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9^'

CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION
PROCEEDINGS
JANUARY 1912
(VOLUME

IX)

WITH RULES AND


OF MEMBERS

LIST

.'"'

';-'"

LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1912

All Rights Reserved

1/si

CONTENTS
PAGE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH GENERAL MEETING

Monday, Januaby 8th, 1912

Tuesday, January 9th, 1912

48

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS

112

DECLARATION OP TRUST

114

STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS, DECEMBER


DECEMBER 18th, 1911

18th, 1910,

TO
120

APPENDIX
Officers and Council

125

Rules

127

Names and Addresses of Members

.130

Topographical List of Members

177

Manchester and District Branch

.193

Birmingham and Midlands Branch

.195

Liverpool and District Branch

Nottingham and District Branch

196
.

.198

Bombay Branch
Classical Association of

199

New South Wales

Classical Association op South Australia

201

203

\sJ

NINTH GENERAL MEETING, LONDON,

1912

Monday, January 8th

The

first

was held

session of the Association

of King's College,

Strand, at 3.30 p.m.

in the

Theatre

Dr. F. G.

Kenyon

occupied the chair.

LoRiMER read

Miss H. L.
in

Homer and

in Archaic

Miss LoRiMER.
studied

little

" The

in

recent

a paper

on " Some Notes on Dress

Greek Art."

Homer

subject of dress in
years.

On

the

whole,

has been

Studniczka's

view, which equates the women's dress to the later Dorian


type, the men's to the Ionic, has held the

field.

More recently

Pinza^ has put forward the theory that Homeric dress

type Oriental in origin and

common

is

of a

to the eastern half of the

Mediterranean world, of which the best illustrations are furnished by monimients from the Mesopotamian area.

common they assume that


Homer can be brought under one heading, Hellenic
Oriental.
This may prove to be the case
but we are not

These theories have one point in


all

or

dress in

entitled to start with

the poems of different types of armour

a priori, no reason

And if
known

The co-existence

the assumption.

why

is

admitted

there

in
is,

the same should not be true of dress.

the older sort of armour

is of the South Aegean type,


from Cretan and Mycenaean monuments, it would

to us

not be extraordinary to find in the dress reminiscences of the

same

period.

There

is,

of course,

no domain in which the antique

to

it.

Ares

is

is

more

than in that of religion and all that pertains


never promoted to a corslet
the King of Gods

likely to persist

Hermes, 1909.


THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

has never advanced so far as to have a shield.

If there are

any traces of pre-Achaean costume in Homer, it will be best to


and fortunately for our
seek them in connection with deities
;

purpose

the most detailed

women's dress

description of

is

contained in the account of the toilet of a goddess.

Hera preparing for her meeting with Zeus ^ anointed herself


clad her in her fragrant robe that
with ambrosia, and then
Athene wrought delicately for her, and therein set many things
beautifully made, and fastened it over her breast with clasps
And she girdled it with a girdle arrayed with a hundred
of gold.
The crucial words in Greek are
tassels.'
'

d/jLcpl

8'dp'

tifip6aL0i>

eavbv

?<ra^'

Xpvaelrjs S^iveryai /card ctttjOoq wepovuTO.

Probably no one has ever been really satisfied by Studniczka's


explanation of Kara o-ttj^os. To apply the expression to the
shoulder clasps of the Doric peplos

Granting that

is

a measure of desperation.

the word o-t^^os could

without

any further

qualification be used to indicate the front of the shoulder, it

would surely stand in the plural.


The passage from the Trachiniae ^ on which Studniczka

relies

to prove his interpretation of o-r^^os bears this out, for Deianeira


is

there said to loose her peplos where the

Trfpovts TrpoKctTo fj-aarwy,

clearly, she removes one


and arm
doubted
whether the description
pin only. It may perhaps be
n^irXos
The
word
tells us nothing,
refers to the Doric peplos.
nothing of the
tragedians
know
we
for it is loosely used by the
been seen
which
Deianeira
had
just
fifth-century stage dress in
must
which
the
description
have
been
by the audience, and to
finally
implied
that
dress
it
is
distinctly
the
applicable
and
covered her arm, which is not characteristic of the Doric peplos.

and thus expose one

side

But granting that the Doric dress

is

intended, then /xacTTwv

in conjunction with the singular -n-fpovU can only be regarded

as a syncopated
in pairs,

way

of indicating that fibulae

or pins occur

one on each shoulder.

Further,

it

is

worth noting that the one monument which

Studniczka adduces in favour of this point,


1

viz.

the Frangois

S. 178-80.

Lang, Leaf and Myers, Translation of the Iliad.

Trachiniae, 924-5.

'

HOMERIC DRESS
Vase,^

is

and in
The dress
worn by the Moirai, and can be best examined

relatively late, being hardly prior to 550 B.C.,

this matter of dress fastenings apparently unique.


in question is

on the left-hand member

of the

chose for his illustration.


there

(Fig. 1),

is

which Studniczka

dress presents problems which

not time on this occasion to discuss

is

Dorian or not
it

group

The

open to question.

whether

it is

really

The great pins which secure

of course associated with that dress,

on the shoulders are

but

here they have rather the air of having been copied by an artist

who

No pin inserted
much lower than their

did not perfectly understand his model.

in this

way

could hold, and they are set

But even
level of the collar-bone.
would hardly occur to any one to say that they were placed

normal position about the


so

it

Kara

Read without

(tttJ^os.

prejudice, the passage in the Iliad

can only be taken in the way in which Helbig originally took


it
(a view which he afterwards abandoned in favour of

modern
The Scholiast implies this when
was marked with the 8t7ry\^ " on Kara to

Studniczka's) as describing a dress which fastens, in


parlance,

down

'

he says that the

the front.'
line

(TTrjdos iirepovwvTO kol ov)(

ws

r][Jie7s

Kara

rrjv

KaraKXetSa tov w/xov.

Alexandrian scholars, however ignorant of Homeric archaeology, have a right to be heard on the interpretation of a Greek
phrase.

It is

due to

ulterior considerations that a mistranslation

has won such wide acceptance, and

it is

unfortunate that Pinza,

wishing to apply the phrase to a dress clasped not merely on

the shoulder but

down the

length of a short sleeve, has not

only adopted the error but aggravated

We may

it.

note further that the word for the putting on of

Hera's dress

is

neutral

co-aro

afj.(f)l

has the precision neither of

on the one hand, nor of TrcptySaXAo^ai on the other. eVSww


is used of putting on the closed cylindrical chiton, Trept/JoAXo/iat
of flinging on the loose cloak
a.fx^iiwvjjiL is applicable to either
vBvvw

action.

This

is

evident from the passage in the Odyssey

where the hero says

5^

avTTi

d'

fie

Kirke

xl^aiv&v re

x''''w)'<i

re eifxara 'iaaev

dpydcpeov (papos fi^ya evvvro

vv/xcpT].

