Slo

Higher Secondary School Certificate
Examination Syllabus
PRINCIPLES OF
ACCOUNTING
CLASSES XI-XII
(based on National Curriculum 2002)
3.
Topics and Student Learning Outcomes of the Examination Syllabus

Part I (Class XI)
Topic
1. Introduction to Accounting
1.1
Introduction to
Accounting and its
Significance
Student Learning Outcomes
Cognitive Level2
K
U
A
Candidates should be able to:

1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6
1.1.7
1.1.8
describe evolution of accounting with reference to expansion of Human

Economical Trade & Commerce activities;
define accounting;
elaborate the need, objectives and functions of accounting;
list the users (parties) of accounting i.e. owner, management, creditor,
employees, investors, government, consumers;
explain different accounting systems in terms of
single entry system
double entry system
explain different accounting systems;
Accrual basis or system.
Cash basis (in terms of transaction);
classify the branches of accounting (book keeping/financial accounting/cost
accounting and management accounting);
describe the elements of accounting (accounting process/accounting cycle)
(a)
origination of transaction
(b)
recording the transaction in the journal
(c)
posting to the ledger
(d)
preparation of trial balance
(e)
preparation of financial statement;
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
K = Knowledge, U = Understanding, A= Application (for explanation see Section 8: Definition of command words used in Student Learning Outcomes and in Examination
Questions).
Latest Revision June 2012
Page 10
K
1.3
Terminologies and
types of Accounts
heads
1.3.1
1.3.5
1.3.6
1.3.7
explain the fundamental terms

Asset, Liability, Capital, Expense, Income, Drawing;
explain the terminologies or account heads of accounting i.e.
expenditure(revenue and capital), revenue, debtors, creditors, goods, cost,
gain, deficit stock, purchase, sales, loss, profit, voucher, transaction,
drawings, prepaid and accrued, invoice, discount (cash discount, purchase
discount, sales discount and trade discount) purchase returned or return
outwards, sales returned or return inwards, transportation / freight / carriage
inwards or outwards;
explain the concept of advance in terms of
advance from customers
advance to supplier
prepaid expenses
unearned income;
differentiate between the following
(a)
current asset and fixed asset
(b)
account receivable and notes receivable
(c)
account payable and notes payable
(d)
current and non-current liabilities (short term and long term);
define income (revenue) and expenses;
describe sources of income;
describe kinds of expenditure;
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.4.6
conceptualize business entity concept;

define business transaction;
categorize business transaction into cash and credit transaction;
define book keeping;
explain objectives of book keeping;
distinguish between book keeping and accounting;
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.4
Business Transaction
and Record Keeping
(Book Keeping)
U
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 12
K
1.5
Accounting Equation
and Accounting
Cycle
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.5.6
1.5.7
2. Books of Original Entry
2.1
General Journal and

General Ledger
U
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.1.7
2.1.8
2.1.9
2.1.10
2.1.11
describe accounting cycle and accounting period types;

define accounting equation;
derive and apply accounting equation in different transaction;
express accounting assumption for example.
business entity, money measurement, historic cost, dual aspects/concepts,
accrual basis, consistency, going concern, prudence concept, matching
principle, objectivity ;
analyze business transaction in terms of accounting terminologies;
express terminologies of debit and credit;
interpret the laws of debit and credit;
derive and apply accounting equation in different transactions;
define general journal entry;

describe the objectives of preparing a general journal;
explain characteristics of general journal entry;
explain narration and its importance;
elaborate the rules of journalizing;
post general journal entries;
illustrate the method of posting or rules (features) of Ledgering;
post the transactions in a general ledger in all three types
i. T-Form
ii. Standard Form
iii. Self-balancing or Running Balance Form;
illustrate the method of footing and balancing of ledger accounts and
accuracy of ledger;
define trial balance;
prepare and balance trial balance by extracting the data from general ledger;
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 14
2.2
Cash Book
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.3
Petty Cash Book
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.4
Special Journal
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.4.6
define cash book;

explain different types of cash books
single column cash book
two column cash book
three column cash book;
prepare cash book and relevant T-Account;
interpret steps of verification of cash balances;
K
*
*
*
define petty cash book;

prepare petty cash book;
explain systems of petty cash
ordinary system
imprest system;
post the entries for establishment, replenishment, and recording of expenses;
define special journal, sales return and allowance, purchase return and
allowance;
distinguish between cash discount and trade discount;
distinguish between debit and credit memo or note;
distinguish between purchase journal and purchase account, sales journal and
sales account;
prepare a special journal,(sales journal, purchase journal, sales return journal,
purchase return journal);
prepare subsidiary and control accounts.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 16
K
3. Banking Transactions
3.1
Types of Banking
Accounts
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
describe different types of bank accounts - current account, saving bank

account and fixed deposit account;
differentiate between different types of bank accounts;
explain the nature of a Bank Account with reference to
Customer (account holder)
Bank;
*
*
*
3.2
Recording of Bank
Transaction
3.2.1
explain the procedure of recording bank transactions;
3.3
Cheques and its

types.
3.3.1
differentiate among types of cheques - bearer cheques, crossed cheques

and order cheques;
3.4
Bank reconciliation
statement.
3.4.1
explain terminologies and their impact on bank reconciliation statement etc

unpresented cheques, uncleared cheques, NSF cheques, bank charges,
discounting of bill and directly deduction or collection by the bank;
describe the key elements of bank statements;
prepare a bank reconciliation statement.
3.4.2
3.4.3
*
*
Page 18
K
4. Rectification of Error,
Adjustment,
Financial Statement,
Reversing, Opening and
Closing entries
4.1
Rectification of Error
and its Kinds
4.1.1
4.1.2
define an accounting error;

explain the classification of error - book keeping error and trial balance
error;
4.2
Error Correction after

and before Closing of
Books of Accounts
4.2.1
explain the further classification(types) of bookkeeping error etc;

i. error of omission of balance from the trial balance
ii. transfer of balance to the wrong column of trial balance
iii. the balancing amount wrongly entered in the trial balance
iv. mistake of addition in trial balance column
4.3
Suspense Accounts
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
illustrate posting for error correction after and before closing of books of
accounts;
define the suspense accounts;
illustrate the working of a suspense account;
4.4.1
4.4.2
define adjusting entry and its importance in preparing final accounts;

explain the procedure in preparing adjusting entries;
4.5.1
4.5.3
4.5.4
conceptualize the concept of opening and closing inventory,

illustrate the recording of merchandise inventory ending;
conceptualize the concept of depreciation and bad debts(uncollectible /
doubtful debts);
explain the working of an Allowance accounts;
illustrate the recording of Allowance for depreciation and Allowance for
bad debts (uncollectible / doubtful debts);
describe provision for discount;
4.4
4.5
Adjusting Entries
Adjusting Entries for
Merchandise
Inventory,
Depreciation of an
Asset, Bad Debts
(uncollectible /
doubtful debts)
4.5.5
4.5.6
4.5.7
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 20
4.6
Adjusting Entries for

Prepaid and Accrued
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.7
Financial Statement
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.4
4.7.5
4.7.6
Worksheet
K
*
*
*
*
*
*
4.7.10
define profit and loss

define financial statements;
explain income statement and its key features;
explain capital expenditure and revenue expenditure;
differentiate between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure;
explain posting and handling of profit/loss account or expense and revenue
summary account;
illustrate the procedure for the preparation of income statement;
define balance sheet (statement of affairs) and its key features;
illustrate the steps for preparing the balance sheet (statement of affairs);
classified form
report form
T-form
explain the capital and revenue receipts and payments;
4.8.1
4.8.2
define worksheet;
illustrate the procedure of creating a worksheet;
4.7.7
4.7.8
4.7.9
4.8
recall the concept of prepaid and accrued (SLO 1.3);

differentiate accrued and unearned income;
illustrate the recording of adjusting entries for
i. Prepaid or accrued (payable/outstanding) of an expense
ii. Unearned or revenue receivable(commission/rent/interest);
illustrate the recording of adjusting entries for drawing or withdrawal of
merchandise;
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 22
4.9
Reversing, Opening
and Closing Entries
5. Valuation of stock
(inventory valuation)
5.1
Concept and Terms

