CHAPTER 33

GLOSSARY

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CHAPTER 33

GLOSSARY
A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.2
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.6
C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.8
D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.11
E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.13
F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.15
G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.17
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.18
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.19
K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.20
L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.21
M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.22
O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.24
P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.25
R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.28
S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.29
T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.32
U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.34
V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.35
W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.36
Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33.37

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Abrasion resistance
Resistance to mechanical wear.
Abrasive pad
A non-woven synthetic fibre web material of continuous undulated filaments
impregnated with an abrasive grit.
Absorption
Process of soaking up, or assimilation of one substance by another.
Accelerator
Catalyst; a material which accelerates the hardening of certain coatings.
Acrylic resin
A clear resin obtained by polymerising various acrylic monomers either alone or
in combination.
Additive
A substance added in small quantities to paint formulations, its function being to
improve certain properties of the paint or to facilitate its preparation. Examples
are viscosity modifiers, anti-settling agents, anti-skin agents, dryers, etc.
Air drying
Dries by oxidation or evaporation by simple exposure to air without heat
or catalyst.
Air drying paint
One component paint that dries and forms a film when exposed to air without
any external heat being applied. Oil and alkyd paints are usually air drying.
[continued]

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Airless spray
A method of paint spraying which does not use compressed air to atomise the
paint. The paint is put under great pressure, up to 5000 psi. (360 kg/cm2), and is
atomised by being forced through a small nozzle. Airless spray is a very fast and
efficient method of application.
Airless spraying
Spraying without atomising air, using hydraulic pressure.
Aliphatic hydrocarbon
Straight chain solvent of low solvent power, derived from petroleum.
Alkali
Any of a class of substances that liberate hydroxide ions in water, e.g. Caustic.
Alkaline condition
Condition where there is an excess of hydroxyl ions. The pH will be higher than 7.
Alkyd
A synthetic resin binder made by reacting two chemicals in the presence of a
natural or processed oil. There is a wide variety of possible constituents, the most
usual of which are drying oil, fatty acids and alcohols. Alkyds can be tailor-made
to meet conditions found in practice. Alkyds can often be characterised as
fortified types of the original oil. They have better resistance to water and weather,
a greater degree of hardness and cure considerably faster. Alkyds are used in
many Jotun paints, especially those included in the standard systems.
Alligatoring
Surface imperfections of paint having the appearance of alligator skin.
[continued]

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Amine adduct curing agent

An amine curing agent combined with a portion of epoxy.
Amines
Organic substituted ammonia, organic compounds having NH2 or NH groups.
Anchor pattern
Blast cleaning steel will result in a certain surface profile. This profile presents a
larger area to which the paint will adhere thereby improving the adhesion of the
paint to the steel. The higher the surface roughness the better the adhesion. Grit
(angular blasting media) will give a better anchor pattern than shot (round
blasting media).
Anode
A piece of metal, normally made from a zinc or aluminium alloy, welded, bolted
or clamped to steel and submerged in an electrolyte, such as seawater, to
provide cathodic protection. Anodes must be fixed so that they are in electrical
contact with the steel they are to protect and must not be greased or painted.
Anodic area
Metal surface (positively charged) where corrosion takes place. See also
sacrificial anode.
Antifouling
This type of paint is for underwater use. Antifoulings contain agents which
prevent the adhesion and growth of organisms. They are formulated in such a
way that the poisonous agents gradually leach out so that the film of water
nearest to the surface becomes toxic to the organisms.
[continued]

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Aromatic hydrocarbon
Solvent containing the cyclic benzene ring having high solvent power e.g. xylol.
Artificial ageing
A procedure designed to accelerate the ageing of a paint system, i.e. to reduce
the corrosion-protective efficiency more rapidly than by natural weathering.
Atmospheric corrosion
Corrosion with the Earths atmosphere at ambient temperature as the
corrosive environment.