Studniczka, Altgriechische Tracht, fig. 28. See Furtwangler-Reiohi., ii. for the best reproduction of the vase.

hold, pi.
2

d/a<^i

of

K.

642,

3.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

Those ulterior considerations which have weighed with the


first, the desire to keep everything

followers of Studniczka are,

Homeric poems, and, secondly, the


from the Doric dress.
point, the presence of pre-Hellenic armour

pre-Hellenic out of the

belief that pins or fibulae are inseparable

As regards the first


in the poems has to be admitted.

As

to the second, though

undoubtedly of northern origin, they extended their


range beyond that of the dress to which they properly belong.
The large numbers found together with abundance of straight
fibulae are

among the

pins

early material of the temple at Ephesus cannot

On

have been dedicated by Dorian visitors.


relief ^ published many years ago by Sir
all

a Lycaonian

William Ramsay

the cloak of a male figure wearing dress of Assyrian type

is

a fibula, a method foreign to Oriental dress.


The lower town of Mycenae, as is well known, yielded several

fastened with

specimens of simple types, but

worn

one at least

is

so

we cannot

large that

it

tell

shoulder clasp, but, like that of the Lycaonian


secured

how they were

cannot have been a


relief,

a large cloak of some thick material like

probably
It

felt.

is

and
should
have
had
ornamental,
being

only natural that this invention, so ingenious, so practical,


at the

same time capable

of

a wide diffusion.

We

possess two

monuments from the lower town

of

My-

cenae which have always been recognised as illustrating many


features of Homeric armour the Warrior Vase,^ and a stele

same type. Their


intrusion
marks
the
of a new
thorex
and
equipment with chiton
bodyThe
great
Aegean
area.
of
the
armour
element into the
poems
and
of
of
the
alike
characteristic
shield with telamon,
with

paintings of warriors of precisely the

but the old type of helmet,

the older monuments,

is

without cheek pieces,

and with the

absent

shaped socket, survives as


shields,

which are

all

it

small, the

crest rising

does in Homer.

men seem

from a cup-

Except

for the

to be a fairly accurate

presentment of the typical Homeric warrior.


The lady (Fig. 2) who laments the departure of the warriors
has no parallel in the art of this period, and her dress is unfortunmore summary manner than that of the men.

ately rendered in a
1

'

Archaeologiache Zeitung, 1885, pi. xiii.


Schuchhardt, iSchliemann's Excavations,

fig.

284.

;-..

Fig.

(p.

3).

Fig. 2 (p.

4).

;i-

Fig. 3 (p.

4]

5).

Fio. 4

(p. 5).

HOMERIC DRESS
But

The dress, which has


and below the waist

certain features are quite distinct.

long tight sleeves,

fits

closely over the bust,

forms a bell-shaped skirt into the front of which


It is impossible to say

of light-coloured stuff.

and

skirt are

how

exactly

made

in

a panel

is let

whether bodice

one piece, and, consequently, to determine

the garment fastened, but

plain that

it is

it is

shaped and sewed dress, quite unlike the Dorian, and that it
cannot have been clasped on the shoulders
and in an un;

sophisticated age such a dress will fasten, in

Cretan monuments such as the


tight

some

sort,

down

Certain features recall the shaped dresses of certain

the front.

sleeves

Snake Goddess

(though these never, I think,

below the elbow), and the

bell

panels, too,

though

arch, occur

on the votive robes

in

(Fig. 3) the

come

Crete

shape of the skirt; embroidered

of a different shape, resembling a crocketed

Repositories of Knossos.

of faience

The Cretan

found in the Temple

bodice, moreover, fastens

Kara aTrjOos, and would naturally continue

do

to

so

in

any

further evolution of the dress.

What
is

It

gives the dress of the Warrior Vase a peculiar value

association with male equipment of the

its

Homeric type.

does not meet Studniczka's criticism of Helbig's original

interpretation of Kara arrjOos, that he had failed to produce

any

monument on which a woman's dress could be actually seen


to fasten down the front.
The criticism is perhaps less weighty
than

it

seems at

first

sight, for actual fastenings are

never shown in Greek art before the

fifth

almost

century, and even then

The example which Studniczka


though on a monument of much

are often left to be understood.


desired, however, does exist,
later date

The

than the Warrior Vase.

^ is one of
a row of women
on a black-figured Ionian (Clazomeniw ii) vase, found at Daphnae,

figure in question (Fig. 4)

and therefore

of a date anterior to 575 B.C.

Again we have a

dress fitting closely to the figure, uiade this time in one piece,
for the pattern

is

uniform

all o^^.r it.

The

sleeves are close-

below it. They


have an open slit, the edges of which are held together by what
seem to be strips of stuff. This opening, however, stops short
fitting as far as

of the shoulder,

the elbow, but hang a

little

and has nothing to do with the fastening


^

Tanis, Part II.

pi.

xxix.

of

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

6
the dress

This

itself.

by a couple of incised
meet another
presumably indicating a narrow

plainly indicated

is

to the waist, where they

lines

running Kara

line,

horizontal in direction,

o-tiJ^os

girdle.

This type of dress is found on other vases of the same fabric,


notably on one found on another Egyptian site, Benha ^ (Fig. 5.)

The subject

again a row of women,

is

Daphnae

agrees closely with that of the

pattern however
is

black.

plain

case the bodice

is

their

figures, the

costume

white cross

confined to the skirt, and the upper part

meant to

This seems
is

and

indicate that

separate from the skirt, and

in this

in a difierent

This would represent an earlier stage in the evolution

material.

and again reminds us

of the dress,

the skirt regularly forms a

Cretan monuments, where

of

separate

The shaped

garment.

Warrior
and
centuries
of
six
Vase, separated though they are by a period
and it is in this series that the
or so, seem to be of one type
garment of Hera finds its place. The peplos which Antinoos
offers to Penelope may fairly be taken as falling into the same

dresses of the

Daphnae

of the lady of the

figure,

The

category.

twelve

(unmistakably

TrepoVat

described

as

for
fibulae) could not be accommodated on the Doric peplos
Studniczka's
for
monumental,
there is no support, literary or
suggestion that its open side was closed by means of fibulae.
;

Presumably the dress fastened, like Hera's, down the front;


in that passage, it will be remembered, the word used was
iTrepovaro.

If there is

any woman

in the

Homeric poems

to

whom

dress

of the Dorian type can be attributed on positive grounds, it is


the Phoenician nursery maid, who picks up three goblets and

conceals

here

them

vitok oAttw.^

there is a type of

Not that we can be certain of it even


costume common on Ionian (Fig. 6.)

vases which would meet the requirements of the case equally


well. It is worn by the Harpies of the Phineus Vase at Wiirzburg,^

and can be best observed on the undamaged figure to the left.


It consists of a long, fairly loose robe, which would reach to the
1 Antike Denkmdler,
Clazomenae, see pi. 55,

o.

ii.

pi.

54,

la.

For a similar instance from

16.

469.

Furtwangler and Reichhold,

pi.

xli.