Used Valuation of
stock
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.3
4.9.4
4.9.5
4.9.6
Methods of Valuation
of stock (LIFO,FIFO
AVCO)
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.2.6
K
*
A
*
*
*
*
*
5.1.3
5.2
define reversing entries;

illustrate the procedure of posting reversing entries;
define opening entries;
illustrate the procedure of posting opening entries;
define closing entries;
illustrate the procedure of posting closing entries.
describe the concept of valuation of stock;

explain the importance of valuing stock in accordance with recognised
accounting principles;
express basic terminologies and concepts used in valuation of stock;
illustrate the procedure of recording FIFO (first in, first out), and weighted
average cost (AVCO);
explain the perpetual and periodic methods of stock valuation;
explain the effect of methods of stock valuation on profits over the whole life
of a business;
compare and contrast the different merits and demerits of different inventory
valuation method (FIFO and AVCO)
elaborate the net realisable value(NRV), stocks of work in process and
replacement cost (an overview);
illustrate the valuation of stock at the lower of cost and net realisable value
and the valuation of individual items of the stock ;
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 24
4.
Scheme of Assessment
Class XI
Table 1: Number of Student Learning Outcomes by Cognitive level
Topic
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Topic
Introduction to Accounting
Books of Original Entry
Banking Transactions
Rectification of Error,
Adjustment, Financial
Statement, Reversing,
Opening and Closing Entries
Valuation of stock
Total
Percentage
K
7
5
1
SLOs
U
18
10
6
A
4
10
1
13
11
12
36
24
27
25
50
47
30
28
107
100
No. of
Sub Topic
5
4
4
Total
29
25
8
Table 2: Allocation of Marks for the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs),

Constructed Response Questions (CRQs) and
Extended Response Questions (ERQs)
Topic
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Topic
Introduction to
Accounting
Books of Original
Entry
Adjustment, Financial
Statement, Reversing,
Opening and Closing
Entries
Valuation of stock
Total
No. of
Sub
Topic
Multiple
Choice
Questions
Marks
Constructed Extended
Response
Response
Questions
Questions
Total
10
18
10
10
27
15
10
34
10
13
24
30
50
20
100
Page 40
Table 3: Paper Specifications

Topic
No.
Topic
1.
Introduction to Accounting.
2.
Books of Original Entry
3.
4.
5.
Adjustment,
Financial Statement, Reversing,
Opening and Closing Entries
Valuation of stock (inventory
valuation)
Total
Marks Distribution
MCQs 8 @ 1 Mark
CRQs 2 @ 5 Marks each
MCQs 7 @ 1 Mark
*ERQ 1 @ 10 Marks
(Choose any ONE from TWO)
MCQs 3 @ 1 Mark
CRQ 1 @ 5 Marks
MCQs 9 @ 1 Mark
*ERQ 1 @ 10 Marks
(Choose any ONE from TWO)
MCQs 3 @ 1 Mark
MCQs
CRQs
ERQs
30
50
20
Total
Marks
18
27
34
13
100
Extended response questions (ERQs) will require answers in more descriptive form.
The answers will be in a paragraph rather than a word or a single sentence.
There will be TWO questions and the candidates will be required to attempt any ONE
by making a choice out of the TWO.
Page 41

PRINCIPLES OF
COMMERCE
CLASS XI
3.

Class XI
Topic
1. Introduction to Commerce
Cognitive Level2
K
U
A
1.1
Definition of Term
Commerce
1.1.1
define the term commerce;
1.2
Distinguish between
Commerce, Trade and
Business
1.2.1
1.2.2
differentiate between trade and commerce;

differentiate between commerce and business;
*
*
1.3
Importance and Scope

of Commerce
1.3.1
1.3.2
elaborate on the importance of commerce;

describe the scope of commerce with respect to business, trade, industry and
profession;
*
*
1.4
Business and its

Types
1.4.1
classify business into trade, manufacturing and servicing;
1.5
Essentials of
Establishing a
Business
1.5.1
1.5.2
elaborate on the essentials of establishing a business;

suggest the steps a business person needs to take while establishing an
automobile assembling plant;
E-Commerce or
E-business
1.6.1
1.6.2
define E-commerce or E-business;

explain merits and demerits of E-commerce.
1.6
*
*
Questions).
Last Revised July 2009
Page 10
K
2. Types of Commercial
Organizations
2.1
Classification of
Commercial Organization
2.1.1
describe commercial organizations or business organization and its types

or classes (sole proprietorship, partnerships, joint stock company and
cooperative societies);
2.2
Sole-Proprietorship
Introduction to
proprietorship
Merits and Demerits
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
define sole proprietorship;

describe the merits of sole-proprietorship;
describe the demerits of sole-proprietorship;
list the types of businesses suitable for sole-proprietorship;
analyse why sole proprietorship is commonly adopted form of business
organization in the economy of South Asian countries;
Partnership
Scope of Partnership
Types of Partnership
Kinds of Partners
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
define partnership as per Partnership Act 1932;

explain the importance / scope of partnership business;
classify the different types of partnerships;
explain the different kinds of partners;
2.4
Formation of Partnership
2.4.1
2.4.2
describe partnership agreement and deed;

list the contents of partnership agreement;
*
*
2.5
Rights and Duties
2.5.1
2.5.2
explain the rights and duties of a partner;

explain the liabilities of a partner;
*
*
2.6
Merits and Demerits
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
discuss the advantages and disadvantages of partnership;

differentiate between sole-proprietorship and partnership;
suggest the type of business you would prefer between soleproprietorship and partnership;
*
*
2.3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 12
2.7
K
*
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
explain dissolution of partnership;

describe under what conditions a partnership firm stands dissolved;
explain the procedure of admitting a new partner in the partnership business;
explain the procedure of retiring a partner from partnership business;
Joint Stock Company

2.8
Definition of Joint
Stock Company
2.8.1
define Joint Stock Company per Companies Ordinance 1984;
2.9
Special Features of a
JSC
2.9.1
describe the characteristics of a Joint Stock Company;
2.10
Classification of
Companies
2.10.1
explain the different classification of companies with reference to

incorporation, liability ownership and shares capital;
2.11
Public Ltd. Co and

Pvt. Ltd. Co.
2.11.1
differentiate between a Public Ltd. Co. and a Private Limited Co;
2.12
Shares and
Debentures
2.12.1
2.12.2
2.12.3
define shares and debentures;

differentiate between shares and debentures;
classify the different types for capital
Formation of a Joint
Stock Company
2.13.1
2.13.2
2.13.3
elaborate the steps for formation of the company;

describe liability association clause;
explain the features of articles of Association and memorandum of
association;
explain prospectus and its essentials;
define certificate of registration;
define certificate of commencement and statement in lieu of prospectus;
2.13
Dissolution
2.13.4
2.13.5
2.13.6
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 14
U
*
2.14
Management of a
Company
2.14.1
explain the management of a company by the help of an organizational chart;
2.15
Meetings
2.15.1
describe the different types of meetings conducted by a Joint Stock

Company;
2.16
Winding up Process
2.16.1
explain the different ways of winding up a company;
Co-operative society
2.17
Definition
2.17.1
define the co-operative society;
2.18
Characteristics
2.18.1
2.18.2
describe the characteristics of a co-operative society;

differentiate between co-operative society and Joint Stocks Co.;
3. Office Organization
3.1
3.2
Departmentation
Filing
*
*
*

3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
define departmentation;
describe the types of departmentation;
draw an organizational chart of a business organization;
elaborate the function s of departments of a business organization;
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
define filing and its different methods;

describe the characteristics of good filing (7s of filing);
differentiate between horizontal and vertical filing;
discuss centralized filing with reference to its merits and demerits;
demonstrate the different type filling with inflow outflow of papers;
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 16
3.3
3.4
Indexing, Copying
and duplicating
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
define indexing;
describe the method of indexing;
explain different methods of duplicating or copying of office documentation;
Labour and Time

