.8
15.8
16.1
15.9
17.0
17.3
18.5
18.3
18.7
19.8
21.0
20.7
20.9
21.3
21.1
22.2
22.5
23.5
23.4
23.8
23.6
25.0
25.3
26.0
26.3
26.1
26.6
26.2
26.4
27.5
27.8
29.1
29.4
30.3
30.6
31.6
31.9
31.4
31.7
33.1
34.4
35.6
36.9
24.2
36.7
37.1
38.2
42.1
34.4
47.2
35.1
47.8
48.1
38.9
58.0
58.2
58.5
68.3
43.5
68.7
69.3
89.7
90.8
19
(mm)
18.6
18.6
19.0
18.7
19.8
20.1
21.3
21.0
21.4
22.5
23.6
23.4
23.6
24.0
23.8
24.9
25.2
26.1
26.0
26.4
26.2
27.6
27.9
28.5
28.8
28.6
29.2
28.8
29.0
30.1
30.4
31.6
31.9
32.8
33.2
34.1
34.4
33.9
34.3
35.6
36.9
38.1
39.4
26.8
39.2
39.6
40.6
44.6
36.9
49.6
37.6
50.2
50.5
41.4
60.3
60.6
60.9
70.6
45.9
71.1
71.6
92.0
93.1
with different gaps

25
(mm)
21.4
21.3
21.7
21.5
22.5
22.8
24.0
23.7
24.2
25.1
26.3
26.0
26.2
26.7
26.5
27.5
27.8
28.6
28.6
29.0
28.8
30.2
30.5
31.0
31.4
31.2
31.7
31.4
31.6
32.6
32.9
34.1
34.5
35.3
35.7
36.6
36.9
36.4
36.8
38.1
39.3
40.6
41.8
29.4
41.7
42.0
43.0
47.0
39.3
52.0
40.0
52.6
53.0
43.8
62.6
62.9
63.3
72.9
48.3
73.3
74.0
94.2
95.4
35
(mm)
26.1
26.1
26.5
26.2
27.2
27.5
28.6
28.4
28.8
29.7
30.8
30.6
30.8
31.2
31.0
32.0
32.3
33.1
33.1
33.5
33.3
34.6
35.0
35.4
35.8
35.6
36.2
35.8
36.0
37.0
37.3
38.5
38.9
39.7
40.0
40.9
41.2
40.7
41.1
42.4
43.6
44.8
46.0
33.8
45.9
46.3
47.2
51.1
43.5
56.0
44.3
56.7
57.1
47.9
66.6
67.0
67.3
76.8
52.4
77.3
77.9
98.0
99.3
45
(mm)
30.9
30.9
31.3
31.0
31.9
32.3
33.3
33.1
33.6
34.4
35.5
35.2
35.5
35.9
35.7
36.6
37.0
37.7
37.7
38.1
37.9
39.2
39.6
39.9
40.3
40.2
40.7
40.4
40.6
41.5
41.9
43.0
43.4
44.1
44.5
45.3
45.7
45.2
45.6
46.8
48.0
49.2
50.3
38.4
50.3
50.7
51.5
55.4
47.9
60.2
48.7
61.0
61.4
52.2
70.7
71.1
71.4
80.8
56.6
81.3
82.0
101.9
103.2
Axis Z
60
(mm)
38.2
38.2
38.6
38.3
39.2
39.6
40.6
40.3
40.8
41.6
42.6
42.4
42.6
43.1
42.9
43.7
44.1
44.8
44.8
45.2
45.0
46.2
46.7
46.9
47.3
47.1
47.7
47.4
47.6
48.4
48.8
49.9
50.3
51.0
51.4
52.1
52.5
52.0
52.5
53.7
54.8
55.9
57.1
45.5
57.0
57.4
58.2
62.1
54.6
66.7
55.5
67.6
68.0
58.9
77.1
77.5
77.9
87.0
63.2
87.5
88.3
107.9
109.3
rz
(mm)
4.9
5.0
4.8
5.0
5.5
5.5
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.8
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.3
7.5
8.1
8.0
8.7
8.8
8.6
8.7
9.3
9.1
10.0
9.9
10.0
9.8
10.0
9.9
10.6
10.4
11.1
11.0
11.7
11.6
12.4
12.3
12.5
12.4
12.9
13.6
14.2
14.9
11.0
15.0
14.9
15.5
17.4
16.4
20.0
16.2
19.9
19.8
19.2
25.0
24.9
24.8
29.9
21.9
29.9
29.8
40.0
39.7
ACCESSORIES
MATERIAL
IMPERIAL
AXES CONVENTION
x
X
SECTION PROPERTIES
Y
ROUND AND SQUARE BARS
Material
(in.)
1/2
9/16
5/8
11/16
3/4
13/16
7/8
15/16
1
1 1/8
1 square
Grade
(ksi)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Material
U SHAPES
(in.)
1
1
1
1 3/8
1 3/8
1 3/4
1 3/4
2 3/8
10
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(in.)
5/8
1
1
1 3/8
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 3/4
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(in.)
0.090
0.090
0.118
0.118
0.157
0.157
0.197
0.197
Grade
(ksi)
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
Forming
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
rolled
Forming
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
Cold
formed
formed
formed
formed
formed
formed
formed
formed
Weight
(plf)
0.67
0.84
1.04
1.26
1.50
1.76
2.05
2.35
2.67
3.38
3.40
Weight
(plf)
0.59
0.80
1.04
1.53
2.01
2.36
3.20
3.80
Area
(in.2)
0.20
0.25
0.31
0.37
0.44
0.52
0.60
0.69
0.79
0.99
1.00
Area
(in.2)
0.17
0.23
0.30
0.44
0.58
0.68
0.93
1.10
I
(in.4)
0.003
0.005
0.007
0.011
0.016
0.021
0.029
0.038
0.049
0.079
0.083
Axis X-X
y
(in.)
0.20
0.34
0.38
0.52
0.56
0.57
0.71
0.71
Ixx
(in.4)
0.005
0.019
0.026
0.082
0.113
0.160
0.289
0.412
r
(in.)
0.13
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.28
0.29
rxx
(in.)
0.18
0.29
0.30
0.43
0.44
0.48
0.56
0.61
Axis Y-Y
Iyy
ryy
(in.4)
(in.)
0.022
0.37
0.034
0.39
0.042
0.38
0.134
0.55
0.167
0.54
0.332
0.70
0.442
0.69
0.953
0.93
ACCESSORIES
DOUBLE ANGLES (LONG LEGS BACK-TO-BACK)
(in.)
1
1
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 5/8
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 7/8
1 7/8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1/8
2 1/8
2 1/4
2 1/4
2 3/8
2 3/8
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 5/8
2 3/4
2 7/8
3
3
3
3
3 1/8
3 1/2
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
8
8
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Material
(in.)
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1 1/8 x
1 1/8 x
1 1/4 x
1 1/4 x
1 1/4 x
1 3/8 x
1 1/2 x
1 1/2 x
1 1/2 x
1 1/2 x
1 1/2 x
1 5/8 x
1 5/8 x
1 3/4 x
1 3/4 x
1 3/4 x
1 3/4 x
1 7/8 x
1 7/8 x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2 1/8 x
2 1/8 x
2 1/4 x
2 1/4 x
2 3/8 x
2 3/8 x
2 1/2 x
2 1/2 x
2 1/2 x
2 1/2 x
2 5/8 x
2 3/4 x
2 7/8 x
3
x
2
x
3
x
3
x
3 1/8 x
3 1/2 x
3
x
4
x
3
x
4
x
4
x
3 1/2 x
5
x
5
x
5
x
6
x
4
x
6
x
6
x
8
x
8
x
Grade
(in.) (ksi)
0.090 55
7/64 55
0.118 55
1/8
55
0.090 55
0.118 55
0.118 55
1/8
55
3/16 55
0.118 55
0.118 55
1/8
55
5/32 55
0.157 55
3/16 55
0.118 55
0.157 55
0.118 55
5/32 55
0.157 55
3/16 55
0.157 55
0.197 55
0.118 55
0.157 55
3/16 55
0.197 55
7/32 55
1/4
55
0.157 55
0.197 55
0.197 55
0.236 55
0.197 55
0.236 55
0.197 55
0.236 55
1/4
55
5/16 55
0.236 55
0.236 55
0.236 55
0.236 55
5/16 55
5/16 55
3/8
55
0.236 55
3/8
55
3/8
55
3/8
55
1/2
55
1/2
55
9/16 55
1/2
55
1/2
55
9/16 55
5/8
55
9/16 55
5/8
55
5/8
55
3/4
44
3/4
44
1
44
Forming
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Cold formed
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Hot rolled
Weight
(plf)
1.17
1.40
1.49
1.60
1.32
1.70
1.91
2.02
2.96
2.11
2.32
2.46
3.02
3.00
3.60
2.52
3.28
2.73
3.57
3.55
4.24
3.82
4.68
3.13
4.10
4.88
5.02
5.62
6.38
4.37
5.36
5.70
6.72
6.04
7.12
6.38
7.53
8.21
10.00
7.94
8.34
8.75
9.16
10.01
12.20
14.41
9.56
17.00
17.01
19.62
22.21
25.62
28.60
27.22
32.42
36.23
40.03
43.80
40.03
48.44
57.44
77.85
102.07
Area
(in.2)
0.33
0.41
0.43
0.46
0.38
0.49
0.54
0.60
0.86
0.60
0.66
0.72
0.89
0.86
1.06
0.72
0.94
0.78
1.04
1.02
1.24
1.10
1.35
0.90
1.18
1.42
1.45
1.66
1.88
1.26
1.55
1.64
1.94
1.74
2.06
1.84
2.18
2.38
2.93
2.30
2.42
2.53
2.65
2.92
3.55
4.22
2.77
4.97
4.96
5.72
6.50
7.53
8.37
8.00
9.50
10.62
11.72
12.86
11.72
14.20
16.87
22.87
30.00
Axis X-X
y
Ixx
(in.)
(in.4)
0.29
0.031
0.29
0.039
0.31
0.040
0.30
0.043
0.32
0.046
0.34
0.059
0.37
0.082
0.36
0.088
0.38
0.123
0.40
0.111
0.43
0.145
0.42
0.156
0.43
0.189
0.45
0.185
0.44
0.220
0.46
0.187
0.48
0.239
0.49
0.236
0.50
0.307
0.51
0.302
0.51
0.358
0.54
0.375
0.56
0.452
0.56
0.357
0.57
0.460
0.57
0.545
0.59
0.555
0.58
0.622
0.59
0.695
0.61
0.556
0.62
0.672
0.66
0.806
0.67
0.937
0.69
0.955
0.71
1.113
0.72
1.122
0.74
1.310
0.72
1.406
0.74
1.697
0.77
1.529
0.80
1.771
0.83
2.037
0.86
2.328
1.02
2.632
0.86
3.017
0.89
3.519
0.89
2.646
1.01
5.728
1.28
7.924
1.14
8.721
1.33 10.097
1.18 11.123
1.21 12.246
1.66 19.971
1.43 22.501
1.46 24.874
1.48 27.148
1.70 43.802
2.03 42.139
1.73 48.302
1.78 56.310
2.28 139.480
2.37 177.970
rxx
(in.)
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.35
0.35
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.43
0.47
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.51
0.50
0.55
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.58
0.58
0.63
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.61
0.61
0.66
0.66
0.70
0.69
0.74
0.73
0.78
0.77
0.77
0.76
0.81
0.86
0.90
0.94
0.95
0.92
0.91
0.98
1.07
1.26
1.23
1.25
1.22
1.21
1.58
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.85
1.90
1.84
1.83
2.47
2.44
1/2
(in.)
0.62
0.62
0.64
0.63
0.67
0.68
0.73
0.72
0.73
0.78
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.84
0.83
0.87
0.89
0.92
0.92
0.94
0.93
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.03
1.03
1.05
1.03
1.04
1.08
1.09
1.14
1.16
1.19
1.21
1.24
1.25
1.24
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
0.95
1.45
1.46
1.50
1.66
1.36
1.86
1.38
1.88
1.89
1.53
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.69
1.71
2.71
2.73
3.53
3.57
ryy
3/4
(in.)
0.73
0.73
0.75
0.74
0.78
0.79
0.84
0.83
0.84
0.88
0.93
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.94
0.98
0.99
1.03
1.02
1.04
1.03
1.09
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.13
1.15
1.13
1.14
1.18
1.20
1.24
1.26
1.29
1.31
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.06
1.54
1.56
1.60
1.75
1.45
1.95
1.48
1.98
1.99
1.63
2.37
2.39
2.40
2.78
1.81
2.80
2.82
3.62
3.67
with different gaps

1
1 3/8 1 3/4
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
0.84
1.03
1.22
0.84
1.03
1.22
0.86
1.04
1.23
0.84
1.03
1.22
0.89
1.07
1.26
0.90
1.08
1.27
0.94
1.13
1.31
0.93
1.12
1.30
0.95
1.13
1.32
0.99
1.17
1.35
1.03
1.21
1.40
1.02
1.20
1.39
1.03
1.21
1.40
1.05
1.23
1.41
1.04
1.22
1.41
1.08
1.26
1.44
1.10
1.27
1.46
1.13
1.30
1.48
1.13
1.30
1.48
1.14
1.32
1.50
1.13
1.31
1.49
1.19
1.36
1.54
1.20
1.38
1.56
1.22
1.39
1.57
1.24
1.41
1.59
1.23
1.40
1.58
1.25
1.42
1.60
1.24
1.41
1.59
1.24
1.42
1.60
1.28
1.45
1.63
1.30
1.47
1.65
1.34
1.52
1.69
1.36
1.53
1.71
1.39
1.56
1.74
1.40
1.58
1.75
1.44
1.61
1.78
1.45
1.62
1.80
1.43
1.60
1.78
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.50
1.67
1.84
1.55
1.72
1.89
1.60
1.76
1.94
1.65
1.81
1.98
1.16
1.33
1.51
1.64
1.81
1.98
1.65
1.82
1.99
1.69
1.86
2.03
1.85
2.01
2.18
1.55
1.71
1.89
2.05
2.21
2.37
1.58
1.74
1.92
2.07
2.23
2.40
2.08
2.25
2.42
1.72
1.89
2.06
2.47
2.62
2.78
2.48
2.64
2.80
2.49
2.65
2.81
2.87
3.02
3.18
1.90
2.06
2.23
2.89
3.04
3.20
2.91
3.07
3.23
3.71
3.86
4.01
3.76
3.91
4.06
2 3/8
(in.)
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.60
1.59
1.61
1.64
1.68
1.67
1.68
1.70
1.69
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.76
1.78
1.77
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.91
1.92
1.96
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.05
2.07
2.05
2.07
2.11
2.16
2.20
2.25
1.79
2.24
2.26
2.29
2.44
2.15
2.63
2.19
2.66
2.68
2.32
3.03
3.05
3.06
3.43
2.49
3.45
3.47
4.25
4.30
Axis Z
rz
(in.)
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.32
0.31
0.34
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.36
0.36
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.42
0.41
0.44
0.43
0.46
0.46
0.49
0.48
0.49
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.56
0.58
0.43
0.59
0.59
0.61
0.69
0.64
0.79
0.64
0.78
0.78
0.75
0.98
0.98
0.98
1.18
0.86
1.18
1.17
1.58
1.56
11
ACCESSORIES
Multi-Service Centre, Ville dAnjou, QC
Fabricator and steel erector:
Soudure Germain Lessard
Sportsplex Arena, Pierrefonds, QC

Fabricator: Breton Steel Corporation
Van Andel, Grand Rapids, MI

Fabricator: Steel Supply and
Engineering Co.
12
ACCESSORIES
BRIDGING
In general, the bridging must be spaced along the chords so
that the laterally unsupported distance does not exceed:
SPECIFICATIONS
The CAN/CSA S16-01 standard specifies a bridging system to
assure steel joist stability. Some important points to consider are:
Maximum slenderness ratio by bridging type
Minimum capacity of the bridging system
Service load criteria
Maximum unsupported lengths for the top and bottom
chords of the joist
Erection criteria
Bridging system requirements for special support
conditions
The two types of bridging used and their maximum unsupported length are as follows:
Horizontal bridging
300 rz
Diagonal bridging
200 rz
The horizontal bridging type is most commonly used to

stabilize joists. Attachment of diagonal and horizontal bridging
to joist chords with a minimum capacity of 3kN is in accordance
with clause 16.7.6 of CSA S16-01. The selection tables for
horizontal and diagonal bridging angles presented herein meet
the slenderness and minimum capacity criteria.
The bridging system performs two main functions:
To assure joist stability during erection by providing
lateral support to the top and bottom chords of the joists
To hold the joists in the position shown on the drawings,
normally vertical.
Top chord
170 ryy
Bottom chord
240 ryy
For safety reasons, a line of cross bridging is recommended for joists having a span longer than 15 meters (about
50 feet). No construction loads shall be placed on the joists until
the bridging system is completely installed.
Once installed, the steel deck offers sufficient rigidity to
provide the lateral stability to the top chord. For the bottom
chord, bridging must be designed with the maximum slenderness ratio criterion of this tension member. If the bottom chord
is subject to compression loads, due to uplift forces or other
compression causing forces, a system with more bridging lines
must be used. If uplift forces are applied to the joist, a line of
bridging is required at the first bottom chord panel point at both
ends of the joist.
The length of horizontal bridging supplied by Canam is
based on a maximum lap of 150 mm (6).
The ends of the bridging system on a beam or masonry
wall must comply with clause 16.7.7 of the CAN/CSA S16-01
standard.
Certain joist loading conditions require special bracing
systems. Note that this reference is to bracing rather than
bridging. Members supplied in these cases must meet the
criteria of clause 9.2 of CAN/CSA S16-01. Two such cases are
cantilever joists and perimeter joists that laterally support the top
of wind columns.
Columbia Product, Andover, MA

Fabricator: Famm Steel, Inc.
13
ACCESSORIES
BRIDGING LINE REQUIREMENTS
The following tables are a guide to evaluate the number of top
and bottom chord bridging lines for a joist having a uniformly
distributed load. The number of lines is based upon the maximum
allowable spacing between the lines at the top chord. This
number can vary with chord angle separation and chord sizes.
As previously mentioned, when uplift forces are applied to the
joist, additional bridging lines are required near both ends of
the bottom chord.
METRIC
TABLE FOR SELECTING THE NUMBER OF BRIDGING LINES
Span
Factored load (kN/m)

Service load (kN/m)
(m)
4.5
3.0
6.0
4.0
7.5
5.0
9.0
6.0
10.5
7.0
12.0
8.0
13.5
9.0
15.0
10.0
16.5
11.0
18.0
12.0
19.5
13.0
21.0
14.0
22.5
15.0
10
11
12
13
14
15
4.5
3.0
5.4
3.6
6.3
4.2
7.2
4.8
8.1
5.4
9.0
6.0
9.9
6.6
10.8
7.2
11.7
7.8
12.6
8.4
13.5
9.0
14.4
9.6
15.3
10.2
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
34
38
42
46
LEGEND:
14
0 line
2 lines
1 line
3 lines
4 lines
ACCESSORIES
IMPERIAL
TABLE FOR SELECTING THE NUMBER OF BRIDGING LINES
Span
Factored load (plf)

Service load (plf)
(ft.)
300
200
405
270
510
340
615
410
720
480
825
550
930
620
1035
690
1140
760
1245
830
1350
900
1455
970
1560
1040
10
13
16
20
23
26
30
33
36
40
43
46
49
300
200
360
240
420
280
480
320
540
360
600
400
660
440
720
480
780
520
840
560
900
600
960
640
1020
680
52
56
59
62
65
72
79
85
92
98
112
125
138
151
LEGEND:
0 line
2 lines
1 line
3 lines
4 lines
15
ACCESSORIES
SPACING FOR BRIDGING
METRIC
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (mm) FOR HORIZONTAL BRIDGING
Bridging Angle Size
L 1 1/4 x 1 1/4 x 0.090
L 1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.090
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.090

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.118
L 1 5/8 x 0.118
L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118

L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
1 720
2 030
2 240
2 420
2 620
2 970
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (mm) FOR DIAGONAL BRIDGING

Joist
depth
(mm)
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
900
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 400
1 500
1 600
1 700
1 800
Bridging Angle Size

L 1 1/4 x 1 1/4 x 0.090* L 1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.090*
2 420
2 420
2 410
2 400
2 390
2 380
2 370
2 350
2 340
2 320
2 300
2 270
2 220
2 170
2 120
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.090

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.118
L 1 5/8 x 0.118
L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118

L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
2 980
2 970
2 960
2 960
2 950
2 940
2 930
2 920
2 910
2 890
2 880
2 850
2 810
2 770
2 730
2 680
2 630
2 570
2 510
2 440
2 370
3 220
3 220
3 210
3 200
3 190
3 190
3 180
3 170
3 160
3 140
3 130
3 100
3 070
3 040
3 000
2 950
2 910
2 850
2 800
2 740
2 670
3 490
3 480
3 480
3 470
3 460
3 450
3 450
3 440
3 430
3 420
3 400
3 380
3 350
3 320
3 280
3 240
3 200
3 150
3 100
3 040
2 980
3 950
3 950
3 950
3 940
3 930
3 930
3 920
3 910
3 900
3 890
3 880
3 860
3 830
3 810
3 770
3 740
3 700
3 660
3 620
3 570
3 520
2 720
2 710
2 710
2 700
2 690
2 680
2 670
2 660
2 640
2 630
2 610
2 580
2 540
2 500
2 450
2 400
2 340
2 270
* To use with welded diagonal bridging or bolted diagonal bridging with maximum 10 mm (3/8) bolt diameter.
Note: The diagonal bridging must be tied at mid-length.
16
ACCESSORIES
IMPERIAL
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (ft.) FOR HORIZONTAL BRIDGING
Bridging Angle Size
L 1 1/4 x 1 1/4 x 0.090
L 1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.090
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.090

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.118
L 1 5/8 x 0.118
L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118

L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
5 - 7
6 - 8
7 - 4
7 - 11
8 - 7
9 - 9
MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (ft.) FOR DIAGONAL BRIDGING

Joist
depth
(in.)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
Bridging Angle Size

L 1 1/4 x 1 1/4 x 0.090* L 1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.090*
7 - 11
7 - 11
7 - 10
7 - 10
7 - 10
7 - 9
7 - 9
7 - 8
7 - 8
7 - 7
7 - 6
7 - 5
7 - 3
7 - 1
6 - 11
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.090

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.118
8 - 11
8 - 10
8 - 10
8 - 10
8 - 9
8 - 9
8 - 9
8 - 8
8 - 8
8 - 7
8 - 6
8 - 5
8 - 4
8 - 2
8 - 0
7 - 10
7 - 8
7 - 5
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 -
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
2
1
11
9
7
5
2
0
9
L 1 5/8 x 0.118
L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118

L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 1/8
10 - 6
10 - 6
10 - 6
10 - 6
10 - 5
10 - 5
10 - 5
10 - 4
10 - 4
10 - 3
10 - 3
10 - 2
10 - 0
9 - 11
9 - 9
9 - 8
9 - 6
9 - 4
9 - 2
8 - 11
8 - 9
11 - 5
11 - 5
11 - 4
11 - 4
11 - 4
11 - 3
11 - 3
11 - 3
11 - 2
11 - 2
11 - 1
11 - 0
10 - 11
10 - 10
10 - 9
10 - 7
10 - 5
10 - 4
10 - 2
9 - 11
9 - 9
L 2 x 2 x 1/8
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 -
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
1
0
10
8
6
* To use with welded diagonal bridging or bolted diagonal bridging with maximum 10 mm (3/8) bolt diameter.
Note: The diagonal bridging must be tied at mid-length.
17
ACCESSORIES
KNEE BRACES
In some cases, installation of knee braces can be avoided

by extending the bottom chord length of some joists when the
joist girder depth is similar to that of the joist that it supports.
To provide lateral support to the bottom chord of the joist

girders, knee bracing is used. These knee braces are installed
into position where required at joist support locations. Knee
braces are generally installed on both sides of the joist girder.
They join the bottom chord of the joist girder to the bottom chord
of the joist as illustrated below.
When a joist girder is used to support girts instead of joists,

the knee brace system may not be recommended. Usually for
girt shapes we use cross braces tied at mid-length as lateral
support to the joist girder when the spacing between joist girders
(girts span) is less than 6000 mm (20-0), or when the girt
section thickness is smaller than 2.3 mm (3/32). In all other
cases, the standard knee brace system may be used. The
building designer should take into consideration that the knee
brace stabilizing the bottom chord of the joist girder induces
loads on the girts at the connection points.
A knee brace selection table is provided based on a

maximum allowable slenderness ratio of 200 rz.
Joist
girder
Joists
Joist
girder
Joists
Knee braces
Lp
Lkb =
Lp
METRIC
MAXIMUM KNEE BRACE LENGTH Lkb (mm)
Brace Angle Size
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.157
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 5/32
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 3/16
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
L 2 x 2 x 5/32
L 2 x 2 x 3/16
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 3/16

L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 0.197
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 1/4
L 3 x 3 x 0.236
L 3 x 3 x 1/4
L 3 x 3 x 5/16
1 470
1 990
2 480
2 980
IMPERIAL
MAXIMUM KNEE BRACE LENGTH Lkb (ft.)
Brace Angle Size
18
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.157

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 5/32
L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 3/16
L 2 x 2 x 0.157
L 2 x 2 x 5/32
L 2 x 2 x 3/16
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 3/16

L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 0.197
L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 1/4
L 3 x 3 x 0.236
L 3 x 3 x 1/4
L 3 x 3 x 5/16
4 - 10
6 - 6
8 - 2
9 - 9
ACCESSORIES
MATERIAL WEIGHTS
The tables below can be used as a guide to establish in
which direction the joists should be orientated compared to the
joist girders for a particular bay area and various total uniform
factored loads. They are also a guide for the building designer
to evaluate the dead load of joists and joist girders to be used
for design.
METRIC
ESTIMATED SELF-WEIGHT OF JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS (kPa)
Bay Area Joist/Joist Girder
(m2)
Span ratio
50
1/2
50
1
50
2
100
1/2
100
1
100
2
150
1/2
150
1
150
2
200
1/2
200
1
200
2
250
1/2
250
1
250
2
300
1/2
300
1
300
2
2
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.13
3
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.12
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.18
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.19
4
0.13
0.10
0.11
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.22
0.23
0.26
0.24
0.25
Factored Uniform Load (kPa)