;;

HOMERIC DRESS
ankles

if

it

were not pulled up through the girdle to

rapid motion.

It

forms in this way a kolpos

Dorian garment, from which, however,


short tight sleeves,

facilitate

like that of the

distinguished by the

it is

broad band of embroidery or woven

ornament reaches from the neck to the hem. It is along this


line that the opening of the dress must be sought, for decoration
tends to follow structural lines, such as seams and openings
fastenings, as has been said, are practically never

and actual
represented

than the

Greek

archaic

in

tight-fitting

Daphnae

art.

This

dress,

been evolved from a separate bodice and

looser

It is rather of

skirt.

the kind worn over an under garment by Arab

down

present day, opening like a dressing-gown


belted round the waist, above which
articles are carried.

much

type, bears no indication of having

women

at the

the front, and

forms a pouch, in which

it

It is not of course necessary to suppose

that the Harpy's dress opened

all

the

way

to the foot

this

would only mean unnecessary labour in providing fastenings.


A slit to the waist would be sufficient. The Phoenician maid
could well have concealed goblets in the kolpos of such a dress
but the action would of course be no less easy if she is regarded
as wearing the Doric peplos, whose kolpos would be readily
accessible

from the open

There

side.

is

nothing impossible,

nor indeed improbable, in the supposition that, just as the Achaean

some extent the armour

chiefs used to

of the

South Aegean

area, so their ladies

adopted the magnificent shaped and sewed

same

region, while their attendants retained the

dresses of the

simple blanket

minimum

type of

of labour

and

garment which
of skill.

on Attic vases

toilet scenes

is

produced with a

So in the representation of

of the later fifth century, the mistress

regularly wears the pleated Ionic chiton, her maids the Doric
peplos.

We may

note one or two instances in which the dress of

a divine being

is

clearly indicated to be of linen, a circumstance

which points to the South and East rather than to the North.

The Doric peplos is woollen.


Kalypso and Kirke ^ both wear the
as

u.pyv(f>iov,

^Spos, which

is

described

XcTTTov Koi x"-P^^^i epithets inapplicable to

K.

542-3,

e.

230-1.

woollen

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

and very appropriate to

stuff,

The

linen.

apparently of the same material.

Hera was

dress of

Athene made

it, l^vo-' do-K^o-ao-a,

a phrase which describes the final smoothing process applied


to linen,
It

is

and then she embroidered


not surprising to

dresses, for

was

it

find

it, Ti6'ei, 8' ei/t

8ai8aXa iroWd.

employed

linen

women's

for

in regular use for the chief article of men's

the chiton.

attire

It is useless to seek for

for this garment, which, before the

on Aegean monuments, except

an Aegean prototype
is not found

Warrior Vase,

in the case of

party on the Siege Vase of Mycenae

one of the attacking

normal Aegean

dress,

war and peace, consisted of the loin-cloth. The chiton,


name and thing alike, reached Greece from the East, presumably
by the same route as that system of armour which we have
found in connection with it on the Warrior Vase which Herodotus knew as Carian, but whose range we are now able to trace
alike in

much

farther east.

It is possible indeed that the connection

armour was very

of the chiton with the

close,

and that

it

was

adopted in Aegean lands along with the thorex, to

originally

protect the skin against chafing.

The Homeric chiton was closed and cylindrical, as is indicated


by the words ivSvvia and ckSuvw, which are restricted to the putting
on or off of this garment. It is of linen, shining, as Odysseus
describes the garment in which he left his home, like the skin
of

a dried onion, a comparison which suggests that

very closely to the person.

puts his on seated on his


in the

same

attitude.

fitted

it

was also very short, for Agamemnon


bed, and Telemachus takes his off

It

In fact

it

seems to correspond very closely

to the tight, jersey-like chitons represented on black-figured


vases.

In ordinary
these only

civil life

no belt was worn

when going out

to battle.

gird themselves for vigorous action

to

kill

the heroes assume

Twice, however,

Eumaios when he

a pig, and Odysseus when, disguised as a

prepares to wrestle.
knee, for

it

is

men
going

beggar, he

His chiton must have reached to the

only when he has girt himself that the suitors

is

remark how stout a thigh he shows from out his rags, and he
has to move these aside when he shows the scar to Eumaios
and Philoitios
whereas when Menelaos is wounded, the blood
;

trickling

down

his

thighs

is

visible.

The manner

in

which

HOMERIC DRESS
Odysseus girds himself
a loose chiton open

suggestive- with his rags.

is

down one

side,

he wore
by taking
knee and

If

he could shorten

it

the two ends which hung at about the level of his


tying

them

tion,

such as we have perhaps already had in the case of the

Are these examples of girding an indica-

in a knot.

Phoenician maid, that the lower classes wear a more voluminous

garment, something of the Doric blanket type

So far there

no trace of a pre-Achaean element

is

in the

But the zoma which Menelaos wears under his


zoster, and which covers the same region as the mitre, can
hardly be anything but the loin-cloth, which is frequently worn
man's dress.

combination with the tight chitons of

in

The passage

vases.

the

black-figured

one of admitted confusion, due to the

is

attempt to superpose the later type of armour on the

and the
costume

loin-cloth survives in
of the

Aegean

ritual, as

its

But there

In the boxing-match of the

prince.

twenty-third book of the Iliad

its

earlier,

as a tradition of the original

it

use

may well

survival in the Olympic

be at least partly

Games undoubtedly

is.

one other passage which seems to be an echo of its


use in every-day life.
The clothes which Nausicaa takes to
is

the wash are described as

The

p^yftt are

of

what form

are the women's dresses

Anything, says the Scholiast, which you

But

can gird on, such as chitons.

who

TrcTrXoi

the Scholiast saw, ought to be the men's garments,

^wa-Tpa, as

but

(wa-Tpd. re koI TreVAovs koI p-qy^a cnyaXoevTa.

the bed-clothes, the

secure their dress in this

way

in the

poems

the girdle

is

it is

the

women

never mentioned

Originally the word


must surely have meant the loin-cloth, and must date from
later
the period when that was the only article of male attire
it might be extended so as to include the tight chiton, which
on archaic vases is so often worn in combination with it. This

as part of the civil dress of the heroes.

might explain the use of


where the hero

ambush.

Here

^wjaa is

The conclusion
evidence

is

Iwfxa in the passage of the

tells of his

to be

that there

is

Odyssey,

supposed experiences in the night

apparently used as the equivalent of

drawn on the whole from the Homeric


distinct evidence of a female dress

482.

which

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

10

cannot possibly be Dorian, and for which monumental evidence


that male costume is, in the
suggests a South Aegean origin ^
;

main, derived from the East, but shows traces of a South Aegean

and that the only passages which can be colourably


as implying costume resembling the later Doric
are neither numerous nor explicit, and refer to persons in humble

type

interpreted

life.