Saving Equipment
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
describe labour saving devices;

explain the working of office equipments and electronic devices;
list the devices commonly used for labour and time saving.
4. Marketing and Advertising

4.1
Market and Marketing
K
*
U
*
*
*
*

4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
define the term market;

define marketing as per American marketing association;
differentiate between market and marketing;
explain the significance of marketing in trade and economy;
*
*
*
*
4.2
Functions of
Marketing
4.2.1
describe the different functions of marketing;
4.3
Channels of
Distribution
4.3.1
explain the different channels of distribution;
4.4
Advertising
Definition, Types of
Advertising,
Advertising Media
Objectives
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
define advertising;
explain the different media of advertising;
list the different objectives of advertising;
describe merits and demerits of advertising.
*
*
*
*
Page 18
K
5. Trade and Channels of
Distribution
5.1
Domestic Trade
5.1.1
5.1.2
define domestic / home trade;

define middleman and its type with examples for each type;
*
*
5.2
Wholesaling Trade
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
define wholesaling;
describe the functions of wholesalers;
describe the services rendered by retailers to retailers and consumers;
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
define retailing;
describe the services rendered by retailers to wholesalers and consumers;
explain the different kinds of retailers;
5.4.1
5.4.2
define foreign trade;

describe the procedure followed in importing goods from a foreign country;
5.5.1
5.5.2
define export;
explain the steps involved in exporting goods to a foreign country;
5.3
5.4
5.5
Retailing Trade
Foreign Trade Import
Foreign Trade Export
5.6
TDAP
5.6.1
explain the functions of TDAP (Trade Development Authority of Pakistan);
5.7
Invoice
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.7.4
5.7.5
define invoice;
list the contents of invoice;
describe Performa invoice;
explain the types of invoices issued for correcting errors in an invoice;
describe consular invoice.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 20
K
6. Commercial Correspondence
6.1
Definition
6.1.1
define commercial correspondence;
6.2
Characteristics of
Effective Communication
6.2.1
describe the characteristics of an effective business communication (Oral /

Written);
6.3
Parts of Letter
6.3.1
explain the part of a business letter with the help of a sketch; (modified
block style & full block style);
6.4
Kinds of Business Letter
6.4.1
describe the different kinds of a business letter;
6.5
Practicing Letter Writing

for Different Business
Purposes
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
define Order Letter or Indent Letter and its characteristics;

describe the qualities of a good order letter;
draft an Order Letter or Indent Letter with the necessary details;
6.5.4
6.5.5
6.5.6
define letter of inquiry and its types;

describe the qualities of a good inquiry letter;
draft an Inquiry Letter with the necessary details;
6.5.7
define Collection Letter;
6.5.8
6.5.9
describe the qualities of a good collection letter;

draft an Collection Letter with the necessary details;
Order/Indent Letter
Letters of Inquiry
Collection/dunning
Letters

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 22
Circular/Sales Letters
Letters of Complaints
/Complains/Claims
Adjustments Letters
Job Letters and

Applications
7. Auxiliaries to Trade
7.1
7.2
K
*
6.5.10
6.5.11
6.5.12
define Circular Letter and Sales Letter;

describe the qualities of a good Circular Letter and sales letter;
draft an Circular letter and sales letter with the necessary details;
6.5.13
6.5.14
6.5.15
define Letter of Complaints /Complains;

describe the qualities of a good letter of Complaints / Complains;
draft an Letter of Complaints / Complains with the necessary details;
6.5.16
6.5.17
6.5.18
define Adjustment Letter;

describe the qualities of a good Adjustment Letter;
draft an Adjustment Letter with the necessary details;
6.5.19
6.5.20
6.5.21
define Job Letters and Applications;

describe the qualities of a good Job Letter and Job Application;
draft an Job Letters and Application with the necessary details.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Definition of
Auxiliaries to Trade
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
define the term auxiliaries to trade;

explain the auxiliaries to trade;
highlight the factors that create hurdles in the way of trade;
Insurance Risks
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
define the term risk;

describe the different types of risks;
define insurance;
explain the different types of insurance;
suggest the types of insurance while exporting goods;
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 24
7.3
Transportation
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
explain different channels of transportation;

point out the objectives and functions of transportation;
explain the significance of transportation in trade and commerce;
U
*
*
*
7.4
Warehousing
7.4.1
7.4.2
describe the importance of warehousing;

classify the kinds of warehousing;
*
*
7.5
Finance
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.5.5
7.5.6
define the term finance;

explain the types of finance;
state the types of business finance;
describe the sources of long term business finance;
explain Mudarba and Musharka (Islamic finance concept);
differentiate between Mudarba and Musharka.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 26
4.
Table 1: Number of Student Learning Outcomes by Cognitive level
Topic
No
Topic
No. of
Sub Topic
SLOs
U
Total
1.
Introduction to Commerce
10
2.
Types of Commercial
Organizations
18
12
26
38
3.
Office Organization
15
4.
Marketing and Advertising
10
5.
Trade and Channel of

Distribution
10
18
6.
Commercial Correspondence
11
25
7.
13
19
Total
Percentage
49
41
30
83
60
13
10
135
100

Topic
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Topic
Introduction to
Commerce
Types of Commercial
Organizations
Office Organization
Marketing and
Advertising
Distribution
Commercial
Correspondence
Total
No.
of
Multiple
Sub
Choice
Topic Questions
Marks
Constructed Extended
Response
Response
Questions
Questions
Total
18
10
21
10
16
5
35
3
25
8
35
0
15
11
75
Page 28

Topic
No.
Topics
Total
Marks
MCQs 3 @ 1 Mark
CRQ 1 @ 2 Marks
MCQs 6 @ 1 Mark
CRQ 1 @ 5 Marks
*ERQs 2 @ 5 Marks each
(choose any TWO from THREE)
21
1.
Introduction to Commerce
2.
Types of Commercial
Organizations
3.
Office Organization
MCQs 2 @ 1 Mark
CRQ 1 @ 4 Marks
4.
Marketing and Advertising
MCQs 3 @ 1 Mark
CRQ 1 @ 3 Marks
5.

Distribution
MCQs 3 @ 1 Mark
CRQs 2 @ 3, 4 Marks
10
6.
Commercial Correspondence
7.
Total Marks
*
4.1
Marks Distributions
MCQs 5 @ 1 Mark
ERQ 1 @ 5 Marks
(choose any ONE from TWO)
MCQs 3 @ 1 Mark
MCQs
25
CRQs
35
ERQs
15
16
11
75
Extended response questions (ERQs) will require answers in more descriptive

form. The answers will be in a paragraph rather than a word or a single
sentence.
Table 1 indicate the number and nature of SLOs in each topic in class XI. This will
server as a guide in the construction of the examination paper. It also indicates that
more emphasis has been given to the understanding (60%) Application and higher
order skills (10%) in class XI to discourage rote memorization. The same has been
reflected in table 1, however, do not translate directly into marks.
4.2
There will be one examination, at the end of Class XI.
4.3
In each class, the theory paper will be in two parts: paper I and paper II. Both papers
will be administrated within 3 hours.
4.4
Paper I theory will consist of 25 compulsory, multiple choice items. These questions
will involve four response options.
Page 29

PRINCIPLES OF
ECONOMICS
CLASS XI
3.

