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UNIT-II
1. Give one example for sustainable development.
i)
water conservation
ii)
rain water harvesting
2. What is Rio de Janeiro conference agreement?
The Rio declaration outlines the rights and responsibilities of nations as
they pursue human development and well being, recognizing the development and
environment and needs of present and future generations.
3. Define sustainable development
It is defined as the development to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable Development must balance the needs of society, the economy and the
environment.
4. Define sustainability.
Sustainability can be defined as the ability of a society or ecosystem to
continue functioning into the indefinite future without being forced into decline
through complete loss of its strength or overloading of key resources on which
that system depends.
5. What are the characteristics of a sustainable development?
i) All the material processes will be designed to be of cyclic nature.
ii) There will not be any waste material or pollution of air, water, land and
environment.
iii) The output from one system will be used as inputs to other systems.
6. Mention the few types of pollution.
The five types of pollution are
7.
1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Land or soil pollution
4. Radio active pollution
5. Noise pollution
What are the impacts of man made pollution?
i) Industrial development
ii) Rapid growth of Automobiles
iii) Uncontrolled population growth
iv) Deforestation
Responsible Organism
Typhoid,
paratyphoid,
Diarrhoea, Bacteria
Cholera, Bacillary dysentery
Amoebiasis, Giardiasis
Protozoa
Virus
Helminths
No acid rain
Non toxic environment
Total freedom from radiation
In a given volume of soil, the spaces present between the soils particles is
called as pore spaces. The percentage of soil volume occupied by pore
spaces is called as porosity of the soil.
ii. It increases with increase in the percentage of organic matter in the soil.
iii.
The two types of pore spaces are:
a. Micro pore spaces and
b. Macro pore spaces.
iv. Micro pore spaces are also called as Capillary pore spaces. They can hold
more water.
v. The micro pore spaces restrict the free movement of water and air to a
considerable extent.
vi. The macro pore spaces have little water holding capacity and they allow
free movement of moisture and air in the soil under normal conditions.
3. Permeability:
i.
ii.
iii.
4. Temperature:
i.
Soil temperature is also important in affecting the distribution and
growth of micro organisms, animals and plants which is affected by the
following different factors:
a) Color.
b) Texture.
c) Water content.
d) Climate and
e) Vegetation covers over the soil.
ii.The soil temperature influences root growth, the ability of roots to absorb
nutrients, and the movement of organisms.
iii.Sandy soils absorb more heat and radiate it out quickly than clay or loam soils,
while soils absorb lesser heat than black so
2. Briefly explain how natural calamities disturb the environment.
Natural calamities:
i. floods
ii. drought
iii. earthquake
iv. cyclone
i. Floods:
When the water from heavy rainfall,melting ice or snow or a combination of
these exceeds the carrying capacity of the receiving river system,then it will lead to
flood.
Causes of flood:
i.natural causes:
a. the natural factors which causes river floods are prolonged high intensity
monsoonal rainfall.
b. In the snow fed rivers of north india,excessive snow -melt Could swell up the
streams causing them to flood.
c. Blocking of free flow of the rivers because of enormous debris provided by land
slides creates over flow of river water.
ii. Anthropogenic causes:
Large scale deforestation in the upper catchments of major rivers. it leads to
excessive flow of water to the plants causing floods and inundation.
Accumulation of wastes, refuse and garbage, filling of urban drains, gradual
encroachment of human settlements near the channels, building construction
of roads are the significant factors causing river floods.
Effects of floods:
Deforestation.
Damage to vegetation.
Wild fires
Tree and plant diseases
Less productivity of forest land
Land degradation
Control measures
Construction of tanks,ponds ,dams,reservoirs and wells to provide irrigation
facilities
iii. Earthquake:
It is a sudden shaking of the earth.
It is a sudden vibration caused on the earths surface.
Causes:
Movement of the earths tectonic plates.
Sometimes due to friction,these plates are not able to slip in their natural
manner.
Control measures
Resistant buildings in the earth quake prone areas.
iv. Cyclones:
Cyclones are intense storms that develop over warm tropical seas.
Man uses the natural resources to make comfortable life to him and his
generations. The water we drink, the air we breathe and the places where we live are
getting polluted every where. In addition to his activities the nature has also made some
destruction in the nature environment. The two main sources of pollution are:
(1) Natural sources of pollution
(2) Man made (or) Anthropogenic sources of pollution
Types of Environmental pollution:
The five types of pollution are
1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Land or soil pollution
4. Radio active pollution
5. Noise pollution
Impacts of Natural sources of pollution:
Some of the natural sources of pollution are:
i)
ii)
Forest fires produce more smoke and trace gases into the atmosphere.