Homer,

so

it

an old magnificent dress lingers

of

Just as the tradition


in

persists in archaic art, especially in connection

with certain divine types.


particularly well exemplified in

It is

on a

series of ivory fibulae of

the figure of Artemis

very early date from Sparta

in certain terra-cottas representing a goddess of

identity,

The

,=^

and

undetermined

from Boeotia and Attica.

illustration (Fig. 7),

which

of a terra-cotta

is

from Rhit-

sona, in Boeotia,^ presents the typical features of this dress.


consists of a plain bodice, generally represented, as here,

by

It

cross-

hatching, and a skirt with an elaborately embroidered panel in


front,

which

is

The absence from

also a regular characteristic.

the bodice of the patterns of the skirt indicates that


separate garment.

women

of the

The panel

on the dress

recalls that

it

is

of the

Warrior Vase, and, more remotely, those of the

faience votive robes of

Knossos

while the skirt separate from

and prototype in Crete.


The Spartan ivories present more variety of detail than
the terra-cottas, but are of the $ame general type. Sometimes

the bodice also finds

its parallel

the skirt has a panel, sometimes a uniform pattern over the

whole surface.

a type very similar

stray example (Fig. 8) found at Syracuse,* of


if

not actually belonging to this

a broad girdle with concave outline

this gives us

of contact with Crete, for a similar girdle


of the
1

is

series,

shows

another point

worn by the votary

Snake Goddess, and regularly by men.


possible reminiscence

the genuine

of

Cretan dress with

its

open jacket exposing the bust is to be found in P. 396-7, where Helen,


recognising Aphrodite through her disguise, makes the irepiKaWia
di.p7]i>

(jrrjdea 6'i/xep6evTa

The

of the goddess.

series of lead figurines

from the same

esting material.
3

B.S.A., xiv.

Not. Scav., 1895, p. 119,

pi. vii.
fig.

1.

site also affords inter-

,>x.^>*>.

TJ^'^ik
Fig. 5

(p.

6).

Fig. 7 (p. 10).

Fig. 6

(p.

6)

Fig. 8

(p.

10)

HOMERIC DRESS
It

11

has recently been shown by Mr. Thompson

Artemis

is

that this

not an importation from Ionia or the East, but a

native product of mainland art, whose origin doubtless

a past far beyond the age of Homer.

and not the Doric

for the fact that this dress,


acteristic of

peplos,

in fact, hardly appears in archaic art at all

char-

is

The

the earliest art of Hellenic Sparta.

even of a Dorian centre

lies in

Thus we can account


latter,

in the vase-painting

like Corinth, the dress is

normally of

the Ionic type, with which imported models had familiarised


the
it

artist.

So apt

is

and

art in its early stages,

deals mainly with the divine

and the

especially

when

heroic, to continue to

reproduce a type rather than to represent accurately contem-

porary fashions."

The Chairman.

"

am

not sure that the male members of

the Association are well qualified to discuss this paper.


I will

However,

ask one of them to say a few words."

Professor Myres.

"

am

sure this

is

a very interesting

paper that Miss Lorimer has given us. It is difl&cult, in discussing Homeric Archaeology, to avoid slipping off into a general

Homeric Question, just as it is very


Homeric discussion, to avoid slipping
archaeological details. But I congratulate

discussion of the perennial


difficult, in

any form

into the discussion of

of

Miss Lorimer on having isolated one particular set of archaeological


details,

and on giving us so

of their meaning.

main points emerge, both


first is

that the case

Homeric times
its original

of a

and uncontroversial an account

clear

understand her argument rightly, two

If I

us.
The
you see, for the survival in
costume which, however fallen from

of

which are new to most of

strong, as

is

type of

magnificence,

is still

essentially of the skirt-and-coat

type with which the excavations at


at Crete have

made

us familiar.

And

Knossos and elsewhere


I

would

like to

add a

small point of archaeological evidence to what Miss Lorimer

has brought together on that head.


figures in the

There are two terra-cotta

Cyprus Collection of the

which the female

figure has quite

New York Museum,

distinctly a

in

costume with

an upper and a lower half, of skirt-and-coat construction


but instead of the upper part being arranged as a continuous,

JM.S., 1909.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

12

such as Miss Lorimer has described,


which can be so easily mistaken for the over-fold of a Greek
chiton, it is an open-fronted jacket of the kind which used to

self-coloured vestment,

be called a

'

zouave.'

am not sure that the word

is

up-to-date.*

It has front edges, that is, which begin at the shoulder, and
tail away like an Eton jacket, though shorter, and disappear
under the arms. In all probability the two figures belong to

the eighth or the seventh century. This suggests that, in outlying parts of the old region of Minoan civilization, the same

type of costume survived after the Minoan age as seems to have


survived in those parts of the Aegean area itself in which Miss
Lorimer has traced it. It would be interesting to go over the
evidence afforded by the

little figures of lead,

in great numbers at Sparta, in

women

the

some

which have occurred

which the costume of

of

suggests close parallels to the same type.

The other point which Miss Lorimer brings out


entirely new.

It

familiar Doric

this,

is

and Ionic

chitons,

which

part of the

and to which access

way down

the front, very

The Cypriote

modern night-gown.

not so

and the Minoan skirt-and-coat

survivals, yet another type (which she describes as


is cylindrical,

is

that there existed alongside of the

is

much

figures,

'

Oriental'),

facilitated

by

slit,

like the simplest

once again, of the

early Iron age civilisation afford a long series of parallels in


which this opening is clearly perceptible, running sometimes
as far as the girdle, sometimes only half as far.
What Miss Lorimer has said about the details of men's costumes
is

more important
women. I am sure
moving a hearty vote

also of great interest in connection with her

and

clearer points in regard to the dress of

that in any case you will support me in


I have only one criticism.
of thanks to Miss Lorimer.

Before

she began Miss Lorimer told me that her paper was going to
be very dull. I am sure you will agree that in this one point

she has been entirely mistaken."


Miss Jex-Blake. " It gives
this vote of thanks to

my

me

great pleasure to

old friend Miss Lorimer.

listened with great interest to the lecture


1

am

transit gloria

'

bolero

Mauri.

'

and

have

can only say

most of my audience the


would have conveyed my meaning better : sic

told, since the meeting, that to

modern word

second
I


THE STUDY OF GREEK
that from one point of view

we must agree that Homeric times

were better than our own, for

appears their dress fastened

it

in front, whereas in Hellenic times

it

It

was fastened on the shoulders,

is cast in days when, alas


dress is so often fastened
would seem that those little tight bodices, probably

while our lot


behind.

13

very tight over the shoulder in order to give support, have


migrated further East for this is the garb that the lower-caste
women of India are wearing to this day. I do not know whether
;

the subject has been considered from that point of view."

After an adjournment for tea the Association met again at


4.30 p.m., when a motion was introduced by Professor E. A.

Gaedner

" That

it is

desirable that Greek should be

made an

alter-

native study with Latin in institutions where one classical

language only can be studied."