Part I (Class XI)
Topic
1.
Nature and scope of

Economics
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.2
1.3
Introduction of
Economics
Cognitive Level2
K
U
A
1.1.3
define economics;
explain the ideas of economics given by Adam Smith, Marshall and Lionel
Robbins;
compare the merits and demerits of Marshall and Lionel Robbins;
Scope and
Importance of
Economics
1.2.1
1.2.2
explain the educational and practical value of economics;

analyse the scope of economics in daily life;
Branches of
Economics
1.3.1
1.3.2
differentiate between microeconomics and macroeconomics;

define the concept of descriptive, theoretical and policy economics;
*
*
*
Questions).
Page 10
1.4
2.
Some Basic
Concepts and
Definition
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
define goods and services;

differentiate between economic goods and non-economic goods;
identify types of goods i.e.
public goods
private goods
merit goods
demerit goods
free goods;
1.4.4 explain scarcity;
1.4.5 explain scarcity and resource;
1.4.6 classify economic and non-economic wants.
K
*
*
*
*
*
2.1
2.1.1 define the concept of demand;

2.1.2 differentiate between individual and market demand;
2.1.3 differentiate between demand and desire;
2.1.4 draw individual and market demand curve with the help of given
information;
2.2.1 state the law of demand;

2.2.2 explain the assumptions behind the law of demand;
2.2.3 prove the relationship between the price and demand with the help of a
graph;
2.2.4 analyse the practical importance of the law of demand in our daily life;
2.2
2.3
Law of Demand
Shifting Factors of
the Demand Curve
show the change in quantity demanded and change in demand with the help
of a graph;
2.3.2 discuss the shifting factors of the demand curve;
2.3.3 suggest reasons to determine a negatively sloped demand curve (i.e. why a
demand curve is sloped downward, leftwards to rightwards? );
Demand
Concept of Demand
*
*
*
*
*
*
2.3.1
*
*
*
Page 12
2.4
3.
Elasticity of Demand 2.4.1 define the meaning of elasticity;

2.4.2 explain price elasticity, point elasticity, arc elasticity, income elasticity and
cross price elasticity of demand;
2.4.3 calculate the price elasticity, point elasticity, arc elasticity, income elasticity
and cross price elasticity of demand with the help of schedule and graph;
2.4.4 explain the determinants of the elasticity i.e. price, income and cross price;
2.4.5 analyse the practical importance of the elasticity of demand in our daily life.
Supply
3.1
3.2
*
*
*
*
Candidates Should be able to:

Meaning of Supply
Law of Supply
3.1.1 define meaning of supply;

3.1.2 differentiate between supply and stock;
3.2.1 state the law of supply;

3.2.2 explain the assumptions of the law of supply;
3.2.3 explain the graphical interpretation of the law of supply;
3.2.4 analyse the practical importance/application of the law of supply;
3.3
Time Periods in
Supply
3.3.1
3.4
Shifting Factors of
Supply
3.4.1
3.5
K
*
Elasticity of Supply
*
*
*
differentiate between short run and long run supply curves;
differentiate between the change in quantity supplied and change in supply

with graphical interpretation;
3.4.2 discuss shifting factors of the supply;
3.5.1
define the price elasticity of supply;
3.5.2 calculate the price elasticity of supply;

3.5.3 analyse the practical importance of elasticity of supply.
*
*
*
*
*
Page 14
K
4.
Market Equilibrium
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
Market Equilibrium
and Price
4.1.3
5.
define market equilibrium;

determine the equilibrium position through demand and supply with the
help of a graph and schedule;
analyse the change in equilibrium price and output due to the change in
market forces (i.e. demand and supply) with the help of a graph.
Consumer Demand
Theory
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
Utility
5.1.6
5.2
Law of Equimarginal Utility
5.2.1
5.2.2
define utility;
explain the characteristics of utility;
differentiate between marginal utility and total utility;
show a graphical relationship between marginal utility and total utility;
explain the law of diminishing marginal utility with the use of schedule and
graph;
explain limitation, assumption and practical importance of the law of
diminishing marginal utility;
explain the law of equi-marginal utility with the use of schedule and graph;
explain limitation and practical importance of the law of equi-marginal
utility.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 16
K
6.
Cost and Revenue of a

Firm
6.1
Cost of a Firm
Revenue
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
7.
define cost of production;

differentiate between the implicit and explicit cost of production;
explain the concept of opportunity cost;
calculate fixed cost (FC), average cost (AC), variable cost (VC), total cost
(TC) and marginal cost (MC);
make a graphical relationship among total cost, variable cost, average cost,
marginal cost and fixed cost with respect to output;
define total revenue (TR), marginal revenue (MR) and average revenue
(AR);
differentiate among TR, MR and AR when the prices are fixed and variable;
draw a graph to show the relationship between TR and MR curves;
determine the optimum level of output with the help of MR and TR curves.
Production and Laws of

Return
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
define production;
explain the importance of production;
identify factors of production ,i.e. land, labour, capital and entrepreneur;
explain the characteristics of the factors of production;
7.2.1
7.2.2
differentiate between capital and capital formation;

analyse the causes of low capital formation in developing countries;
7.2
Production
Capital Formation
6.1.5
6.2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 18
K
7.3
Scale of Production
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
8.
explain total product (TP), marginal product (MP) and average product (AP)
of labour and capital;
show a graphical relationship among total product (TP), marginal product
(MP) and average product (AP);
explain scale of production;
U
*
*
*
7.4
Laws of Returns
7.4.1
show increasing return, constant return and decreasing(diminishing)return

with the help of a graph;
7.5
Law of Cost
7.5.1
explain graphically the laws of returns as per law of cost.
Price and Output

Determination Under
Competition and
Monopoly
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
explain perfect competition;

explain the assumptions of perfect competition;
identify the examples of perfectly competitive market;
determine the optimum level of an output under perfect competition with
the help of a graph;
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.3.5
8.3.6
explain imperfect competition with its characteristic features;

differentiate between perfect and imperfect competitions;
explain monopoly;
explain the assumptions of monopoly;
discuss the monopoly market with the help of an example;
determine the level of price and output under monopoly with the help of a
graph;
differentiate between perfect competition and monopoly;
8.3
Perfect Competition
Monopoly
8.3.7
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 20
K
8.2
9.
8.2.1
point out the normal and abnormal profit, breakeven point, and loss and
shutdown point with the help of a graph under perfect competition.
Resource Pricing
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
define rent;
explain kinds of rent;
differentiate between rent and price;
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
define wages;
explain kinds of wages;
explain the marginal productivity theory with the help of a graph and
schedule;
9.3.1
9.3.2
define interest;
explain kinds of interest.
9.2
9.3
10.
Breakeven and
Shutdown Point
Rent
Wages
Interest
National Income
10.1
10.1.1 define national income;

10.1.2 differentiate among GDP, GNP, NNP, NI, PI and DI;
10.1.3 calculate GDP, GNP, NNP, NI, PI, DI and per capita income;
10.1.4 draw and explain a circular flow of national income;
Concept of National
Income
A
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 22
K
10.2
11.
Measurement of
National Income
Money
11.1
11.2
10.2.1 describe THREE methods of measuring national income i.e. product

approach, expenditure approach and income approach;
10.2.2 explain the concept of GDP at factor cost (real GDP) and market price
(nominal GDP);
10.2.3 explain the difficulties to measure GDP.
U
*
*
*

Introduction and
Evolution of Money
11.1.1 define the term money;

11.1.2 explain evolution of money from barter system to bank money;
11.1.3 explain the functions of money;
11.1.4 describe the forms of money ( metallic, paper and credit money);
11.1.5 explain the qualities of good money;
Value of money
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.2.4
11.2.5
11.2.6
11.2.7
define value of money;

explain the quantity theory of money;
calculate the price level by using the quantity theory of money;
differentiate between inflation and deflation;
analyse the affect of inflation and deflation on the economy of Pakistan;
analyse the causes of inflation in Pakistan;
suggest different methods to control inflation in Pakistan (applying fiscal
and monetary policy).
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 24
K
12.
Business Cycle
12.1
Introduction of
Business Cycle
12.1.1 define business cycle;

12.1.2 draw and describe the phases of business cycle;
12.1.3 determine the causes of business cycle;
Theories of Business
Cycle
12.2.1 explain the theories of business cycle i.e. Classical, Keynesian and Real
Business cycle;
12.2.2 explain the over-investment theory of trade cycle.
12.2
13.
International Trade
13.1
13.1.1 define the meaning of trade;