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Back-burning
Due to the heat conductivity of steel there is a risk of back-burning. This is when
steel has been exposed to heating (welding, fairing or cutting). The backburning will occur on the opposite side of the heated area and can lead to
destruction of the shopprimer.
Barrier coat
A coating used to isolate a paint system from the surface to which it is applied.
Binder
The non-volatile part of the medium which forms the film and binds the
pigment. The binder is that component of a paint which, after drying, forms a
coherent layer which adheres to the substrate; the pigment particles are
distributed more or less uniformly in this layer. To a large extent, the type of
binder determines such properties as adhesion, hardness, elasticity, gloss and
resistance to weathering, water, chemicals etc. These properties also depend on
the pigment composition. Many binders are based on bitumen coal-tar pitch,
drying oils, synthetic resins, polymers or combinations of these constituents. In
addition, natural resins or modified natural resins are used to a limited extent,
e.g. in conventional (classical) antifouling paints. The choice of the binder is
primarily determined by the purpose for which the paint is intended.
Biocide
A chemical agent capable of killing organisms responsible for microbiological
degradation.
Bituminous coating
Coal tar of asphalt based coating.
[continued]

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Blast cleaning
Air driven equipment propels a concentration of abrasive medium, e.g. grit, at
high speed onto the steel surface to remove corrosion, old paint and
contamination. Be aware that this method does not remove salts, grease and oil.
Bleeding
Surface flotation of colour from undercoats.
Blooming/blushing
Whitening and loss of gloss due to moisture.

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Cathode
Negative terminal of an electrical device.
Cathodic area
Metal surface (negatively charged) on which a reduction (e.g. of oxygen) takes
place. This part of a metal surface does not corrode.
Cathodic protection (CP)
Method of reducing the rate of corrosion of a metal by making it cathodic, i.e.
more negative. This can be done by applying current from an external power
source or by letting another, more negatively charged metal, corrode (sacrifice).
In a Zinc paint the active zinc will protect the less active metal steel. The steel
will have cathodic protection.
Chalking
The formation of friable, powdery coating on the surface of a paint film.
Checking
Cracks in surface of a paint film.
Chlorinated rubber
Resin formed by the reaction of rubber with chlorine. Often used as binder for
some physically drying paints.
Cissing
A defect in which a wet paint or varnish film recedes from small areas of the
surface leaving either no coating or an attenuated one.

[continued]
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Climate
The weather prevailing at a given location or in a given area, as established
statistically by meteorological parameters recorded over a prolonged period.
Close-up survey
Inspection of area that can be reached with the hand.
Coat
A continuous layer of metal material or a continuous film of paint resulting from
a single application.
Coating
A liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition which is converted to a solid
protective, decorative or functional adherent film after application as a thin
layer.
Cohesion
The forces which bind the particles of a paint or varnish film together into
a coherent whole. It is distinct from adhesion which are the forces that bind the
film to its substrate.
Colour retention
Ability to retain original colour.
Compatibility
1. Of the products in a paint system: The ability of two or more products to be
used in a paint system without causing undesirable effects.
2. Of the products with the substrate: The ability of a product to be applied to
a substrate without causing undesirable effects.
[continued]

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Conventional paint
A collective description for paints based on binders such as bitumen, alkyds and
oils. They are one pack type products and usually react with air to dry and cure.
Copolymer
Large molecule obtained by simultaneous polymerisation of different
monomers.
Corrosion
The deterioration of metal or concrete by chemical or electrochemical reaction
resulting from exposure to weathering, moisture, chemicals or other agents in
the environment in which it is placed.
Cracking
Splitting or disintegration of paint by breaks in the film.
Cratering
Formation of holes or deep depressions in a paint film.
Crosslinking
Applied to polymer molecules, the setting up of chemical links between the
molecular chains to form a three-dimensional polymer.
Current density
The electric current that flows from or to a unit area of a metal surface. Current
density is given in mA/m2 or A/m2.

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Daily log
A form to be filled in each day during painting work which contains data on
temperatures, relative humidity, wet and dry film thicknesses, type of paint, etc.
Delamination
Failure of coating to adhere to the previous coating. Separation of layers.
Descaling
Removal of scale rust (flake rust) from steel by magnesium-strips, chemical
and/or mechanical means.
Dew point
The temperature at which the air, with a certain amount of humidity, becomes
saturated with water and forms dew on the surface or mist in the air.
DFT
Dry Film Thickness of a coating or paint film, usually measured with an
electromagnetic gauge. Readings are in micrometer (0.001 mm).
Diluent
A volatile single or blended liquid which, while not a solvent for the binder in a
paint or varnish, may be used in conjunction with the solvent without causing
precipitation. Normally, a diluent is mixed with the binder solution (vehicle) to
achieve an effect, e.g. regulation of the evaporation pattern, adjustment of the
paint viscosity or a reduction in the cost of the volatile part of the paint.
Dilute
To dilute (by means of thinners) paints or coatings, e.g. in order to obtain better
spraying properties, or to improve wetting and penetrating properties on rusty
surfaces, and thus improve adhesion.