Explosive Volcanic eruptions can inject more SO2, smoke, particulate matter
and trace gases.
iii)
Dust storms are the main cause for wind blow dust in the air.
iv)
Natural contaminants present in the air like bacteria, spores, cysts and pollens
are more dangerous when inhaled.
v)
Carbon monoxide will be produced from the breakdown of methane gas in the
marsh lands.
vi)
Spraying of salts from oceans.
vii)
Electrical storms produce oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere which leads to
ozone depletion.
Impacts of Man made sources of pollution:
The pollution of water, air and land are created and developed every day. They are made
more complicated due to rapid growth of industries and population. Some of the
anthropogenic sources of pollution are
1. Industrial development
2. Rapid growth of Automobiles
3. Uncontrolled population growth
4. Deforestation
5. Over exploitation of natural resources
6. Use of fertilizers, pesticides etc., in agricultural activities
7. Mining activities
8. Nuclear explosions
Impacts on Atmosphere:
The dust and carbon particle make our cities dirty, spoil our material goods.
Coal smog reduces visibility and is a major cause of traffic accidents.
Inhalation of asbestos fibers causes a serious occupational and health problem
(asbestosis), which leads to cancer and even death.
The exhaust gas of automobiles contains more amount of unburnt fuel with
more carbon monoxide. Inhalation of carbon monoxide in human beings leads
to carboxy hemoglobin, which carries the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
The emissions from various types of industries and automobiles contain
Sulphur-dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These gases combine with rain, smog and
fog form acid rain.
Release of CFC into the atmosphere causes depletion of ozone layer. That
makes more health problems such as skin cancer and eye disorders in human
beings.
The release of air pollutants into the atmosphere increase the atmospheric
temperature, known as global warming. The major effects are melting of ice
caps, rising in sea levels and variation in seasons.
Impacts on Land:
Disposal of industrial effluents and domestic wastes on land causes loss of its
fertility.
Removal of the top soil of land causes low fertility for crop production.
Deforestation, the process of changing land use from forestry to a non forest use,
is threatening the existence of many species.
Impacts on Water:
Change in colour will affect the usage of water and growth of plants and organism
of water.
The dissolved oxygen content of the water body is reduced by organic substances.
The water becomes unfit for drinking and other purposes because of inorganic
substances.
Oil and other lubricants will affect the self purification of the water body.
Diarrhoea,
Cholera, Bacteria
Amoebiasis, Giardiasis
Protozoa
Virus
Helminths
Disposal of coolant water used in industries increase the temperature of the surface
water. This increase in temperature affects the aquatic ecosystem.
More amounts of nitrates in water due to the application of artificial fertilizer in
agricultural lands can cause methemoglobinemia known as blue baby disease.
4. Briefly explain the sustainable development.
CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
In the year 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) held at Rio de Janeiro, recognized the pressing environment and development
problems of the world. It produced a global program of action for sustainable
development into the 21st century by adapting Agenda 21. According to the Agenda 21,
the countries should adopt national strategies for sustainable development, which should
provide a balance in the needs of plans and policies of society, the economy, and the
environment of the country.
The first principle of Rio declaration is the sustainable development. The Rio declaration
states that, human beings are at the centre of concern for sustainable development. They
are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with the nature. Every generation
should leave air, water and soil resources without any pollution as pure as it came to the
Earth.
Accordingly Sustainable Development is defined as the development to meet the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. Sustainable Development must balance the needs of society, the economy and the
environment.
The natural resources must be used in such away that, its utility will not limit their
availability of water to the future generations. Sustainable development of water
resources require the use of renewable water resources that are not diminished over the
long term by that use.
The developed and most easily accessible renewable water resources are streams, lakes,
rivers and aquifers that recharge quickly. The process of developing less accessible fresh
water resources will be costly and is time consuming. The environmental and human
costs of these projects can also be very high.
The three important components of sustainable development are:
1) Economic development (like industrial development, creating job opportunities,
utilization of natural resources for developing the quality of life).
2) Community development (providing food, shelter, cloth, education and other
essentials for the human beings).
3) Environmental protection (providing clean air, water and environment for the
present and future generations and utilization of resources in a sustainable
manner).
The frame work for the integration of developmental strategies with
environmental protection is provided by the concept of sustainable development
which includes the following.
1) Use of excessive resources is to be reduced with increasing resource conservation.
2) Waste minimization should be adopted with more recycling and reusing of
materials.
3) Enhancing scientific, management of renewable resources.
Sustainability:
Sustainability can be defined as the ability of a society or ecosystem to continue
functioning into the indefinite future without being forced into decline through complete
loss of its strength or overloading of key resources on which that system depends.
(iii)
(iv)
The output from one system will be used as inputs to other systems.
Only renewable energy will be used in the society, either or in the forms of
hydro power, wind power, solar power and biomass.