13.1.2 describe the kinds of trade;
13.1.3 explain the purposes of imports and exports in Pakistan;
13.1.4 identify the major imports and exports of Pakistan;
Trade
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
13.2
Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Trade
13.2.1
13.2.2
13.2.3
explain the advantages of foreign trade;

explain the disadvantages of foreign trade;
explain the theories of the absolute and comparative advantage;
*
*
*
13.3
Balance of Payment
and Trade
13.3.1
13.3.2
differentiate between balance of trade and balance of payment;

describe the elements of balance of payment i.e. current account and capital
account balance.
*
*
Page 26
K
14.
Public Finance
14.1
Public and Private

Finance
14.1.1 differentiate between public and private finance;

14.1.2 describe the key heads of public expenditure;
14.1.3 differentiate between public and private revenues;
14.2
Taxation
14.2.1 define direct and indirect taxes;

14.2.2 analyse the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect taxes;
14.2.3 describe the classification of taxation i.e. regressive, progressive and
proportional;
14.2.4 explain the canon of taxation;
14.2.5 differentiate between Zakat, Ushr and Tax;
14.2.6 analyse the significance of Zakat to eliminate poverty and for economic
development.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 28

Topic
No.
Topics
No of
SubTopics
4
2.
Nature and Scope

of Economics
Demand
3.
Supply
Market Equilibrium
Consumer Demand
Theory
Cost and Revenue
of a Firm
Production and
Laws of Return
Price and Output
Determination
Under Perfect
Competition and
Monopoly
Resource Pricing
10
National Income
11
Money
12
Business Cycle
13
International Trade
14
Public Finance
Total
40
1.
6
7
8
Multiple
Choice
Questions
Marks
Constructed
Response
Questions
Extended
Response
Questions
10
12
30
16
24
21
25
35
15
75
Total
2
5
3
Page 31

Topic
No.
Topics
Nature and Scope of Economics
Demand
Supply
Market Equilibrium
Consumer Demand Theory
Cost and Revenue of a Firm
Production and Laws of Return
Price and Output Determination

Under Perfect Competition and
Monopoly
Resource Pricing
10
National Income
11
Money
12
Business Cycle
13
International Trade
14
Public Finance
Total
Marks Distribution
Total
Marks
MCQs 10 @ 1 Mark
CRQs 2 @ 6 Marks Each
*ERQ 1 @ 8 Marks
Choose any ONE from TWO
30
MCQs 8 @ 1 Mark
CRQs 2 @ 8 Marks Each
24
MCQs 7 @ 1 Mark
CRQ 1 @ 7 Marks
*ERQ 1 @ 7 Marks
21
MCQs
25
75
CRQs
35
ERQs
15
Extended response questions (ERQs) will require answers in more descriptive

form. The answers will be in a paragraph rather than a word or a single
sentence.
There will be TWO questions and the candidates will be required to attempt
any ONE by making a choice out of the TWO.
4.1
Table 1 indicates the number and nature of SLOs in each topic in class XI. This will
server as a guide in the construction of the examination paper. It also indicates that
more emphasis has been given to the understanding (57%) Application and higher
order skills (24%) to discourage rote memorization. The same has been reflected in
table 1; however, they do not translate directly into marks.
4.2
This subject is offered in class XI.
4.3
There will be two papers; the theory paper will be in two parts: paper I and paper II.
Both papers will be administered within 3 hours.
Page 32

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
CLASS XI
2.

Part I (Class XI)
Topic
1.
Business Arithmetic
1.1
1.1.1
Ratio and Proportion
1.1.4
1.1.5
describe ratio, equivalent ratios and the importance of the order in

which the ratio is expressed;
convert a ratio in its simplest form or lowest term;
calculate continued ratio of more than two quantities (up to four
quantities);
find the ratio in which a quantity is increased or decreased;
solve related problems;
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
explain the concept of proportion;

describe direct, inverse and compound proportion;
solve problems involving direct, inverse and compound proportion;
*
*
1.3.1
1.3.2
describe percentage;
convert:
i.
percentage to a fraction and vice versa;
ii. percentage to a decimal and vice versa;
solve simple problems involving percentages (e.g. percentage of marks
obtained, percentage of certain element in a chemical compound,
increase/decrease in percentage and to calculate quantities when
percentage is given, etc.);
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.2
1.3
Proportion and its Types
Percentage
Cognitive Levels1
K
U
A
1.3.3
*
*
*
*
Questions).
Page 8
K
1.4
Profit and Loss
1.4.1
1.4.2
2.
define marked price or tag price, selling price, cost price, profit, loss,
discount, profit percentage and loss percentage;
solve problems related to the above mentioned concepts;
Interest and Annuities
2.1
2.1.1
2.2
2.3
Simple Interest
Compound Interest
Annuities
2.1.2
describe interest, interest rate, period(monthly, bimonthly, quarterly,

half yearly, yearly or per annum), principal, accumulated amount,
simple interest;
solve problems related to simple interest;
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
define compound interest;

distinguish between simple and compound interest;
solve problems related to compound interest;
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
explain annuities and its accumulation factor;

distinguish between interest and annuities;
distinguish between annuity due and ordinary annuity;
define present value of annuity and future value of annuity;
solve problems related to simple/ordinary annuity.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 10
3.
Number Systems
3.1
3.1.1
Different Number
Systems
3.1.2
3.2
4.
Application of
Mathematical Operations
3.2.1
describe the following number systems:

i.
binary ( base 2 )
ii. quinary ( base 5 )
iii. octonary ( base 8 )
iv. decimal ( base 10 );
convert:
i.
decimal numbers ( whole and fraction ) to binary numbers and
vice versa
ii. decimal numbers to quinary numbers and vice versa
iii. decimal numbers to octonary numbers and vice versa
iv. binary numbers to quinary numbers and vice versa
v.
binary numbers to octonary numbers and vice versa
vi. quinary numbers to octonary numbers and vice versa;
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
Apply arithmetic operations (+, , , ) in binary, quinary and octonary

number systems.
Functions and their Graphs

Rectangular Coordinate
System and Function
illustrate Cartesian plane(horizontal axis, vertical axis, origin and

quadrants, abscissa, ordinate and ordered pair;
distinguish between independent and dependent variable, domain and
range;
distinguish between binary relation and function;
find the domain and range of binary relation and function;
*
*
*
*
Page 12
K
4.2
Linear and Quadratic

Functions
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.3
Distance between Two

Points
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.4
Equation of Straight Line
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
distinguish between linear and quadratic functions;

draw and interpret the graphs of linear and quadratic functions;
locate and interpret x and y intercepts of linear and quadratic functions
graphically;
calculate the vertex and identify the direction (concavity) of parabola;
find the minimum and maximum value of the quadratic functions;
U
*
*
*
*
*
apply the distance formula between the two points on the Cartesian
planeto solve related problems;
apply the midpoint formula to solve related problems;
describe the following forms of straight line:
i.
slope intercept form
ii. point - slope form
iii. two points form
iv. intercepts form
v.
normal form;
illustrate the above mentioned forms of straight line;
find the equation of straight line by using the given conditions as
discussed above.
*
*
*
*
*
Page 14
K
5.
Linear, Quadratic and