5
6
7
8
0.14
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.13
0.16
0.18
0.21
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.22
0.19
0.22
0.26
0.30
0.17
0.21
0.24
0.28
0.18
0.22
0.25
0.29
0.23
0.27
0.32
0.37
0.21
0.25
0.30
0.34
0.22
0.27
0.31
0.35
0.26
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.25
0.29
0.34
0.39
0.26
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.30
0.35
0.41
0.47
0.27
0.33
0.38
0.44
0.29
0.34
0.40
0.46
0.32
0.39
0.45
0.52
0.30
0.36
0.42
0.48
0.31
0.38
0.44
0.50
9
0.25
0.24
0.25
0.34
0.31
0.33
0.41
0.38
0.40
0.48
0.44
0.46
0.53
0.49
0.51
0.58
0.54
0.56
10
0.28
0.26
0.27
0.37
0.35
0.36
0.46
0.42
0.44
0.53
0.49
0.51
0.59
0.55
0.57
0.65
0.60
0.63
Joist
(m)
5.0
7.1
10.0
7.1
10.0
14.1
8.7
12.2
17.3
10.0
14.1
20.0
11.2
15.8
22.4
12.2
17.3
24.5
J.G.
(m)
10.0
7.1
5.0
14.1
10.0
7.1
17.3
12.2
8.7
20.0
14.1
10.0
22.4
15.8
11.2
24.5
17.3
12.2
209
7.0
6.1
6.0
9.8
8.5
8.3
11.8
10.3
10.0
13.8
12.1
11.7
15.3
13.4
13.0
16.7
14.5
14.2
Joist
(ft.)
15.8
22.4
31.6
23.5
33.2
46.9
28.3
40.0
56.6
33.2
46.9
66.3
36.7
52.0
73.5
40.0
56.6
80.0
J.G.
(ft.)
31.6
22.4
15.8
46.9
33.2
23.5
56.6
40.0
28.3
66.3
46.9
33.2
73.5
52.0
36.7
80.0
56.6
40.0
IMPERIAL
ESTIMATED SELF-WEIGHT OF JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDERS (psf)
Bay Area
(ft.2)
500
500
500
1100
1100
1100
1600
1600
1600
2200
2200
2200
2700
2700
2700
3200
3200
3200
Joist/Joist Girder
Span ratio
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
1/2
1
2
42
2.0
1.7
1.5
2.4
2.0
1.7
2.7
2.2
2.0
3.0
2.4
2.4
3.3
2.7
2.6
3.5
2.9
2.8
63
2.6
2.1
1.8
3.2
2.6
2.5
3.6
3.1
3.0
4.2
3.6
3.5
4.6
4.0
3.9
5.0
4.4
4.3
83
3.1
2.5
2.4
3.9
3.4
3.3
4.7
4.1
4.0
5.5
4.8
4.7
6.1
5.3
5.2
6.6
5.8
5.6
Factored Uniform Load (psf)

104
125
146
167
3.6
4.2
4.9
5.6
3.0
3.7
4.3
4.9
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
4.9
5.8
6.8
7.8
4.2
5.1
6.0
6.8
4.1
5.0
5.8
6.6
5.9
7.1
8.2
9.4
5.1
6.1
7.2
8.2
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
6.9
8.3
9.7
11.0
6.0
7.2
8.4
9.6
5.8
7.0
8.2
9.4
7.6
9.2
10.7
12.2
6.6
8.0
9.3
10.7
6.5
7.8
9.1
10.4
8.3
10.0
11.6
13.3
7.2
8.7
10.2
11.6
7.0
8.5
9.9
11.3
188
6.3
5.5
5.4
8.8
7.7
7.5
10.6
9.2
9.0
12.4
10.8
10.6
13.8
12.0
11.7
15.0
13.1
12.7
19
ACCESSORIES
The weight of the main materials included in a floor or roof
system is reproduced below. The density of certain materials is
also indicated. This table allows the designer to quickly evaluate

the dead and live loads to specify on drawings and specifications.
MASS/WEIGHT AND FORCES TO USE FOR DESIGN

(Using Normal Density Concrete)
kg/m3
7 850
2 640
2 580
2 400
2 000
801
352
1 000
897
641
400
128
1 100
929
785
673
1 920
kg/m2
10.2
16.3
14.3
23.5
11.2
18.4
193.7
314.0
261.0
404.8
15.3
5.1
4.1
7.1
3.1
6.1
13.3
7.1
25.5
40.8
20.4
265.1
356.9
12.2
16.3
14.3
10.2
81.6
178.4
214.1
295.7
221.8
277.8
397.6
20
kN/m3
77.0
25.9
25.3
23.5
19.6
7.9
3.5
9.8
8.8
6.3
3.9
1.3
10.8
9.1
7.7
6.6
18.8
kN/m2
0.10
0.16
0.14
0.23
0.11
0.18
1.90
3.08
2.56
3.97
0.15
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.03
0.06
0.13
0.07
0.25
0.40
0.20
2.60
3.50
0.12
0.16
0.14
0.10
0.80
1.75
2.10
2.90
2.18
2.73
3.90
Material
Steel
Aluminum
Glass (plate)
Concrete (stone, reinforced)
Brick (common)
Wood (hard or treated) maximum
Wood (soft, dry) minimum
Water (fresh, 4 degrees C)
Ice
Snow (wet) maximum
Snow (dry, packed) maximum
Snow (dry, fresh fallen)
Paint (52% of weight solids)
Oils
Alcohol
Gasoline
Sand and Gravel (wet)
Material
Steel Deck P3615 (up to 0.91 mm)
Steel Deck P3615 (1.21 to 1.52 mm)
Steel Deck P3615 composite (100 mm total slab)
Roofing 3 ply asphalt (no gravel)
Fiberglass Insulation (batts 100 mm)
Fiberglass Insulation (blown 100 mm)
Fiberglass Insulation (rigid 100 mm)
Urethane (rigid foam 100 mm)
Insulating Concrete (100 mm)
Gypsum Wallboard (16 mm)
Sprayed Fire Protection (average)
Ducts, pipes, and wiring (average)
Plaster on lath/furring (20 mm)
Tiled ceiling with suspension and fixtures (average)
Hollow Core Precast (200 mm N.D. no topping)
Hollow Core Precast (300 mm N.D. no topping)
Plywood or Chipboard (20 mm)
Hardwood Floor (20 mm)
Wood joists 38 mm x 286 mm (400 mm c/c)
Carpeting
Ceramic (20 mm) on Mortar bed (12 mm)
Hollow concrete block 150 mm thick (cells empty)
Hollow concrete block 150 mm thick (1 of 4 cells filled)
pcf
490
165
161
150
125
50
22
62
56
40
25
8
69
58
49
42
120
psf
2.1
3.3
2.9
4.8
2.3
3.8
39.7
64.3
53.5
82.9
3.1
1.0
0.8
1.5
0.6
1.3
2.7
1.5
5.2
8.4
4.2
54.3
73.1
2.5
3.3
2.9
2.1
16.7
36.6
43.9
60.6
45.4
56.9
81.5
STANDARD DETAILS
EXTENSIONS
An extension designates a continuation beyond the normal
bearing of the joist. The extension can be the top chord only or
the full depth of the joist, in which case, it is referred to as a
cantilever joist.
Variable
A reinforced section has 2 or 4 angles as extension

material, or 1 or 2 channels having a higher capacity than that
of the top chord between the bearings. Also, a reinforced section
projects into one or several interior panels such that the joist can
resist bending and shearing forces brought on by the extension
of the top chord.
Bearing
Bearing
Top Chord Extension
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section reinforced with 2 angles

Variable
C
C
Bearing
Section A
Section B
Bearing
Section C
Section reinforced with 4 angles
Cantilever Joist
The extended top chord section varies according to the

following conditions: the design loads, the extension length,
the deflection criterion, and the conditions of bearing and anchorage. The section can be reinforced if required. In a section without
reinforcement, the extension material is the same as the top chord
of the joist.
A
Bearing
Section without reinforcement
Section A
Section B
Section C
C
C
Bearing
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section reinforced with 1 channel
C
C
Bearing
Section A
Section B
Section C
Section reinforced with 2 channels
21
STANDARD DETAILS
The tables below serve as a guide to determine a suitable
shoe depth based on uniform loading and a maximum extension
length. The extensions are based on the maximum capacity of a
2-channel section. This is an economical section for this kind of
condition.
The maximum top chord extension is determined by the

bending and shear resistance of the section, or by the deflection
of the extension, which is limited to L/240 with a fixed end. In
fact, the joist and its extension are analyzed simultaneously in a
matrix calculation.
METRIC
MAXIMUM TOP CHORD EXTENSION (mm)
Effective
Shoe
Service load (kN/m)
Depth
(mm)
4.5
3.0
6.0
4.0
7.5
5.0
9.0
6.0
10.5
7.0
12.0
8.0
13.5
9.0
15.0
10.0
16.5
11.0
18.0
12.0
19.5
13.0
21.0
14.0
22.5
15.0
100
1 920
1 750
1 620
1 520
1 450
1 380
1 330
1 290
1 240
1 200
1 150
1 130
1 100
125
2 390
2 170
2 010
1 900
1 800
1 700
1 650
1 550
1 500
1 450
1 400
1 350
1 300
150
2 750
2 500
2 350
2 200
2 050
1 950
1 900
1 800
1 750
1 650
1 600
1 550
1 550
175
3 050
2 800
2 600
2 450
2 300
2 200
2 150
2 050
2 000
1 900
1 850
1 800
1 750
200
3 300
3 000
2 800
2 650
2 550
2 450
2 350
2 250
2 200
2 100
2 050
2 000
1 950
IMPERIAL
MAXIMUM TOP CHORD EXTENSION (ft.)
Effective
Factored load (lb./ft.)

Service load (lb./ft.)
Shoe
Depth
(in.)
300
200
405
270
510
340
615
410
720
480
825
550
930
620
1035
690
1140
760
1245
830
1350
900
1455
970
1560
1040
6 - 4 5 - 9
5 - 4
5 - 0
4 - 9
4 - 6
4 - 4
4 - 3
4 - 1
3 - 11
3 - 9
3 - 8
3 - 7
7 - 10 7 - 1
6 - 7
6 - 3
5 - 11
5 - 7
5 - 5
5 - 1
4 - 11 4 - 9
4 - 7
4 - 5
4 - 3
9 - 0 8 - 2
7 - 8
7 - 3
6 - 9
6 - 5
6 - 3
5 - 11
5 - 9
5 - 5
5 - 3
5 - 1
5 - 1
10 - 0 9 - 2
8 - 6
8 - 0
7 - 7
7 - 3
7 - 1
6 - 9
6 - 7
6 - 3
6 - 1
5 - 11
5 - 9
10 - 10 9 - 10
9 - 2
8 - 8
8 - 4
8 - 0
7 - 8
7 - 4
7 - 3
6 - 11
6 - 9
6 - 7
6 - 5
The building designer must make allowance for

sufficient shoe depth when the top flange is not horizontal.
In this case, the clear depth is less than the shoe depth.
Shoe Depth
Clear Depth
22
STANDARD DETAILS
MAXIMUM DUCT OPENINGS
P
R
S
L
DIMENSIONS OF FREE OPENINGS FOR VARIOUS JOISTS AND JOIST GIRDER CONFIGURATIONS
WEB CONFIGURATIONS (mm)
H
P
200
250
300
350
400
450
450
500
500
550
550
600
600
650
650
700
700
750
750
800
900
1 000
1 100
1 200
1 300
1 500
250
250
300
300
300
300
600
300
600
300
600
300
600
375
600
375
600
375
600
600
600
600
650
700
800
900
750
900
1 050
1 200
1 350
1 500
600
600
600
600
600
600
OPENINGS (mm)
S
L
JOISTS
110
95
70
150
120
90
190
150
110
220
175
120
240
195
140
260
210
140
320
265
200
280
230
150
360
290
220
300
245
160
390
315
240
320
260
170
420
340
250
380
305
200
440
350
260
390
320
210
460
375
270
410
335
220
490
395
280
510
410
290
550
440
310
580
465
320
630
505
340
690
555
380
750
605
410
880
705
480
JOIST GIRDERS
430
345
240
500
400
280
560
450
300
610
490
330
650
530
340
680
560
360
D
WEB CONFIGURATIONS (in.)

H
P
OPENINGS (in.)
S
L
JOISTS
150
182
232
258
282
302
420
318
454
334
484
348
512
420
526
434
550
448
572
592
622
646
694
762
838
972
8
10
12
14
16
18
18
20
20
22
22
24
24
26
26
28
28
30
30
32
36
40
44
48
54
60
10
10
12
12
12
12
24
12
24
12
24
12
24
15
24
15
24
15
24
24
24
24
26
28
32
36
500
564
616
658
694
726
30
36
42
48
54
60
24
24
24
24
24
24
4.5
3.5
6.0
4.5
7.5
6.0
8.5
7.0
9.5
7.5
10.5
8.5
13.0
10.5
11.5
9.0
14.5
11.5
12.0
9.5
15.5
12.5
12.5
10.0
17.0
13.5
15.0
12.0
17.5
14.0
16.0
12.5
18.5
15.0
16.5
13.0
19.5
15.5
20.5
16.5
22.0
17.5
23.5
18.5
25.0
20.0
27.5
22.0
31.0
24.5
35.0
28.0
JOIST GIRDERS
17.0
13.5
20.0
16.0
22.5
18.0
24.5
19.5
26.0
21.0
27.5
22.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
6.5
9.5
6.5
10.0
8.0
10.5
8.5
11.0
8.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.5
15.0
17.0
19.5
5.5
7.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
16.5
12.5
18.0
13.0
19.0
13.5
20.5
16.5
21.0
17.0
22.0
17.5
23.0
23.5
24.5
25.5
27.5
30.5
34.0
39.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
13.5
14.5
20.0
22.5
24.5
26.5
27.5
29.0
NOTE: Final dimensions of free openings should be verified with Canams joist design sheet.
When duct-opening dimensions exceed the limits above,
some web members must be removed. The shear forces are then
transferred to the adjacent web members of the top and bottom
chords. The chords will need to be reinforced; this will limit the
maximum height of the free opening as well. The maximum
opening height should be limited to the joist depth minus
200 mm (8). If the opening height cannot be limited to this value,
contact Canam.
Because the shear forces carried by the web members
increase along the joist toward the bearing, the location of the duct
opening is more critical near the bearings; more shear forces must
be transferred to the top and bottom chords. For this reason, the
duct-opening center must be located away from a bearing by a

distance of at least 2.5 times the joist depth. The best location
(for economical reasons) is at the mid span of the joist.
Location must be greater than
2.5 x H
100 mm (4") min.

H
100 mm (4") min.
23
STANDARD DETAILS
Georges Mason University

Fairfax, VA
Fabricator: Hamilton Iron Works
TransAlta Rainforest Calgary Zoo

Calgary, Alberta
Fabricator: Rimk Industries Inc.
First Alliance Church

Calgary, Alberta
Fabricator: Mtal-Fab Industries
24
STANDARD DETAILS
GEOMETRY
AND
SPECIAL SHAPES **
SHAPES
The geometry refers to the web profile system. The

standard geometry types are presented below.
Depending on the radius of curvature, the angles composing the top and/or bottom chord could require a rolling operation.
R
R1
barrel *
bowstring
R2
scissor *
Pratt
* The building designer must consider in the design that the

shapes above can produce significant horizontal forces and/or
movement on the supporting structure due to the deflection of
the joist.
Warren
scissor
Modified Warren
In some cases, a joist could have 2 geometrical types. For

architectural considerations, the building designer can specify a
fixed geometry applicable to a joist group. More than one geometrical type may be specified. However, panel alignment of joists
having varying lengths and loading conditions may not be possible.
The shape of the joist may depend on its use and the type
of roofing system requested by the customer. It can take one or
more of the following shapes.
STANDARD SHAPE
** Non-standard shapes and special shapes are more

expensive due to their complexity.
MINIMUM DEPTH
AND
SPAN
For fabrication reasons, the building designer must

consider that minimum joist depth is limited to 200 mm (8 in.)
and minimum joist span is limited to 2 450 mm (8 ft.). For
shorter spans, joist substitutes, usually made of 1 or 2
channels, can be specified by the building designer or proposed
by Canam.
Parallel chords
SHOES
NON-STANDARD SHAPES **
1 slope
The standard shoe dimensions vary according to product

and span:
1 slope
Variable
Product
Span
Depth
Min. Length
Joist
2 450 mm (8) - 15 200 mm (50)

15 200 mm (50) - 27 400 mm (90)
27 400 mm (90) and over
All lengths
100 mm (4)
125 mm (5)
190 mm (7 1/2)
190 mm (7 1/2)
100 mm (4)
100 mm (4)
150 mm (6)
150 mm (6)
Variable
2 slopes
2 slopes
Variable (typ.)
Joist Girder
However specific customer requests can be accommodated.

Variable (typ.)
3 slopes
3 slopes
Depth
Variable (typ.)
3 slopes
Variable (typ.)
4 slopes
Variable (typ.)
4 slopes
Length
25
STANDARD DETAILS
To ensure that the intersection point of the end diagonal and
the top chord occurs above the bearing, the minimum shoe
depth should be specified according to the slope of the joist and
the clearance of the supporting member from the gridline.
The shoe depth must always be specified at the gridline.

For joists on which the left and right bearings are not at the same
level (sloped joist), the exterior and interior shoe depths are
determined in such a way as to respect the depth at the gridline.
x
Depth at gridline
Shoe Depth at gridline
Exterior Shoe Depth
Interior Shoe Depth
12 (imperial)
250 (metric)
Exterior Shoe Depth
Shoe Depth at gridline
Interior Shoe Depth
Clearance
METRIC
MINIMUM SHOE DEPTH (mm)
Clearance of
bearing (mm)
65
75
100
125
150
Sloped Joist (x/250)

25
100
100
100
100
125
50
100
100
100
125
150
75
100
100
125
150
175
100
100
100
125
175
200
125
100
125
150
200
225
150
125
150
175
225
275
175
150
175
225
275
325
200
175
200
250
325
400
6
4
5
6
8
9
7
5
6
7
9
11
8
5
6
8
10
12
IMPERIAL
MINIMUM SHOE DEPTH (in.)
Clearance of
bearing (in.)
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
26
Sloped Joist (x/12)

1
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
4
5
3
4
4
4
5
6
4
4
4
5
6
7
5
4
4
6
7
8
STANDARD DETAILS
JOIST IDENTIFICATION
Joists are identified on erection drawings by piece marks.
Example: T1, T1A, J1, M2, etc. Identical joists have the same
piece mark. Piece marks are indicated on the drawing near
one of the ends of the line representing the joist. At the plant, a
metal identification tag is attached to one end of the joist. It is
essential that the joist be erected so that the metal tag
is positioned at the same end of the building as indicated
on the erection drawing.
STANDARD CONNECTIONS
Use of Canam Standards is strongly recommended for the
following reasons:
Standardization of fabrication information
Faster drawing checking
Minimized risk of error
However specific customer requests can be accommodated.
The standard connection details can be downloaded from
the Canam web site at: www.canam.ws
Idaho Sports Center

Nampa, ID
Fabricator: Golden Empire Manufacturing
Hannibal Central School District

Hannibal, NY
Fabricator: Delhi Steel Corp.
27
STANDARD DETAILS
Depending on dimensions and quantities, joists can be
fabricated as a single piece that is split into two sections for
shipping, or fabricated as two separate pieces. In the plant, two
additional metal tags are attached to the central part of the joist
to ensure correspondence of male and female parts. Joists
fabricated as a single piece will have two identical metal tags in the
central part of the joist. On the other hand, joists fabricated as two
separate pieces will have different metal tags.
Example of identification for a joist fabricated as a single piece
DETAILS
CEILING EXTENSION
Male and female section tags

A
A
T1-1
T1
T1-1
Erection drawing
mark tag
Section A
If multiple joists with the same mark are fabricated, placement

of the male section of the first joist must correspond with
placement of the female section of the first joist, and so forth
in the same manner. Ex.: T1-1 with T1-1, T1-2 with T1-2.
Example of identification for a joist fabricated as two
separate pieces:
FLUSH SHOE
Male and female section tags
T1
T1-L
T1-R
Erection drawing
mark tag
BOLTED SPLICE
In certain cases, joists are delivered in two sections. This is
usually done because of transportation considerations, difficult
installation conditions in an existing building, or dipping tank
dimension limitations when a joist receives hot galvanization
treatment. A bolted splice is usually made at mid span.
If multiple joists with the same mark are fabricated, the male
sections can be arranged with any female section of the joist.
They will be identified in the following manner: T1-L with T1-R.
The number and position of plates and bolts can vary

according to the loads to be transferred. We use high-strength
bolts that meet ASTM A325 or ASTM A490 standards.
When the joist bearing is on the bottom chord, the top chord
must be laterally supported with bridging.
BOTTOM CHORD BEARING
CANTILEVER JOIST
A cantilever joist can have bearing on the top or bottom
chord. The bottom chord must be adequately braced to resist
compression loads caused by the cantilever.
Section A
Bolted Splice at top chord
Bottom Chord Bearing

B
Top Chord Bearing
Section B
Bolted Splice at bottom chord
28
Top chord bearing requires bolted splices on the bottom chord.
SURFACE PREPARATION AND PAINT

Surface preparation plays a significant role in paint
performance. Adequate surface preparation allows the paint to
adhere to structural steel, providing improved protection against
corrosion. The level of preparation and the paint application
method both depend on the type of environment to which the
steel will be exposed.
PAINT STANDARDS
In 1975, The Canadian Institute of Steel Construction
(CISC) in cooperation with the Canadian Paint Manufacturers
Association (CPMA) published reference documents related to
the paint specifications for structural steel.
The CISC/CPMA 1-73a paint standard applies to a quickdrying one-coat paint for use on structural steel that provides
adequate protection against exposure to a non-corrosive
environment as found in rural, urban, or semi-industrial settings,
for a period not exceeding six months. Painted structural steel
building components using this standard should not be used on
permanent exterior exposed applications. Exposure of this
product in coastal or high industrial areas may cause advanced
deterioration of paint applied to this specification. Surface
preparation may be limited to Solvent Cleaning (SSPC SP1) and
Hand Tool Cleaning (SSPC SP2). Because of possible noncompatibility of this paint with finish coats, this shop applied
paint is not recommended for use as a primer for the application
of a multi-layer paint system.
The CISC/CPMA 2-75 paint standard applies to a
quick-drying primer for use on structural steel. This one-coat
primer provides acceptable protection when exposed to a
mainly non-corrosive environment as found in a rural, urban, or
semi-industrial settings, for a period not exceeding twelve
months. Painted structural steel building components using this
standard should not be used on permanent exterior exposed
applications. Exposure of this product in coastal or high
industrial areas may cause advanced deterioration of paint
applied to this specification. Final surface preparation must be
done by Brush-Off Blast Cleaning (SSPC SP7). This layer of
primer is usually covered with a finish coat according to the paint
suppliers recommendations.
Dip coating is commonly used to apply paint for one or more
of the above standards. When compared with spraying, experts
in the field recommend application by dipping because it
provides improved coverage of exposed surfaces. Although a
coat of paint applied by dipping does not create an even dry film
layer, it does not reduce its protection against corrosion.
PAINT COSTS
Canam uses a single type of paint that meets both the
CISC/CPMA 1-73a and CISC/CPMA 2-75 specifications.
The cost difference is mainly the result of two factors: surface
preparation (SSPC SP2 or SSPC SP7) and the method of
primer application (dipping or spraying). The table above
compares paint costs according to final surface preparation
and paint application methods for both paint standards. For
example, for CISC/CPMA 1-73a type paint using SSPC SP2
final surface preparation, it is noted that spray painting is twelve
times more expensive than dipping.
Paint
Selection Table for Paint Costs

Surface
Paint Application Cost Factor
Type
Preparation
Dipping
Spraying
CISC/CPMA 1-73a
SSPC SP2
12
CISC/CPMA 2-75
SSPC SP7
16
In conclusion, spraying paint is much more expensive than

dipping without providing increased protection.
Canam may apply paint that meets standards other than
those specified in this document. Prices and delivery schedules
are adjusted accordingly. For example, certain types of paint
require nearly 24 hours before handling the joists.
COLOURS
Standard paint colour is gray. Red paint is optional.
JOISTS EXPOSED TO THE ELEMENTS

OR CORROSIVE CONDITIONS
A high performance anti-corrosive paint is recommended
for specification on joists permanently exposed to the elements
or corrosive conditions during their service life. The building
designer must pay special attention to item 6.5.7 of the
CAN/CSA 16-01 standard. If a minimum thickness of material
is required, it must be indicated on the drawings and
specifications.
When specified, joists may be hot dipped galvanized. Brush
off blast cleaning surface preparation (SSPC SP7) is
recommended to prevent scaling problems. In the galvanization
process, the joists are acid washed, rinsed, and then dipped
in a zinc bath at a temperature of 450 C (840 F). The
depth and span of joists are limited by the size of the subcontractors galvanizing tanks. (Ref. www.galvanizeit.org)
For strict conditions of hygiene, such as for meat
products or food processing, it is recommended that the
building designer specifies sealed welds. If the welds are not
sealed, there is a risk that the acid used in the cleaning process
remains trapped between the surface of the steel and causes
acid bleeding through ruptures in the zinc film caused by
pressure. The building designer must limit specification of
sealed joints unless absolutely necessary because sealed joints
require additional shop time. For sealed joints, the thickness of
the top and bottom chords shall be at least 4 mm (0.157 in.), and
3 mm (0.118 in.) for the web members, to avoid permanent
deformation of the chords from overdeposit of welds.
Galvanized joists may also be painted. The building
designer must ensure compatibility between the paint type and
the galvanization product.
29
VIBRATION
STEEL JOIST FLOOR
VIBRATION COMPARISON
The increased use of longer spans and lighter floor systems
has resulted in the need to address the problem of floor vibration.
The building structural designer must analyze floor vibration and
its effect on the building end users and specify the proper
characteristics to reduce vibration.
The floor is composed of a 100 mm (4) concrete slab,

including the 38 mm (1 1/2) steel deck profile. The loads are
as follows:
Structural steel
Steel joists
Deck-slab of 100 mm
Ceiling, mechanical & floor finish
Partitions
0.25
0.20
1.87
0.50
1.00
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
( 5 psf)
( 4 psf)
(39 psf)
(10 psf)
(21 psf)
DEAD LOAD TOTAL
3.82 kPa (79 psf)
LIVE LOAD
2.40 kPa (50 psf)
The behavior of two-way flooring systems has been studied

using models and in-situ testing. Several simplified equations
have been developed to predict floor behavior and damping
values for walking induced vibration and have been established
according to the type of wall partitions and floor finishes. These
equations are now part of Appendix E, a non-mandatory part of
CSA standard S16 since 1984. In 1995, the National Building
Code also addressed this issue at the beginning of Appendix A
of the user guide.
From the Canam catalog, select a joist with a 9-meter span

to support the following load:
Steel Design Guide #11, jointly published by the American

and Canadian institutes of steel construction in 1997, contains
more recent information on the subject. This guide covers
different types of floor vibrations and is one of the main
references of Appendix E of standard CAN/CSA S16-01.
The 9-meter selection table indicates that joists with a

10.5 kN/m factored capacity will weigh 16.7 kg/m and that 66%
of the service load will produce a deflection value of span/360.
By reducing the simple span deflection formula under uniform
load for span/360, we obtain the following approximation of the
moment of inertia:
wf = 1.2 m x (3.82 x 1.25 + 2.4 x 1.5) or wf = 3.94 x (79 x 1.25 + 50 x 1.5)

= 10.05 kN/m
= 685 plf
The formulas shown in these publications allow the user to

define the vibration characteristics of a floor system: the initial
acceleration produced by a heel drop and the natural frequency
of the system. These two parameters allow the designer to
verify if the floor system will produce vertical oscillations
in resonance with rhythmic human activities or with enough
amplitude to disturb other occupants.
Ijoist = 23,436 x Percentage x ws x (span)3, where
The amplitude of the vibrations will decay according to

the type of partitions, ceiling suspensions, and floor finish. The
decay rate will also influence the sensitivity of the occupants.
Ijoist = 23,436 x (66 / 100) x (10.5 / 1.5) x (9)3 = 79 x 106 mm4
This information is not readily available to the joist supplier.