(v)
The human population will be either stable in size or gradually declining.
Major issues of Sustainable Development:
Some of the vital issues of environmental problems facing the developing countries are
explained as follows:
(a) Land: Deforestation and desertification are the major terrestrial problems that
are drastically caused by the factors such as overgrazing, massive land clearing
and reduction in agricultural productivity. These factors in turn promote serious
environmental issues such as increased flooding, sedimentation and silting up of
dams and reservoirs. The problem is further complicated by the burning of
forest woods for fuel by the rural population who are not affordable for other
fuels thereby contributing for the rapid depletion of wild life reserves and
ecological imbalance. The gradual extinction of plant and animal species that
occurs at an accelerated pace is yet another serious problem which might cause
multidimensional and irreparable loss to the future human society and also
biodiversity.
(b) Pollution: Environmental pollution that is mostly caused by urbanization and
industrialization provides growing concern n all developing countries. The
alarming status of air and water pollution in certain Indian metropolitan cities
like Calcutta, Mumbai and Delhi are similar to that of in other developing
countries. Improper waste disposal and unhygienic water resources along with
poor sanitary conditions further version and aggravate the environmental issues
in several developing countries.
Excess use of fertilizers and pesticides are the other crucial agricultural problems
that heavily contribute to environmental pollution. Acid rain, ozone depletion and
global warming have become the major global issues that would result in
catastrophic impact on environmental conditions.
Suggested measures for sustainable development:
1) It becomes meaningful to understand the uncertainties in totality, before
depending on the popular predictions made by the section of our scientists and
bureaucrats about the drastic consequences global warming. If it is not able to
conduct specific scientific studies for want to proper funding sources, it is
suggested that our country should involve and associate with the modeling
research programmes conducted by World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
and Global Environmental Monitoring system (GEMS).
2) Implementation of energy conservation procedures by reducing distribution losses
of electricity, increasing the operative efficiencies of agricultural pump sets and
switching over to sodium lamps for lighting.
3) Proper finding of alternate sources of energy such as nuclear, solar, wind energies
and natural gas.
4) Typical modifications in the agricultural techniques by minimizing the use of
synthetic fertilizers and switching over to organic farming.
Point sources and non-point sources (diffused sources) are the two types of
sources.
a) Point sources:
The sources that pollute water bodies at a single location such as sewage
channels are called point sources.
b) Diffused sources:
The sources that pollute water at unknown locations or scattered places are
called diffused sources.
e.g. pesticides and fertilizers, mining and construction activities.
WATER POLLUTANTS:
a)
suspended matter:
Domestic and industrial sewage are the main sources of suspended
matter.
e.g. detergents, soaps, lubricating grease products.
b)
c)
Pathogenic organisms:
Pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa forms and
helminthic worms are the important pathogenic pollutants that are
usually found in the polluted domestic sewage, agricultural runoff,
industrial effluents and waste water from animal- slaughtering houses,
thus causing environmental stress.
d)
Thermal discharges:
The heated water from several power plants and thermal
Industries are pumped into the nearby water bodies and also
wet lands.
Industrial and auto mobile emission have been identified as primary contributors of
major portion of air pollution.
Industrialization which represents an inevitable constituent in civilized
modernization.
Vehicles using fossil fuels cause air pollution through the emission of toxic pollutants
into the atmosphere.
The elegant beauty of TajMahal which is the glorious and fantastic Monument of
international repute is getting degraded and deteriorated by the loss of its fascinating
beauty due to the constant emissions of refinery industries situated at Mathura.
Analysis of the chemical composition of emissions of both industries and automobile
vehicles have revealed the following toxic pollutants.
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER:
Sources
Health effects
Carbon monoxide
Incomplete
fuel Aggravates heart disorders,
combustion(two
stroke affects central nervous
engines and 3 wheelers)
system and O2 carrying
capacity
Nitrogen oxides
Emission
vehicles
from
Lead
Emissions
vehicles
Volatile
carbons
hydro
Sulphur dioxide
from
i)industries
ii)automobiles
iii)forest fires
iv)oceans
v)agriculture
vi)marshes
vii)radioactive materials
viii)freons
Effects of air pollution:
i)
effects of air pollution on human health
ii)
effects on plants
iii)
effects of air pollution on materials
iv)
effects of air pollution on the stratosphere
Soil conservation:
Conserving healthy soil and restoring degraded soils will require
rethinking on modern agricultural and other land use practices
8.Explain the factors which develops the environment.
The two major criteria i.e. a project should maximize economic returns, and it should
to
technically feasible.
There are two different aspects of impacts of development on environment.
i.e. Local and global impacts.
Every developmental activity be it the construction of hydel projects,
thermal power plants, urbanization, communication projects, industry, or agriculture
has some impacts on the environment.