Simultaneous Equations
5.1
Linear Equation in Single

Variable
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
describe linear equation in one variable;

solve linear equation in one variable;
solve problems related to linear equations;
Quadratic Equation in
Single Variable
5.2.1
5.2.2
describe quadratic equation in one variable;

solve quadratic quation in one variable by using:
i.
factorization;
ii. method of completing square;
iii. quadratic formula;
solve problems related to quadratic equations;
5.2
5.2.3
5.3
Simultaneous Linear
Equations
5.3.1
5.3.2
6.
Matrices and Determinants
*
*
*
solve simultaneous linear equations by using the method of elimination

and substitution;
solve problems related to simultaneous linear equations.
*
*
6.1
Introduction to Matrices
6.1.1
6.1.2
define matrix with real entries;

define rows and columns of a matrix, the order of a matrix and equality
of two matrices;
6.2
Types of Matrices
(up to order 3 3 )
6.2.1
describe row matrix, column matrix, rectangular matrix, square matrix,

zero/null matrix, identity matrix, scalar matrix, diagonal matrix,
symmetric matrix;
find the transpose of a matrix;
6.2.2
*
*
Page 16
K
6.3
6.4
6.5
Addition and Subtraction

of Matrices
(up to order 3 3 )
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
*
*
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
discuss whether the given matrices are conformable for multiplication;

find the multiplication of a matrix by a real number;
find the multiplication of two (or three) matrices;
verify with the help of examples that commutative law under
multiplication does not hold in general (i.e. AB BA ) ;
Multiplicative Inverse of
Matrix(up to order 3 3 )
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.5
6.5.6
6.5.7
describe the determinant of a square matrix;

calculate the determinant of a matrix;
define singular and non-singular matrix;
solve problems related to singular and non singular matrix;
find the adjoint of a matrix and related problems;
define the multiplicative identity of a matrix;
find the multiplicative inverse of a non-singular matrix A and verify
that AA1 = I = A1 A , where I is the multiplicative identity matrix;
apply the adjoint method to calculate the inverse of a non-singular
matrix;
Solution of Simultaneous
Linear Equations
6.6.1
solve a system of two linear equations and word problems in two

unknowns using:
i.
Inverse Matrix method
ii. Cramer's rule.
Multiplication of
Matrices
6.5.8
6.6
discuss whether the given matrices are conformable for

addition/subtraction;
find the addition and subtraction of matrices;
define the additive identity of a matrix;
find the additive inverse of a matrix;
U
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 18
3.
Class XI
Table1:Number of Student Learning Outcomes by Cognitive level
Topic
No
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Topics
Business Arithmetic
Number Systems
Total
Percentage
No. of
Sub Topics
4
3
2
4
3
K
1
2
0
0
SLOs
U
4
5
1
7
A
8
3
2
7
21
23
8
12
23
33
1
2
38
55
Total
13
10
3
14
69
100
Table2: Allocation of Marks for the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs),

And Constructed Response Questions (CRQs)
Marks
Topic
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Topics
Business Arithmetic
Number Systems
Total
No. of
Sub-Topics
Multiple Constructed
Choice
Response
Questions Questions
Total
4
3
3
4
4
2
3
3
5
5
5
5
9
7
8
8
6
23
4
20
5
30
9
50
Page 20
Table3: Paper Specifications

Topic
No.
1.
Topic
s
Business Arithmetic
2.
3.
Number Systems
4.
5.

6.

Total
*
Marks Distributions
Total
Marks
MCQs 4 @ 1 Mark
CRQ 1 @ 5 Marks
MCQs 2 @ 1 Mark
*CRQs 2 @ 5 Marks each
MCQs 3 @ 1 Mark
MCQs 3 @ 1 Mark
MCQs 4 @ 1 Mark
CRQ 1 @ 5 Marks
MCQs 4 @ 1 Mark
CRQ 1 @ 5 Marks
MCQs
CRQs
20
30
8
9
9
50
There will be TWO questions and the candidates will be required to attempt
any ONE by making a choice out of the TWO.
3.1
Table 1 indicates the number and nature of SLOs in each topic in class XI. This will
serve as a guide in the construction of the examination paper. It also indicates that
more emphasis has been given to the understanding (33%), application and higher
order skills (55%) in class XI to discourage rote memorization. Table1, however,
does not translate directly into marks.
3.2
Table 2 shows the distribution of marks. There will be 20 marks of multiple choice
questions each carrying one mark. The constructed response paper will carry
30 marks. It is AKU-EB policy that every topic should be examined.
3.3
The question paper will be in two parts: paper I and paper II. Both papers will be of
duration of 2 hours.
3.4
Paper I will be a separately timed multiple choice paper of 30 minutes, administered

before the constructed response paper (paper II). There will be no choice in the
multiple choice paper.
3.5
Paper II will carry 30 marks and consist of a number of compulsory, constructed

response questions. There will be no choice among the chapters in constructed
response questions but it may be within the topics.
3.6
All constructed response questions will be in a booklet which will also serve as an
answer script.
Page 21

Examination
PAKISTAN STUDIES
CLASSES XI-XII
3.

Classes XI-XII
Topic
1.
History of Pakistan
1.1
Importance of Pakistan
Studies
1.1.1
explain the importance of how Pakistan Studies as a subject can help in

understanding the origin, creation and development of Pakistan.
1.2
Definition and
Significance of Ideology
1.2.1
1.2.2
define ideology;
explain the guiding principles of Islamic way of life (justice, equality
and brotherhood) that form the basis of Pakistan ideology;
define the basic components of ideology of Pakistan (sovereignty of
Allah, equity and justice, democracy and equal rights for minorities).
1.2.3
1.3
Struggle for Pakistan

(1909-1919)
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
evaluate the role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan as a reformer (education,

social and political);
discuss the Aligarh Movement;
evaluate the role of Aligarh Movement in the making of Pakistan;
discuss the political conditions of the sub-continent which led to the
formation of All India Muslim League (Partition of Bengal (1905) and
Simla Deputation(1906));
state the aims and objectives of All India Muslim League;
Cognitive Level2
K
U
A
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Questions).
Page 10
K
1.3.6
1.3.7
1.3.8
1.3.9
1.4
Pakistan Movement
(1920-47)
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.4.6
1.4.7
discuss the political developments between 1909-1919

Morley Minto Reforms (1909)
Reversal of the Partition of Bengal (1911)
Lucknow Pact (1916)
Montague Chelmsford Reforms (1919);
discuss the causes and outcomes of the Khilafat Movement (1919-21);
analyze the impact of the Khilafat Movement on the Muslims of the
Sub-Continent;
explain the role of Ali Brothers in the Khilafat Movement.
discuss the political developments between 1924-37;
Simon Commission (1927)
Nehru Report (1928)
Jinnahs Fourteen Points (1929)
Round Table Conferences (1930-32)
Communal Award (1932)
Government of India Act 1935
discuss the reasons of the failure of Muslim League in the General
Elections of 1937;
explain the impact of Congress Rule and the Day of Deliverance 1939;
analyze the importance of Pakistan Resolution 1940;
explain the major features, outcomes and significance of
Cripps Mission 1942
Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944;
discuss the reaction of Muslim League and Congress on Cripps Mission
proposal;
discuss the reasons behind the success of Muslim league in 1945
General Elections;
U
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 12
K
1.4.8
1.4.9
1.4.10
1.4.11
1.4.12
2.
analyze the reasons behind the difference between the results of

elections of 1935-36 and 1945-46;
analyze Simla Conference as a final attempt of the reconciliation
between Muslim League and Congress;
explain the significance of Cabinet Mission 1946 on the creation of
Pakistan;
explain the major features of the 3rd June plan and its implementation;
discuss the Independence Act of 1947.
Early Years of Islamic

Republic of Pakistan
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
The Red Cliff Award
2.1.4
discuss the major features of the Boundary Commission;

discuss the need of the Boundary Commission;
analyze the unjustness of the commission and its impact on Pakistan as
a young State and to the future of Pakistan;
identify and locate the areas that became the part of Pakistan and its
neighbouring States.
A
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 14
K
2.2
Problems Faced during

1947-48
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.3
The Roles and vision of