The joist supplier usually receives only the floor drawings
and general joist specifications and this information is used for
joist design.
Furthermore, the following examples show that the design
of a joist, for which spacing, depth, span, bearing support,
and dead loads have all been predetermined by the project
structural engineer, cannot be easily modified to reduce floor
vibration induced by walking below the annoyance threshold for
the other occupants.
The example is given for office floors where the annoyance
threshold is defined as a floor acceleration of 0.5% of
the gravity acceleration. For floors in a shopping centre, the
threshold would be an acceleration of 1.5% of the gravity
acceleration. This higher threshold means that the occupants
are less disturbed by vibrations produced by walking loads.
TYPICAL OFFICE FLOOR USED AS BASE:

In the example, the joists have a 9 000 mm (29-6 1/4)
span, a 500 mm (approx. 20) depth, and are spaced at
1 200 mm (3-11 1/4) on center. The joists are bearing on
beams at both ends on 100 mm deep seats. We consider
that the beams will only be partially composite for vibration
calculations because of the relative lack of lateral stiffness of
such a bearing seat. The beam span is 7 500 mm (24-7 1/4)
with joists on one side only.
30
Ijoist
Percentage
ws
Span
= moment of inertia in mm4

= value shown in table for deflection / 100
= total service load (total factored load / 1.5)
= span of joist in meters
The center of gravity of the joist can be assumed to be at

mid depth.
Ajoist chords = Ijoist / (depth / 2)2 = 1 263 mm2
The beam can be chosen from the CISC selection tables as
W410 x 46 (W16 x 31) with Fy = 350 MPa (50 ksi) and a moment
of inertia of 156 x 106 mm4.
ALTERNATIVE 1:
If a slab of 130 mm instead of 100 mm is used, the dead
load increases and the size of the joists and beams will also
increase.
Structural steel
Steel joists
Deck-slab of 130 mm
Ceiling, mechanical & floor finish
Partitions
0.25
0.20
2.58
0.50
1.00
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
( 5 psf)
( 4 psf)
(54 psf)
(10 psf)
(21 psf)
DEAD LOAD TOTAL
4.53 kPa (94 psf)
LIVE LOAD
2.40 kPa (50 psf)
From the Canam catalog, select a joist with a 9-meter span

to support the following load:
wf = 1.2 m x (4.53 x 1.25 + 2.4 x 1.5) or wf = 3.94 x (94 x 1.25 + 50 x 1.5)
= 11.12 kN/m
= 759 plf
VIBRATION
The table indicates that the joists will weigh 18.2 kg/m and
that 64% of the service load will produce a deflection value
of span/360.
Ijoist = 23,436 x (64 / 100) x (12 / 1.5) x (9)3 = 88 x 106 mm4
The center of gravity of the joist can be assumed to be at
mid depth.
Ajoist chords = Ijoist / (depth / 2)2 = 1,400 mm2
This time, the beam chosen from the CISC selection tables
is W410 x 54 (W16 x 36) with Fy = 350 MPa (50 ksi) and a
moment of inertia of 186 x 106 mm4.
ALTERNATIVE 2:
Starting from the base example, we consider that the
structural engineer of the building clearly indicates that the size
of the joists should be doubled to reduce floor vibration.
Using the data of those 3 conditions, with the proposed
equations of Steel Design Guide #11 published jointly by
the American and Canadian institutes for steel construction,
we obtain the vibration properties shown in the comparison
table below:
COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ARRANGEMENTS

PARAMETERS
Peak acceleration ao
BASE
(% g)
1.10%
ALTERNATIVE 1
ALTERNATIVE 2
(INCREASED
THICKNESS
OF SLAB BY 30 mm)
(INCREASED
JOIST MOMENT
OF INERTIA)
0.73%
1.10%
System frequency f
(Hz)
4.2
4.3
4.7
Joist length
(mm)
9 000
9 000
9 000
Joist depth
(mm)
500
500
500
Joist spacing
(mm)
1 200
1 200
1 200
(106 mm4)
198
244
372
(mm)
38
38
38
Composite joist moment of inertia

Deck depth
Slab-deck thickness
(mm)
100
130
100
Slab-deck-joist dead weight
(kPa)
1.87
2.58
1.87
Additional participating load
(kPa)
Beam size
Beam span
(mm)
W410 x 46
W410 x 54
W410 x 46
7 500
7 500
7 500
This comparison shows that the vibration characteristics improve by adding dead weight rather than by doubling the joist
non-composite moment of inertia.
One must note that the alternatives used did not sufficiently improve the vibration properties of the floor to lower their amplitude
to below the annoyance threshold for offices. Additional calculations indicate that using a 130 mm deck-slab with a 100% increase in
the joist and beam sections would lower the vibration amplitude to below the annoyance threshold of 0.5% of g.
The building designer controls the main parameters affecting floor vibration characteristics and he or she should make the
vibration calculations to find an economical solution. The information supplied in this catalog will allow the structural engineer to
evaluate the vibration properties of the floor during the initial design.
The structural engineer of the project should always specify the proper slab thickness and the minimum moment of
inertia of the steel joists to have a floor with vibration characteristics below the annoyance threshold based on the type
of occupancy. The joist designer will ensure conformity to the minimum moment of inertia required by the building
designer for the joists (see clause 16.5.15 vibration).
31
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
SPECIAL JOIST DEFLECTION
Appendix D of the CAN/CSA S16-01 standard provides
recommended maximum values for deflections for specified
design live and wind loads. The following are the maximum
values of appendix D recommended for the vertical deflection.
Building Type
Specified Loading
Application
Maximum
Industrial
Live
Members
supporting inelastic
roof coverings
L/240
Live
Members
supporting elastic
roof coverings
L/180
Live
Members
supporting floors
L/300
Maximum wheel
loads (no impact)
Crane runway
girders for crane
capacity of 225 kN
and over
L/800
Maximum wheel
loads (no impact)
Crane runway
girders for
crane capacity
under 225 kN
L/600
Live
Members
of floors and roofs
supporting construction
and finishes susceptible
to cracking
L/360
Live
Members
of floors and roofs
supporting construction
and finishes not susceptible
to cracking
L/300
All others
Notes: As mentioned in Appendix D, the designer should

consider the inclusion of specified dead loads in some
instances. For example, nonpermanent partitions, which
are classified by the National Building Code as dead
load, should be part of the loading considered under
Appendix D if they are likely to be applied to the structure
after the completion of finishes susceptible to cracking.
32
Please note that the concrete cover at the centre line of the joist
will be reduced by the amount of camber provided minus the
deflection realized under self weight of the concrete alone. This
must be accounted by the designer of the building with respect
to the serviceability and fire resistance etc.
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
MOMENTS
Canadian standards classify loads in the following manner:

permanent, service, seismic, and wind loads. For limit states design,
loads are factored and combined to obtain the worst possible effect.
Loads applied to joists and joist girders can be uniform, partial, concentrated, axial, or moment. Snow pile up loads represent a special
partial load case. Uplift loads are applied in an upward direction and
should always be specified as a gross uplift load. Loads can be
applied to the top chord, the bottom chord, or to both chords.
When specifying the dead load, the building designer should
always include the self-weight of the joists and bridging. Unless
clearly specified, Canam will assume that the self-weight of
joists is included in the total dead load.
VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADS
TRANSFER OF AXIAL LOADS

Wind and seismic loads are usually transferred by the
roof diaphragm to the axes of the vertical bracing system.
The seismic loads transferred have a cumulative effect along
these axes. The building design engineer specifies these loads
on the plans and specifications.
A
Joist (axial)
AND
Joist (axial)
SPECIAL LOADS
Triangular
Joist (axial)
PARTIAL LOAD
Joist (axial)
UNIFORM LOAD
Axial: an additional
load specified by
the building designer
must be considered.
Uniform
Lateral load
SNOW PILE UP LOAD
Section A-A
CONCENTRATED LOAD
At any panel point
At a specific
location
Transfer of axial loads

Anywhere
The transfer of an axial load between joists along the axes

of the vertical bracing system, may require the reinforcement of
the first panel at top chord.
AXIAL LOAD
MOMENT LOAD
33
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
END MOMENTS
JOIST ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
GRAVITATIONAL MOMENTS
The use of a joist in a rigid frame relieves the top chord and
carries the compression loads to the bottom chord.
The erection plans, supplied by Canam, usually instruct the

erector to fasten the bottom chord after all of the dead loads
have been applied. In this way, the joist follows the
condition for simple span condition under dead loads. In
the case of end gravity moments, Canam will assume that
they are caused only by the live load, unless otherwise
specified by the building designer.
When end moments are specified, the joist shall first be
designed to support loads on simple span condition. Then
according to the combination of defined loads in the codes,
different loading scenarios can be generated during analysis
of the joist. Each element shall be designed for worst-case
conditions, whether simple span or with end moments.
In addition to providing the end moment values applicable
to the joist, the building designer must pay special attention to
ensure that the end connections develop the moments for which
the building was designed.
Gravitational moments
End moments, as specified by the building designer on the
plans and specifications, result in the analysis of a frame with
defined moments of inertia. It is recommended that the building
designer specifies minimum and maximum limits of inertia to
ensure that the frame is designed according to the analysis
model.
As in the case of the transfer of axial loads, the transfer of

loads generated by an end moment may require the reinforcement of the first panel at top chord.
Most of the connections to the bottom chord of Canam joist
use an angle welded to the column and a tie joist plate shop
welded to the joist girder. However, this type of connection, as
shown below, is no longer recommended.
WIND MOMENTS
Horizontal wind loads on a joist in a rigid frame may cause
alternating moments as shown below. Consequently, the joist
will be analyzed with opposite moments.
Example:
Case #1
Case #2
- 10 kN m and + 10 kN m
+ 10 kN m and - 10 kN m
Connection at bottom chord

with a tie joist plate
A connection with a stabilizer plate is more simple and gives
the same lateral stability.
The steel contractor usually supplies the steel plate on the
column at the location of the bottom chord of the joist girder. The
plate is inserted between the vertical flanges of the bottom chord
angles. A plate should have a thickness of 13 mm (1/2 in.) or
19 mm (3/4 in.). A hole in the stabilizer plate allows the column
to be plumbed with guy wires. The transfer of forces from the
column to the bottom chord is achieved by welding the angles of
the bottom chord to the plate, as indicated below.
A
Wind moments
A
Section A-A
Connection at bottom chord

with a stabilizer plate
34
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
JOISTS ADJACENT TO
MORE RIGID SURFACES
JOISTS
Joists adjacent to non-flexible walls or to beams and joists

having a much shorter span, must have less deflection. The
deflection limitation is necessary to avoid potential problems
resulting from too large a movement differential.These problems
tend to occur in the central part of the joist. To avoid an abrupt
transition from the permitted deflection, it is recommended to
change the deflection limit gradually, for adjacent joists having
spans in excess of 12 m (40 ft.):
Adjacent Joist
1st joist
2nd joist
3rd joist
4th joist
5th joist
Deflection criterion
Metric (mm)
Imperial (ft.)
Span / 50
Span / 0.167
Span / 70
Span / 0.229
Span / 90
Span / 0.292
Span / 110
Span / 0.354
Span / 130
Span / 0.417
NOTE: In all cases, the deflection criterion (usually under the

service load) must be greater than or equal to that
specified on the customer drawings or mentioned in
the specifications.
WITH
LATERAL SLOPE
Building designers should request joists with a lateral slope

only when absolutely necessary as this is not an economical
approach.
When using standing seam metal roofs, the joist top chord
must be checked for in plane and out of plane (lateral) loads
when the lateral slope exceeds what is required for normal roof
drainage (2%).
With steel deck attached to the top chord of the joists,
the diaphragm action of the deck should be sufficient to
brace the joist top chord as long as the lateral slope does not
exceed 6%.
The following paragraphs explain what is required to
provide resistance to the out of plane load component for the
other cases.
When a joist is installed with a lateral slope, a portion of the
vertical load applied to the roof acts upon the joist laterally.
Therefore, the lateral load must be considered when calculating
the size of the top chord and the bridging. In this case, the
bridging system plays a more important role.
Example: Span = 25 m; Deflection criterion under service

load = L / 240
25000
Line with increased stiffness
1st joist
Criterion = 25000 / 50 = 500
L/500
2nd joist
Criterion = 25000 / 70 = 357
L/360
3rd joist
Criterion = 25000 / 90 = 278
L/280
4th joist
Criterion = 25000 / 110 = 227
L/240 min.
To avoid roof instability, horizontal bracing is generally

added between the first two joists on each side of a roof peak.
When there is symmetry between the two sides of the roof ridge,
horizontal bracing is no longer required because the lines of
bridging are attached at the ridge and the horizontal forces from
each side cancel each other.
A
Another solution consists of placing a perimeter joist with a

sliding assembly on the supporting wind column. This also allows
for easier building expansion in the future. Given the weak lateral
rigidity of a joist, when it is acted upon laterally by the top of the wind
column, the structural engineer must assure transfer of the load into
the roof diaphragm or another horizontal bracing system.
Horizontal
Bracing
Bridging Lines
Slope
Slope
Joists
Typ.
Wind Column
35
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
SPECIAL JOISTS
Canam can design and manufacture special joists to suit
the conditions required by the building designer. A special joist
can have special assembly conditions and/or a special shape as
described on page 25.
Connecting a joist to a primary support like a truss, a beam
or a column by others means than a standard shoe, or replacing
some joist components to accommodate the connection of
beams or other pieces, will make a special joist.
Depending of the shape, special loading conditions may apply
as per the Canadian standards in
force. The building designer must
clearly provide the special loading
conditions on the specification
documents and on the drawings.
A special joist, very deep for
example, may also require special
shipping arrangements.
The expertise of Canam in
design and fabrication goes much
higher than manufacturing only
standard products.
Bethlehem Temple
Cincinnati, OH
Fabricator: Dave Steel
36
Chillicothe Readiness Center

Chillicothe, OH
Fabricator: Marysville Steel
SPECIAL CONDITIONS
Sports Centre Nemaska
Nemaska, QC
Fabricator: Constructions Proco inc.
Franklin County Training Center

Grove City, OH
Fabricator: Ferguson Steel Company
Lindhout Associates Architects AIA PC

Brighton, MI
Fabricator: Art Iron Inc.
37
STANDARDS
With the permission of the Canadian Standards Association, material is reproduced from the CSA Standard CAN/CSA S16-01 Limit States Design
of Steel Structures, which is copyrighted by CSA. 178 Rexdale Blvd., Etobidoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3. While use of this material
has been authorized, CSA shall not be responsible for the manner in which the information is presented, nor for any interpretations thereof.
While the CISCs comment is not an integral part of the CAN/CSA S16-01 standard, Canam inserted the paragraphs corresponding
to the standard. They are indicated in italic. Some figures of the comment were modified in order to reflect our products.
16. OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS

16.1 SCOPE
Clause 16 provides requirements for the design, manufacture, transportation, and erection of open-web steel joists used
in the construction of buildings. Joists intended to act compositely with the deck slab shall also meet the requirements of
Clause 17. Clause 16 shall be used only for the design of joists
having an axis of symmetry in the plane of the joist.
deviation from the specified value has already been accounted for
statistically in the bias value the ratio of the mean strength to the
specified minimum value. Thus, all design rules have been, and are,
based on the use of the specified minimum yield point or yield strength.
For structural members cold-formed to shape, the increase in yield
strength due to cold forming, as given in Clause 5.2 of CAN/CSA-S136,
may be taken into account provided that the increase is based on the
specified minimum values in the relevant structural steel material standard.
16.4 DESIGN DOCUMENTS

16.4.1 BUILDING STRUCTURAL
DESIGN DOCUMENTS
16.1 SCOPE
Open-web steel joists (OWSJ or joists), as described in Clause 16.2,
are generally proprietary products whose design, manufacture, transport,
and erection are covered by the requirements of Clause 16. The Standard
clarifies the information to be provided by the building designer (userpurchaser) and the joist manufacturer (joist designer-fabricator).
16.2 GENERAL
Open-web steel joists are steel trusses of relatively low
mass with parallel or slightly pitched chords and triangulated
web systems proportioned to span between walls or structural
supporting members, or both, and to provide direct support for
floor or roof deck. In general, joists are manufactured on a
production line that employs jigs, with certain details of the
members being standardized by the individual manufacturer.
Joists may be designed to provide lateral support to
compression elements of beams or columns, to participate
in lateral-load-resisting systems, or as continuous joists,
cantilevered joists, or joists having special support conditions.
16.2 GENERAL
The distinction between standard and non-standard OWSJ no
longer exists as OWSJs are designed specifically for each situation by
the joist manufacturer. Those definitions related to joists that are still
required are now found in Clause 2 of the Standard.
This clause has been expanded to list functions that joists may
fulfil other than the simple support systems for floors or roofs. These
include continuous joists, cantilever joists, joists in lateral-load-resisting
systems and support for bracing members.
16.3 MATERIALS
Steel for joists shall be of a structural quality, suitable for
welding, and shall meet the requirements of Clause 5.1.1.
Structural members cold-formed to shape may use the effect
of cold-forming in accordance with Clause 5.2 of CSA
Standard S136. The calculated value of Fy shall be determined using only the values for Fy and Fu that are specified
in the relevant structural steel material standard. Yield levels
reported on mill test certificates or determined according to
Clause 9.3 of CSA Standard S136 shall not be used as the
basis for design.
16.3 MATERIALS
The building structural design documents shall include

as a minimum:
(a) the uniformly distributed specified live and dead loads,
unbalanced loading conditions, any concentrated
loads, and any special loading conditions such as
non-uniform snow loads, ponding loads, horizontal
loads, end moments, net uplift, bracing forces to
provide lateral support to compression elements of
beams or columns, allowances for mechanical equipment, and deflection limits;
(b) joist spacing, camber, joist depth, and shoe depth;
(c) where joists are not supported on steel members,
maximum bearing pressures or sizes of bearing plates;
(d) anchorage requirements in excess of the requirements
of Clause 16.5.12;
(e) bracing as may be required by Clause 16.5.6.2;
(f) method and spacing of attachments of steel deck to
the top chord; the documents shall indicate the special
cases where the deck is incapable of supplying lateral
support to the top chord (see Clause 16.8.1);
(g) minimum moment of inertia to provide satisfactory
design criteria for floor vibrations if applicable (see
Clause 6.2.3.2);
(h) any other necessary information required to design
and supply the joists; and
(i) a note that no drilling, cutting, or welding shall be
done unless approved by the building designer.
Note: It is recommended that the building drawings
include a note warning that attachments for mechanical,
electrical, and other services should be made by using
approved clamping devices or U-bolt-type connectors.
Mark Depth Spacing
(mm) (mm)
J1
600
1 300
Specified
Dead Load
2.4 kPa
38
Specified
Snow Load
Specified
Wind Load
Remarks
span
320
Suggested lx
for vibration
2.6 kPa
live
live
=
J2
700
8.9 kN
1.5 kN/m
2 000
3m
The use of yield strength levels reported on mill test certificates for
the purposes of design is prohibited here as throughout the Standard.
This practice could significantly lower the margin of safety because any
Specified
Live Load
12 000
10.2 kN/m
4.38
kN/m
3m
12 000
Figure 2-36
Joist Schedule
-2.4 kN/m
12 000
span
240
STANDARDS
16.4.1 BUILDING STRUCTURAL DESIGN DOCUMENTS
The Standard recognizes that the building designer may not be
the joist designer; therefore, the building structural design documents
are required to provide specific information for the design of the joists.
The information to be supplied has been increased from six to nine
items including a note that any drilling, cutting or welding has to be
approved by the building designer.
Loads such as unbalanced, non-uniform, concentrated, and net
uplift, are to be shown by the building designer. Figure 2-36 shows a
joist schedule that could be used to record all loads on joists.
All heavy concentrated loads such as those resulting from partitions, large pipes, mechanical, and other equipment to be supported by
OWSJ, should be shown on the structural design documents. Small
concentrated loads may be allowed for in the uniform dead load.
Maximum clear opening
Thickness
varies
When sprayed fire protection is contemplated, reduce

clearance by the thickness of sprayed fire protection material.
Figure 2-37
Sizes of Openings for Electrical
and Mechanical Equipment
The importance factor, , (see Clause 7.2.5) when not equal to 1.0,
should be specified by the building designer.
Options, such as attachments for deck when used as a diaphragm,
special camber and any other special requirements should also be
provided. Where vibration of a floor system is a consideration, it is
recommended that the building designer give a suggested moment of
inertia Ix . Because the depth of joists supplied among different joist
manufacturers may vary slightly from nominal values, the depth, when it
is critical, should be specified.
Although steel joist manufacturers may indicate the maximum
clear openings for ducts, etc. which can be accommodated through the
web openings of each depth of their OWSJs, building designers should,
in general, show on the building design drawings the size, location and
elevation of openings required through the OWSJs (Figure 2-37). Large
ducts may be accommodated by special design. Ducts which require
open panels and corresponding reinforcement of the joist should,
where possible, be located within the middle half of the joist to minimize
shear problems. This information is required prior to the time of tendering to permit appropriate costing.
Specific joist designations from a manufacturers catalogue or from
the AISC and Steel Joist Institute of the U.S.A. are not appropriate and
should not be specified.
16.4.2 JOIST DESIGN DOCUMENTS

Joist design documents prepared by the joist manufacturer
shall show, as a minimum, the specified loading, factored
member loads, material specification, member sizes, dimensions, spacers, welds, shoes, anchorages, bracing, bearings,
field splices, bridging locations, camber, and coating type.
16.4.2 JOIST DESIGN DOCUMENTS
16.5 DESIGN
16.5.1 LOADING FOR
OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
The factored moment and shear resistances of openweb steel joists at every section shall not be less than the
moment and shear due to the loading conditions specified by
the building designer in the documents described in Clause
16.4.1(a) or to the factored dead load plus the following list of
factored live load conditions, considered separately:
(a) for floor joists, an unbalanced live load applied on any
continuous portion of the joist to produce the most
critical effect on any component;
(b) for roof joists, an unbalanced loading condition with
100% of the snow load plus other live loads applied
on any continuous portion of the joist and 50% of the
snow load on the remainder of the joist to produce
the most critical effect on any component;
(c) for roof joists, wind uplift; and
(d) the appropriate factored concentrated load (from Table
4.1.6. B of the National Building Code of Canada)
applied at any one panel point to produce the most
critical effect on any component.
16.5.1 LOADING FOR OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS
Because there is now no distinction between standard and special
OWSJ only one loading clause exists instead of two. This is the clause
previously given for special joists.
Maximum factored moments and shears are established either
from the loading conditions in the design documents or from the factored dead load plus the four factored live loads listed in Clause 16.4.1.
The four factored live load combinations are consistent with
Section 4.1 of the National Building Code of Canada (1995e). In
particular, as required by the National Building Code of Canada, roofs
and the joists supporting them may be subject to uplift loads due to
wind.
16.5.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

Open-web steel joists shall be designed for loads acting
in the plane of the joist applied to the top chord, which is
assumed to be prevented from lateral buckling by the deck.
For the purpose of determining axial forces in all members,
members may be assumed to be pin-connected and the
loads may be replaced by statically equivalent loads applied
at the panel points.
16.5.2 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
The loads may be replaced by statically equivalent loads applied
at the panel points for the purpose of determining axial forces in all
members. It is assumed that any moments induced in the joist chord by
direct loading do not influence the magnitude of the axial forces in the
members. Tests on trusses (Aziz 1972) have shown that the secondary
moments induced at rigid joints due to joint rotations do not affect the
ultimate axial forces determined by a pin-jointed truss analysis.
The design information of a joist manufacturer may come in varying

forms such as: design sheets, computer printout, and tables. Not all joist
manufacturers make traditional detail drawings.
39
STANDARDS
16.5.3 VERIFICATION OF JOIST
MANUFACTURERS DESIGN
Reinforced to resist
uplift, if necessary
When the adequacy of the design of a joist cannot

be readily demonstrated by a rational analysis based on
accepted theory and engineering practice, the joist manufacturer may elect to verify the design by test. The test shall be
carried out to the satisfaction of the building designer. The
test loading shall be 1.10/0.90 times the factored loads used
in the design.
Bracing
or bridging
Bracing
16.5.3 VERIFICATION OF JOIST

MANUFACTURERS DESIGN
When there is difficulty in analyzing the effect of certain specific
conditions, for example a particular web-chord connection, or a
geometric configuration of a cold formed chord, a joist manufacturer
may elect to verify the design assumption by a test. In the numerical
factor of 1.10/0.90, stipulated as a multiplier for the factored loads, the
factor of 1.10 provides that the results of limited number of tests bear
a similar statistical relationship to the entire series of joists that the
average yield strength has to the specified minimum yield strength, Fy ,
and the factor 0.90 the resistance factor in the divisor increases the test
load as is appropriate.
16.5.4 MEMBER AND

CONNECTION RESISTANCE
Member and connection resistance shall be calculated
in accordance with the requirements of Clause 13 except as
otherwise specified in Clause 16.
16.5.5 WIDTH-TO-THICKNESS RATIOS