INDUSTRY:
The air, water, and hazardous waste pollution by industries has now become the
biggest environmental problem.
The emission and effluents of some of the industries are extremely polluting and
dangerous such as industries, manufacturing pesticides, fertilizers, pulp and paper,
distilleries, dye manufacture etc.
These pollutants could have several synergistic-long term effects.
THERMAL PLANTS:
The thermal plants affect the occupational safety and health due to heat, noise,
dust and chemical pollutants.
The immense quantities of fly ash produced by these thermal plants also cause
degradation of soil and conversion of useful agricultural land as dumping ground
of this fly ash.
The thermal plants could affect the quality of life, habitat of endangered species
of wild life or plants, sites/monuments of historical and cultural importance up to
25 km radius.
The cooling waters which have a temperature higher than that of natural water
bodies, when disposed off in these bodies, results in loss of dissolved oxygen and
thus, adversely affects aquatic life.
HYDEL PROJECTS:
Earlier hydel projects were considered to be least polluting and with
environmental effects.
Some of the effects on environment are:
minimum
Heath effects:
Hydel projects result in formation of large reservoirs.
The large water bodies are known to result in introduction of water borne diseases
in an area such as malaria and schistosomiasis epidemics.
Plant genetic resources:
(i) The recent food plant like wheat, rice, maize, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and
vegetables have been developed from their wild and weedy relatives.
(ii) The formation of reservoirs upstream dams results in inundation in destruction
of biotic resources of these areas for short term gain.
Aquatic resources:
Most of the dams, generally, do not have an arrangement for fish ladders or
mechanisms or lift fish to reach their breeding spots.
The dams have therefore, adversely affected the fish production, a rich
protein source.
Water logging and salinity problems in irrigated soils:
About 10 million hectare irrigated area under agriculture is affected by
water-logging and salinity.
Most of this is due to inadequate attention to drainage works in irrigation
projects and indiscriminate use of water for irrigation.
Deforestation and soil conservation:
Hydel projects require extensive road building activity, new settlements and
industries resulting in destruction of forest areas and stable slopes of hills
resulting in frequent land slides, these further results in increased
sedimentation, flash floods and loss of land fertility.
URBANIZATION
The shifting or rural population to the cities has severely overstrained
infrastructure in the existing urban areas.
The local authority and the government as a result, are finding it difficult to
provide adequate roads, water supply, sewage treatment plants, schools and
hospitals.
The non point pollution from cities i.e. runoff washing away and solid waste
from roads into nearby surface waters is yet to attract attention of the
regulatory agencies.
COMMUNICATION PROJECTS:
The increasing road infrastructure in the country is encroaching more and
more of agricultural and forest land.
It is also affecting the aesthetics, forest density, crops and is causing major
health problems due to air pollution specifically in built up areas.
The in adequate drainage systems under the roads has also contributed to
flooding and degradation of soils in a big way
9. Discuss the science of environment with attention to your branch of
engineering.
ROLE OF ENGINEERS IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECTS:
It is the moral obligation and responsibility of engineers who are associated with the
developmental projects to be aware of the consequences and impacts of the proposed
projects on the environmental implications.
They have to strictly adhere to the rules and regulations that are enforced in
environmental policies for the complete protection and maintenance of ecological balance
in the sites where the proposed projects are to be constructed.
Ethical implications, that provide highest value for the sustained maintenance of
biodiversity and ecological balance which in turn benefits the human welfare.
Exposure of knowledge on the biological characteristics of an environment would
provide better insight and guidance to the engineers for handling the projects in an ecofriendly manner.
10. Discuss briefly about the environmental impacts on marine habitat.
Marine
Marine pollution:
It is defined as the discharge of waste substances into the sea resulting in harm to living
resources,hazards to human health,hindrance to fishery and impairment of quality for use
of seawater.
Causes of marine pollution:
I)
Oils
II)
sewage
III)
chemicals
IV)
radioactive wastes
V)
thermal pollutants
VI)
metallic pollutants
ii)
smothering coats of oils kill lichens and algae along the sea shores
extensive spreading of oil affects the floating plantation and marine life
severely.
Waste from oil refineries and discharged petroleum from ships causes
heavy damage to fishery.
Direct oil coatings render the fish unable to respire and clog their gill
slits.
The thin film of oil on the surface of water is called oil slick. oil slicks
damage marine life .the oil slick damages the mangrove plants.
Coral reefs, the gardens of the sea, are damaged by oil slick.
Sea cows, the aquatic mammals, die off due to oil slick.
The sea birds are much affected by oil pollution and die.
Fish and shellfish production facilities are affected by oil slicks. the
most important commercial damage comes from tainting, which imparts
an unpleasant flavor to fish and seafood.