Quaid-e Azam
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
discuss the immediate problems faced by Pakistan in the establishment

of an independent nation;
Unfair boundary division,
Division of financial and military assets,
Refugee problems,
Administrative problems,
Problem of national language,
Kashmir issue,
Canal water Dispute,
Princely States (Hyderabad, Junagarh),
Lack of trained personnels.
suggest the difficulties which Pakistan might have faced if the problem
of Canal Water would not have been solved;
explain how Canal Water Dispute was resolved;
criticise the implementation and outcomes of Indus Water Basin Treaty;
analyze how Kashmir issue is a hindrance between the relation of
Pakistan and India;
explain how successful Pakistan was in overcoming the initial problems.
discuss the role of Mohammad Ali Jinnah as
An advocate of Hindu- Muslim Unity.
A member and later President of Muslim league.
A negotiator with the British.
A firm believer of Pakistan.
A first Governor- General of Pakistan;
discuss the vision of Quaid-e-Azam for the future of Pakistan;
discuss the advice of Quaid-e-Azam to the government officials for
national service;
U
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 16
K
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
3.
explain the guiding principles of Quaid-e-Azam for the economy of

Pakistan;
explain the guiding principles of Quaid-e-Azam for the foreign policy of
Pakistan;
state the views of Quaid-e-Azam regarding the development of
Pakistan.
Geography of Islamic
3.1
3.1.1
Location
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
identify the location of Pakistan with reference to latitudes 24oN-37oN

and longitudes 61oE-78oE;
locate the neighbouring countries of Pakistan on the world map
(Afghanistan, India, China, Iran);
locate and identify the land locked countries on the world map around
Pakistan;
describe how Pakistan is recognized as a gateway for the land locked
countries;
identify and locate the major cities of Pakistan on the map (Karachi,
Hyderabad, Lahore, Multan, Sialkot, Quetta, Ziarat, Peshawar, Gilgit,
Chitral, Islamabad, Swat);
explain the strategic importance of the location of Pakistan.
U
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 18
3.2
The Natural Topography
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.3
Climate
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
identify and locate the following land from feature of Pakistan;

Plains: Upper Indus, Lower Indus
Desert: Thar, Thal, Kharan
Mountains: Hindu Kash, Karakoram , Himalayan , Sulaiman Range,
Safed Koh, Waziristan, Salt Range
Plateau: Potwar and Baluchistan
Coastal areas: Karachi, Makran (Baluchistan)
Rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Kabul, Hab, Dasht
discuss the influence of the natural topography on human activities;
discuss the importance of rivers in Pakistan.
define the terms climate and weather;
discuss the factors that influence the climate of Pakistan
(rainfall, latitude, Western depression, thunderstorms and cyclones);
identify major climatic regions of Pakistan and briefly describe their
characteristics(arid, semi-arid, coastal and highland);
analyze how climate affects the life of people and how human activities
affects the climate.
Influence of low temp, ice and snow on the lives of people in
the mountains.
Influence of rain storms and on agriculture, industry and
communications.
Problems caused by droughts and school of water supply on
agriculture and industry.
K
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 20
3.4
Environmental Hazards
and remedies
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
4.
identify the main sources of pollution industrial emissions (air), human

waste, arsenic (water);
analyze the acute problems caused by pollution;
discuss the likely impact of global warming on Pakistan;
suggest remedies to overcome the global warming;
discuss as a student your responsibilities to control environmental
pollution.
Steps towards an Islamic

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2
Concept of Constitution
Constitutional History of 4.2.1

Pakistan
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7
4.2.8
4.2.9
4.2.10
4.2.11
4.2.12
4.2.13
K
*
*
*
*
*
define the term constitution;

describe why constitution is important for a state.
identify the key features of the Objectives Resolution;

discuss the significance and impact of Objectives Resolution in the
constitutional development of Pakistan;
discuss the reasons behind the delay in the constitution process;
describe the salient features of 1956 Constitution;
discuss the reasons that led to the failure of 1956 Constitution;
describe the salient features of 1962 Constitution;
discuss the reasons that led to the failure of 1962 Constitution;
discuss Islamic features of 1956 and 1962 Constitution;
discuss the salient features of 1973 Constitution;
explain the features of Islamization incorporated in 1973 Constitution;
explain fundamental rights of the citizens of Pakistan provided by 1973
Constitution;
evaluate the state of women rights provided by the 1973 Constitution;
explain the minority rights in 1973 Constitution.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 22
K
5.
Administrative Structure of
Pakistan and Good
Governance
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
define the term State;

explain the concept of Government and its components;
analyze the functions of Federal Government;
list the major subjects working under the authority of Federal
Government; (defence, foreign policy, finance).
Provincial GovernmentVarious Institutions and

Functions
5.2.1
list the major institutions working under the authority of provincial

government;
list the major subjects working under the authority of provincial
government; (health, sanitation, education);
Islamic Perspective of
Good Governance
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.2
5.3
Federal GovernmentVarious Institutions and

Functions
5.2.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.4
Local Government in
Pakistan
5.4.1
5.4.2
discuss obstacles in implementation of good governance in Pakistan;

suggest remedies to overcome the obstacles hindering the
implementation of good governance in Pakistan;
define Islamic perspective of good governance;
give examples of some Islamic perspective of good governance with
reference to the first four Caliphs;
discuss the characteristics of the Islamic state established by The Holy
Prophet PBUH and Hazrat Umar R.A.
compare the local government systems (devolution plan) during the
Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-Haq and Musharraf eras;
analyze the system of local bodies (merits and demerits).
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 24
K
6.
Culture and Language of

Pakistan
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
What is Culture
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.2
Ancient Civilization of
Pakistan
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.3
Languages of Pakistan
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
define the term culture;

define the functions of culture;
discuss the different components of culture; (languages, dresses, art,
crafts, music and festivals);
understand the term cultural diversity;
explain how it can be made useful in forging better understanding and
unity among various people of Pakistan.
*
*
locate the areas of ancient civilization on the given map of Pakistan;

enlist the chronological order of various civilizations that flourished in
the sub continent;
discuss the significant features of some important locations of ancient
civilization in Pakistan; (Indus Valley Civilization, Soan Civilization,
Kot Diji, Meher Gadh, Gandhara).
*
*
list the main regional languages (Balochi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto,

Saraiki, Baruhi) of the Pakistan and the regions where these are spoken;
discuss the reasons behind choosing Urdu as a national language;
discuss the development of Urdu language;
describe the development of provincial languages.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 26
K
7.
Economic Planning and

Development in Islamic
7.1
7.2
Meaning and Importance 7.1.1

of Economic Planning
7.1.2
and Development
7.1.3
7.1.4
define economy;
discuss the importance and difference of GNP and GDP and how it is
calculated;
describe the importance of economic planning;
explain the impacts of inflation on economy.
Agricultural
Development
define the major forms of agriculture in Pakistan(Small-scale

Subsistence, Cash crop farming);
discuss the role of agriculture in the economic development of Pakistan;
highlight the major problems faced by the agriculture sector in Pakistan;
suggest remedies for the problems encountered by the agriculture sector
in Pakistan;
analyse the impact of farm mechanization on employment, productivity
and income generation;
explain the purpose of land reforms and how far they were successful;
discuss the shortage of food in Pakistan being an agrigarian economy;
suggest remedies how to overcome these issues;
locate the major agricultural crops in different regions (wheat, rice,
sugarcane, cotton) on the map.
locate the important industries of Pakistan.(cement, cotton, sugar, crafts,

fertilizer, Iron and steel, sports goods, surgical instruments);
describe different kinds of industries in Pakistan (cottage, small scale
and large industry);
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.2.7
7.2.8
7.2.9
7.3
Industrial Development
7.3.1
7.3.2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 28
K
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.3.8
7.3.9
7.3.10
7.3.11
7.3.12
7.4
Trade and Commerce
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.4.7
7.4.8
discuss the importance and contribution of small scale and cottage