16.5.5.1
Width-to-thickness ratios of compressive elements of
hot-formed sections shall be governed by Clause 11. Widthto-thickness ratios of compressive elements of cold-formed
sections shall be governed by CSA Standard S136.
16.5.5.2
For the purposes of determining the appropriate widthto-thickness ratio of compressive elements supported along
one edge, any stiffening effect of the deck or the joist web
shall be neglected.
16.5.6 BOTTOM CHORD

16.5.6 BOTTOM CHORD
A minimum radius of gyration is specified for bottom chord
members, when in tension, to provide a minimum stiffness for handling
and erection.
Under certain loading conditions, net compression forces may
occur in segments of bottom chords and must be considered. Bracing
of the chord, for compression, may be provided by regular bridging only
if the bridging meets requirements of Clause 9.2. As a minimum, lines
of bracing are specifically required near the ends of bottom chords in
tension in order to enhance stability when the wind causes a net uplift.
Bottom chord bracing may be required for continuous and cantilever joists as shown in Figure 2-38.
In those cases, where the bottom chord has little or no net
compression, bracing is not required for cantilever joists. However, it is
generally considered good practice to install a line of bridging at the first
bottom chord panel point as shown in Figure 2-38.
40
Figure 2-38
Bracing and Bridging of Cantilever Joists
16.5.6.1
The bottom chord shall be continuous and, when in tension, may be designed as an axially loaded tension member
unless subject to eccentricities in excess of those permitted
under Clause 16.5.10.4 or subject to applied load between
panel points. The governing radius of gyration of the tension
chord or any component thereof shall be not less than 1/240
of the corresponding unsupported length. For joists with
the web in the y-plane, the unsupported length of chord for
computing Lx/rx shall be taken as the panel length centre to
centre of panel points, and the unsupported length of chord
for calculating Ly/ry shall be taken as the distance between
bridging lines connected to the tension chord. Joist shoes,
when anchored, may be assumed to be equivalent to
bridging lines. A tension chord subjected to concentrated
loads between panel points shall be designed in accordance
with the provisions of Clause 13.9 when the chord is in
tension or Clause 16.5.7.3, as applicable.
16.5.6.2
The bottom chord shall be designed in accordance with
Clause 16.5.7.3 for the resulting compressive forces when
net uplift is specified, when joists are made continuous or
cantilevered, when end moments are specified, or when it
provides lateral support to compression elements of beams
or columns. Bracing, when required, shall be provided in
accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.2. For joists
with net uplift, a single line of bottom-chord bridging shall be
provided at each end of the joists near the first bottom chord
panel points, unless the ends of the bottom-chord are
otherwise restrained. (See also Clause 16.7.9(a).)
16.5.7 TOP CHORD

16.5.7 TOP CHORD
When the conditions set out in Clause 16.5.7.1 are fulfilled, only
axial force need be considered when the panel length is less than
610 mm (Kennedy and Rowan 1964). In these cases, the stiffness of the
floor or roof structure tends to help transfer loads to the panel points of
the joist, thus offsetting the reduction in chord capacity due to local
bending. When the panel length exceeds 610 mm, axial force and
bending moment need to be considered. When calculating bending
STANDARDS
moments in the end panel, it is customary to assume the end of the
chord to be pinned, even though the joist bearing is welded to its
support. The stiffening effect of supported deck or of the web is to be
neglected when determining the appropriate width-thickness ratio
(Clause 16.5.5.1) of the compression top chord.
The requirement in Clause 16.5.7.5, that the flat width of the chord
component be at least 5 mm larger than the nominal dimension of the
weld, should be considered an absolute minimum. Increasing
the dimension may improve workmanship. See Clauses 16.8.5.1
and 16.8.5.2 regarding workmanship requirements when laying and
attaching deck to joists.
16.5.7.1
The top chord shall be continuous and may be designed
for axial compressive force alone when the panel length does
not exceed 610 mm, when concentrated loads are not
applied between the panel points, and when not subject to
eccentricities in excess of those permitted under Clause
16.5.10.4. When the panel length exceeds 610 mm, the top
chord shall be designed as a continuous member subject to
combined axial and bending forces.
16.5.7.2
The slenderness ratio, KL/r, of the top chord or of its
components shall not exceed 90 for interior panels or 120 for
end panels. The governing KL/r shall be the maximum value
determined by the following:
(a) for x-x (horizontal) axis, Lx shall be the centre-tocentre distance between panel points and K = 0.9;
(b) for y-y (vertical) axis, Ly shall be the centre-to-centre
distance between the attachments of the deck. The
spacing of attachments shall be not more than
the design slenderness ratio of the top chord times
the radius of gyration of the top chord about its vertical axis and not more than 1000 mm, and K = 1.0;
(c) for z-z (skew) axis of individual components, Lz shall
be the centre-to-centre distance between panel
points or spacers, or both, and K = 0.9. Decking shall
not be considered to fulfil the function of batten plates
or spacers for top chords consisting of two separated
components and where r = the appropriate radius of
gyration.
16.5.7.4
Top chords in tension whose panel lengths exceed
610 mm shall be designed in accordance with the provisions
of Clause 13.9.
16.5.7.5
When welding is used to attach steel deck to the chord
of a joist, the flat width of any chord component in contact
with the deck shall be at least 5 mm larger than the nominal
design dimensions of the deck welds, measured transverse
to the longitudinal axis of the chord.
16.5.8 WEBS
16.5.8 WEBS
The length of web members for purposes of design are shown in
Figure 2-39. With the exception of web members made of individual
members, the effective length factor is always taken as 1.0. For
individual members this factor is 0.9 for buckling in the plane of the web
(see Clause G7 of Appendix G), but is 1.0 for buckling perpendicular
to the plane of the web.
It has been observed, on occasion, in the testing of joists that with
critical chords and webs designed to reach their factored loads more or
less simultaneously using the S16 requirements, that the first compression web member fails first even though the joist deformations may be
quite significant. This appears to happen because the tension chord,
after yielding in the panel where the joist bending moment is a
maximum, continues to carry load into the strain-hardening range. It
overloads itself and the joist. The first compression web member with
no such reserve fails by buckling. By reducing the resistance factors for
this member and its connections to 85% more ductile modes of failure
are encouraged at little extra cost. This requirement is also applied to
trusses in Clause 15.2.4.
Vertical web members of modified Warren geometry are required
to resist load applied at the panel point plus a bracing force to preclude
in-plane buckling of the compression chord. A frequently used rule to
provide full support (Winter 1960) is for a brace to have a capacity in the
order of 2% of the force in the main compression member.
16.5.7.3
Compression chords shall be proportioned such that
Cf Mf
+
< 1.0
Cr Mr
Exception:
For individual members when
considering buckling in the plane of
the web, effective length = 0.9 x Length
Length of
Web Member
where
Mr = value given in Clause 13.5.
Cr = value given in Clause 13.3.
At the panel point, Cr may be taken as AFy and
Clause 13.5(a) may be used to determine Mr provided that
the chord meets the requirements of a Class 2 section and
Mf/Mp < 0.25.
For top chords with panel lengths not exceeding
610 mm, Mf resulting from any uniformly distributed loading
may be neglected.
Figure 2-39
Length of Joist Web Members
Web members in tension are not required to meet a limiting
slenderness ratio. This is significant when flats are used as tension
members; however, attention should be paid to those loading cases
where the possibility of shear reversal along the length of the joist exists.
Under these circumstances, it is likely that some diagonals generally
near mid-span may have to resist compression forces.
The chord shall be assumed to be pinned at the joist

supports.
41
STANDARDS
16.5.8.1
Webs shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of Clause 13 to resist the shear at any point due to the
factored loads given in Clause 16.5.1. Particular attention shall
be paid to possible reversals of force in each web member.
shown that the effect of small eccentricities is of minor consequence,

except for eccentricities at the end bearing and the intersection of the
end diagonal and bottom chord. (See also Clause 16.5.11.4.)
Eccentricity Limit
Distance equal to y1 or y
whichever is greater
16.5.8.2
16.5.8.3
y1
The length of a web member shall be taken as the

distance between the intersections of the neutral axes of
the web member and the chords. For buckling in the plane
of the web, the effective length factor shall be taken as 0.9
if the web consists of individual members. For all other cases,
the effective length factor shall be taken as 1.0.
Chord
Web
The factored resistances of the first compression web

member subject to transverse shear, and its connections,
shall be determined with their respective resistance factors,
, multiplied by 0.85.
(a)
Continuous Web Member
Eccentricity Limit
16.5.8.4
The vertical web members of a joist with a modified
Warren geometry shall be designed to resist an axial force
equal to the calculated sum of the compressive force in the
web member plus 0.02 times the force in the compression
chord at that location.
16.5.8.5
e1
Chord
Web
The slenderness ratio of a web member in tension need

not be limited.
(b)
Non-Continuous Web Member
16.5.8.6
The slenderness ratio of a web member in compression
shall not exceed 200.
16.5.9 SPACERS AND BATTENS
eccentricity e can be
neglected when e e1
full eccentricity e
must be considered
e
Compression members consisting of two or more sections

shall be interconnected so that the slenderness ratio of each
section calculated using its least radius of gyration is less than
or equal to the design slenderness ratio of the built-up member.
Spacers or battens shall be an integral part of the joist.
16.5.9 SPACERS AND BATTENS
Spacers and battens must be an integral part of the joist and
(see Clause 16.5.7.2(c)) the steel deck is not to be considered to act as
spacers or battens.
Chord
Web
(c)
Non-Continuous Web Member
16.5.10 CONNECTIONS AND SPLICES

16.5.10 CONNECTIONS AND SPLICES
Although splices are permitted at any point in chord or web
members, the splices must be capable of carrying the factored
loads without exceeding the factored resistances of the members.
Butt-welded splices are permitted provided they develop the factored
tensile resistance of the member.
As a general rule, the gravity axes of members should meet at a
common point within a joint. However, when this is not practical, eccentricities may be neglected if they do not exceed those described in
Clause 16.5.10.4; see Figure 2-40. Kaliandasani et al. (1977) have
42
Figure 2-40
Eccentricity Limits at Panel Points of Joists
16.5.10.1
Component members of joists shall be connected by
welding, bolting, or other approved means.
STANDARDS
16.5.11.2
16.5.10.2
Connections and splices shall develop the factored
loads without exceeding the factored member resistances
given in Clause 16. Butt-joint splices shall develop the
factored tensile resistance, Tr, of the member.
16.5.10.3
Splices may occur at any point in chord or web members.
16.5.10.4
Members connected at a joint should have their
centroidal axes meet at a point. Where this is impractical
and eccentricities are introduced, such eccentricities may
be neglected if they do not exceed
(a) for continuous web members, the greater of the two
distances measured from the neutral axis of the
chord member to the extreme fibres of the chord
member; and
It is likely that the centre of bearing will be eccentric with respect

to the intersection of the axes of the chord and the end diagonal as
shown in Figure 2-41. Because the location of the centre of bearing is
dependent on the field support conditions, and their construction
tolerances, it may be wise to assume a maximum eccentricity when
designing the bearing detail. In lieu of specific information, a reasonable
assumption is to use a minimum eccentricity of one half the minimum
bearing on a steel support of 65 mm. When detailing joists, care must
be taken to provide clearance between the end diagonal and the
supporting member or wall. See Figure 2-42. A maximum clearance of
25 mm is suggested to minimize eccentricities. One solution, to obtain
proper bearing, is to increase the depth of the bearing shoe.
Depth of bearing
shoes vary, check
with manufacturer
(b) for non-continuous web members, the distance

measured from the neutral axis to the back (outside
face) of the chord member.
When the eccentricity exceeds these limits, provision
shall be made for the effects of total eccentricity.
Eccentricities assumed in design shall be taken as the
maximum fabrication tolerances and shall be stated on
the shop details.
16.5.11 BEARINGS
16.5.11.1
Steel plate with anchor
Figure 2-42
Joists Bearing on Steel Plate Anchored
to Concrete and Masonry
For spandrel beams and other beams on which joists frame from
one side only, good practice suggests that the centre of the bearing
shoe be located within the middle third of the flange of the supporting
beam (Figure 2-43(a)). As the depth of bearing shoes vary, the building
designer should check with the joist manufacturer in setting top of
steel elevations. By using a deep shoe, interference between the support and the end diagonal will be avoided as shown in Figure 2-43(b).
1/3b
Bearings of joists shall be proportioned so that the

factored bearing resistance of the supporting material is not
exceeded.
May
vary
16.5.11.1
As required by Clause 16.4.1(c), the factored bearing resistance of
the supporting material or the size of the bearing plates must be given
on the building design drawings.
(a)
Normal shoe
(b)
Deeper than normal shoe
16.5.11.2
Where a joist bears, with or without a bearing plate, on
solid masonry or concrete support, the bearing shall meet the
requirements of CSA Standards S304.1 for masonry and
CSA Standard A23.3 for concrete.
Centre of bearing
e
Intersection of axes of
chord and end diagonal
(c)
See Clause 16.6.12.3 when
bearing is less than 65 mm
Figure 2-43
Joists Bearing on Steel
Bearing width
If the support is found to be improperly located, such that the span

of the joist is increased, the resulting eccentricity may be greater than
that assumed. Increasing the length of the bearing shoe to obtain
proper bearing may create the more serious problem of increasing
the amount of eccentricity.
Figure 2-41
Joist End Bearing Eccentricity
43
STANDARDS
16.5.11.3
Where a joist bears on a structural steel member, the
end of the shoe shall extend at least 65 mm beyond
the edge of the support, except that when the available
bearing area is restricted, this distance may be reduced,
provided that the shoe is adequately proportioned and
anchored to the support.
16.5.12.2
Tie joists may have their top and bottom chords connected to a column. Unless otherwise specified, tie joists
shall have top and bottom chord connections that are each at
least equivalent to those required by Clause 16.5.12.1. Either
the top or bottom connection shall utilize a bolted connection.
16.5.12.2
16.5.11.4
The joist shoe and the end panel of the joist shall be
proportioned to include the effect of the eccentricity between
the centre of the bearing and the intersection of the
centroidal axes of the chord and the end diagonal.
16.5.11.5
Bottom bearing joists shall have their top and bottom
chords held adequately in position at the supports.
The function of tie joists is to assist in the erection and plumbing

of the steel frame. Either the top or bottom chord is connected by bolting and, after plumbing the columns, the other chord is usually welded
(Figure 2-44). In most buildings, tie joists remain as installed with both
top and bottom chords connected; however, current practices vary
throughout Canada with, in some cases, the bottom chord connections
to the columns being made with slotted holes. Shrivastava et al. (1979)
studied the behaviour of tie joist connections and concluded that
they may be insufficient to carry lateral loads which could result from
rigid bolting.
The designation tie joist is not intended to be used for joists
participating in frame action.
16.5.12 ANCHORAGE
16.5.12.1
Joists shall be properly anchored to withstand the effects
of the combined factored loads, including net uplift. As a
minimum, the following shall be provided:
(a) when anchored to masonry or concrete
(i) for floor joists, a 10 mm diameter rod at least
300 mm long embedded horizontally;
(ii) for roof joists, a 20 mm diameter anchor rod
300 mm long embedded vertically with a 50 mm,
90 hook; and
(b) when supported on steel, one 20 mm diameter bolt,
or a pair of fillet welds satisfying the minimum size
and length requirements of CSA Standard W59; the
connection shall be capable of withstanding a horizontal load equal to 10% of the reaction of the joist.
16.5.12.1
When a joist is subject to net uplift, not only must the anchorage
be sufficient to transmit the net uplift to the supporting structure but the
supporting structure must be capable of resisting that force.
The anchorage of joist ends to supporting steel beams provide
both lateral restraint and torsional restraint to the top flange of the
supporting steel beam (Albert et al. 1992). When the supporting beam
is simply supported, the restraint provided to the compression flange
likely means that the full cross-sectional bending resistance can be
realized. In cantilever-suspended span construction, the restraint
provided by the joists is applied to the tension flange in negative
moment regions and is, therefore, less effective in restraining the
bottom (compression) flange from buckling.
Albert et al. (1992) and Essa and Kennedy (1993) show that, while
the increase in moment resistance due to lateral restraint is substantial,
in cantilever-suspended span construction, the further increase when
torsional restraint is considered is even greater. The torsional restraint
develops when the compression flange tends to buckle sideways
distorting the web and twisting the top flange that is restrained by
bending of the joists about the strong axis. The anchorage must
therefore be capable of transmitting the moment that develops. For
welds, a pair of 5 mm fillet welds 50 mm long coupled with the bearing
of the joist seat would develop a factored moment resistance of
about 1.8 kNm.
44
Figure 2-44
Tie Joists
16.5.12.3
Where joists are used as a part of a frame, the joist-tocolumn connections shall be designed to carry the moments
and forces due to the factored loads.
16.5.12.3
When joists are used as part of a frame to brace columns, or to
resist lateral forces on the finished structure, the appropriate moments
and forces are to be shown on the bullding design drawings to enable
the joists and the joist-to-column connections to be designed by the
joist manufacturer.
In cantilever suspended span roof framing, joists may also be used
to provide stability for girders passing over columns. See also the
commentary on Clauses 16.5.12.1, and 13.6.
16.5.13 DEFLECTION
16.5.13 DEFLECTION
The method of computing deflections is now based on truss
action, taking into account the axial deformation of all components
rather than the former approximate method of using a moment of
inertia equal to that of the truss chords and adding an allowance for the
shear deformation of the web members.
STANDARDS
16.5.13.1
16.5.16 WELDING
Steel joists shall be proportioned so that deflection due to

specified loads is within acceptable limits for the nature of the
materials to be supported and the intended use and occupancy. Such deflection limits shall be as given in Clause 6.2.1
unless otherwise specified by the building designer.
16.5.13.2
Many welded joints used in joists are not prequalified under

CSA W59, therefore the certified fabricator must have all these welded
joints accepted by the Canadian Welding Bureau (CWB).
16.5.16.2
16.5.14 CAMBER
Unless otherwise specified by the building designer, the
nominal camber shall be 0.002 of the span. For tolerances,
see Clause 16.10.9.
When welding joists to supporting members, surfaces to

be welded shall be free of coatings that are detrimental
to achieving an adequate weldment.
16.5.16.3
16.5.14 CAMBER
The nominal camber based on Clause 16.5.14 is now taken to
vary linearly with the span and is tabulated in Table 2-1 rounded to the
nearest millimetre. Manufacturing tolerances are covered in Clause
16.10.9. The maximum difference in camber of 20 mm for joists of the
same span, set to limit the difference between two adjacent joists, is
reached at a span of 16 000 mm.
Table 2-1.
Camber for Joists
Nominal
Camber
12 +
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Minimum
Camber
4
6
8
10
11
13
15
17
18
20
22
Flux and slag shall be removed from all welds.

16.5.16.3
Flux and slag are removed from all welds to assist in the inspection
of the welds, as well as to increase the life of the protective coatings
applied to the joists.
16.6 STABILITY DURING CONSTRUCTION
Camber (mm)
Up to 6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 000
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
Welding shall conform to the requirements of Clause 24.

Specific welding procedures for joist fabrication shall be
accepted by the Canadian Welding Bureau.
16.5.16.1
The deflection shall be calculated based on truss action,

taking into account the axial deformation of all the components of the joists.
Span
16.5.16.1
Maximum
Camber
20
22
24
26
29
31
33
35
38
40
42
16.5.15 VIBRATION
Means shall be provided to support joist chords against

lateral movement and to hold the joist in the vertical or
specified plane during construction.
16.6 STABILITY DURING CONSTRUCTION
A distinction is made between bridging, put in to meet the
slenderness ratio requirements for top and bottom chords, and the temporary support required by Clause 16.6 to hold joists against movement
during construction. Permanent bridging, of course, can be used for
both purposes.
16.7 BRIDGING
16.7 BRIDGING
Figures 2-45, 2-46 and 2-47 provide illustrations of bridging and
details of bridging connections.
The building designer shall give special consideration to

floor systems where unacceptable vibration may occur. When
requested, the joist manufacturer shall supply joist properties
and details to the building designer (See Appendix E).
16.5.15 VIBRATION
Appendix E of S16-01, Guide for Floor Vibrations, contains recommendations for floors supported on steel joists. By increasing the floor
thickness (mass), both the frequency and the peak acceleration are
reduced, thus reducing the annoyance more efficiently than by
increasing the moment of inertia (Ix) of the joists. For this reason, the
building designer should weight, at the building design stage, the options
in the Guide for Floor Vibrations to achieve the best performance.
Figure 2-45
Diagonal Bridging of Joists
45
STANDARDS
Angle or rod bridging
welded to chord
Bridging welded
to chord
16.7.5 HORIZONTAL BRIDGING

A line of horizontal bridging shall consist of a continuous
member perpendicular to the joist span attached to either
the top chord or the bottom chord of each joist. Horizontal
bridging members shall have a slenderness ratio of not more
than 300.
Figure 2-46
Horizontal Bridging Connections to the Joists Top Chord
Attachment of diagonal and horizontal bridging to joist

chords shall be by welding or mechanical means capable
of resisting an axial load of at least 3 kN in the attached
bridging member. Welds shall meet the minimum length
requirements stipulated in CSA Standard W59.
Bridging welded
to diagonals
16.7.6 ATTACHMENT OF BRIDGING
16.7.7 ANCHORAGE OF BRIDGING
A-A
Each line of bridging shall be adequately anchored at

each end to sturdy walls or to main components of the
structural frame, if practicable. Otherwise, diagonal and
horizontal bridging shall be provided in combination between
adjacent joists near the ends of bridging lines.
16.7.7 ANCHORAGE OF BRIDGING
Overhead weld is preferred.

Toe to toe weld of chord angle
to bridging angle rod is not
recommended
Figure 2-47
Horizontal Bridging Connections
to the Joists Bottom Chord
16.7.1 GENERAL
Bridging transverse to the span of joists may be used to
meet the requirements of Clause 16.6 and also to meet the
slenderness ratio requirements for chords. Bridging is not to
be considered bracing as described in Clause 9.2.
16.7.2 INSTALLATION
All bridging and bridging anchors shall be completely
installed before any construction loads, except for the weight
of the workers necessary to install the bridging, are placed on
the joists.
16.7.3 TYPES
Unless otherwise specified or approved by the building
designer, the joist manufacturer shall supply bridging that
may be either of the diagonal or of the horizontal type.
16.7.4 DIAGONAL BRIDGING

Diagonal bridging consisting of crossed members
running from top chord to bottom chord of adjacent joists
shall have a slenderness ratio, L/r, of not more than 200,
where L is the length of the diagonal bridging member or onehalf of this length when crossed members are connected at
their point of intersection, and r is the least radius of gyration.
All diagonal bridging shall be connected adequately to the
joists by bolts or welds.
46
Ends of bridging lines may be anchored to the adjacent steel frame

or adjacent concrete or masonry walls as shown in Figure 2-48.
Where attachment to the adjacent steel frame or walls is not
practicable, diagonal and horizontal bridging shall be provided in combination between adjacent joists near the ends of bridging lines as
shown in Figure 2-49. Joists bearing on the bottom chord will require
bridging at the ends of the top chord.
16.7.8 BRIDGING SYSTEMS

Bridging systems, including sizes of bridging members
and all necessary details, shall be shown on the erection
diagrams. If a specific bridging system is required by the
design, the design drawings shall show all information
necessary for the preparation of shop details and erection
diagrams.
16.7.9 SPACING OF BRIDGING

Diagonal and horizontal bridging, whichever is furnished,
shall be spaced so that the unsupported length of the chord
between bridging lines or between laterally supported ends
of the joist and adjacent bridging lines does not exceed
(a) 170r for chords in compression; and
(b) 240r for chords always in tension
where
r = the applicable chord radius of gyration about its axis
in the plane of the web
Ends of joists anchored to supports may be assumed to
be equivalent to bridging lines. If ends of joists are not so
anchored before deck is installed, the distance from the face
of the support to the nearest bridging member in the plane of
the bottom chord shall not exceed 120r. In no case shall there
be less than one line of horizontal or diagonal bridging
attached to each joist spanning 4 m or more. If only a single
line of bridging is required, it shall be placed at the centre of
the joist span. If bridging is not used on joists less than 4 m
in span, the ends of such joists shall be anchored to the
supports so as to prevent overturning of the joist during
placement of the deck.
STANDARDS
16.7.9 SPACING OF BRIDGING
(a) Anchorage of bridging

to steel beam (bolted)
Either horizontal or diagonal bridging is acceptable, although

horizontal bridging is generally recommended for shorter spans, up to
about 15 m, and is usually attached by welding. Diagonal bridging is
recommended for longer spans and is usually attached by bolting.
Bridging need not be attached at panel points and may be fastened at
any point along the length of the joists. When horizontal bridging is
used, bridging lines will not necessarily appear in pairs as the requirements for support of tension chords are not the same as those for compression chords. Because the ends of joists are anchored, the supports
may be assumed to be equivalent to bridging lines.
16.8 DECKING
(b) Anchorage of bridging
to steel beam (welded)
16.8.1 DECKING TO PROVIDE

LATERAL SUPPORT
Decking shall bear directly on the top chord of the joist.
If not sufficiently rigid to provide lateral support to the
compression chord of the joist, the compression chord of
the joist shall be braced laterally in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 9.2.
16.8.1 DECKING TO PROVIDE LATERAL SUPPORT
(c) Anchorage of bridging

to walls (side connection)
When the decking complies with Clause 16.8 and is sufficiently

rigid to provide lateral support to the top (compression) chord, the
top chord bridging may be removed when it is no longer required.
Bottom (tension) chord bridging is permanently required to limit the
unsupported length of the chord to 240r, as defined in Clause 16.7.9.
16.8.2 DECK ATTACHMENTS
(d) Anchorage of bridging

to walls (top connection)
Attachments considered to provide lateral support to top

chords shall meet the requirements of Clause 9.2.3. The
spacing of attachments shall be not exceed the design slenderness ratio of the top chord times the radius of gyration of
the top chord about its vertical axis, nor shall it exceed 1 m.
16.8.3 DIAPHRAGM ACTION