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Drier
Chemical which promotes oxidation or drying of paint.
Dry spray
Overspray or bounce back; a sand like finish due to spray particle being partially
dried before reaching the surface.
Durability
The expected life of a protective paint system to the first major
maintenance painting.
Dust
Loose particulate matter present on a surface prepared for painting, arising
from blast cleaning or other surface preparation processes, or resulting from the
action of the environment. The size is normally 1100 m in diameter.

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Electrode
Metal or other electrically conductive material that can function as an anode or
cathode in an electrochemical cell.
Electrode potential
The potential of a metal (electrode) in an electrolyte (e.g. seawater). The
potential is measured against a reference electrode and is given in Volt or mV.
Electrolyte
Electrically conductive liquid e.g. seawater.
Electrolytic descaling
Sacrificial anodes in the form of magnesium alloy strips are welded or clamped
to the entire surface of the tank which is then filled with seawater. An
electrolytic reaction takes place which causes breakdown of the oxide (i.e. scale
and rust) and a soft calcareous layer forms on the surface of the steel which
forces the rust scale to loosen and fall off. Recommended for heavily corroded,
uncoated tanks or where corrosion has caused breakdown of the paint of 70% or
more of the area.
Electrostatic spray
Spraying in which electric charge attracts paint to surface.
Emulsion paint
Paint in which the binder is dispersed in water (emulsified) e.g. polyvinyl acetate
(PVA), polyvinyl acrylates (PVAc) etc.
Enamel
Pigmented varnish; any hard, glossy coating.
[continued]

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Epoxy
A binder with a special chemical composition. Paints in which epoxy is used are
usually two component types, i.e. the addition of a curing agent is necessary to
start the chemical reaction and form a hard film.
Curing is dependent upon temperature which is different from curing of alkyds
or physically drying paints.
Epoxy tar
A combination of epoxy and tar products which give a specially waterproof film.
A curing agent must be added, otherwise it will not cure.
Erosion
Wearing away of paint films; heavy chalking tends to accelerate erosion.
Ester
Reaction product of alcohol and acid.
Extender
Natural or synthetic mineral. The main function is to reinforce the paint film.
Application and anticorrosive properties of the paint are influenced.

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Fading
Reduction of brightness of colour.
Filler
1.Pigmented composition used for filling fine cracks and indentations to obtain
a smooth, even surface preparatory to painting.
2. Synonymous with extender.
Film
Film is a firm continuous layer which is formed during the drying of the paint.
Film thickness
The protective qualities of the paint or paint system depend upon the applied
thickness. Specialised equipment is available to measure the film thickness. Wet
film thickness (WFT) is including its diluents immediately after application. Dry
film thickness (DFT) is the measurement after diluents have completely
evaporated.
Fineness of grind
Measure of particle size or roughness of liquid paint; degree of dispersion of
pigment in the binder.
Flaking
Disintegration into small pieces or flakes.
Flash point
The temperature at which the vapour of a material will be ignited by a spark or
open flame. It is measured under standardised conditions. The term
characterises the flammability of paints and solvents.
[continued]

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Flash rusting
Slight rust formation on a steel surface soon after blast cleaning or water jetting.
Floating/flooding
Separation of pigment colours on surface.
Fluorescent
Emitting light of a different wavelength when exposed to light.
Fouling
Marine organisms growing on structures in water.
Full coat
Application of a coating in the specified film thickness.
Fungicide
Substance poisonous to fungi. Retards or prevents fungi growth.

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Grinding
Using power tools which remove adherent weldspatters, rust, millscale and
rounding of sharp edges.
Grit
Particles that are predominantly angular, that have fractured faces and
sharp edges.