industries;
define the importance of the manufacturing of local primary goods
including fisheries, dry fruit and fruits;
analyze the importance of export in economic development;
discuss the contribution of tertiary industries in the economic
development of Pakistan (banking, tourism, insurance, education);
suggest how tourism sector in Pakistan can be improved
discuss how tourism improves economic development and raise foreign
exchange;
define multinational companies;
assess the contribution of multinational companies;
evaluate reasons for economic disparity amongst different regions of
Pakistan and the problems caused by it;
suggest the remedies to overcome the economic disparity in Pakistan.
explain trade, commerce and foreign exchange, and their inter relations;
explain why trade and commerce activities are important for the
economic development;
name and locate Pakistans main trading partners and name the goods
Pakistan exports or imports from them;
discuss the importance of ports (sea and dry) in trade;
state the problems faced by labourers of agriculture, industrial and trade
sector of Pakistan;
suggest remedies for the problems encountered by the labourers of
agriculture, industrial and trade sector of Pakistan;
define the balance of trade;
analyze the reason of unfair balance of trade in Pakistan.
U
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 30
K
7.5
Education Planning
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.6
8.
Health Planning
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
discuss the current education policy of Pakistan,

discuss the efforts of Government to improve the education standard
with reference to EFA (Education for All) Program;
give examples of different problems faced by education sector in
Pakistan;
suggest remedies for the solution of problems faced by education sector
in Pakistan;
list different kinds of health service providers in Pakistan;
describe main features of current health policy;
give examples of different problems faced by health sector in Pakistan;
suggest remedies for the solution of problems faced by health sector in
Pakistan.
*
*
*
*
*
8.1
Introduction of National
Integration and
Cohesion
8.1.1
8.1.2
define national cohesion and integration;

differentiate between national cohesion and national integration.
Significance in Islamic
Democratic State
8.2.1
identify factors enhancing national cohesion and integration in the

country;
describe why national cohesion and national integration are important
for the socio-economic development of the nation.
identify the problems associated with building national cohesion in

Pakistan;
suggest ways to increase national integration and national cohesion in
country;
suggest the role of an individual in increasing national cohesion and
national integration in country.
8.2.2
8.3
Problems in the way to

National Cohesion and
Integration in Pakistan
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
National Integration and

Prosperity
8.2
U
*
*
*
*
Page 32
K
9.
Foreign Policy of Islamic

9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.1.4
9.1.5
define foreign policy;

discuss the need and the importance of foreign policy;
define the principles of Pakistans foreign policy;
describe the objectives of Pakistans foreign policy;
explain determining factors that are responsible for shaping Pakistans
Foreign Policy.
9.2.1
analyze the strength and issues of the relations between Pakistan and
China;
evaluate the strategic importance of Pak-China relationship;
India;
evaluate the future prospects of good neighbourly relations with India;
Iran;
evaluate the future prospects of good neighbourly relations with Iran;
Afghanistan.
analyze the strength and issues of Pakistans relations with USA;

analyze the Pak- US relation after the incident of 9/11;
discuss the importance of Pakistan in the international agenda of War
against terror.
*
*
9.2
Introduction of Foreign
Policy
Foreign Policy of
Pakistan with
Neighbouring States
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.2.4
9.2.5
9.2.6
9.2.7
9.3
Foreign Policy of
Pakistan with USA
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Page 34
K
9.4
9.5
Foreign Policy of
Pakistan with Saudi
Arabia
9.4.1
International
Organizations
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.4.2
9.5.3
analyze the strength and issues of Pakistans relations with Saudi

Arabia;
evaluate the future prospects of good relations with Saudi Arabia for the
betterment of the Muslim Ummah.
describe the role of Pakistan in U.N;
discuss the role of Pakistan in developing positive relationship among
countries of South Asia (SAARC);
explain the role of Pakistan in solving the issues in the Muslim World
from the platform of OIC.
A
*
*
*
*
*
Page 36

Topic
No.
1
2
8
9
Topics
History of Pakistan
Early Years of
Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
Geography of
Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
Steps towards an
Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
Administrative
Structure of Pakistan
and Good
Governance
Culture and
Languages of
Pakistan
Economic Planning
and Development in
Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
National Integration
and Prosperity
Foreign Policy of
Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
Total
No of
SubTopics
4
Marks
Multiple Constructed Extended
Total
Choice
Response
Response
Questions Questions Questions
2
5
7
11
11
34
15
28
19
50
Page 39

Topic
No.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Topics
Marks Distribution
Early Years of Islamic Republic of

Pakistan
Geography of Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
Steps towards an Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
Administrative Structure of Pakistan
and Good Governance
MCQs 2 @ 1 mark
CRQ 1 @ 3 marks
MCQs 2 @ 1 mark
CRQ 1 @ 3 marks
MCQ 1 @ 1 mark
CRQ 1 @ 3 marks
MCQ 1 @ 1 mark
CRQ 1 @ 2 marks
MCQ 1 @ 1 mark
CRQ 1 @ 2 marks
MCQ 1 @ 1 mark
CRQ 1 @ 3 marks
MCQs 2 @ 1 mark
CRQ 1 @ 4 marks
MCQs 2 @
1 mark
ERQ 1 @
CRQ 1 @
7 marks
4 marks
Choose ONE
MCQs 3 @
from any
1 mark
TWO
CRQ 1 @
4 marks
MCQs
CRQs
ERQs
15
28
7
6.
Culture and Languages of Pakistan
8.
National Integration and Prosperity
9.
Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic

of Pakistan
1.
History of Pakistan
7.
Economic Planning and

Development in Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
Total
Total
Marks
5
5
4
3
3
4
6
20
50
4.1
Table 1 summarizes the number and nature of SLOs in each topic in class XII.
Indicates that more emphasis has been given to understanding and application 47%
and 26% respectively. As the subject demand, teaching and learning should focus on
deeper understanding of concept and application of topics in daily life.
4.2
There will be only one examination, at the end of Class XII.
4.3
The theory paper will be in two parts: paper I and paper II. Both papers will be
administrated within 2 hours.
4.4
Paper I theory will consist of 15 compulsory, multiple choice items. These questions
will involve four response options.
4.5
Paper II theory will carry 35 marks and consist of a number of compulsory, structured
questions and a number of extended response questions. Each extended response
question will be presented in an either/or form
4.6
All constructed response questions will be in a booklet which will also serve as
an answer script.
Page 40

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Higher Secondary School Certificate

(based on National Curriculum 2002)

Topics and Student Learning Outcomes of the Examination Syllabus

Student Learning Outcomes

Candidates should be able to:

describe evolution of accounting with reference to expansion of Human

Latest Revision June 2012

explain the fundamental terms

conceptualize business entity concept;

Latest Revision June 2012

General Journal and

Candidates should be able to:

Latest Revision June 2012

describe accounting cycle and accounting period types;

define general journal entry;

Petty Cash Book

Latest Revision June 2012

define cash book;

define petty cash book;

describe different types of bank accounts - current account, saving bank

explain the procedure of recording bank transactions;

Cheques and its

differentiate among types of cheques - bearer cheques, crossed cheques

explain terminologies and their impact on bank reconciliation statement etc

Latest Revision June 2012

Candidates should be able to:

define an accounting error;

Error Correction after

explain the further classification(types) of bookkeeping error etc;

define adjusting entry and its importance in preparing final accounts;

conceptualize the concept of opening and closing inventory,

Latest Revision June 2012

Candidates should be able to:

Adjusting Entries for

Latest Revision June 2012

define profit and loss

recall the concept of prepaid and accrued (SLO 1.3);

Concept and Terms

Latest Revision June 2012

Candidates should be able to:

define reversing entries;

describe the concept of valuation of stock;

Table 2: Allocation of Marks for the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs),

Latest Revision June 2012

Table 3: Paper Specifications

Books of Original Entry

Latest Revision June 2012

Higher Secondary School Certificate

(based on National Curriculum 2002)

Topics and Student Learning Outcomes of the Examination Syllabus

Student Learning Outcomes

Candidates should be able to:

define the term commerce;

differentiate between trade and commerce;

Importance and Scope

elaborate on the importance of commerce;

Business and its

classify business into trade, manufacturing and servicing;

elaborate on the essentials of establishing a business;

define E-commerce or E-business;

Last Revised July 2009

describe commercial organizations or business organization and its types

define sole proprietorship;

define partnership as per Partnership Act 1932;