Figure 2-48
Anchorage of Joist Bridging
Where decking is used in combination with joists to form

a diaphragm for the purpose of transferring lateral applied
loads to vertical bracing systems, special attachment
requirements shall be fully specified on the building design
drawings.
16.8.4 CAST-IN-PLACE SLABS
(a) diagonal bridging with horizontal bridging
Cast-in-place slabs used as decking shall have a

minimum thickness of 50 mm. Forms for cast-in-place slabs
shall not cause lateral displacement of the top chords of joists
during installation of the forms or the placing of the concrete.
Non-removable forms shall be positively attached to top
chords by means of welding, clips, ties, wedges, fasteners,
or other suitable means at intervals not exceeding 1 m;
however, there shall be at least two attachments in the
width of each form at each joist. Forms and their method of
attachment shall be such that the cast-in-place slab, after
hardening, is capable of furnishing lateral support to the
joist chords.
(b) horizontal bridging with diagonal bridging
Figure 2-49
Bracing of Joist Bridging
47
STANDARDS
Length
16.8.5 INSTALLATION OF STEEL DECK
7 mm
(Cl. 16.11.8)
Design Location
of Panel Point
13 mm
(Cl. 16.11.2)
16.8.5.1
To facilitate attachment of the steel deck, the location of
the top chord of the joist shall be confirmed by marking the
deck at suitable intervals or by other means.
16.8.5.1
Manufacturers
Specified
Depth
7 mm
(Cl. 16.11.1)
Hole Location:
2 mm when length < 10 m
3 mm when length > 10 m
(Cl. 16.11.8)
Workmanship is of concern when decking is to be attached by

arc-spot welding to top chords of joists. When the joist location is
marked on the deck as the deck is positioned, the welders will be more
likely to position the arc-spot welds correctly.
Note: End diagonal

Show actual eccentricities
when gravity axes of
members do not meet
at a point (Cl. 16.11.2
and 16.6.11.4)
7 mm (Cl. 16.11.3)
Specified or nominal Camber

(Cl. 16.11.9)
Specified
Shoe Depth
The installer of the steel deck to be fastened to joists by

arc spot welding shall be a company certified by the
Canadian Welding Bureau to the requirements of CSA
Standard W47.1.
The welding procedures shall be accepted by the
Canadian Welding Bureau.
The welders shall have current qualifications for arc spot
welding issued by the Canadian Welding Bureau.
W
1/50 W max.
(Cl. 16.11.6)
Bearing Shoe
+ 3 mm
(Cl. 16.11.7)
16.8.5.2
+ 3 mm
(Cl. 16.11.4)
16.8.5.2
Arc-spot welds for attaching the deck to joists are structural welds
and require proper welding procedures.
Figure 2-50
Joist Manufacturing Tolerances
16.9 SHOP COATING

Joists shall have a shop coating meeting the requirements of Clause 28.8.6, unless otherwise specified.
16.9 SHOP PAINTING
Interiors of buildings conditioned for human comfort are generally
assumed to be of a non-corrosive environment and therefore do not
require corrosion protection.
Joists normally receive one coat of paint suitable for a production
line application, usually by dipping a bundle of joists into a tank. This
paint is generally adequate for three months of exposure, which should
be ample time to enclose, or paint, the joists.
Special coatings, and paints that require special surface preparations, are expensive because these have to be applied individually
to each joist by spraying or other means. For joists comprised of
cold-formed members, surface preparations that were meant to remove
mill scale from hot-rolled members are not appropriate.
16.10 MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES

16.10 MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES
Figure 2-50 illustrates many of the manufacturing tolerance
requirements.
16.10.1
The tolerance on the specified depth of the manufactured joist shall be 7 mm.
48
16.10.2
The deviation of a panel point from the design location,
measured along the length of a chord, shall not exceed
13 mm. The centroidal axes of the bottom chord and the end
diagonals carrying transverse shear should meet at the first
bottom panel point even when the end diagonal is an
upturned bottom chord (see Clause 16.5.10.4).
16.10.3
The deviation of a panel point from the design location,
measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the chord
and in the plane of the joist, shall not exceed 7 mm.
16.10.4
The connections of web members to chords shall
not deviate laterally more than 3 mm from that assumed in
the design.
16.10.5
The sweep of a joist or any portion of the length of the
joist, upon completion of manufacture, shall not exceed
1/500 of the length on which the sweep is measured.
16.10.6
The tilt of bearing shoes shall not exceed 1 in 50
measured from a plane perpendicular to the plane of the web
and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the joist.
STANDARDS
16.10.7
16.12 HANDLING AND ERECTION
The tolerance on the specified shoe depth shall be

3 mm.
16.10.8
The tolerance on the specified length of the joist shall be
7 mm. The connection holes in a joist shall not vary from
the detailed location by more than 2 mm for joists 10 m or
less in length or by more than 3 mm for joists more than
10 m in length.
16.10.9
The tolerance in millimetres on the nominal or specified
camber shall be
16.12.1 GENERAL
Care shall be exercised to avoid damage during
strapping, transport, unloading, site storage, piling, and
erection. Dropping of joists shall be avoided. Special
precautions shall be taken when erecting long, slender joists,
and hoisting cables shall not be released preferably until the
member is stayed laterally by at least one line of bridging.
Joists shall have all bridging attached and permanently
fastened in place before the application of any loads.
Construction loads shall be adequately distributed so as not
to exceed the capacity of any joist. Field welding shall
not cause damage to joists, bridging, deck, and supporting
steel members.
L
( 6 + 4000
).
16.12.2 ERECTION TOLERANCES
The minimum camber in a joist shall be 3 mm. The range

in camber for joists of the same span shall be 20 mm.
16.11 INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL
16.12.2 ERECTION TOLERANCES

Figure 2-51 illustrates many of the erection tolerance requirements. In this edition, Clause 16.12.2.5 has been added to control the
differential deflection between any three adjacent joists to smooth
the supported decks profile.
16.11.1 INSPECTION
Material and quality of work shall be accessible for
inspection at all times by qualified inspectors representing
the building designer. Random in-process inspection shall
be carried out by the manufacturer, and all joists shall be
thoroughly inspected by the manufacturer before shipping.
Ll
Third-party welding inspection shall be in accordance

with Clause 30.5.
Length = L
16.11.2 IDENTIFICATION AND

CONTROL OF STEEL
1/500 L max.
Steel used in the manufacture of joists shall, at all times,

be identified in the manufacturers plant as to its specification
(and grade, where applicable) by suitable markings, by
recognized colour-coding, or by any system devised by
the manufacturer that will ensure to the satisfaction of the
building designer that the correct material is being used.
1/50 d
1/5
0d
16.11.3 QUALITY CONTROL

d
90
Pa
ral
lel
to
roo
fd
ec
k
Upon request by the building designer, the manufacturer

shall provide evidence of having suitable quality control
measures to ensure that the joists meet all specified requirements. When testing is part of the manufacturers normal
quality control program, the loading criteria shall be 1.0/0.9
times the factored loads for the specific joist design.
Plan View
of Joists
1/500 Ll max.
16.11.3 QUALITY CONTROL

When testing forms part of the manufacturers normal quality
control programme, the test shall follow steps 1 to 4 of the loading
procedure given in Part 5 of Steel Joist Facts (CISC 1980).
Figure 2-51
Joist Erection Tolerances
49
STANDARDS
16.12.2.1
The maximum sweep of a joist or a portion of the length
of a joist upon completion of erection shall not exceed the
limit given in Clause 16.10.5 and shall be in accordance with
the general requirements of Clause 29.
16.12.2.2
All members shall be free from twists, sharp kinks, and
bends.
16.12.2.3
The deviation of joists as erected from the location in
the plan shown on the erection diagrams shall not exceed
15 mm.
16.12.2.4
The deviation of the bottom chord with respect to the top
chord, normal to the specified plane of the web of a joist,
shall not exceed 1/50 of the depth of the joist.
16.12.2.5
The maximum deviation in elevation between the tops of
any three adjacent joists shall not be greater than 0.01 times
the joist spacing, and in no case greater than 25 mm. The
deviation is the vertical offset from the top of the centre joist
to the line joining the tops of the centres of the adjacent joists.
Casino
Niagara Falls, ON
Fabricator: Structal
50
Shot blasting machine

Saint-Gdon, QC
JOIST DEPTH SELECTION TABLE

METRIC
XXX
: Mass of Joist (kg/m)
XXX
: % of service load to produce a deflection of L/360
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
200
4.5
3.0
8.2
200
192
154
128
110
96
86
77
85
81
75
72
79
250
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.6
8.6
9.8
9.8
9.8
200
200
200
200
178
155
138
124
113
104
116
108
101
300
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
186
171
159
149
350
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.4
10.4
10.6
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
400
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.6
10.8
10.8
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
450
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.8
10.8
10.9
10.9
11.0
11.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
500
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.9
11.1
11.1
11.2
11.3
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
16.5
11.0
15.8
18.0
12.0
17.3
19.5
13.0
18.8
21.0
14.0
20.4
22.5
15.0
22.1
6.0
4.0
8.2
7.5
5.0
8.2
9.0
6.0
8.2
10.5
7.0
8.2

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
8.2
8.2
8.2
16.5
11.0
9.5
18.0
12.0
9.8
19.5
13.0
10.2
21.0
14.0
10.6
22.5
15.0
12.0
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
200
4.5
3.0
7.8
105
79
73
64
65
64
65
65
65
64
64
65
64
250
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.2
8.8
9.7
11.3
12.0
12.6
13.5
13.9
14.4
170
128
102
85
73
74
68
75
72
69
67
66
66
300
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
10.3
10.6
12.4
13.4
13.4
13.7
200
200
183
153
131
115
102
96
90
98
95
88
86
350
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
10.1
10.1
10.5
10.5
11.8
12.9
13.6
200
200
200
200
181
159
141
127
121
111
112
116
114
400
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.4
10.9
10.9
12.0
200
200
200
200
200
200
187
168
153
140
135
126
128
450
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.4
10.5
10.5
10.5
10.7
11.1
11.2
11.2
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
195
179
165
153
150
500
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.6
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.9
10.9
11.3
11.3
11.6
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
191
178
16.5
11.0
19.0
18.0
12.0
20.1
19.5
13.0
22.9
21.0
14.0
24.6
22.5
15.0
25.9
6.0
4.0
7.8
7.5
5.0
8.4
9.0
6.0
8.8
10.5
7.0
10.3

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.5
12.8
14.4
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
250
4.5
3.0
8.0
86
64
65
70
65
65
64
64
65
63
65
65
64
300
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.9
10.2
11.8
12.4
13.5
14.5
15.3
16.9
18.3
19.5
154
115
92
80
72
74
69
67
67
64
66
67
64
350
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.8
10.1
10.7
12.0
12.3
13.3
14.4
15.1
15.6
17.2
200
160
128
107
96
87
86
82
78
81
79
76
76
400
9.6
9.6
9.6
10.0
10.0
10.6
10.6
12.2
13.2
13.6
13.9
15.4
15.9
200
200
169
141
121
111
99
103
99
95
92
92
91
450
9.8
9.8
10.2
10.2
10.6
10.6
10.9
11.3
13.1
13.4
13.9
14.3
14.9
200
200
200
180
155
135
126
113
120
116
107
105
102
500
9.9
9.9
10.2
10.6
10.9
11.9
12.3
13.1
13.5
13.9
14.9
15.1
16.5
200
200
200
200
200
196
182
169
154
144
145
135
136
550
10.8
10.8
10.8
11.2
11.5
12.2
13.0
13.3
13.8
14.5
15.0
15.8
16.7
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
187
182
173
165
154
6.0
4.0
8.0
7.5
5.0
9.4
9.0
6.0
11.4
10.5
7.0
12.4

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
13.8
15.6
17.4
Lightest joist: See margin for corresponding depth
51

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
300
4.5
3.0
9.1
88
69
64
64
65
65
65
65
64
64
63
64
64
350
9.3
9.6
10.0
11.7
12.4
13.6
14.9
16.1
18.3
19.0
20.3
24.1
24.1
122
92
77
74
71
67
68
66
68
64
66
65
64
400
9.4
9.9
9.9
10.6
12.0
13.1
13.6
15.1
15.9
16.9
19.4
21.6
21.6
162
121
97
85
84
82
76
74
74
73
76
74
71
450
9.9
10.1
10.1
10.5
11.0
12.6
13.5
14.8
15.5
16.4
17.4
20.1
20.7
200
155
124
108
97
94
93
91
86
87
83
83
88
500
10.1
10.2
10.2
10.7
11.1
11.6
13.0
14.6
14.9
15.7
16.9
18.9
18.9
200
193
154
129
116
101
104
105
100
98
96
93
93
550
10.7
10.8
11.1
11.1
11.6
11.9
13.5
14.6
15.4
15.8
16.2
16.9
18.4
200
200
188
157
134
123
120
121
110
106
103
103
107
600
10.8
10.9
11.8
12.5
13.4
13.8
15.0
16.0
16.3
17.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
200
200
200
200
196
177
172
158
147
146
138
142
119
16.5
11.0
26.1
18.0
12.0
28.4
19.5
13.0
28.7
21.0
14.0
31.6
22.5
15.0
33.6
6.0
4.0
9.7
7.5
5.0
11.2
9.0
6.0
12.8
10.5
7.0
14.6

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
16.8
18.9
20.8
16.5
11.0
22.7
18.0
12.0
24.7
19.5
13.0
26.3
21.0
14.0
30.8
22.5
15.0
30.8
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
350
4.5
3.0
9.1
76
66
65
64
65
64
63
64
64
64
64
64
64
400
9.3
10.0
11.8
13.0
14.1
16.4
17.9
19.1
21.3
22.6
24.3
24.3
26.1
101
79
74
68
66
64
65
64
65
63
64
64
65
450
9.9
10.1
10.6
12.9
13.2
16.0
16.5
17.2
20.0
20.7
21.7
23.7
24.8
129
97
81
83
75
74
72
70
75
71
70
70
69
500
9.9
10.2
11.0
12.6
13.2
14.6
16.2
16.9
18.6
18.7
19.2
20.5
21.8
161
121
105
98
89
85
85
84
82
85
84
86
85
550
10.5
10.9
11.2
12.7
13.4
14.3
15.0
15.7
18.0
18.6
19.0
19.1
20.4
196
147
123
111
102
98
96
98
93
92
96
95
94
600
10.7
11.2
12.0
12.9
13.9
14.7
15.2
15.5
17.9
17.9
18.1
18.8
19.3
200
176
148
128
130
114
110
115
105
112
115
110
107
650
12.0
12.3
12.5
13.8
14.3
14.8
15.4
15.7
15.8
16.3
17.6
17.6
19.0
200
200
200
200
189
165
147
136
127
123
126
117
121
16.5
11.0
28.3
18.0
12.0
31.6
19.5
13.0
34.4
21.0
14.0
36.5
22.5
15.0
38.0
6.0
4.0
10.5
7.5
5.0
12.6
9.0
6.0
14.3
10.5
7.0
17.1

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
20.1
21.8
23.7
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
400
4.5
3.0
9.2
67
65
66
65
65
63
65
65
64
64
64
65
66
450
9.6
10.3
12.5
14.1
16.9
18.5
20.2
21.7
23.9
25.9
28.5
30.3
30.3
86
70
70
66
65
66
65
65
65
64
64
65
63
500
9.7
10.3
11.9
13.4
15.8
16.0
17.0
17.3
19.1
20.5
22.9
24.9
26.0
107
84
78
73
70
68
74
69
69
68
65
67
68
550
10.4
10.6
11.6
13.3
14.5
15.6
16.0
17.1
17.9
19.5
22.7
24.8
24.8
131
98
86
84
80
80
76
81
77
77
77
74
73
600
10.7
10.9
11.8
14.1
15.0
15.2
15.6
16.4
17.6
18.1
22.6
24.5
24.5
156
117
98
101
91
86
92
91
88
84
81
83
82
650
12.2
13.6
13.7
14.3
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.6
16.6
17.9
20.0
22.4
22.8
200
200
176
151
126
110
98
98
104
96
92
98
94
700
12.3
13.7
13.9
14.4
15.8
16.0
16.1
16.5
17.0
18.0
20.3
21.3
22.0
200
200
200
176
158
128
114
106
106
112
106
108
107
6.0
4.0
11.5
7.5
5.0
14.0
9.0
6.0
16.0
10.5
7.0
20.5
52

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
20.6
24.0
26.5

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
450
4.5
3.0
10.7
66
64
66
67
65
64
65
63
65
64
66
64
64
500
10.5
12.5
13.4
14.8
16.7
18.2
20.1
22.8
30.5
30.5
30.5
32.0
34.2
79
73
64
64
66
64
63
64
64
65
64
64
64
550
10.3
11.4
13.2
14.4
16.4
17.1
18.5
20.3
23.6
24.1
25.8
26.8
29.1
91
75
74
70
67
71
68
68
65
65
67
64
65
600
10.7
11.5
13.7
14.2
15.9
16.0
18.3
20.2
23.5
23.8
25.4
26.1
28.0
109
86
85
78
79
78
79
73
80
80
76
75
75
650
12.4
13.6
13.8
14.5
15.2
15.5
18.2
20.0
23.3
23.3
24.7
25.6
26.5
181
154
123
106
95
83
94
90
87
88
83
84
82
700
12.5
13.7
13.9
14.7
15.6
16.2
17.3
19.7
21.5
21.6
23.6
25.3
25.9
200
179
143
123
108
111
88
101
91
95
93
94
91
750
12.7
13.8
14.0
14.9
15.7
16.3
17.6
19.4
19.9
19.9
21.4
22.5
23.6
200
195
165
142
125
103
114
114
106
94
96
92
92
16.5
11.0
33.6
18.0
12.0
37.0
19.5
13.0
42.0
21.0
14.0
45.5
22.5
15.0
45.5
6.0
4.0
12.7
7.5
5.0
15.3
9.0
6.0
19.9
10.5
7.0
21.0

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
23.7
26.6
30.0
16.5
11.0
34.7
18.0
12.0
34.7
19.5
13.0
36.3
21.0
14.0
38.1
22.5
15.0
42.4
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
500
4.5
3.0
11.6
66
65
64
65
65
64
64
64
64
65
68
69
64
550
10.5
13.3
13.9
15.6
18.4
20.2
24.6
28.3
28.3
30.0
33.3
36.1
38.4
70
68
68
65
65
63
65
65
64
64
64
67
64
600
11.1
13.2
13.6
14.4
17.2
18.8
21.8
23.9
24.8
26.4
28.6
31.7
35.2
83
77
76
70
71
69
67
65
67
65
64
65
68
650
11.8
13.4
13.7
14.2
16.0
17.8
20.7
22.7
23.2
25.3
27.0
28.9
31.8
132
112
89
83
78
76
74
72
72
73
69
70
72
700
11.9
13.5
13.8
14.3
15.4
17.2
19.9
22.3
22.3
24.8
25.2
26.7
29.9
153
14
104
87
85
85
81
80
76
83
75
75
80
750
12.1
13.6
14.0
14.4
15.7
16.8
18.3
19.9
21.6
23.1
25.0
26.5
28.3
177
133
120
100
95
98
90
90
87
88
88
89
87
800
12.3
13.7
14.1
14.5
16.0
17.1
19.3
21.9
21.9
22.9
24.1
26.0
27.4
200
172
137
114
98
95
100
96
93
95
93
94
93
16.5
11.0
36.8
18.0
12.0
42.3
19.5
13.0
45.1
21.0
14.0
49.8
22.5
15.0
50.5
10
6.0
4.0
13.5
7.5
5.0
16.8
9.0
6.0
18.2
10.5
7.0
21.8

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
24.7
31.5
33.1
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
550
4.5
3.0
12.9
64
63
66
65
64
65
63
64
65
68
68
69
64
600
12.8
13.2
14.9
17.2
20.4
22.2
27.0
28.2
31.5
33.9
37.4
39.2
45.6
72
71
65
64
65
64
63
64
64
64
64
64
67
650
13.1
13.4
14.1
15.6
18.7
19.6
22.3
25.2
27.6
29.5
31.7
36.2
37.4
112
84
72
67
67
65
64
66
65
64
64
67
66
700
13.3
13.5
14.2
14.5
17.8
19.2
22.0
23.5
25.3
27.6
29.6
32.0
35.8
115
98
78
70
76
69
72
71
70
71
69
70
73
750
13.4
13.7
14.4
14.7
16.3
17.9
20.9
21.9
24.9
26.7
28.0
30.2
32.4
133
113
90
81
77
77
77
75
78
78
76
74
75
800
13.5
13.9
14.6
14.9
17.3
18.8
21.0
21.4
23.2
25.8
27.1
28.5
30.7
172
129
103
86
89
88
83
85
82
82
82
81
79
900
13.8
14.1
14.7
15.0
17.6
19.0
21.3
21.8
23.4
24.6
26.5
27.8
29.1
200
164
131
109
104
107
95
98
95
96
97
95
94
11
6.0
4.0
13.7
7.5
5.0
17.7
9.0
6.0
20.1
10.5
7.0
23.1

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
26.1
34.6
34.6
53

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
600
4.5
3.0
13.9
65
65
66
64
64
64
64
66
68
68
68
64
65
650
13.1
13.4
15.8
18.8
23.3
25.5
28.3
31.6
34.2
38.0
43.3
47.0
47.4
86
64
64
65
65
65
65
64
64
64
68
65
65
700
13.5
13.5
14.4
17.6
20.5
21.9
24.9
27.5
29.5
31.8
36.1
37.5
41.5
100
75
67
68
64
64
66
66
65
64
66
65
67
750
13.5
13.6
14.6
16.5
18.2
21.1
23.4
25.3
27.9
31.1
32.9
36.0
40.9
115
87
74
75
70
70
70
68
69
70
68
71
74
800
13.6
13.8
14.7
16.7
18.8
19.6
22.7
23.9
26.7
29.6
31.6
33.2
36.4
132
99
79
79
77
76
75
72
75
75
74
72
76
900
13.8
14.0
14.9
16.8
19.0
19.8
21.4
23.6
25.2
27.4
28.9
30.9
33.5
168
126
101
93
94
88
87
89
88
85
85
84
82
1 000
14.1
14.3
15.0
17.0
19.1
20.0
21.5
23.7
25.4
27.0
28.3
29.8
31.4
200
156
125
107
108
102
100
99
97
100
98
96
94
16.5
11.0
43.2
18.0
12.0
46.4
19.5
13.0
51.1
21.0
14.0
54.9
22.5
15.0
63.5
12
6.0
4.0
15.0
7.5
5.0
18.4
9.0
6.0
21.4
10.5
7.0
26.6

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
32.8
32.8
36.7
16.5
11.0
42.4
18.0
12.0
46.1
19.5
13.0
50.8
21.0
14.0
50.8
22.5
15.0
54.6
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
650
4.5
3.0
13.5
67
64
65
64
65
64
64
64
63
64
64
65
67
700
13.3
15.4
17.9
20.8
23.9
27.2
29.9
33.6
37.5
40.8
45.5
46.5
50.3
79
68
64
65
65
65
64
64
64
64
69
64
65
750
13.4
13.8
15.4
18.2
21.7
23.8
27.6
29.6
32.8
35.9
38.9
41.9
46.9
91
68
65
64
65
64
66
65
65
65
64
65
69
800
13.6
13.9
15.6
17.4
21.2
23.1
25.5
27.2
31.1
33.4
36.6
38.2
42.4
103
78
69
70
71
68
68
66
67
68
69
67
69
900
13.7
14.2
15.7
17.6
19.5
21.3
23.3
26.2
28.4
30.8
33.5
37.2
38.5
132
99
85
86
85
80
77
78
79
77
77
80
77
1 000
13.9
14.8
15.8
17.7
19.6
21.5
23.4
25.3
27.0
28.8
32.4
34.1
37.2
164
127
98
99
92
92
90
91
91
88
88
88
90
1 100
14.1
15.2
15.9
17.9
19.8
21.8
23.6
25.5
27.2
29.1
31.5
32.8
35.1
199
154
123
103
112
108
102
102
101
101
101
98
100
16.5
11.0
46.0
18.0
12.0
49.8
19.5
13.0
53.5
21.0
14.0
58.4
22.5
15.0
67.1
13
6.0
4.0
16.6
7.5
5.0
20.4
9.0
6.0
23.6
10.5
7.0
27.3

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
31.5
35.6
39.5
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
700
4.5
3.0
14.8
68
66
65
65
64
64
64
65
65
65
65
64
68
750
13.5
15.5
18.9
22.5
25.7
29.3
33.2
38.0
40.8
45.9
46.9
50.2
54.5
72
65
66
64
65
65
65
67
64
69
64
64
65
800
14.1
14.6
17.4
21.0
23.1
26.4
29.2
32.2
35.9
38.5
42.3
47.5
50.5
83
67
68
65
65
65
64
64
65
64
64
68
69
900
14.4
14.8
16.5
19.5
21.5
24.1
26.5
29.7
31.8
34.4
38.5
42.1
43.9
105
79
83
74
73
72
72
72
70
69
72
74
74
1 000
14.6
15.0
16.6
18.5
20.0
22.2
26.1
27.6
29.9
33.5
36.4
38.6
42.0
135
98
87
86
82
81
86
82
81
80
83
82
84
1 100
14.9
15.2
16.9
18.7
20.2
22.4
24.3
26.8
29.0
31.8
34.7
37.9
38.7
164
119
98
104
96
95
94
92
93
90
92
94
90
1 200
15.3
15.5
17.0
18.9
20.5
22.6
24.5
27.1
29.3
32.2
33.2
35.1
38.2
190
143
114
115
110
105
103
106
102
104
101
99
105
14
6.0
4.0
18.0
7.5
5.0
20.9
9.0
6.0
25.8
10.5
7.0
28.9
54

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
33.0
36.8
42.1

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
750
4.5
3.0
14.8
68
64
64
65
65
64
68
67
66
66
65
63
64
800
13.7
16.9
20.3
24.0
27.4
31.6
35.6
40.1
43.1
46.8
50.3
54.2
59.8
67
64
65
65
64
65
64
64
64
64
64
65
64
900
13.8
14.8
18.1
21.2
23.8
26.9
29.8
32.8
36.8
40.0
43.7
51.7
51.7
86
71
70
69
67
67
65
66
68
65
69
76
71
1 000
14.0
14.9
17.1
19.4
22.5
25.3
27.4
31.0
34.5
39.7
41.8
43.3
44.8
106
80
84
77
76
76
74
74
75
83
79
77
75
1 100
14.3
15.1
17.3
19.6
21.5
24.1
27.4
29.3
32.3
35.8
38.3
42.3
43.7
129
97
94
93
86
86
88
83
84
83
85
90
86
1 200
15.6
15.6
17.5
19.8
21.7
24.6
27.6
29.6
31.1
33.7
37.5
39.2
43.1
154
116
103
101
99
98
95
97
95
92
96
94
97
1 300
15.9
15.9
17.6
19.9
21.8
24.8
27.7
29.9
31.5
34.0
35.1
38.0
42.9
182
140
122
110
108
112
111
108
106
105
102
105
112
11.7
7.8
41.4
12.6
8.4
45.9
13.5
9.0
49.1
14.4
9.6
53.7
15.3
10.2
53.7
15
6.0
4.0
18.5
7.5
5.0
22.3
9.0
6.0
26.5
10.5
7.0
31.1