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Hiding power
The ability of a paint to hide or obscure a surface over which it has been
applied uniformly.
High build paint
The property of a coating material which permits the application of a coat of
greater thickness than usually considered as normal for that type of coating.
High-solid paint
A term used to describe paint materials with a greater than normal volume
of solids.
Holidays
Application defect whereby small areas are left uncoated.
HPWC
High Pressure Water Cleaning is performed at pressures from 340 to 700 bar
(5000 to 10000 psi.).
Hydrojetting
See water jetting.
Hydrolysis
Disruptive reaction consisting of splitting a compound into two parts, one of
which combines with the H ion of water and the other combines with the OH ion
of water.
Hydrophilic
Having an affinity for water, capable of uniting with or dissolving in water. The
opposite of hydrophobic.

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Induction time
Time needed for a two component paint to be ready for use after mixing the two
components.
Industrial atmosphere
The atmosphere contaminated by corrosive pollutants from local and regional
industry (mainly sulphur dioxide).
Inorganic
Containing no carbon.
Intermediate coat
Coat between priming and top coat.
ISO
Abbreviation for International Organisation for Standardisation.

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Ketones
Organic solvents containing CO grouping; commonly used ketones are Acetone
(diethyl ketone), MEK (methyl ethyl ketone), MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone).
Kreb units
Units of viscosity.

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Laitance
A weak top layer (milky, white deposit) on new concrete.
Latex
A resin used in emulsion paints.
LCA
Life Cycle Assessment is a method for evaluating the environmental
consequences at each stage of a coatings life cycle, from raw material extraction
through manufacturing, lifetime use and waste disposal.
LCC
A comprehensive Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis includes the initial cost
element at the time of coating application until the assumed lifetime of the
installation is reached.
Leafing
Orientation of pigment flakes to the surface.
Lining
A thick protective layer (may contain glassfibre reinforcement) on the
inner surface of a tank. A lining prevents corrosion of the construction material
and protects the content against pollution from the tank itself.
Luminescent
Emitting light not due to high temperature, usually caused by excitation by rays
of a shorter wavelength.

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Marine atmosphere
The atmosphere over and near the sea.
Mastic paint
Mastic paint consists of a resin (e. g. epoxy) modified with a hydrocarbon resin
and a curing agent. The hydrocarbon resin is used to enhance the moisture
resistance, the flexibility and the wetting properties of epoxy coatings.
MEK-test
A test to check if a zinc silicate paint has cured properly. A white cloth wetted
with MEK (Methyl Ethyl Ketone) is rubbed back and forth 50 times on a small
area which first has been cleaned properly with water. The paint is fully cured
if there is no zinc on the cloth after 50 double rubs.
Micron (micrometer) (m)
Thickness of paint is usually measured in microns (m). One micron is one
thousandth of a millimetre.
Mil
One one-thousandth of an inch: 0.001.
Mill scale
The black oxide of iron produced during the hot rolling, hot fabrication or heat
treatment of steel.
Mineral spirits
Petroleum distillate, mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons.

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Mist coat
A very thin sprayed coat sprayed over the substrate to improve smoothness
and/or fill up pores.
Mud-cracking
Irregular cracking, as in a dried puddle of mud.

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Occupational exposure limit

Value for airborne toxic materials that is to be used as a guide in control of
health hazards. They represent time-weighed concentrations to which all
workers may be exposed for 8 hours per day over extended periods of time
without adverse effects.
Oil length
Ratio of oil to resin in varnishes and alkyds.
Orange peel
Dimpled appearance of dried film; resembling orange peel.
Osmosis
Transfer of liquid through a paint film or other membrane.
Osmotic blistering
Blistering caused by diffusion of molecules through a paint film or other semipermeable membrane caused by a difference in concentration.

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Paint
A liquid product containing pigment(s), which, when applied to a substrate,
forms an opaque film having protective, decorative or specific technical
properties.
pH value
Measure of acidity or alkalinity; pH7 is neutral; the pH value of acids ranges
from 1 to 7, and of alkalies (bases) from 7 to and including 14.
Physically drying paint
Paints which dry and form a film solely by the evaporation of the solvent.
Normally based on acrylic, bitumen or vinyl. The binder is unreactive.
Pigment
A substance, generally in the form of fine particles, which is practically insoluble
in media and which is used because of its optical, protective or decorative
properties. A pigment gives a paint colour, hiding power and, often, protective
properties. Some have a very special function, e.g. cuprous oxide for anti-fouling
paints. Paints pigmented with aluminium flakes and other laminar pigments,
like micaceous iron oxide and glass flakes, have a very low water and water
vapours permeability. Pigments are often combined with extenders.
Pigment volume concentration (PVC)
Ratio of the volume of pigment to the volume of total non-volatile material
(i.e. pigment and binder) in a coating. The figure is usually expressed as a
percentage.

