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ELEC 4302/7311
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION:
FUSES AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS
EXPULSION FUSES
The expulsion fuse is a protection method for
medium voltage level with lower cost than circuit
breakers.
They are typically mounted at the top of the pole
for 11-33kV systems.
The fuse element is kept in tension with spring.
Arc extinguished by expanding gases which blow
out of end of tube.
The use of expulsion fuses is limited since there
cannot be any automatic reclosure.
The duration of outages can be thus several
hours.
FUSES
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Porcelain (Rewireable)
HRC
MCB
8/2/2010
Advantages:
Ability of cool oil to flow into the space after current
zero and arc goes out
Action of oil as an insulator lending to more compact
design of switchgear.
Disadvantages of OCB
Arc products are inflammable.
Oil is hygroscopic, and must be sealed air-tight in
the chamber.
Dielectric strength of oil is reduced by carbonization
during the arcing process.
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Oil deteriorates over a period of time.
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Reliable operation
Clean and noninflammable.
Fresh medium is used every time.
There is faster contact travel because of pneumatic operation,
no stored spring energy is needed, and these are suitable for
repeated use.
Small contact travel is involved
Disadvantages
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(5)
Prospective Current
The current, which would have flown if the breaker did
not open, is called the prospective current.
Solving, we get
(6)
(8)
Fig. 4 TRV
where
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fn =
1
2 LC
(1)
(10)
(2)
2Em
Peak of restriking voltage
=
Time taken to reach the peak value LC
(3)
(11)
(4)
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RESISTANCE SWITCHING
Resistance switching
Fig. Double Frequency Transient
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RESISTANCE SWITCHING
As the circuit breaker opens, the current continues to flow through
the resistance. For determination of the natural frequency, the
voltage source is assumed short circuited (e = 0). Thus
(1)
(2)
(3)
RESISTANCE SWITCHING
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(5)
It is seen from Eq. (5) that the inclusion of r reduces the natural
frequency and, therefore, (RRRV)max. From Eq. (5) it is also evident
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that if the resistance is given a value equal to, or less than 2 L / C
the oscillatory nature of the transient will vanish. Hence for critical damping
(6)
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Fig. Kilometric fault
8/2/2010
Fig. (a) shows the circuit diagram of a generator feeding an opencircuited transformer through a CB. The transformer's stray capacitance
shown in the figure plays an important role in high frequency oscillation
upon CB opening.
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