Service load (kN/m)
12.0
13.5
15.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
35.4
42.2
45.7
16.5
11.0
50.0
18.0
12.0
53.5
19.5
13.0
58.8
21.0
14.0
63.7
22.5
15.0
67.5
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
750
4.5
3.0
16.5
64
65
65
65
64
63
64
64
65
66
67
68
64
800
14.9
17.8
20.1
23.1
25.4
28.4
31.1
34.1
37.3
43.0
43.0
45.8
50.2
64
65
64
65
64
64
65
65
66
69
64
66
67
900
13.6
15.3
17.5
19.0
21.4
23.7
26.1
28.0
30.2
32.8
34.6
36.5
38.7
70
65
66
64
65
64
65
65
65
65
65
64
64
1 000
13.9
14.3
16.5
17.6
19.1
22.1
23.5
25.8
27.4
29.1
31.5
33.6
36.5
87
73
82
74
71
72
70
72
70
69
70
70
68
1 100
14.0
14.4
16.6
17.9
19.3
20.4
22.2
24.0
25.6
28.2
29.2
31.5
33.1
106
89
85
87
83
82
80
78
79
80
78
78
77
1 200
14.5
14.9
16.7
18.0
19.4
20.5
22.4
24.4
26.5
27.8
28.3
29.7
33.2
127
106
93
96
92
89
90
90
91
89
86
85
87
1 300
15.3
15.3
16.8
18.2
19.6
20.7
22.5
24.5
26.7
28.3
29.2
31.3
32.0
154
125
110
113
101
101
98
99
98
99
98
100
97
11.7
7.8
45.2
12.6
8.4
49.0
13.5
9.0
50.4
14.4
9.6
53.8
15.3
10.2
58.5
16
5.4
3.6
19.9
6.3
4.2
22.6
7.2
4.8
25.5
8.1
5.4
28.4

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
31.5
35.2
37.7
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
800
4.5
3.0
18.3
67
64
65
64
64
65
65
67
68
68
64
65
65
900
15.2
17.1
19.9
22.5
25.4
27.7
29.8
32.7
34.9
37.9
42.7
43.3
46.7
68
64
66
65
66
65
64
65
64
64
68
64
66
1 000
14.0
15.4
18.3
19.6
22.2
24.0
25.7
27.9
30.4
32.1
36.3
38.2
38.8
73
68
71
66
67
66
66
65
65
66
69
66
64
1 100
14.1
15.5
17.2
18.5
20.2
23.2
24.4
26.5
28.6
31.3
32.8
34.2
37.8
89
82
83
78
76
75
73
73
73
74
73
71
74
1 200
14.4
15.6
17.4
18.6
20.4
21.7
24.0
25.9
28.4
29.3
30.8
33.8
35.5
106
88
92
87
85
84
82
85
83
81
80
81
80
1 300
15.2
15.8
17.6
18.9
20.5
21.9
24.2
26.2
27.2
28.6
30.0
32.2
34.3
125
104
102
94
93
93
90
93
92
91
89
90
89
1 400
16.1
17.0
17.7
20.0
21.7
23.1
24.4
26.4
28.1
29.3
30.7
32.6
34.0
145
124
107
116
111
109
101
99
104
102
101
102
101
17
5.4
3.6
20.4
6.3
4.2
24.2
7.2
4.8
26.8
8.1
5.4
30.3

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
34.0
37.0
41.5
55

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
900
4.5
3.0
17.0
65
71
76
80
85
86
94
94
91
98
99
98
97
1 000
15.0
18.9
22.9
27.0
31.1
36.2
38.1
40.9
41.6
43.1
46.4
46.7
47.8
18
5.4
3.6
21.7
6.3
4.2
26.7
7.2
4.8
31.9
8.1
5.4
35.4

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
39.6
42.1
44.6
11.7
7.8
46.5
12.6
8.4
47.4
13.5
9.0
49.1
14.4
9.6
51.2
15.3
10.2
52.9
68
72
78
80
84
87
87
90
91
92
93
100
101
1 100
14.2
18.1
20.8
25.5
28.6
30.7
31.4
36.5
37.8
38.4
39.0
41.3
75
81
83
89
91
92
96
100
109
103
104
98
115
1 200
14.6
17.2
20.5
23.9
25.4
27.1
29.0
31.6
33.4
35.1
36.2
38.6
41.9
89
97
95
98
101
101
105
106
111
108
125
117
110
1 300
15.0
17.9
19.1
20.0
23.0
25.2
28.1
30.7
32.3
33.8
34.1
36.1
38.7
105
106
105
109
112
113
114
121
128
125
119
138
130
1 400
16.3
18.1
20.3
21.9
23.9
26.0
26.4
28.4
30.9
31.7
33.0
35.4
38.0
122
108
117
117
126
127
126
128
130
138
136
130
152
1 600
16.9
19.0
21.3
22.9
24.3
27.0
27.4
29.2
31.1
31.5
32.5
34.8
37.3
160
149
143
142
152
156
150
153
172
165
165
159
169
11.7
7.8
40.3
12.6
8.4
44.5
13.5
9.0
47.4
14.4
9.6
52.9
15.3
10.2
53.9
46.2
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
1 000
4.5
3.0
17.0
68
65
64
66
64
64
64
66
65
65
67
68
64
1 100
15.7
17.9
20.0
22.3
25.4
27.5
29.3
31.8
35.9
38.7
42.0
44.0
48.3
70
69
68
66
68
66
66
65
67
66
68
67
71
1 200
14.9
17.7
19.3
21.0
24.1
26.1
28.8
30.2
33.0
36.9
38.2
43.6
44.2
78
83
76
73
74
73
72
71
72
75
74
77
74
1 300
15.4
17.8
19.6
20.8
23.6
26.0
27.9
29.5
31.2
34.5
37.3
39.4
42.4
92
90
86
83
84
83
83
80
78
80
82
79
83
1 400
16.5
17.9
19.9
21.7
23.8
26.1
28.1
29.2
31.0
32.7
35.1
38.9
39.1
104
91
100
93
89
88
87
88
88
86
87
90
87
1 600
17.0
18.3
20.2
22.3
24.0
26.3
28.3
29.7
31.5
32.5
33.7
36.8
38.4
140
123
121
118
107
107
106
110
112
106
104
107
104
1 800
19.5
21.0
22.4
23.1
25.3
28.0
28.9
30.3
32.4
33.5
34.3
37.0
39.5
187
152
141
141
139
132
129
126
124
123
121
120
124
11.7
7.8
46.4
12.6
8.4
51.7
13.5
9.0
55.1
14.4
9.6
55.2
15.3
10.2
59.8
19
5.4
3.6
19.7
6.3
4.2
22.0
7.2
4.8
25.7
8.1
5.4
28.1

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
30.8
33.7
37.3
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
1 000
4.5
3.0
18.5
65
64
67
64
64
64
65
65
66
67
68
64
64
1 100
17.5
19.3
21.9
24.7
27.5
29.9
34.1
38.3
39.2
42.1
44.7
48.5
51.7
71
66
64
65
65
64
64
68
64
64
64
66
67
1 200
16.4
18.6
20.8
23.9
25.6
28.3
31.9
32.9
37.7
38.3
42.1
44.2
45.4
74
73
72
72
69
68
70
66
71
68
72
69
67
1 300
15.5
18.4
20.1
21.8
25.5
28.0
29.9
32.1
34.9
38.0
39.4
43.4
44.7
79
83
79
76
79
78
76
74
74
78
74
77
77
1 400
17.1
18.7
20.7
22.8
25.0
27.0
29.4
30.9
33.5
34.9
38.0
42.8
43.3
91
90
85
85
84
82
84
81
82
80
82
88
85
1 600
17.2
19.1
20.9
23.0
25.4
27.9
29.6
31.1
31.9
33.4
35.9
41.0
42.6
120
108
104
101
102
104
103
98
96
97
108
98
102
1 800
19.9
22.0
22.7
23.7
26.5
28.6
30.0
32.0
33.3
34.8
36.3
42.8
43.1
157
141
123
123
119
122
118
115
118
115
113
124
122
20
5.4
3.6
21.7
6.3
4.2
26.0
7.2
4.8
28.1
8.1
5.4
31.9
56

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
35.6
39.2
42.8

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
1 100
4.5
3.0
20.1
64
64
65
64
64
64
65
66
66
67
66
66
67
1 200
18.3
21.2
24.1
27.3
32.1
34.1
37.7
41.1
44.4
48.3
52.3
53.1
56.5
66
65
63
64
65
65
65
66
64
67
68
64
66
1 300
18.2
20.4
23.5
26.9
29.3
31.7
34.4
37.9
42.7
44.5
45.4
49.4
53.4
75
72
70
69
68
67
67
68
72
70
67
76
71
1 400
18.7
21.5
23.0
26.2
28.6
31.0
33.6
37.2
39.3
42.8
44.9
48.0
53.3
81
80
76
77
75
76
72
77
73
77
79
74
83
1 600
19.1
21.8
23.5
24.5
27.9
29.6
31.4
32.9
37.6
42.2
43.8
45.4
46.7
97
98
92
89
92
88
88
85
91
93
93
89
86
1 800
21.1
22.8
25.6
26.7
28.2
31.0
32.8
34.7
37.2
40.1
43.1
45.2
46.2
124
115
115
107
106
106
104
103
101
103
107
104
104
2 000
21.9
24.5
26.4
27.2
28.6
31.4
33.1
35.0
37.7
43.2
43.2
44.9
45.8
149
134
128
124
120
123
119
121
118
128
124
125
121
11.7
7.8
55.3
12.6
8.4
60.4
13.5
9.0
69.1
14.4
9.6
70.7
15.3
10.2
75.4
22
5.4
3.6
23.7
6.3
4.2
27.6
7.2
4.8
31.3
8.1
5.4
35.3

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
38.7
43.9
47.3
11.7
7.8
52.4
12.6
8.4
55.7
13.5
9.0
59.8
14.4
9.6
65.5
15.3
10.2
69.2
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
1 200
4.5
3.0
22.2
65
64
65
64
71
64
66
66
66
65
70
66
67
1 300
20.4
23.3
27.5
30.5
33.6
37.9
42.1
44.7
49.1
52.9
57.2
66.2
66.6
66
65
64
64
64
64
65
65
66
66
68
72
68
1 400
21.0
23.0
27.0
29.2
32.6
34.7
38.7
42.7
44.7
49.8
53.5
58.1
64.2
74
68
70
69
68
66
68
69
67
71
72
68
80
1 600
21.3
23.2
25.8
28.5
30.2
32.4
35.8
42.1
44.0
45.5
50.3
54.2
54.8
91
83
84
83
80
78
77
86
82
80
77
89
84
1 800
22.9
24.4
26.4
29.3
31.3
32.8
35.6
39.3
43.8
44.9
50.0
50.3
51.6
107
101
96
98
96
91
92
93
98
94
100
90
93
2 000
23.2
24.6
27.2
30.0
31.7
33.5
36.1
41.5
43.0
44.7
45.9
50.0
51.5
126
117
117
113
112
111
107
119
114
110
109
113
109
2 200
25.2
27.6
30.9
32.4
33.3
34.3
36.5
42.3
43.6
44.9
45.7
46.4
51.3
200
142
135
131
127
122
118
134
129
128
124
120
125
11.7
7.8
60.9
12.6
8.4
71.1
13.5
9.0
71.4
14.4
9.6
75.8
15.3
10.2
81.6
24
5.4
3.6
25.5
6.3
4.2
30.9
7.2
4.8
33.7
8.1
5.4
42.0

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
42.8
47.4
52.1
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
1 300
4.5
3.0
24.2
65
64
64
72
68
67
66
67
65
70
65
66
66
1 400
22.8
26.4
29.7
33.7
37.5
42.2
45.8
49.0
53.4
57.2
63.3
67.7
73.4
64
65
64
64
64
66
65
65
65
66
66
66
67
1 600
22.0
25.6
28.5
31.0
34.3
38.2
44.0
44.5
46.9
53.8
54.4
60.9
67.0
78
77
75
73
72
73
76
74
72
80
75
79
77
1 800
24.0
26.2
29.0
31.5
33.6
37.8
43.8
44.3
46.1
48.3
52.5
56.2
66.0
93
88
88
87
84
82
91
86
84
82
86
89
95
2 000
24.8
26.4
29.6
31.8
34.5
36.7
43.3
43.7
45.1
46.7
51.2
53.4
55.6
108
105
104
101
97
96
106
100
99
95
100
96
94
2 200
25.8
26.6
30.0
32.1
35.1
36.9
43.5
44.5
45.6
45.7
48.7
52.9
55.5
134
122
116
115
118
112
119
118
113
108
107
111
107
2 400
27.3
28.2
32.3
33.5
36.8
38.1
45.1
45.6
47.5
48.4
53.1
53.7
55.6
160
136
147
131
135
124
137
131
130
125
128
124
121
26
5.4
3.6
28.6
6.3
4.2
32.5
7.2
4.8
41.1
8.1
5.4
44.3

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
48.1
52.9
55.6
57

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
1 400
4.5
3.0
27.7
65
65
64
65
70
68
68
66
66
65
66
65
70
1 600
23.7
28.2
32.6
34.5
40.7
44.2
46.4
53.2
53.9
59.3
63.4
68.8
81.0
69
70
67
67
72
69
66
75
69
68
70
70
75
1 800
25.3
28.9
31.4
34.4
39.7
43.2
45.8
47.4
51.7
56.4
59.5
65.4
68.1
81
82
79
78
80
83
80
77
79
82
81
83
79
2 000
25.5
29.3
31.7
33.8
36.7
42.6
44.6
46.0
50.8
53.8
57.5
65.0
68.0
96
97
93
91
88
96
91
88
92
91
94
100
89
2 200
26.3
29.9
32.1
35.2
37.2
42.7
44.8
46.9
47.6
53.0
54.4
64.4
67.2
107
108
103
108
100
109
106
101
99
101
100
108
114
2 400
27.8
30.7
33.8
36.5
38.9
43.9
45.5
47.2
49.6
53.5
55.7
59.9
65.1
128
123
127
129
121
121
118
117
111
117
113
114
121
2 600
28.1
33.6
36.9
39.6
44.2
45.9
47.0
50.2
53.6
53.7
57.2
60.4
63.0
137
200
150
131
135
136
134
127
127
129
125
131
127
11.7
7.8
63.4
12.6
8.4
72.5
13.5
9.0
75.8
14.4
9.6
79.8
15.3
10.2
84.8
28
5.4
3.6
31.4
6.3
4.2
35.9
7.2
4.8
40.3
8.1
5.4
47.2

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
52.1
56.0
60.8
11.7
7.8
67.1
12.6
8.4
71.6
13.5
9.0
75.1
14.4
9.6
81.9
15.3
10.2
94.5
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
1 600
4.5
3.0
29.2
69
65
64
66
64
67
66
64
65
70
66
66
66
1 800
28.1
31.1
35.1
39.2
43.3
45.6
51.1
55.7
59.3
65.9
68.8
72.6
81.3
87
74
72
74
75
73
76
77
76
77
72
72
78
2 000
27.6
30.7
34.0
36.7
43.0
44.8
47.0
52.8
56.7
63.5
68.2
68.8
77.7
87
88
84
82
87
84
80
83
89
87
87
84
89
2 200
27.9
31.0
34.7
36.8
43.3
45.6
46.1
52.4
53.3
60.0
61.6
63.8
64.0
101
98
99
94
102
98
92
96
93
106
99
93
88
2 400
29.7
33.0
35.7
37.7
44.3
45.9
48.6
52.9
54.7
60.2
62.0
65.4
70.2
115
114
108
105
113
109
107
108
106
109
119
111
111
2 600
31.3
36.5
38.2
38.9
45.0
46.4
48.8
53.2
55.2
60.7
62.5
66.9
70.4
131
168
146
118
128
120
117
123
117
121
117
139
123
2 800
37.4
37.7
39.3
39.8
46.3
46.9
49.0
53.8
55.9
61.0
62.9
68.3
71.0
200
195
170
151
149
134
131
132
132
132
132
134
130
11.7
7.8
76.1
12.6
8.4
77.9
13.5
9.0
84.7
14.4
9.6
89.1
15.3
10.2
95.0
30
5.4
3.6
32.8
6.3
4.2
35.9
7.2
4.8
40.9
8.1
5.4
43.5

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
50.1
53.2
59.8
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
1 800
4.5
3.0
33.9
68
72
74
64
71
68
68
67
66
65
66
65
66
2 000
33.0
35.1
49.0
49.5
50.7
55.9
61.6
64.5
69.8
72.6
78.7
82.0
86.4
79
73
88
74
74
79
76
70
71
71
75
71
72
2 200
33.2
36.0
42.8
45.4
46.5
51.9
61.5
64.0
66.2
71.2
74.3
81.9
82.6
107
83
90
84
80
83
93
85
79
86
80
86
81
2 400
33.4
36.3
43.5
45.6
48.1
51.0
59.1
63.5
65.9
67.9
73.1
77.3
80.2
98
96
100
94
92
94
95
102
94
87
96
90
89
2 600
33.9
37.0
43.8
45.8
49.1
53.2
58.9
60.5
64.7
67.6
69.4
76.6
79.9
117
117
113
107
102
104
106
103
111
103
96
106
99
2 800
35.6
37.5
44.9
46.2
49.9
53.7
62.2
62.2
65.1
65.1
69.0
75.5
79.8
138
115
131
119
114
117
127
113
111
107
111
111
121
3 200
49.0
50.1
53.0
55.4
58.9
61.5
65.9
67.2
67.7
69.7
70.5
79.6
87.6
200
200
200
151
159
137
167
153
137
131
126
145
143
34
5.4
3.6
41.9
6.3
4.2
50.6
7.2
4.8
51.2
8.1
5.4
54.8
58

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
59.5
64.4
70.3

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
2 000
4.5
3.0
49.5
78
76
72
75
67
66
64
64
67
66
67
68
67
2 200
40.3
52.0
55.0
55.6
60.6
63.2
68.4
75.2
79.6
85.2
87.8
93.6
99.7
95
90
82
78
81
80
73
72
76
70
71
71
67
2 400
36.3
43.5
54.0
55.0
58.1
62.8
65.9
74.5
76.1
83.8
85.4
87.0
95.7
82
86
95
89
83
87
79
86
79
84
78
73
80
2 600
38.0
55.2
55.4
55.2
58.9
64.3
65.6
66.8
75.9
77.6
83.9
86.2
91.9
134
135
94
93
93
103
93
86
93
86
92
87
87
2 800
38.4
56.3
56.3
56.3
61.0
64.9
67.5
69.1
73.6
77.5
80.5
84.5
90.5
113
157
101
105
108
100
109
100
98
100
98
92
95
3 200
45.2
60.7
60.7
60.7
69.9
70.1
72.4
74.2
76.1
79.7
81.2
89.0
93.1
170
199
123
123
200
127
116
112
121
119
111
121
114
3 600
64.5
66.5
68.5
69.9
71.6
74.1
75.4
76.3
80.4
84.6
89.9
93.1
101.9
200
200
200
200
200
162
147
135
128
151
141
138
130
11.7
7.8
101.5
12.6
8.4
104.9
13.5
9.0
106.9
14.4
9.6
109.7
15.3
10.2
117.2
38
5.4
3.6
53.0
6.3
4.2
56.0
7.2
4.8
60.8
8.1
5.4
61.4

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
65.1
70.0
76.3
11.7
7.8
85.0
12.6
8.4
89.8
13.5
9.0
95.3
14.4
9.6
101.4
15.3
10.2
106.7
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
2 200
4.5
3.0
51.7
77
79
82
72
71
64
84
70
65
70
68
64
64
2 400
43.8
47.5
58.1
63.5
68.1
69.3
81.4
89.7
92.4
99.9
101.2
106.2
113.3
80
73
77
101
72
200
69
73
67
72
67
71
67
2 600
53.4
54.4
55.3
59.9
64.4
67.3
75.3
80.1
85.1
93.6
99.0
102.5
107.3
120
93
86
82
85
76
81
78
79
78
79
78
78
2 800
54.9
55.3
56.0
59.5
64.2
67.0
74.9
77.0
85.0
90.1
96.4
100.5
106.7
135
91
92
173
98
89
85
87
84
85
85
86
85
3 200
57.8
60.2
62.5
63.7
66.1
71.9
77.0
81.6
85.9
87.8
94.5
99.2
106.1
151
147
139
121
105
116
112
103
110
102
101
104
102
3 600
67.8
69.4
71.5
78.5
84.4
90.2
95.5
97.4
99.4
101.6
105.9
107.6
108.6
200
200
200
154
137
120
115
130
126
117
128
120
118
4 000
73.3
74.2
78.6
87.5
98.4
101.1
102.5
104.2
108.1
110.6
111.7
115.7
117.4
200
200
200
191
170
153
150
138
190
145
175
171
140
11.7
7.8
111.9
12.6
8.4
115.7
13.5
9.0
118.4
14.4
9.6
125.5
15.3
10.2
131.0
42
5.4
3.6
59.5
6.3
4.2
65.5
7.2
4.8
65.8
8.1
5.4
70.7

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
71.9
96.6
98.8
Span
Joist
Depth
(m)
(mm)
2 400
4.5
3.0
55.1
77
70
109
96
85
66
65
64
70
67
66
65
65
2 600
56.4
58.5
66.1
70.9
73.6
78.6
87.0
95.0
102.0
106.7
112.7
123.9
128.3
91
78
129
113
76
81
71
75
70
73
71
73
68
2 800
57.6
58.9
62.9
66.4
72.0
76.9
86.1
86.5
99.2
103.0
108.6
116.9
124.5
106
88
83
105
79
79
83
76
81
79
79
78
80
3 200
60.8
61.9
64.1
68.0
72.1
77.0
86.6
88.8
98.8
100.1
108.4
116.4
117.1
139
200
106
114
98
94
99
91
98
91
96
95
89
3 600
68.7
69.9
71.8
73.2
73.9
82.3
89.1
95.9
99.0
100.8
110.5
118.7
121.4
177
200
200
117
107
119
113
126
113
105
112
110
113
4 000
76.1
76.4
76.8
76.9
78.3
84.0
93.3
96.9
100.7
108.4
121.2
123.2
123.5
200
200
200
145
129
126
140
128
125
135
145
136
128
4 400
110.9
113.1
114.8
116.3
117.8
118.6
120.3
122.0
125.4
125.7
126.1
127.7
129.2
200
200
200
200
200
200
139
200
200
140
193
165
155
46
5.4
3.6
58.8
6.3
4.2
70.1
7.2
4.8
73.6
8.1
5.4
76.9

Service load (kN/m)
9.0
9.9
10.8
6.0
6.6
7.2
82.4
88.1
97.0
59

IMPERIAL
XXX
: Joist Weight (lb./ft.)
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
8
300
200
5.5
200
193
153
127
108
95
84
87
83
79
73
78
77
10
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.8
6.6
6.6
7.2
200
200
200
200
175
153
136
122
111
101
113
105
103
12
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.3
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
198
181
167
155
145
14
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.4
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
16
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.5
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
18
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.3
8.4
8.7
9.0
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
20
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.7
7.9
8.1
8.4
8.5
8.7
9.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1140
760
10.6
1245
830
11.9
1350
900
12.8
1455
970
13.8
1560
1040
14.6
10
405
270
5.5
510
340
5.5
615
410
5.5
720
480
5.5

825
930
1035
550
620
690
5.5
5.5
5.9
1140
760
6.4
1245
830
6.6
1350
900
6.8
1455
970
7.8
1560
1040
8.7
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
8
300
200
5.3
116
86
68
65
64
71
65
64
65
64
64
65
64
10
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
6.3
6.5
6.9
8.3
8.4
9.1
9.3
10.4
187
138
110
91
78
82
76
71
76
73
70
68
70
12
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.9
7.0
8.4
8.4
9.0
9.0
200
200
197
163
139
122
108
101
92
103
95
93
86
14
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.7
6.9
7.1
7.6
8.7
8.7
200
200
200
200
193
168
149
134
122
117
108
123
114
16
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.3
7.6
7.8
200
200
200
200
200
200
198
178
161
148
143
132
135
18
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.5
7.8
8.0
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
189
174
162
158
20
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.1
7.5
8.1
8.2
8.5
8.8
9.1
9.1
9.8
10.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1140
760
12.0
1245
830
12.6
1350
900
14.1
1455
970
15.3
1560
1040
16.7
13
405
270
5.3
510
340
5.3
615
410
5.7
720
480
6.5

825
930
1035
550
620
690
8.2
8.7
9.5
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
10
300
200
5.3
99
73
67
64
64
67
64
64
65
64
65
64
64
12
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.5
6.7
7.6
8.2
8.6
9.3
10.3
10.8
11.4
12.5
177
131
104
86
77
78
73
72
70
71
67
67
69
14
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.6
7.0
8.0
8.3
8.8
9.2
9.7
10.5
11.0
200
181
144
119
102
93
96
91
87
83
82
84
78
16
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.7
7.0
7.2
7.4
8.5
8.9
9.2
9.7
10.4
200
200
191
158
135
118
109
102
104
100
97
94
95
18
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.8
7.2
7.5
8.0
8.3
8.6
9.2
9.7
10.1
10.7
200
200
200
200
188
175
162
146
136
136
129
126
127
20
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.3
7.6
8.0
8.6
8.8
9.3
9.8
10.2
10.8
200
200
200
200
200
200
194
182
165
156
157
146
139
22
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.4
7.6
8.0
8.4
8.8
9.1
9.5
10.0
10.4
11.1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
195
185
179
164
16
405
270
5.3
510
340
5.8
615
410
6.5
720
480
7.5
60