" Let

me begin with a few words of


explanation as to the report of a Committee appointed by the
Hellenic Society which appeared in the Educational Supplement
Professor Gardner.

The Times last Tuesday. The statement that the above report
would be discussed at this meeting of the Classical Association
of

is

may have led to some misunderwhat should have been said was that the publication

unfortunately expressed, and

standing

was opportune, in view of the fact that the Classical Association


had arranged, some time ago, to discuss the same subject to-day.
The question is one which interests both Societies, though the
more practical side of it concerns rather this Association and,
;

member of both

as a

Societies, I

have raised the question in both

places on this occasion, though, of course,

minds

of all of us for

some time.

All the

it

has been in the

members

of this Society also,

and

I feel it is

more

Commembers

of the

mittee appointed by the Hellenic Society are, I believe,

or less of an accident

that the Committee was appointed by the Hellenic Society, and

not by this Association

its

investigations

tions are in the interest of the

are

now placed

its

recommendaand

of both bodies,

at the disposal of both alike, in the hope that

may lead to an active co-operation between the two. Copies


the memorandum are at the disposal of any who would care

they
of

and

common aims

to have them.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

14

The present time is a critical one for the study of the classics,
and for that of Greek in particular. The age of privilege is
passing away, and the age of free competition is taking its place
and Greek is more particularly the object of attack, not because
;

those

who attack

think

it

because they think

it

really less useful than Latin, but

be more

it will

difficult to

There are two alternative lines that

may

The

believe in the educational value of Greek.

the privileged position of the classics.

defend.

be taken by those
first is to

who

defend

Those who do this are

often reduced to intrench themselves in Latin as an inner citadel,

Some
is swept away by the enemy.
have actually said that they have saved Latin by giving up Greek
a result which most of us, I trust, would not look on with any
while the outwork of Greek

complacency.

And moreover, I do not

believe that such a policy

of passive resistance will save Latin long after


'

Dying

in the last ditch

'

is

Greek has gone.

not a feat to be recommended to any

That Greek can long survive as a compulsory

but a pessimist.

subject for entrance even at Oxford and Cambridge can hardly


believed even by those who desire it to be so preserved
and in no other university in the United Kingdom does it retain
that privileged position. The alternative policy is one of active
propaganda in favour of the classical languages, and of Greek
in particular, on their merits, in the confident belief that those
merits have only to be recognised for Greek to retain its place
But these propaganda
as an invaluable factor in education.
must be associated with a resolute opposition to any regulations
or legislation that may place Greek at a disadvantage with other
apparently more useful studies, and relegate it to the position
for such regulations may prevent Greek
of a luxury or an extra
from taking in our education that position to which on its merits

now be

it is entitled.

But,

if it

be placed under no such disability,

believe that the advocates of the study of

Greek have really an

than those of Latin. It is certainly far easier to find


books suitable for schoolboys and schoolgirls tu read in Greek
literature than in Latin, especially if the curriculum be not
easier task

restricted to the Attic authors, but extended to include

Homer

and the relation to modern life and thought


and Herodotus
is far more obvious in the Greek classics than in the Latin ones.
Here we come to a controversial part of the subject. Many
;

THE STUDY OF GREEK


people probably

15

members of this Association admit tbe


But tbey say as it was put by one
correspondent that it is simply a question of how many hours
there are in the working day
and that the curriculum is so full
that there is no room for Greek. Under this statement lies the
all

educational value of Greek.

implied assumption that

all

the subjects already taught are of

Greek an assumption which

greater educational value than

am by

no means prepared to admit.

for classics is strictly limited,

and Greek, does

know

this

many

that

any other view

will

say

and

if

inadequate for both Latin

is

that Latin only must be taken

it is

the time available

mipractical and Utopian to take

yet I venture to think that

voice of prejudice

For

mean

But

we have here the


and conservatism rather than that of reason.

classical scholars it is doubtless desirable to learn

both Latin

though here we may remember that none of the


and Greek
Greek classical writers knew Latin and that all classical Latin
so that a knowledge of both languages is
writers knew Greek
indispensable to the Latin scholar in a sense which does not apply
equally to the Greek scholar. But the notion that a knowledge
;

of Latin

but to

the necessary basis not only to the classical scholar,

is

who

or indeed any eduan anachronism surviving from mediaeval


or renaissance times, when Latin was the common tongue of the
educated world, and the vehicle of all literary and scientific
Though this is no longer the case, Latin is still
instruction.
all

cation at

all

receive a classical education

is

really

indispensable to students in certain branches of knowledge


for instance, or mediaeval history or

so far as practical utility goes, in

above

of physical science,

all,

many

Greek

law,

romance philology.

But,

branches of study, and,

is

more important than

Latin, since most of the technical terms used are Greek in origin,

and are
It

thing;

however, practical utility that

not,
it

is

educational value.

beyond dispute
to allow
part.

who know Greek.

easily intelligible only to those

is

it

is

Here the claims

the only question

is

whether

the essential
of

it is

Greek are
practicable

to take the place of Latin either altogether or in

Some

authorities maintain that Latin

tial for training in clearness of

that therefore

it

grammar

is

thought and expression

should be taught

first

essen;

and

even to those who sub-

sequently drop Latin and devote their attention to the reading

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

16
of

Greek authors.

It is

not necessary here to

discuss

such

And, in the case of those who are able to


take both Greek and Latin, it is clearly a matter to be left
matters of detail.

to the discretion of those responsible for school curricula in

what order the two are taken, and at what age they are
But if we wish Greek to be the main classical subject,
at least for a certain number of schoolboys and schoolgirls, we
must first see that no disabilities or adverse conditions are imposed on those who take it up. That is to say, we must insist
on two things. The first of these is that Greek and Latin should

begun.

be alternative subjects,

if

both are not taken, in

all

university

entrance examinations or their equivalents, and, so far as practicable, in the entrance

Even

examinations to various professions.

no immediate efiect, it will have an effect in future, as


it has already at Manchester and Cardifi.
And, moreover, that
the examination in Greek shall not be a mere test in grammar,
but shall test the power of reading and translating intelligently,
and shall encourage the reading of those Greek authors
if

this has

who

are the

most interesting and stimulating to

Then, in the second place,

it is

merely to the study of Greek, but to


that in

all

children.

of the highest importance, not


classical teaching in general,

schools where classics are taught the teacher especially

responsible for

them should be competent

as Latin.

For then the

assured to

all

to teach Greek as well

possibility of learning

Greek

the boys and girls in such schools.

will

If it

be

were

customary or compulsory for the teachers of classics to be


graduates of some university in classical honours, this result
would be assured in most cases under present conditions. But
there is a grave danger that this would no longer be the case if
honours were allowed in one

classical

language only, as

done in two or three universities and as


This danger

is

is

is

already

proposed elsewhere.

particularly to be guarded against, since at

first

sight a proposal to allow honours in one language only seems

consistent with the principle of our resolution.