[continued]
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Polyester coating
Coating in which the binder is unsaturated polyester. It needs peroxide for
crosslinking. Most polyester coatings need glassflakes for reinforcement.
Polyester resin
Synthetic resin which is a polycondensation product of dicarboxylic acids with
dihydroxy alcohols.
Polymer
A high molecular weight material created from lower molecular weight
constituents by chemical reaction.
Polyurethane
This is a specially polymerised binder which is used in both one-component and
two-component paints. Paints based on polyurethane are extremely hard
wearing and generally resistant to chemicals. Aliphatic types have good gloss,
colour stability and weather resistance.
Pot life
The time period during which a two-pack product should be used, otherwise
curing will be so far advanced that the paint will not behave correctly.
Paint must never be allowed to remain in spray equipment after the expiry of its
pot life.

[continued]
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Priming coat
The first coat of a paint system, obtained by application of a primer. Priming
coats provide good adhesion to sufficiently roughened cleaned metal and/or a
cleaned old coating. It ensures a sound base and offers adhesion to the
subsequent coats. It normally also provides corrosion protection during the
overcoating interval and during the whole service life of the paint system.
Protective coating system
The sum total of the coats of metal materials and/or paint or related products
which are to be applied to a substrate to provide corrosion protection.
Pump ratio
The ratio between the area of the air motor piston and the surface area of the
paint piston (i.e. with a pump having a ratio of 40:1 and air pressure of 5kg/cm2
the pressure of the paint as it leaves the high pressure pump will be 200 kg/cm2).
PVA paint
Emulsion paint in which the binder consists of a polyvinyl acetate latex.

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Relative humidity
The amount of water absorbed in the air as a percentage of the maximum
amount the air can absorb at a given temperature.
Resin
A material used as a binder constituent which forms a non-crystalline film
when dried.
Resistivity
A measure of the specific electrical resistance of a material. Given in ohmcentimetres, (cm).
Rosin
Natural resin obtained from pine after removal of volatile fractions.
Rust
Visible corrosion products consisting, mainly in the case of ferrous metals, of
hydrated iron oxides.
Rust grades A, B, C, D
Steel surface rust grades/qualities according to ISO 85011.

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Sacrificial anode
A metal (e.g. aluminium or zinc) that is less noble than the metal it is intended
to protect. The anode sacrifices itself when connected to a nobler metal, such
as iron. This provides the iron with cathodic protection.
Sagging
The downward movement of a paint film between the time of application and
setting, resulting in an uneven coating having a thick lower edge.
Saponify
The alkaline hydrolysis of fats whereby a soap is formed. It is decomposition
of paint or varnish by alkali and moisture in a substrate, e.g. new concrete or
fresh plaster.
Scattered damage
A large number of damages to a coating, scattered over a wide area, e.g. rust
penetrations and blisters.
Semi-hard coating
A coating which stays soft and flexible but is hard enough to touch and walk
upon. Only certain coatings have such properties. They will give temporary
protection of rusted steel surfaces.
Shopprimer
A quick- drying material applied as a thin film to a metal surface after cleaning
(e.g. blast cleaning) to give protection in the period before and during fabrication.
All application of shopprimer takes place in automatic shoppriming plants.

[continued]
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Shot
A particle that is predominantly round, with a length of less than twice the
maximum particle width, without edges, broken faces or other sharp surface
defects.
Shot blasting
Blast cleaning with an abrasive consisting of round steel or iron shot. Normally
used in shopprimer plants.
Silicone resin
Resin based on silicone instead of carbon.
Soft coating
Coating that remains soft so that it wears off when touched. Often based on old
or sheep wool grease (lanolin).
Solvent
A single or blended liquid, which is volatile under normal conditions and in
which the binder is completely soluble. The solvent evaporates from the layer
after application of the paint or varnish.
Sophisticated paint
Paint which is based on binders such as epoxies, acrylics, vinyls etc. Sophisticated
paint generally gives a higher level of protection than conventional paint.
Spreading rate
The number of square meters over which one litre of paint can be spread at the
specified film thickness.