825
930
1035
550
620
690
8.8
9.6
10.4

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
12
300
200
6.1
89
69
64
63
64
64
64
64
65
64
64
64
64
14
6.2
6.4
6.7
7.9
8.3
9.2
10.1
10.8
12.4
13.6
14.1
15.3
16.2
124
92
76
73
70
66
66
64
66
65
64
65
65
16
6.3
6.7
6.7
7.1
8.1
8.8
9.4
10.1
10.7
12.0
13.5
13.9
14.5
164
121
96
84
83
81
75
72
72
71
77
74
73
18
6.7
6.7
6.7
7.1
8.1
8.7
9.3
9.9
10.7
11.8
12.3
13.7
13.9
200
155
123
107
106
98
95
89
87
87
86
89
86
20
6.8
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.8
8.3
8.9
9.8
10.3
11.1
11.4
11.6
11.8
200
193
153
133
118
115
108
103
101
99
98
94
94
22
7.2
7.3
7.5
7.5
7.8
8.5
9.1
9.8
10.0
10.9
11.3
11.4
11.7
200
200
187
155
132
121
118
119
114
109
108
106
104
24
7.2
7.5
7.9
8.7
9.3
9.6
10.4
10.6
10.7
11.0
11.1
11.2
11.2
200
200
200
200
199
178
172
158
146
145
134
124
116
1140
760
17.2
1245
830
18.6
1350
900
19.3
1455
970
20.8
1560
1040
22.1
20
405
270
6.4
510
340
7.5
615
410
8.6
720
480
9.9

825
930
1035
550
620
690
11.3
12.8
14.0
1140
760
15.8
1245
830
17.7
1350
900
18.4
1455
970
19.9
1560
1040
20.3
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
14
300
200
6.1
81
66
64
63
65
66
65
64
64
64
65
64
64
16
6.5
6.5
7.9
8.4
9.5
10.8
11.8
12.8
14.0
15.2
16.3
16.3
17.2
107
79
76
71
68
65
64
66
64
65
65
64
64
18
6.6
6.6
7.2
8.4
9.0
10.6
11.1
11.6
13.5
14.0
15.0
15.9
15.9
137
101
84
81
77
76
74
72
77
73
71
71
72
20
6.7
6.7
7.4
8.5
8.9
10.3
10.9
11.4
12.5
12.5
12.7
13.5
14.7
170
126
109
101
91
87
87
85
83
87
86
84
87
22
7.0
7.3
7.6
8.6
9.0
9.7
9.9
10.4
12.1
12.4
12.5
12.8
13.7
200
154
128
114
105
101
98
101
95
93
98
97
96
24
7.2
7.5
8.1
8.7
9.4
10.1
10.3
10.3
12.1
12.1
12.1
12.6
13.1
200
184
153
132
134
117
113
118
107
115
108
112
109
26
8.1
8.3
8.4
9.4
9.6
10.1
10.5
10.6
10.7
11.0
11.8
11.8
12.9
200
200
200
200
194
169
150
139
129
125
128
119
123
1140
760
18.2
1245
830
20.3
1350
900
22.5
1455
970
23.1
1560
1040
24.5
23
405
270
6.8
510
340
8.2
615
410
9.3
720
480
11.2

825
930
1035
550
620
690
13.4
14.6
15.5
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
16
300
200
6.3
74
66
64
65
67
65
65
65
64
65
64
64
63
18
6.3
6.7
8.2
9.2
10.2
11.4
12.8
14.0
15.5
15.7
17.1
18.2
19.2
94
73
71
65
66
64
65
64
65
64
64
64
63
20
6.5
6.9
7.7
9.0
9.9
10.7
10.8
11.7
12.8
13.7
16.9
16.9
17.1
117
91
84
78
75
72
73
73
73
71
70
72
70
22
7.2
7.2
7.8
9.5
9.6
9.7
10.1
11.5
12.1
12.8
16.4
16.7
16.7
143
106
88
90
81
82
81
86
81
79
78
77
78
24
7.2
7.5
8.6
9.6
9.8
9.9
10.0
10.3
11.9
12.2
14.4
14.6
15.9
171
133
122
108
103
99
94
87
93
89
90
88
88
26
8.3
8.7
9.2
9.7
10.3
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.8
12.0
13.5
13.7
14.5
200
200
189
161
144
117
103
103
96
101
97
96
95
28
8.4
8.7
9.3
9.8
10.4
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.9
12.1
13.2
13.3
13.8
200
200
200
161
165
136
121
108
109
118
114
105
104
26
405
270
7.5
510
340
8.7
615
410
11.2
720
480
12.5

825
930
1035
550
620
690
13.6
15.4
16.9
61

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
18
300
200
6.7
64
64
65
68
64
64
64
64
65
64
64
67
68
20
6.7
8.4
9.7
11.1
11.5
12.5
13.9
15.4
20.7
20.7
20.7
21.6
23.8
76
73
66
65
65
66
64
64
65
65
64
64
65
22
7.1
7.8
9.4
9.4
10.3
11.8
12.2
13.7
18.5
18.5
18.5
19.8
21.3
92
75
74
72
68
72
66
68
66
66
67
68
68
24
7.3
7.8
9.0
9.3
10.3
10.7
12.0
13.1
17.9
17.9
17.9
18.3
19.2
111
90
84
80
79
76
77
76
74
74
77
75
73
26
8.3
9.1
9.3
9.5
9.7
10.6
11.9
12.5
15.3
15.3
16.0
18.1
18.9
183
154
122
101
87
94
92
90
84
80
79
83
85
28
8.4
9.1
9.7
9.9
9.9
10.7
11.1
12.0
14.1
14.5
15.5
16.9
16.9
200
179
142
122
101
95
93
92
90
88
87
92
84
30
8.5
9.2
9.8
10.0
10.1
10.8
12.2
13.3
14.2
14.2
14.8
16.2
16.5
200
195
164
140
116
102
114
114
110
100
98
97
99
1140
760
23.6
1245
830
24.9
1350
900
28.4
1455
970
30.7
1560
1040
31.1
30
405
270
8.5
510
340
10.7
615
410
13.1
720
480
14.7

825
930
1035
550
620
690
16.4
18.3
20.1
1140
760
23.4
1245
830
23.4
1350
900
25.0
1455
970
28.0
1560
1040
30.8
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
20
300
200
7.3
65
66
65
64
64
64
65
64
64
65
68
69
65
22
7.1
8.6
9.1
10.2
12.4
14.2
17.1
19.8
19.8
20.5
22.4
23.5
26.1
73
70
65
64
64
64
64
66
65
64
65
64
64
24
7.3
8.7
9.0
9.4
11.9
13.2
14.4
15.5
16.8
17.4
20.3
21.3
21.9
83
79
77
71
72
69
68
65
68
64
67
66
64
26
7.9
8.9
9.1
9.4
11.4
12.5
13.9
14.9
15.7
17.1
18.1
20.4
21.7
137
115
91
78
80
77
77
74
72
74
70
74
72
28
8.0
9.0
9.2
9.5
10.4
11.5
13.0
14.1
14.8
16.5
17.1
18.4
21.0
160
134
107
88
86
86
82
81
77
83
79
79
82
30
8.0
9.1
9.2
9.6
10.8
11.6
12.4
13.4
14.4
16.0
16.9
17.8
18.6
185
137
123
102
100
99
91
90
87
88
89
87
86
32
8.9
9.1
9.2
9.8
10.9
11.7
12.5
14.3
14.3
15.5
16.3
16.8
18.5
200
177
141
117
100
97
101
97
94
95
93
90
93
1140
760
24.3
1245
830
26.1
1350
900
28.5
1455
970
31.1
1560
1040
33.9
33
405
270
9.4
510
340
10.3
615
410
11.9
720
480
14.6

825
930
1035
550
620
690
16.8
22.7
23.6
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
22
300
200
8.3
65
67
65
64
64
65
64
65
64
64
64
64
66
24
7.8
9.0
9.4
11.7
13.2
15.8
19.2
19.2
20.6
22.1
24.0
25.7
30.6
70
64
64
64
64
65
64
64
65
65
64
64
69
26
8.0
9.1
9.1
10.8
12.2
13.9
15.2
16.8
18.5
20.1
21.1
22.6
24.6
106
88
70
69
68
65
67
68
67
66
66
64
66
28
8.1
9.2
9.2
9.8
12.0
13.3
14.4
15.8
17.0
18.5
20.0
21.5
23.9
123
103
82
73
76
71
74
73
72
73
71
72
75
30
8.1
9.3
9.3
10.1
10.7
12.0
13.6
15.2
16.8
17.5
18.8
20.4
21.3
142
119
95
84
80
80
80
80
81
78
78
77
75
32
8.9
9.4
9.4
10.2
10.9
12.7
12.8
14.2
16.1
17.3
18.2
19.2
20.7
184
136
108
90
85
87
86
83
85
85
85
83
82
36
9.1
9.5
9.5
10.4
11.1
13.0
13.0
14.4
14.8
16.3
17.9
18.7
19.7
200
173
138
114
100
103
99
101
98
96
100
98
96
36
405
270
9.3
510
340
10.9
615
410
13.2
720
480
15.4
62

825
930
1035
550
620
690
18.6
21.9
24.3

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
24
300
200
9.3
66
65
65
65
63
65
64
65
67
67
67
68
66
26
8.8
9.3
11.3
12.7
15.7
17.6
19.6
21.5
23.5
27.1
29.4
32.1
34.3
87
64
65
64
64
64
65
64
64
65
67
67
69
28
9.1
9.1
10.3
11.8
14.2
15.2
16.8
18.5
20.4
22.0
24.1
26.5
30.5
101
75
66
67
66
65
64
64
65
64
65
64
70
30
9.2
9.1
9.5
10.8
12.2
14.5
15.9
17.7
19.9
21.0
24.0
25.0
28.5
117
87
74
75
69
70
68
70
71
68
73
70
73
32
9.3
9.3
9.7
11.2
12.5
13.3
15.2
17.0
18.2
20.3
22.3
23.7
25.5
133
99
79
85
76
77
74
76
73
74
76
72
74
36
9.4
9.5
9.9
11.6
12.7
13.4
14.4
15.6
17.5
19.0
20.0
21.8
22.9
170
126
100
92
93
90
85
87
86
86
83
86
84
40
9.5
9.6
10.0
11.8
12.9
13.6
14.6
15.7
17.6
18.4
19.5
21.6
22.1
200
156
124
103
107
101
102
97
103
100
98
98
97
1140
760
29.0
1245
830
31.1
1350
900
34.4
1455
970
36.8
1560
1040
42.8
40
405
270
10.0
510
340
12.8
615
410
14.7
720
480
18.0

825
930
1035
550
620
690
22.5
22.6
25.0
1140
760
29.1
1245
830
31.1
1350
900
33.4
1455
970
37.2
1560
1040
40.0
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
26
300
200
9.0
70
64
64
63
64
65
64
64
64
64
64
65
67
28
8.9
10.3
12.0
13.6
16.2
17.8
20.2
22.6
26.3
28.7
31.0
31.3
34.0
81
65
65
64
65
63
64
64
66
68
67
64
65
30
9.0
9.3
10.2
12.2
14.5
16.8
18.2
20.0
22.1
24.2
26.1
31.3
31.3
94
70
66
65
65
67
65
65
65
65
64
72
69
32
9.1
9.7
10.3
11.6
14.2
15.2
17.2
19.2
21.4
22.6
24.6
28.1
29.5
107
79
70
71
72
67
68
70
69
68
69
72
72
36
9.2
10.0
10.5
11.9
13.0
14.1
15.8
17.6
19.6
20.9
22.7
25.1
26.5
137
101
87
87
83
80
78
78
81
77
78
80
78
40
9.3
10.4
10.6
12.0
13.2
14.3
16.0
17.0
18.3
20.5
22.4
23.1
25.6
170
129
100
100
93
92
91
91
91
88
90
88
93
44
9.5
10.7
10.9
12.2
13.3
14.5
16.1
17.2
18.4
20.3
21.2
22.8
23.6
200
157
125
104
113
105
102
102
101
103
101
101
99
1140
760
30.9
1245
830
33.5
1350
900
35.8
1455
970
39.2
1560
1040
42.2
43
405
270
11.3
510
340
13.3
615
410
15.4
720
480
17.8

825
930
1035
550
620
690
21.0
23.5
26.4
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
28
300
200
9.3
66
65
65
64
64
65
66
67
66
66
66
65
64
30
9.2
10.0
12.0
14.3
16.9
19.3
21.8
25.1
27.0
28.8
31.6
33.7
36.7
77
65
63
64
65
65
65
67
64
64
65
65
67
32
9.5
9.7
11.6
13.1
15.5
17.4
19.2
21.2
24.2
25.4
28.5
31.9
31.9
87
70
67
64
65
65
64
64
67
64
65
69
64
36
9.7
10.1
10.7
12.6
14.4
16.1
17.8
20.0
21.4
23.1
26.0
28.3
29.6
111
83
78
76
75
74
73
73
72
71
74
76
75
40
10.2
10.2
10.8
11.7
13.5
15.7
17.1
18.5
20.1
22.5
24.6
26.0
28.3
143
103
91
88
84
83
86
84
82
82
85
83
86
44
10.3
10.3
10.9
11.9
13.7
15.0
16.3
18.3
19.5
21.6
23.4
25.5
26.1
168
125
99
100
98
97
92
94
95
92
94
96
92
48
10.4
10.4
11.2
12.0
13.9
15.2
16.5
18.4
19.7
21.8
22.5
23.6
25.8
200
149
132
119
113
108
106
108
104
106
103
101
107
46
405
270
11.7
510
340
13.6
615
410
16.1
720
480
18.9

825
930
1035
550
620
690
21.8
24.9
28.3
63

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
30
300
200
9.4
68
64
64
64
64
64
65
64
64
69
64
66
66
32
9.3
10.9
12.9
15.4
18.0
20.5
23.0
25.2
29.1
31.3
34.4
37.0
40.3
72
64
64
64
65
64
64
63
66
67
67
68
67
36
9.5
9.8
12.1
13.7
16.1
17.7
20.4
21.5
25.4
28.3
31.6
32.3
34.7
92
73
74
70
70
68
69
67
70
73
74
73
74
40
9.6
10.0
11.3
13.2
15.1
16.9
18.4
21.2
22.6
25.2
29.1
31.7
32.7
114
85
88
81
79
80
77
77
76
78
82
86
83
44
10.0
10.1
11.5
12.8
14.2
15.7
18.1
20.2
22.6
23.6
28.1
28.1
31.9
139
103
91
89
90
89
86
87
85
84
95
90
95
48
10.5
10.4
11.6
12.9
14.4
15.8
18.5
20.0
21.3
22.2
25.0
26.3
28.5
166
123
101
106
100
98
99
98
96
96
99
97
101
52
10.6
10.8
11.8
13.0
15.0
15.9
18.7
20.2
21.5
22.5
23.9
25.6
28.5
200
149
119
116
115
109
113
108
112
106
106
108
112
780
520
25.4
840
560
28.3
900
600
30.4
960
640
33.2
1020
680
33.5
49
405
270
12.0
510
340
14.2
615
410
17.0
720
480
20.0

825
930
1035
550
620
690
23.0
26.1
28.5
1140
760
31.5
1245
830
36.1
1350
900
36.7
1455
970
42.8
1560
1040
45.9
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
30
300
200
10.5
65
64
65
64
65
65
64
64
65
66
67
68
64
32
9.4
11.3
12.8
14.4
16.1
17.7
19.2
21.1
22.7
25.1
26.2
28.6
30.8
65
64
65
65
65
65
64
65
64
67
65
66
68
36
9.1
10.0
11.4
12.1
13.3
15.0
16.0
17.6
18.6
19.9
21.4
24.2
24.6
77
69
72
66
64
66
64
65
64
64
65
68
66
40
9.3
9.6
10.1
11.5
13.0
13.8
15.1
16.3
17.5
18.5
20.2
21.9
22.6
96
80
76
78
75
74
72
73
73
71
72
73
72
44
9.5
9.8
10.3
11.7
12.4
13.2
13.7
16.1
17.3
18.0
19.4
20.1
21.3
116
97
85
88
85
85
82
82
83
82
81
80
80
48
9.8
9.8
10.5
11.8
12.6
13.4
14.0
15.1
16.9
17.8
19.1
20.0
20.8
139
116
99
105
101
94
95
92
91
92
91
90
90
52
10.6
10.6
11.4
12.0
12.7
13.5
14.4
15.4
17.2
18.2
19.3
19.8
20.7
163
140
130
105
110
110
107
105
103
107
104
101
102
780
520
28.6
840
560
30.4
900
600
33.3
960
640
36.0
1020
680
36.2
52
360
240
12.4
420
280
14.1
480
320
15.6
540
360
17.9

600
660
720
400
440
480
19.8
21.7
23.7
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
32
300
200
11.2
64
65
65
65
64
64
64
65
65
66
67
68
64
36
9.7
11.4
12.6
14.5
16.0
17.8
19.3
21.0
23.0
25.0
25.9
28.8
31.6
66
67
64
64
64
64
64
65
64
67
64
67
68
40
9.4
10.0
11.8
13.3
14.4
15.7
17.3
18.8
20.8
20.8
21.8
26.6
26.6
76
71
71
70
69
67
69
68
68
65
64
73
67
44
9.6
10.3
11.4
12.4
13.2
15.1
16.0
17.4
18.9
20.0
21.5
23.2
25.1
93
80
80
79
77
77
75
74
75
75
74
73
78
48
9.7
10.4
11.6
12.6
13.3
14.0
15.8
17.3
18.5
19.9
21.1
22.5
23.5
111
92
91
91
87
83
86
86
84
85
84
83
82
52
10.1
10.7
11.8
12.7
13.5
15.0
15.9
17.0
18.2
19.1
20.4
21.3
22.6
131
109
96
99
98
94
95
93
93
92
91
90
92
56
10.7
11.4
12.0
13.1
14.2
15.1
16.3
17.2
18.8
19.5
20.7
21.6
22.0
152
130
115
115
114
105
106
106
104
103
102
101
101
56
360
240
13.3
420
280
15.4
480
320
17.7
540
360
19.4
64

600
660
720
400
440
480
21.4
23.9
25.6

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
36
300
200
10.7
65
64
65
63
65
65
65
67
65
66
67
69
65
40
9.9
11.6
13.0
14.4
15.7
17.3
18.6
20.1
22.1
25.1
26.0
28.5
28.9
70
71
68
66
64
65
64
64
65
65
65
67
65
44
9.6
10.8
12.6
13.2
15.0
16.0
17.7
19.1
21.1
22.0
23.0
25.9
26.2
79
76
74
72
73
70
72
69
71
70
68
72
70
48
9.8
10.2
12.2
13.0
14.2
15.9
16.9
18.9
19.6
20.6
22.2
23.6
25.6
95
81
89
83
79
79
80
80
78
77
78
77
79
52
10.0
10.5
12.0
12.9
14.0
15.7
16.8
18.6
19.4
20.2
21.4
22.6
25.2
112
96
97
94
89
89
86
86
88
86
84
83
95
56
11.2
11.4
12.6
13.3
14.5
16.0
16.7
18.3
19.2
20.1
21.1
21.9
23.5
130
115
103
101
100
102
96
97
99
97
95
94
93
64
11.4
11.6
12.9
13.6
14.9
16.4
16.9
18.6
19.4
20.2
22.0
23.9
26.7
170
146
136
122
123
126
117
117
120
118
121
125
130
780
520
25.5
840
560
27.1
900
600
31.1
960
640
32.0
1020
680
32.4
59
360
240
12.4
420
280
14.6
480
320
16.2
540
360
18.3

600
660
720
400
440
480
20.3
22.3
24.7
780
520
26.4
840
560
28.9
900
600
31.4
960
640
33.8
1020
680
34.5
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
40
300
200
10.7
67
64
65
64
64
64
65
63
64
65
66
66
64
44
10.3
11.9
13.2
14.8
15.8
17.5
19.2
21.2
22.8
23.6
25.8
28.8
29.1
76
75
71
71
67
68
69
68
66
65
66
71
68
48
9.8
11.7
12.6
13.9
15.3
16.8
18.4
19.7
22.0
22.8
25.0
25.9
28.6
82
83
79
76
75
76
76
73
75
72
75
75
78
52
10.2
11.3
12.5
13.5
15.0
16.6
17.9
19.4
20.8
22.3
23.4
25.2
26.0
96
92
90
87
85
82
84
84
81
82
81
83
81
56
11.1
11.8
13.0
14.2
14.8
16.4
17.8
19.3
20.4
21.5
22.8
23.8
25.7
112
99
97
94
96
91
94
92
90
88
89
88
91
64
11.4
12.2
13.1
14.4
15.5
16.1
17.7
19.1
20.1
21.0
22.0
22.8
25.4
151
129
120
120
118
111
114
112
110
108
107
105
116
72
12.9
14.1
14.9
15.3
15.8
17.8
19.3
20.0
21.4
22.0
22.9
27.0
27.8
197
164
148
133
132
132
134
133
130
129
128
140
137
780
520
29.0
840
560
31.3
900
600
34.4
960
640
34.7
1020
680
37.1
62
360
240
12.2
420
280
14.1
480
320
15.7
540
360
17.4

600
660
720
400
440
480
19.5
21.3
22.8
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
40
300
200
11.6
64
64
64
64
63
65
64
66
66
67
68
64
66
44
10.9
12.5
13.7
15.8
17.7
19.2
20.8
22.5
25.1
26.5
28.4
30.0
32.6
68
67
66
65
65
65
65
64
65
65
66
65
68
48
10.7
12.2
13.3
15.1
16.4
18.3
19.6
21.2
22.6
25.5
26.6
29.2
30.6
79
77
76
73
69
72
71
69
70
72
69
74
71
52
10.3
11.9
12.8
14.6
16.2
17.9
19.3
20.8
21.9
23.3
25.6
28.9
30.0
86
84
80
80
79
80
77
79
77
75
79
82
80
56
11.4
12.1
13.7
14.5
16.1
17.6
18.9
20.0
21.3
22.6
24.4
28.3
28.7
100
13
93
87
86
90
87
84
85
83
93
84
90
64
11.7
12.6
14.0
15.2
15.9
16.9
18.7
19.8
20.9
22.3
23.3
27.4
28.1
135
112
116
115
107
104
103
101
101
102
100
111
101
72
13.5
14.7
14.9
15.6
17.6
18.3
19.5
21.1
21.7
23.5
26.3
27.7
29.2
171
150
132
129
127
122
121
123
121
126
135
123
128
65
360
240
13.6
420
280
15.5
480
320
17.4
540
360
19.8

600
660
720
400
440
480
22.0
24.0
26.4
65

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
44
300
200
13.0
63
65
64
64
64
67
64
64
65
65
67
66
67
48
12.4
13.6
15.6
17.6
19.6
21.4
23.4
26.0
28.3
30.2
32.6
35.6
37.9
68
65
66
65
64
64
64
65
67
66
67
68
64
52
12.1
13.4
15.3
17.5
18.9
20.4
21.8
24.7
25.6
29.4
29.5
31.2
35.6
74
74
73
71
69
69
69
71
69
73
70
68
76
56
12.9
13.6
15.4
16.4
18.7
20.2
21.4
23.2
25.1
28.4
29.2
30.4
31.3
86
80
78
76
78
77
75
75
76
81
77
76
74
64
13.2
13.7
15.6
16.9
18.4
19.4
20.6
21.9
23.7
26.0
29.0
30.0
30.7
104
97
92
92
93
92
91
90
88
90
96
93
90
72
14.2
14.9
16.8
17.8
18.8
20.7
21.0
22.9
24.1
27.9
28.7
29.7
30.5
129
116
120
112
106
111
107
106
105
114
103
111
108
80
14.6
15.2
17.0
18.1
19.4
21.0
21.4
23.2
24.7
28.5
29.7
29.9
32.9
159
143
142
133
131
124
125
122
119
124
128
128
133
780
520
35.4
840
560
37.5
900
600
41.3
960
640
45.5
1020
680
47.4
72
360
240
15.2
420
280
17.3
480
320
19.7
540
360
22.1

600
660
720
400
440
480
26.0
27.0
29.4
780
520
32.0
840
560
35.1
900
600
37.4
960
640
40.6
1020
680
43.6
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
48
300
200
14.2
64
64
64
64
73
64
69
64
64
65
64
69
65
52
13.8
15.7
18.3
19.8
21.5
24.7
28.1
28.9
32.7
34.8
36.2
38.4
41.0
67
66
65
64
63
64
67
64
69
70
65
67
67
56
13.6
15.5
17.6
19.3
20.8
23.5
26.0
28.6
29.5
33.3
35.9
36.0
37.3
73
72
71
70
68
68
70
73
69
73
76
71
67
64
13.7
15.0
16.3
18.8
20.2
21.7
24.6
25.7
29.3
30.0
31.3
34.1
36.5
88
87
83
84
82
82
79
82
84
82
79
84
88
72
15.3
16.4
17.8
19.6
21.1
22.0
23.9
25.2
28.9
29.6
30.8
31.5
34.4
103
106
97
98
97
96
92
92
100
99
95
92
97
80
15.4
16.7
18.3
19.7
21.4
22.7
24.0
27.5
29.1
29.9
30.4
31.1
32.1
127
123
123
119
118
113
108
121
115
115
111
108
104
88
16.0
18.1
19.6
21.2
22.9
23.7
24.9
29.5
30.5
30.9
31.1
31.5
31.7
200
136
128
129
128
128
124
121
135
130
126
122
119
780
520
37.6
840
560
41.0
900
600
44.5
960
640
48.2
1020
680
50.9
79
360
240
16.6
420
280
19.2
480
320
21.6
540
360
27.7

600
660
720
400
440
480
28.7
31.8
32.1
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
52
300
200
15.1
64
65
64
65
65
66
66
65
66
65
70
66
65
56
15.0
17.2
19.4
21.4
23.9
28.0
28.9
30.9
35.2
35.8
38.9
45.3
45.7
66
67
64
65
64
68
66
64
70
65
67
71
67
64
14.4
16.1
18.4
20.2
22.0
24.8
28.4
29.7
30.6
33.5
36.4
36.6
45.2
78
77
77
76
73
76
80
77
75
77
80
75
80
72
15.8
17.3
19.2
21.1
21.9
24.2
27.9
29.4
30.4
31.2
34.4
35.5
37.9
92
91
94
88
86
85
95
90
88
84
89
86
90
80
16.3
17.5
19.9
21.2
22.5
24.1
26.7
28.9
29.9
30.7
32.3
34.6
36.0
116
107
107
104
102
97
102
108
103
99
97
100
97
88
17.6
17.7
20.1
21.5
23.5
25.0
27.7
29.4
30.1
30.8
32.7
34.9
35.7
144
122
127
118
122
116
123
122
116
112
112
115
112
96
18.4
19.0
21.3
22.6
23.9
25.5
28.9
29.8
31.3
32.2
33.8
35.8
36.3
172
146
151
141
130
136
126
135
134
129
125
129
126
85
360
240
18.4
420
280
20.5
480
320
23.9
540
360
27.1
66