Certainly

it

ought to be insisted on that at least a pass standard in the other


classical language should in all cases be required.
If these

two conditions be

fulfilled

that

the choice of Greek

instead of Latin implies no subsequent disability, and that the


possibility of learning

Greek

is

brought within reach of

all

who


THE STUDY OF GREEK
are capable of profiting

we

by

its

it

its

confidently hope that

merits, will not only retain

much

present position, but regain

and even capture some that


is

may

it

Greek, once allowed to stand on

17

of the

ground

it

has

further necessary to this end

is

lost,

What

has hardly yet touched.

that this Association should

not only work in concert with the Hellenic Society towards the
establishment of these favourable conditions, but should also
help in persuading the schoolmaster and the parent, upon

whom

the question will then depend, of the value of Greek in education,

and

and

especially of its suitability for girls' schools,

for such

boys' schools as are fairly free to choose their curriculum.

There

are other methods in which the two societies might combine

notably in making representations to the Board of Education,


in a deputation to that body.

and possibly joining


need to despair

if

we do our

within the reach not only of

but of

all,

find in

it

There

is

no

best to keep or to bring Greek

all likely to

turn out classical scholars,

without distinction of class or sex, who are likely to


a delight and an inspiration."

Murray. " I am in the warmest agreement


sketched by Professor Gardner, and I am very

Professor Gilbert

with the policy

opportunity of seconding him.

glad indeed to have the

should like to say at the beginning that, in advocating this


policy of admitting Greek as a possible option, alternative to
Latin, I
Latin,
this,

am

not in any way actuated by any feeling against


I would strongly protest at such a moment as

and that

when both languages

are in peril,

Gardner

is

with

me

in this.

It is

we were

if

to run one language against the other

am

at all

tempted

sure Professor

sometimes said that Latin

is

and that Greek is far and away superior for


Well, there may be some
literature or philosophy and the rest.
substratum of truth in that. But I should like most strongly
to say that even in poetry, where Greek is supposed to have
excellent for drill,

very

much

the pull, for

my own

part

regard certain parts

and large parts, as among the permanent


Our Virgil and Horace are things that have
possessions of life.
got into our bones, and which make the whole of life rather
different.
And the same with Lucretius and Catullus, and other
of

Latin poetry,

poets.

But we are

in rather a

peculiar position at present.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

18
I

take

it

we are

us interested in classics, that

all of

in the

is,

study of the two ancient literatures as a kind of basis from which

we can pass on

Now

to study the

the curious thing

wave

in

respect to

modern world and other subjects.


we are, in general, on a rising

that

is

Education

education.

is

better

getting

The standard, as far as one can


generally rising. The numbers of people coming

throughout the country.

examine

it, is

We

into education are certainly increasing vastly.

new

up on

universities springing

wave

rising

all sides.

we

is

consider so very valuable,

the Classics, seems to be on a falling wave.


I believe this rising

have the

are on a strong

and the curious thing

of education as a whole,

that this part of education which

We

wave, on the whole,

will

How

that

is

be enough to float

Latin fairly satisfactorily unless some great mistake

As

far as

we can make

out, the figures

now than

people are learning Latin

is made.
seem to show that more

ever before.

in the United States, where the modernizing

I find that

movement has

gone further than here, there

is actually an increase in the


numbers learning Latin, but an enormous decrease in the people

What

learning Greek.

Greek
I

we,

are

we

to do about this decrease in

as classical scholars, Latinists as well as Grecians

do not believe there

contrary, there are

is

any lack

more people

of interest in Greek.

On

interested in Greek things,

care about Greek art and poetry.

the

who

Partly as a result of the

great discoveries made, and partly from other causes, I believe


there

is

an actual increase

Now what

of interest in Greek.

?
Why are we in danger ? The
on the part of those other subjects scientific
subjects, modern languages, and the like
against the old classical
education is that it was firstly too narrow, and secondly too
uniform.
That is a just criticism.
But apart from that

are

we

to

do

real grievance

grievance there

and

is,

no doubt, a very great deal of prejudice

The
them both when they personally
happened to have a scientific bias or a bias for modern languages
or the like, have got to feel that Greek and Latin are actually
bad subjects in themselves and that if you can prevent people
from learning these wretched languages, or at any rate prevent
them from learning Greek, that in itself will be a good thing
of violent feeling against both classical languages.

people

who were made

to learn

THE STUDY OF GREEK

19

achieved. You cannot read the ordinary correspondence in


newspapers without seeing that there are a great many people

who

feel that.

I believe that is

where the danger comes in.


coming into higher education.
As Professor Gardner said, we have much larger numbers of
women taking higher education and we have also the working

We

have got a

new

lot of

classes

classes.

It is

quite remarkable in bodies like the Workers'

Educational Association to find the interest there

And

in Greek.

yet

we

is

actually

are in danger of having Greek practically

cut out from the national curriculum.

What we want

in this motion is to make quite sure that we


do not, for some mere reason of mechanical convenience and

mechanical uniformity, prevent the people in these new classes


who are pressing forward to higher education from having a

We must remember this, that if


you make Latin compulsory, to a great extent you make Greek
impossible. A great many people who come to the new universities or other universities, wishing to take up some modern
subject, find that by the curriculum they are bound to take
up one ancient language. Well now, as Professor Gardner
shows, if the form is such that they may take Latin or Greek,
chance of learning Greek.

is a fair choice.
But if the form is such that they must
take Latin, that practically means they cannot take Greek,

that

because ex hypothesi they have not time to take the two.

means that a

certain

are not able to take


to

number

it,

so that

make Latin compulsory.

for the consideration of

are running up against

it is

want
is,

about uniformity

it offers

tion becomes simpler

fair

chance

seriously to suggest

that the real danger

that of establishing a new uniformity

in education, a little wider than the old, but

objectionable as the old.

It

prefer Greek

not giving Greek a

the meeting
is

who would

Greek does not remain optional

What

under those circumstances.

we

of people

know

still

as gravely

there are great temptations

mechanical convenience.

Organisa-

everybody has got to do a certain limited


number of subjects, and if there are not too many options.
But I believe we must be prepared to leave a much larger number
of options.

It

if

would be completely unsatisfactory

if,

after

rebellion against the old classical system, the great objection

to which

was that boys with a

scientific bias or

a modern

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

20

language bias were compelled to learn the two ancient languages,


we were to introduce another kind of uniformity, in which

everyone had to learn a new, rigid curriculum, from which


Greek and certain other vehicles of the old culture were cut out.