[continued]
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Steel surface profile

The surface profile of steel after blast cleaning. Also called anchor pattern or
steel surface roughness. The surface profile is usually expressed as the maximum
distance between peaks and valleys, called Rmax and is measured
in microns.
Stripe coat
Extra coat of paint applied before first coat and between coats to sharp edges,
corners, rough welding seams and areas with poor accessibility.
Surface preparation
Any method of preparing a surface for coating.

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Tar epoxy
See epoxy tar.
TBTO
Abbreviation for tributyltin oxide.
Thinner
A single or blended volatile liquid, added to a product to lower the viscosity.
Normally, thinners are either solvents or diluents or mixtures of both.
Thixotropic paint
Semi-solid or gel consistency paint when undisturbed. Flows readily when
stirred or shaken or when being applied (shear forces). The process is reversible.
A fluid paint reverts to a gel consistency when the shear forces cease. When
applied they flow easily when being worked but quickly regain a gel consistency
which assists in preventing runs and sags.
Tie coat
A coat designed to improve intercoat adhesion and/or avoid certain defects
during application.
Top coat
The last coat of a paint system, designed to protect the coats beneath from the
environment, to contribute to the overall corrosion protection offered by the
system and to give the requested colour.
Touch-up
Application of a coat of primer on paint damages that has been blast cleaned or
cleaned using power tools.
[continued]

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Transparency
A film giving incomplete hiding of a surface, it has a lack of hiding power and
permits light to pass through.
Two component paint
Paint which is chemically curing i.e. the product is supplied in two components,
base and curing agent (A component and B component). These two
components must be mixed before the paint is applied.

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Urban atmosphere
The contaminated atmosphere prevailing in densely polluted areas without
significant industry. It has moderate concentrations of pollutants such as
sulphur dioxide and/or chlorides.

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Varnish
A product which, when applied to a substrate, forms a solid, transparent film
which has protective, decorative or specific technical properties. In fact, varnish
(clear coating) is substantially the same as a paint, the difference being that
varnishes do not contain pigments.
Vehicle
The liquid portion of paint in which the pigment is dispersed. It is composed of
the binder and the thinner (if any).
Vinyl resin
Polymerised, often chlorinated compositions, used in physically drying paints.
Vinylester coating
Coating in which the binder is vinylester resin. It needs peroxide for
crosslinking. Most vinylester coatings need glassflakes for reinforcement.
Viscosity
A measure of fluidity.
Volume of solids
Percentage of total volume occupied by non-volatiles in the coating. The part of
the coat responsible for film formation.

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Waterborne
The general name for paints which use water as thinner and which contain large
or smaller amounts of water. Waterborne paints have greater humidity and
temperature limitations than conventional types of paint.
Water jetting
A method of surface preparation which relies totally on the energy of a jet of
water, at enormous pressure, to achieve the required cleaning of the surface (see
chap. 15). It is performed at pressures above 700 bar (10 000 psi). Water jetting
will not produce an etch or profile of the magnitude currently recognised by the
surface preparation industry.
Weathering
Behaviour of paint films when exposed to natural weather or accelerated
weathering equipment, characterised by changes in colour, texture, strength,
chemical composition or other properties.
WFT
Wet Film Thickness of a coating measured using a wet film comb immediately
after application, in order to check that the specified DFT will be obtained after
drying.
White rust
White to dark grey corrosion products on zinc-coated surfaces.
Wire brushing
Surface preparation of steel by hand cleaning tool comprised of bundles of
wires.

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Zinc fever
An acute but short-lasting illness caused by the inhalation of zinc oxide. The
symptoms can include weakness, dryness of throat, chills, aching, fever and
vomiting. Symptoms can last for about 24 hours and patients will recover fully.
Zinc fever is not known to be injurious to health. Zinc fever is caused by welding
and cutting of primers containing zinc as this work will create fumes of zinc
oxide.
Zinc phosphate
A pigment with corrosion preventing properties.
Zinc rich paint
Zinc filled paints based on a large proportion of metallic zinc in powder form.
They usually contain more than 85% zinc in the dry film and provide some
cathodic protection.
Zinc salt
Zinc metal is not stable and will start to react with the environment. Water and
carbon dioxide will react with the zinc and create zinc salts.
Zinc silicate paint
Zinc filled paints based on an inorganic binder. Zinc silicates give very hard
films and are resistant to solvents.

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