600
660
720
400
440
480
29.9
32.1
35.9

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
56
300
200
17.3
64
65
65
64
65
66
65
66
65
64
65
66
65
64
16.0
18.4
20.4
22.7
26.0
29.4
30.1
33.5
36.0
37.5
44.5
46.9
48.0
73
71
70
68
69
71
68
71
73
68
74
74
70
72
16.6
19.0
20.8
22.5
25.6
29.0
29.9
31.5
34.3
36.7
42.4
43.2
47.9
84
86
82
80
82
85
82
79
81
86
85
80
89
80
16.8
19.3
21.2
22.6
24.1
28.7
29.6
30.9
31.7
35.2
37.2
41.4
45.6
100
98
94
91
90
98
96
91
89
93
90
100
94
88
17.0
19.6
21.9
22.8
24.3
28.9
29.5
30.7
31.5
35.0
36.3
37.2
44.3
113
114
109
106
105
111
108
107
102
107
103
99
121
96
18.7
20.1
22.3
24.7
25.7
29.9
30.3
31.5
33.0
35.5
37.3
37.6
42.2
135
125
125
136
123
127
120
119
114
120
116
112
117
104
19.6
21.4
23.6
25.3
26.3
30.2
31.3
32.1
33.6
35.7
37.8
39.2
42.6
200
178
155
138
143
144
136
135
129
132
132
128
130
780
520
43.7
840
560
44.0
900
600
48.1
960
640
52.0
1020
680
53.9
92
360
240
20.0
420
280
23.2
480
320
25.7
540
360
28.9

600
660
720
400
440
480
32.5
34.9
38.1
780
520
42.0
840
560
45.1
900
600
49.7
960
640
51.7
1020
680
56.0
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
64
300
200
19.2
73
64
65
69
67
66
71
65
70
65
65
66
66
72
18.2
20.7
22.4
25.9
29.0
30.5
32.4
35.0
38.7
41.8
44.8
48.5
51.9
78
76
76
76
78
75
72
75
77
76
78
78
77
80
17.8
20.6
22.1
24.2
28.6
29.9
31.0
34.2
36.7
40.8
44.0
46.5
49.6
90
90
86
84
90
87
84
87
86
94
88
87
85
88
18.3
20.5
22.0
24.1
28.0
29.5
30.6
31.8
36.0
37.6
43.2
45.7
48.4
104
101
100
98
106
102
96
94
98
93
107
100
94
96
18.8
21.4
22.7
25.3
28.2
30.5
31.2
32.9
36.8
37.4
42.3
45.4
48.0
114
115
109
108
117
114
111
105
110
106
110
127
119
104
19.9
22.5
24.1
26.5
28.6
31.0
31.5
33.6
37.4
37.8
42.4
44.6
47.8
134
135
133
140
120
129
121
120
122
121
122
127
141
112
24.3
24.7
25.6
27.4
30.6
31.5
32.0
35.0
38.9
41.0
42.6
45.4
49.0
200
200
152
160
160
144
136
137
136
142
137
133
135
780
520
47.1
840
560
51.1
900
600
54.2
960
640
57.2
1020
680
60.2
98
360
240
21.4
420
280
22.9
480
320
26.9
540
360
29.4

600
660
720
400
440
480
31.1
35.6
36.5
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
72
300
200
22.5
71
64
69
64
70
67
64
65
64
65
63
65
65
80
21.1
23.4
26.4
30.9
33.8
35.1
39.4
43.6
45.1
48.7
52.5
53.8
54.5
77
75
89
75
73
75
80
73
75
74
75
74
70
88
21.7
22.8
26.2
30.3
32.4
34.8
37.3
42.0
44.3
46.8
49.6
50.3
54.0
94
83
91
86
84
85
82
89
82
84
84
79
85
96
21.9
23.6
26.9
30.6
31.9
34.6
37.0
41.6
43.8
44.1
45.6
49.8
53.4
98
99
101
98
94
96
92
107
98
91
85
94
89
104
22.9
24.6
27.2
30.9
32.2
35.4
37.4
42.1
44.2
45.5
46.0
49.1
52.6
150
118
113
108
103
106
103
105
116
108
100
100
104
112
24.0
27.4
29.2
31.1
34.6
36.8
41.9
42.6
44.8
45.7
47.0
50.7
53.6
171
120
122
120
115
119
133
119
113
125
117
110
114
128
25.6
30.2
33.4
37.4
39.9
41.8
44.4
45.2
45.9
46.5
47.8
54.0
56.6
200
200
200
158
195
136
175
160
148
137
128
153
144
112
360
240
23.8
420
280
28.5
480
320
31.5
540
360
37.3

600
660
720
400
440
480
38.5
40.9
44.2
67

XXX
XXX
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
80
300
200
32.7
83
80
73
79
70
70
68
67
65
66
65
66
67
88
30.2
33.5
34.9
38.6
39.2
44.0
45.6
49.6
51.9
55.4
59.6
62.1
64.4
100
85
75
76
133
77
70
75
70
74
69
70
71
96
32.6
34.0
34.5
37.9
38.0
43.1
44.5
45.4
50.3
53.5
56.4
57.9
64.0
140
91
100
91
81
92
84
77
83
77
83
77
84
104
34.0
35.6
36.4
37.2
37.4
40.5
43.4
45.2
47.5
52.0
54.8
57.2
59.2
113
142
95
95
93
93
98
90
88
91
89
91
86
112
36.2
37.0
37.8
38.9
41.0
41.9
44.4
45.6
46.7
50.2
53.9
56.9
59.0
104
165
107
107
114
102
98
105
97
95
104
97
100
128
38.6
40.6
41.3
43.2
44.6
46.9
48.1
49.6
50.9
53.1
55.5
57.8
63.6
200
200
180
168
200
134
122
115
127
125
117
115
120
144
45.6
45.8
46.7
47.3
49.4
51.2
56.9
59.9
62.2
67.2
69.6
71.0
73.5
200
200
200
200
200
200
155
142
131
136
148
146
137
780
520
62.4
840
560
65.6
900
600
69.5
960
640
72.5
1020
680
77.7
125
360
240
34.3
420
280
36.1
480
320
40.8
540
360
42.8

600
660
720
400
440
480
45.3
46.6
51.1
780
520
52.8
840
560
57.3
900
600
60.7
960
640
64.7
1020
680
69.5
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
88
300
200
34.2
73
84
74
122
67
67
81
74
69
64
69
68
67
96
36.5
36.7
38.6
41.9
43.8
46.8
50.4
55.2
58.2
63.0
64.9
70.7
71.6
108
87
79
85
76
75
73
77
71
76
71
75
70
104
37.0
37.2
37.4
41.5
43.4
44.8
50.1
52.0
57.1
59.4
64.8
65.6
69.1
127
95
86
157
89
80
86
79
83
77
84
79
77
112
37.2
38.0
38.8
42.5
43.1
45.3
49.2
51.8
55.4
58.4
62.9
64.9
68.9
142
92
94
101
89
94
90
92
89
90
89
84
90
128
41.0
41.4
42.1
43.5
43.8
45.6
49.3
52.0
55.9
59.8
60.4
64.7
68.6
160
156
147
128
114
106
112
109
105
108
101
110
104
144
43.8
46.2
47.0
48.9
49.1
49.9
51.7
55.9
60.1
62.6
63.9
67.6
68.5
200
200
200
163
145
130
119
138
162
123
128
127
120
160
48.5
49.9
50.2
51.0
51.6
52.1
53.9
56.3
67.8
68.6
72.1
74.4
78.2
200
200
200
200
179
161
159
141
200
186
185
134
170
780
520
73.1
840
560
71.1
900
600
75.6
960
640
80.1
1020
680
85.7
138
360
240
39.3
420
280
41.0
480
320
43.5
540
360
45.0

600
660
720
400
440
480
47.9
59.9
61.6
Span
Joist
Depth
(ft.)
(in.)
96
300
200
37.0
82
73
74
101
90
81
74
74
67
65
64
65
65
104
36.2
38.5
41.4
55.1
57.0
59.1
60.6
61.9
64.6
68.7
72.6
78.0
83.6
86
80
137
119
106
72
87
69
74
72
72
71
72
112
37.9
38.7
41.2
43.2
45.9
51.9
54.8
59.1
63.8
66.5
70.6
77.5
79.1
112
94
85
89
79
84
80
80
79
80
78
82
77
128
40.8
41.4
42.6
44.2
48.0
52.5
56.2
58.4
63.5
66.4
70.4
73.7
78.8
147
200
200
98
104
99
133
96
94
96
93
96
94
144
46.6
47.2
48.6
49.2
49.5
56.1
60.1
61.2
67.5
68.0
73.4
78.1
79.7
187
200
200
124
111
126
120
110
119
111
119
116
109
160
50.7
51.2
52.0
52.3
53.2
56.6
63.3
64.9
67.7
69.8
73.8
81.6
82.7
200
200
200
154
137
129
148
136
132
137
133
144
136
176
69.1
74.6
78.4
79.0
79.2
79.7
80.0
81.9
82.7
83.8
84.1
85.1
85.9
200
200
200
200
200
149
200
200
152
200
200
191
165
151
360
240
38.6
420
280
41.9
480
320
65.8
540
360
66.3
68

600
660
720
400
440
480
66.4
66.8
71.6
JOIST GIRDER
ECONOMICAL
PRIMARY
STRUCTURAL BUILDING COMPONENT
The use of joist girders in buildings is more widespread in
North America because of their multiple advantages. Canam
recently launched a specification guide for joist girders. The
following is a summary of the contents of the Joist Girder
Specification Guide.
DESCRIPTION OF CANAM JOIST GIRDERS

Canam joist girders have the same components as Canam
open-web steel joists, except that they are larger since joist
girders carry heavier loads.
ADVANTAGES OF CANAM JOIST GIRDERS

Since they have a greater yield strength, are more economical and weigh less than full-web steel beams, joist girders
facilitate the installation of ventilation ducts and plumbing as well
as facilitate and speed up on-site erectionmajor factors that tip
the scales in favor of using steel joist girders.
Beam
STANDARD DETAILS
Bearing shoes are used for joist girder-to-column connections, usually 190 mm (7.5 in.) in depth, bolted to the top of the
column or on a bracket on the web or the flange of the column.
Four standard connections are presented in the Joist Girder
Specification Guide.
Joist girders can also be used under special assembly
conditions.
JOIST GIRDER DEPTH SELECTION

Joist girder depth can easily be selected from the graphs
provided by calculating the factored moment of the joist girder.
Examples are provided.
JOIST GIRDER SPECIFICATIONS

The building designer will provide all the required information in the specification documents and on the drawings: loads
and load reduction (if applicable); forces; special conditions like
net uplift or fixed ends; joist girder depth; maximum deflection
and special camber (if applicable); and, if necessary, minimum
and maximum inertias, geometry and panel point configuration.
HANDLING, FABRICATION AND TOLERANCES

Canam joist girders are usually fastened to the columns
using two 19-mm (3/4) bolts.
Mechanical conduits
Joist girder
A stabilizing plate, provided by the steel contractor for the

bottom chord, must be supplied for each column that supports a
Canam joist girder.
Manufacturing and erection tolerances are similar to the
ones defined for joists in CAN/CSA S16-01 Limit States Design
of Steel Structures.
A PDF version of the Joist Girder Specification Guide can
be downloaded at: www.canam.ws.
Passage of mechanical conduits
DESIGN STANDARDS
Section 15 of CAN/CSA S16-01 Limit States Design of
Steel Structures, refers to the design of joist girders.
The building designer must consider the location of the joist
girder end reaction when designing a column.
Joist girders can be used for rigid frames and can be
designed for the purpose of transferring axial loads.
Whereas bridging and steel deck ensure the lateral
stability of a joist, the joist resting on the top of the girder and the
knee braces connected to the bottom chord ensure the lateral
stability of a joist girder.
Nestle Waters Bottling Plant
Portland, ME
Fabricator: Canatal
69
JOIST DESIGN
The following Joist Design information check list was created to assist the building designer in the preparation of the building
design drawings. (Ref. CAN/CSA S16-01 clause 16.4.1)
JOIST DESIGN ESSENTIAL INFORMATION CHECK LIST

A. LOADS
B. FORCES
A.1 - Uniform dead and live loads acting on roof,

floor and mezzanines
Specify if joist self weight is included or not in
the uniform dead load
Show the area of various loading
(ex.: concrete pavers, corridors, etc)
B.1 - Axial loads (wind or seismic ) in joist top

or bottom chord coming from
building bracing system
(horizontal, vertical and/or diaphragm)
B.2 - Knee brace axial loads attached to joist top

or bottom chord
A.2 - Gross wind uplift load at the roof

Include a load distribution diagram
A.3 - Concentrated, distributed or unbalanced loads

Break down the content of the load and specify
if it applies to top or bottom chord
(ex.: moveable partition, hanger, roof anchor, etc.)
B.3 - Joist end moment connection

Indicate the magnitude and the load type for each
type of load or combination of loads
(dead, live, wind or seismic)
B.4 - Lateral loads in joist top or bottom chord

(ex.: wind post column, roof anchors, etc.)
A.4 - Snow pile up loads

Show maximum accumulation and
distribution length on a lower roof or in area
adjacent to obstructions such as mechanical
units, screen wall, etc.
A.5 - Mechanical units and openings
(stairs, skylight opening, etc.)
Specify the position, dimensions and load
affecting the joist
C. DESIGN CRITERIA
C.1 - Maximum allowable deflections on roof and floor
under live load and (if required) total load
Specify deflections for special conditions at
mid-span and at the end of cantilever
(ex.: masonry, brick wall, cranes, etc.)
C.2 - Floor vibration criteria (if any)

Specify minimum joist inertia or maximum
allowable deflection
A.6 - Sprinkler system loads

Specify linear load, position and (if any)
obstructions clearance requirements
C.3 - Roof drain slopes

Identify the joist affected and specify insulation
where required
A.7 - Loads on joist cantilever ends

(ex.: canopy, brick wall, etc.)
A.8 - Ponding load on flow control drain roofs

Indicate if the rain load is concurrent with
the snow load
C.4 - Special camber (if any)

Specify total camber or residual camber
(after installation)
Identify the joists affected
C.5 - ULC Fire rating resistance requirement (if any)
C.6 - Duct opening passing through joists (if any)

Specify dimensions. Free opening, and position
C.7 - Minimal material thickness for corrosion resistance

(if applicable)
A.9 - Crane/monorail load:

Specify loads to be applied to joist
Consider component weights (hoist, bridge, rail),
wheel axis c/c,capacity and impact coefficient
NOTE: All loads on plans are considered service loads unless otherwise indicated.
DISCLAIMER NOTE
This document is provided as a customer service to facilitate the provision of information required for joist design in connection with an order
for joists placed with Canam, a business unit of Canam Group Inc. This document is not intended to provide engineering advice, and all
joist orders are subject to the terms and provisions specified in the actual order, including Canams Standard Terms and Conditions for Joists
and Decking. Canam shall have no liability for the use of this document, and in no event shall Canam be liable for any direct, consequential
or incidental damages or cost resulting from the use of this document.
70
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Please return this take-off sheet to the nearest Canam sales office. To locate the closest sales office to your region, please consult our Web Site at: www.canam.ws
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TAKE-OFF
71
72
Inclusions:
Bridging:
Total:
Mark
Quotation No:
Qty
BCX
Bay
Depth
Span
Base Length
Steel Deck:
Spacing
Div.
Exclusions:
Project Name:
DL
LL
Gross
Uplift
LL
Defl.
TL
Defl.
Div.
Roof
Floor
DL
LL
Gross
Uplift
Page
LL
Defl.
Options
of
TL
Defl.
Roof
Floor
TAKE-OFF
Total:
Mark
Quotation No:
Qty
BCX
Bay
Depth
Span
Base Length
Spacing
Project Name:
Div.
DL
LL
Gross
Uplift
LL
Defl.
TL
Defl.
Roof
Floor
Page
Options
of
TAKE-OFF
73
TAKE-OFF
Quotation No:
Project Name:
Bridging
Type
Size
Steel Deck
Quantity
Type
Quantity
Steel Deck Accessories

Type
Quantity
Page
74
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BUSINESS UNITS & INTERNET ADDRESSES
www.canamgroup.ws
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www.structalstructure.ws
www.structalbridge.ws
www.technyx.ws
PUBLICATIONS
TECHNICAL QUESTIONS
JOIST CATALOG
JOISTS:
STEEL DECK
PURLINS AND GIRTS
SPECIFICATION GUIDE - JOIST GIRDERS
STEEL DECK:
GIRTS:
GIRDERS:
joist@canam.ws
steeldeck@canam.ws
coldformed@canam.ws
joistgirder@canam.ws
AP
Factory Mutual
System
www.fmglobal.com
Canadian Sheet
Steel Building
Institute
www.cssbi.ca
Steel Deck
Institute
International
Conference of
Building Officials
www.sdi.org
www.iccsafe.org
WELDING
BUREAU
CANADIAN
WEB SITE ENGINEERING TOOLS CAN BE ACCESSED UPON REGISTRATION AT: www.canam.ws
PR O VAL
Canadian
Welding
Bureau
www.cwbgroup.com
Canadian
Institute of Steel
Construction
www.cisc.ca
Association de
la construction
du Qubec
www.acq.org
Underwriters
Laboratories
of Canada
www.ulc.ca
Underwriters
Laboratories
Inc.
www.ul.com
American
Institute of Steel
Construction inc.
www.aisc.org
Steel Joist
Institute
Steel Plus
Network
www.steeljoist.org www.steelplus.com
75
www.canam.ws
Canada
Management, Sales Offices
and Plants
Quebec, Head Office
11505, 1re Avenue, bureau 500
Ville de Saint-Georges, Beauce
(Qubec) G5Y 7X3
Telephone: (418) 228-8031
Toll-free: 1-877-499-6049
Fax: (418) 227-5424
Head Office, Plant and Sales Office
ISO 9001:2000, SJI, AISC, CWB(1)
115, boulevard Canam Nord
Saint-Gdon, Beauce (Qubec) G0M 1T0
Telephone: (418) 582-3331
Toll-free: 1-888-849-5910
Fax: (418) 582-3381
Plant - ISO 9001:2000, CWB(1)
200, boulevard Industriel
Boucherville (Qubec) J4B 2X4
Telephone: (450) 641-2820
Toll-free: 1-800-463-1582
Fax: (450) 641-3132
Plant and Sales Office
ISO 9001:2000, AISC, CWB, CISC(1)
807, rue Marshall
Laval (Qubec) H7S 1J9
Telephone: (514) 337-8031
Toll-free: 1-800-361-3966
Fax: (450) 663-5800
United States
Plants
Maryland
Head Office and Plant - SJI, AISC (1)
4010 Clay Street, P.O. Box C-285
Point of Rocks, Maryland 21777-0285
Telephone: (301) 874-5141
Toll-free: 1-800-638-4293
Fax: (301) 874-5685
Florida
Plant and Sales Office - SJI, AISC (1)
140 South Ellis Road
Jacksonville, Florida 32254
Telephone: (904) 781-0898
Toll-free: 1-888-781-0898
Fax: (904) 781-2004
Missouri
Plant and Sales Office - SJI, AISC (1)
2000 West Main Street
Washington, Missouri 63090-1008
Telephone: (636) 239-6716
Fax: (636) 239-4135
Washington
Plant and Sales Office - SJI, IAS(1)
2002 Morgan Road
Sunnyside, Washington 98944
Telephone: (509) 837-7008
Toll-free: 1-800-359-7308
Fax: (509) 839-0383
California
388 La Purisma Way
Oceanside, California 92057
Telephone: (760) 439-5339
Fax: (760) 269-3403
Alberta
Plant and Sales Office - SJI, CWB(1)
323 - 53 rd Avenue S.E.
Calgary, Alberta T2H 0N2
Telephone: (403) 252-7591
Toll-free: 1-866-203-2001
Fax: (403) 253-7708
Florida
553 Waterside Drive
Hypoluxo, Florida 33462
Telephone: (561) 547-7469
Fax (561) 540-2571
Sales Offices
British Columbia
95 Schooner Street
Coquitlam, British Columbia V3K 7A8
Toll-free: 1-866-203-2001
Fax: (604) 523-2181
New Brunswick
95 Foundry Street
Heritage Court, Suite 417
Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 5H7
Telephone: (506) 857-3164
Fax: (506) 857-3253
Quebec
200, boulevard Industriel
Telephone: (450) 641-8770
Toll-free: 1-800-463-1582
Fax: (450) 641-8769
Engineering and Credit Office, Corporate
270, chemin Du Tremblay
Telephone: (450) 641-4000
Toll-free: 1-866-506-4000
Fax: (450) 641-4001
76
Texas
210 Silentbluff Drive
San Antonio, Texas 78216
Telephone: (210) 495-0105
Fax: (210) 495-0141
New York
139 Hawthorne Way
Chittenango, New York 13037-1010
Telephone: (315) 687-5870
Fax: (315) 687-3701
Virginia
11008 Blake Lane
Bealeton, Virginia 22712
Telephone: (540) 439-1475
Fax: (540) 439-1476
Ohio
30 Hill Road South
Pickerington, Ohio 43147
Telephone: (614) 920-0949
Fax: (614) 920-0937
Washington
240 N.W. Gilman Blvd., Suite G
Issaquah, Washington 98027
Telephone: (425) 392-2935
Fax: (425) 392-3149
Oregon
2081 Holcomb Springs Road
Gold Hill, Oregon 97525
Telephone: (541) 855-9057
Fax: (541) 855-2027
Pennsylvania
3280 St. Andrews Drive
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 17201
Telephone: (717) 263-7432
Fax: (717) 263-7542
1012 Hampstead Road
Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096
Telephone: (610) 896-4790
Fax: (610) 896-4815
(1) Certification:
AISC = American Institute of Steel Construction
CISC = Canadian Institute of Steel Construction
CWB = Canadian Welding Bureau
IAS =
International Accreditation Service
ISO =
International Organization
for Standardization
SJI =
Steel Joist Institute
Sales Offices
Plant
125, rue du Parc
St-Joseph-de-Beauce (Qubec) G0S 2V0
Telephone: (418) 397-1000
Fax: (418) 397-1001
Ontario
Plant and Sales Office - SJI, CWB(1)
1739 Drew Road
Mississauga, Ontario L5S 1J5
Telephone: (905) 671-3460
Toll-free: 1-800-871-8876
Fax: (905) 671-3924
Minnesota
14481 Fairway Drive
Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
Telephone: (952) 475-9165
Fax: (952) 475-2710
Illinois
613 Sheffield Lane
Bolingbrook, Illinois 60440
Telephone: (630) 427-1003
Fax: (630) 427-9046
540 Truman Street
Bolingbrook, Illinois 60440
Telephone: (630) 961-5944
Fax: (630) 961-5945
www.structalstructure.ws
Plant and Sales Office,

Canada
ISO 9001:2000, AISC, CWB(1)
1445, rue du Grand Tronc
Qubec (Qubec) G1N 4G1
Telephone: (418) 683-2561
Toll-free: 1-877-304-2561
Fax: (418) 688-8512
Sales Office, United States

Maryland
4010 Clay Street, P.O. Box C-285
Point of Rocks, Maryland 21777-0285
Telephone: (301) 874-5141
Toll-free: 1-800-638-4293
Fax: (301) 874-5075
Indiana
5605 Hidden Valley Road
Russiaville, Indiana 46979
Telephone: (765) 883-1135
Fax: (765) 883-1138
2219 Canyon Creek Dr.
Lafayette, Indiana 47909
Telephone: (765) 471-7300
Fax: (765) 471-7303
Kansas
14521 West 86th Terrace
Lenexa, Kansas 66215
Telephone: (913) 384-9809
Fax: (913) 384-9816
Maryland
P.O. Box 296
Phoenix, Maryland 21131-0296
Telephone: (410) 472-4327
Fax: (410) 472-4827
Massachusetts
50 Eastman Street
Easton, Massachusetts 02334-1245
Telephone: (508) 238-4500
Fax: (508) 238-8253
www.technyx.ws
Business Offices
Quebec, Canada
270, chemin Du Tremblay
Telephone: (450) 641-4000
Toll-free: 1-866-506-4000
Fax: (450) 641-4001
Brasov, Romania
Alexandru Ion Lepadatu no 4
Brasov 500446, Romania
Telephone: (40 268) 31 43 73
Fax: (40 268) 32 78 63
Kolkata, India
GN 37/B, Sector V
Salt Lake, Kolkata
700 091 India
Telephone: (91 33) 23 57 58 65
Fax: (91 33) 23 57 59 14
Saint-Gdon
115, boulevard Canam Nord
Saint-Gdon, Beauce
(Qubec) Canada G0M 1T0
Telephone: (418) 582-3331
Toll-free: 1-888-849-5910
Fax: (418) 582-3381
www.canam.ws
Printed in Canada 11/2005
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Joist

A division of Canam Group

Special Joist Deflection..........................................................

Economical Primary Structural

Paint Standards .....................................................................

Total client satisfaction: Exceptional service

OUR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Our joist design makes use of high strength steel purchased

Efficiences of high-strength steel;

Cold Formed Angle

Hot Rolled Angle

Greater floor plan layout flexibility for the building occupant

Easy adaptation to acoustical insulation systems;

Joist design is based on the latest issue of the design

Floor and roof composition having long-term resistance to

CWB : Canadian Welding Bureau

Point of Rocks (Maryland)

with different gaps

with different gaps

Sportsplex Arena, Pierrefonds, QC

Van Andel, Grand Rapids, MI

The horizontal bridging type is most commonly used to

Columbia Product, Andover, MA

Factored load (kN/m)

Factored load (plf)

L 1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.090

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.090

L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118

MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (mm) FOR DIAGONAL BRIDGING

Bridging Angle Size

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.090

L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118

L 1 3/8 x 1 3/8 x 0.090

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.090

L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118

MAXIMUM JOIST SPACING (ft.) FOR DIAGONAL BRIDGING

Bridging Angle Size

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.090

L 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 0.118

In some cases, installation of knee braces can be avoided

To provide lateral support to the bottom chord of the joist

When a joist girder is used to support girts instead of joists,

A knee brace selection table is provided based on a

L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 3/16

L 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 0.157

L 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 3/16

Factored Uniform Load (kPa)

Factored Uniform Load (psf)

also indicated. This table allows the designer to quickly evaluate

MASS/WEIGHT AND FORCES TO USE FOR DESIGN

A reinforced section has 2 or 4 angles as extension

Top Chord Extension

Section reinforced with 2 angles

Section reinforced with 4 angles

The extended top chord section varies according to the

Section without reinforcement

Section reinforced with 1 channel

Section reinforced with 2 channels

The maximum top chord extension is determined by the

Factored load (kN/m)

Service load (kN/m)

Factored load (lb./ft.)

The building designer must make allowance for