Then there is a second point. It is very much better for


any given set of people that they should not all have exactly
the same educational experience behind them. If you take
ten people, all of whom have had the same education, they do
not refresh and vivify and stimulate one another, they do not
open one another's mind nearly so much as if, in the ten, there
were one or two that had had a different training. That is,
I think the interest of classics as a whole is much better served
out of our imaginary ten people knowing one classical language
and only one, there are, say, eight who know Latin, and two
who know Greek. Of course, I am leaving out of account the

if,

who know both

people

there should be

some

but

it

diversity.

is

a positive advantage that

You can

hardly help learning

from having someone at your side who knows other


subjects
and even if you refuse to learn, you cannot help
having your eyes more or less opened to some sort of interest
in the subjects people round you have learnt.
I think the only argument that is likely to be used with
a

little

any strength against this proposal is that it will not practically


amount to much that, as a matter of fact, there are only two
universities, Cardiff and Manchester, where there has been at
and that
present any great push for Greek in place of Latin
we shall be here legislating for the sake of a possible 5 per cent,
Now that is just an argument which,
of students, or even less.
;

I think, is fraught with real danger.


of 5 per cent, of students is a

ance.

you

If

will

classical

Preserving

the

liberty

matter of quite enormous import-

you do not preserve the liberty of 5 per cent,

of students,

be falling into exactly the same mistake that the old


education

the number

is

always charged with

and

besides,

as

of people going in for education increases, even

may amount

to a very considerable number in the


Latinist who is against this proposal,
any
pure
end.
him
that
that
last argument ought to soften any
would
say
to
I
opposition he feels. When we wish people to be able to learn

5 per cent,
If

^reek,

if

there

is

only one ancient language

is

to be learnt, I think

we

THE STUDY OF GREEK


always

from reasons partly

realise,

21

practical, partly definitely

educational, that Greek cannot be a real rival of Latin in ordinary

popularity.

only a small number we plead for

It is

the case of that small number,

But

for privilege.

we plead only

and, in

for freedom, not

think that that small remnant

may

be of

great value, both to the future of classical education, and to

the future education of the country as a whole.


miserable thing

we turned out

if

It

would be a

a nation in which everybody

had some knowledge of Latin grammar, but Greek had become


an almost unknown tongue."
Dr. Rouse.

"

I have, I

am

afraid, a practical diflficulty to

would not, naturally, have occurred to either


openers of this motion that it would, for instance, in a school
of moderate size, mean the probable addition of two persons
to the staff, because Latin and Greek would have to go on side
by side
that is to say, you would not have, what I have
had, and made myself a nuisance by asking for so often, a
succession of languages in which each has its place, and each
bring forward.

It

has time allotted to

it

in proportion to its place.

That would

be impossible, because some might be choosing Greek, say


5 per cent., at the same time that others were choosing Latin,
and we must have a class for them, and someone to teach it.
That is a real difficulty and so long as this country imagines
that education is as cheap as cabbages, and that by dealing
in the cheapest market you may yet get the best goods, so long
as people believe that, we shall never have enough money, I
do not say to add to our staff, but even to retain what we have.
Professor Gardner said he thought the proper time had come
for a strong propaganda.
Why should we take it
I agree.
lying down ? Let us propose the merits of Greek in season and
out of season, until, by dint of repeating the same thing one
hundred times, it has got into the heads of a few people. There
is plenty of room for advance, and I do not see in the least why
any supporter of Classics should be downhearted and, if I may
venture again to bring in King Charles' head, could we concentrate attention upon what is really the crux of the whole
question, that is to say, the due proportion of studies, and a
reasonable and human method of instruction, I think that in
time we might convince a great part of this nation that what
;

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

22

we ask
that

is

not excessive.

is

would go

for the whole curriculum,

to say, English, French, Latin, Greek,

and another modern

language, which according to present fashion would be German,


and ask for them a moderate amount of time for each in the
If we can do that without neglecting other things,
do not see why any utilitarian should be annoyed at having
an education in what he thinks useful, with Greek and Latin

time-table.
I

thrown into the bargain."


Mrs. Adam.

"

should like to say a word in support of this

motion on two or three grounds, and especially on the ground


that it has always seemed to me that Greek is a far better subject
It so
for the young mind to be nurtured upon than Latin.
happens that I have rather an unusual experience of Greek
as what you might call a nursery subject, partly as a parent,
and partly on account of a curious tendency on the part of the

daughters of distinguished scientific men at Cambridge to wish


to learn Greek at an exceedingly early age; and Latin has
always seemed to me, in its gravity and the weight of both the

language and the literature, the most grown-up thing in the


world with which I am acquainted, whereas Greek is always
youthful. The Greeks were accused by the Egyptian priest

many

years ago of being always children. Children they were,


I should like to relate
their literature appeals.

and to children
a

little

anecdote of a small class of three little girls, whose average


These children were in a wild state of delight
beginning Greek; after a few months of some easy

age was IL
over

made a dash

stories they

room

the

so

did

they would not

ever3rthing

for

down

with

in Liddell

Homer
have me

and Scott

considerable

they turned

success.

me

out of

they wished to track

for themselves

Their

mistakes

and they
afforded

them even more

joy than their success, especially their furious

hunt over the

meaning of

as

'

'AXklvoc

Kpdov,

They knew

Alcinous the meat-tray.'

it

which came out


was not the right

gave them satisfaction in the right one when


but Homer does not
they heard it. Homer is always young
and where in
others
and
also,
stand alone there is Herodotus
of Cyrus
story
the
as
youthful
Latin would you get anything so

translation

but

it

paint
seeing for the first time his grandfather, dressed up in
'
TrairTros.'
//.ot
koXos
ws
6
w
iirrnp,
and jewellery, and exclaiming
:

THE STUDY OF GREEK


If

you can

produce

that to the young,

that this Association

the young

and

if

anything

in

should be glad to

is

there

Latin

know

as attractive
of

it.

much concerned with


is

23
as

appears

It

the welfare of

to be only one language, one ancient

language, allowed in the ante-university years of education, I

should like to endorse the claim of Greek as a language for


which a taste should be implanted in early years. In fact
should like to reverse, in some cases, the present position.
At present Latin is put before you at school, whether you wish
it or not, and Greek is allowed to take its chance afterwards.
Where a taste is found Greek comes off very well but if Greek
were set before the infant mind, and Latin allowed to take its
chance later, I hope, where the taste was found, that Latin
would come off very well too. I wish to plead for Greek for
one class especially. I think the people for whom I am most
sorry in the future are the able boys and girls who have no idea
I

of being professional classics, nor even of reading Classics at

Such boys

the university.

do not know that happens


such boys, at any rate, derive
I

it

so often in the case of girls

enormous

benefit at present from being allowed to study Classics,


both Latin and Greek, up to the age of sixteen or seventeen. But

if

there

is

not time for both, I do not see

should not study Greek alone.

