Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
N. Sivakugan
Duration: 17
minutes
What is Consolidation?
When a saturated clay is loaded externally,
GL
saturated
clay
the water is squeezed out of the clay over a
long time (due to low permeability of the clay).
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Copyright2001
What is Consolidation?
settlemen
t
time
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In granular soils
settlemen
t
time
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During consolidation
Due to a surcharge q applied at
the GL,
the stresses and pore pressures are increased at A.
q kPa
GL
..and, they
vary with time.
saturated
clay
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During consolidation
remains the same (=q) during consolidation.
u decreases (due to
while
drainage)
increases,
transferring the load from water
to the soil.
q kPa
A
saturated
clay
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Copyright2001
GL
One Dimensional
Consolidation
~ drainage and deformations are
(none
vertical
laterally)
~ a simplification for solving consolidation
q kPa
problems
GL
saturated
clay
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Copyright2001
reasonable
simplification if
the surcharge is
of large lateral
extent
H -e Relation
H
Ho
average vertical
strain =
q kPa
GL
saturated
clay
e=
eo
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Time = 0+
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q kPa
GL
Ho
saturated
clay
e = eo - e
Time =
H -e Relation
Consider an element where Vs = 1
initially.
eo
Time =
0+
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Copyright2001
Time =
e
average vertical strain
1 eo
=
H -e Relation
Equating the two expressions for average
vertical strain,
consolidati
on
settlement
initial thickness
of clay layer
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H
e
Ho
1 eo
change in void
ratio
initial void
ratio
10
Coefficient of volume
compressibility
~ denoted by mv
change in volume
original volume
i.e.,
V
mv
kPa-1 or MPa-
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kPa or MPa
11
Consolidation Test
~ simulation of 1-D field consolidation in lab.
GL
porous
stone
undisturbed soil
specimen
metal ring
Dia = 50-75 mm
(oedometer)
Height = 20-30
mm
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fiel
d
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lab
12
Consolidation Test
loading in
allowingincrements
full consolidation before next
increment
q1
q2
H1
eo- e1
Ho eo
H1
e1
(1 eo )
Ho
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e2
13
Consolidation Test
unloadin
g
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14
e log v plot
void ratio
loading
v increases &
unloading
e decreases
v decreases &
e increases
(swelling)
log v
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15
void ratio
Cc ~ compression
index
Cc
Cr ~ recompression
index(or swelling
index)
Cr
log v
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16
Preconsolidation pressure
void ratio
is the
maximum
vertical
effective
stress the soil
element has
ever been
subjected to
preconsolidation
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log v
void ratio
e o,
vo
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vo
log v
18
Overconsolidation ratio
(OCR)
original
state
vo
Field
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void ratio
p'
OCR
vo '
vo
log v
Overconsolidation ratio
(OCR)
VCL
OCR=1
~current state
void ratio
OCR=13
OCR=2
Normally
consolidate
d clay
OCR=13
Heavily
overconsolidated
clay
OCR=2
Slightly
overconsolidated
clay
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log v
More to come
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21
Settlement computations
Two different ways to estimate
the consolidation settlement:
q kPa
(a) using mv
settlement = mv H
=q
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eo, vo,
Cc, Cr, p,
mv
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next slide
e
settlement
H
1 eo
Settlement computations
eo
e
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vo
vo+
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vo ' '
e Cc log
vo '
Settlement computations
eo
vo ' '
e Cr log
vo '
initia
l
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vo+
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Settlement computations
eo
p'
vo ' '
e Cr log
Cc log
vo '
p'
initia
l
vo
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VC
L
vo+
Preloading
26
Preloading
Piezometers measure pore pressures and
thus indicate when the consolidation is
over.
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27
Preloading
Installation
Prefabricated Vertical Drains to Accelerate
SIVA Consolidation
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Prefabricated Vertical
Drains
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Installation of
PVDs
29