It so

why some

happens that a

them

of

scientific

man was
who

my

is

speaking to me the other day about an undergraduate


showing considerable promise in scientific work
and
;

friend said

'
:

do not want to admit that

it is

because he

had a classical education, but I think that has had a great deal
to do with it.' Well, this particular youth would have reached
the highest form in his school on his Classics alone. And I may
mention that his director of studies in science is a man who
came up to the university with a classical scholarship. Such
people in the future

will, it

seems to me, run very serious danger

of losing a classical education altogether,

more

particularly

the age of beginning one or both classical languages


raised.

am

professional

not nearly so

classical

not a literary enthusiast,


before he

is

considerable

much concerned

students
is

but

if

an

is

for the sake of

intelligent

youth,

not allowed to start on his Greek

fourteen or fifteen, and I understand there

movement

if

much

in that direction, is it likely that he

is

will

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

^4

then begin at
he

is

He

all ?

interested, time

will

is

have found the subject in which

beginning to press, and he will want

for there
push on. His classical training will be omitted
an endeavour to postpone the study of Latin as well as Greek
and that, it seems to me, will be a grave misfortune for the

to

is

future of the nation.

sometimes to be an alternative to Latin, there


be great difficulty in making practical arrangements in
schools.
But I believe this could often be overcome. There
If

Greek

is

may

is

also a certain difficulty

The

about text-books.

existing ones

cannot easily be used without a small preliminary acquaintance

Greek words have a much more bewildering


variety of forms than Latin, and to know something of Latin
with

Latin.

Greek beginner. But it is


and if you proceed far with
very little Latin that is needed
Latin you very soon get into deeper waters, and need a more
mature mind to avoid drowning in them. Latin rather than
accidence smooths the

way

for the
;

Greek syntax and ideas take you quickly out


if

you are a very young student. It


Grammar might be written

is

of

your depths

quite possible that a

hereafter, for the use of

simplified

those not already acquainted with the usual terms of Latin


Grammar. I am well aware that there is a growing opposition
to the study of

grammar

altogether

but,

when

all is

said

and

done, it is very hard to ferret out the meaning of a Greek book,


unless you can trace with some ease the vicissitudes of irregular
verbs
and that is, to my mind, another reason for an early
beginning, because that sort of occupation amuses the young
;

but when you come to people of sixteen or seventeen, with more


developed faculties, they resent having to spend, in a certain
inevitable

amount

of learning

by

rote,

the time which they

wish to give to something more worthy of their riper minds.


Gardner's remark,
I agree very heartily with Professor
that

it is

of Greek

And

not merely Greek that


is

is

being attacked

the abolition

only a stepping-stone towards the abolition of Latin.

in this connection

it

interested

me

very much, a

little

while

ago, to read in the Journal of Education a communication from

a correspondent saying that Latin was rapidly becoming exclusively a girls' subject in America.

dictum

of

mine

that the future of

It

has long been a favourite

Greek

is

to be an elegant

THE STUDY OF GREEK

25

accomplishment for young

ladies, and it looks as if Latin would


But if we could get Greek in some way to
own, and if we could try the experiment of presenting

soon follow
hold

its

suit.

sometimes to boys before Latin,

it

think

it

might lead to a

great increase of interest in classical study generally."

Mr.

Arundell Esdaile.

thing, the amateur, to

lift

"

venture,

my

up

as

that

despised

voice in this discussion, since

a few years ago I wrote, and had accepted by a monthly review,

an

article

advocating very nearly this exact resolution

but

the monthly review succumbed very soon after on the strength

and so deprived me of the honour of being the heresiarch


movement. However, I now humbly offer the hearty
and, further, I am especially glad
sympathy of the amateur
that Professor Gardner should have laid stress upon the question
of Greek in the education of girls, and that Mrs. Adam prevented
this point from dropping.
For, on the occasion I have mentioned, I was anxious to learn how much Greek was taught in
girls' schools, and accordingly looked through, I think, about
the first eighty pages of a list published by a well-known agency.
of

it,

of this

found that not a single school offered specifically to teach

Greek, though

it is

true that one offered

In the light of this

ledge.'

fact,

Mrs. Adam's hope that Greek


for

young

'

all

branches of know-

cannot help fearing that

may become an accomplishment

ladies is rather optimistic.

Incidentally, one of the

causes contributing to this neglect of Greek has, I believe, not

The Bryce Commission

been noticed.

of 1873 laid great stress

on the low standard of mathematics in the schools then examined,


and I believe it is due to their recommendations that girls do
such an unreasonable amount of mathematics to-day.

add a word on behalf of a class which


has not been mentioned. Both Professor Gardner and Professor
Murray were thinking and speaking primarily of the undergraduates in the newer universities, and of the pupils in the
newer secondary schools who will become those undergraduates.
But the case of the average boy in the ordinary old-fashioned
public school is even harder
for he is being worked side by

But

would

like to

he is not
become classical scholars
from them, but is thrown into the same mill with
as he may. Could we not, at least in the larger

side with boys

differentiated

them, to fare

who

will

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

26

schools, adapt the course for

period of public-school

life

by some such

sixteen or so,

him

Could we not divide the

about in the middle, at the age of


test as the

School Leaving Examination

Up

Oxford and Cambridge

to that point a fairly wide

general curriculum could be given to

all,

which should include

Greek, taught primarily for the purpose of reading, especially

Homer and Herodotus.

After this test had been passed, Latin

could be taken up thoroughly by those

who

are to be classical

and more slightly by those who need it as an instrument for some other specialization, such as mediaeval history.
These boys at present are the despair of schoolmaster and
don in turn, for they grow from the boys who do not into the

scholars,

men who cannot

think

if

they leave school, as they do, with

minds as nearly as possible untrained, is it not because


their education is not literary enough, not enough fitted to the
mind of ordinary capacity ? I feel this with some passion
for I have many friends, school-contemporaries and others,
who have suffered, I can see, more severely than they themselves
their

know from the


and

stunting effect of an ill-adapted education;


have myself suffered from being forced into linguistic,

my

when

taste

was rather for literary scholarship."


" So far the course of this debate has

Professor Mackail.

seemed to indicate that, in the Association, there is at least


a very strong body of opinion in favour of the motion before
us.

think

it

is

desirable that, before the debate proceeds

however imperfectly, to put a side


and on which I think
emphasis is necessary, unless we are to go gravely astray, and
run the risk of actually injuring the cause which we have all
alike at heart
the common cause of the Classics. The motion
further, I should attempt,

of the case that has not yet been put,

runs

'
:

That

it

is

desirable

'

in

certain

conditions

'

that

Greek should be made an alternative subject of study with


Latin.'
This appears to involve the doctrine that Latin and
Greek are essentially, and in themselves, capable of being regarded
as alternatives.

That

not, of course, necessarily implied in

is

But the speeches, both of the mover and the


seconder, did, I think, if one looks at them closely, involve what
namely, that in some way Greek and
I believe to be a fallacy
the motion.

Latin are thus alternative

that one can be studied apart from

THE STUDY OF GREEK


the other

and

in particular

this

is

my

point

2T

that

the one

does not stand in fixed historical relation to the other.

Mr.

Gardner, in moving, spoke of deprecating the notion that we


could save Latin by sacrificing Greek.

Now,

giving Greek a fair chance.

Mr. Murray spoke about

seems to me, you have

it

the notion implicit, which has only, I think, to be studied fully


in order to be dismissed, namely, that

you can approach either


To think you

Latin or Greek indifferently as a separate study.

can do so has one great disadvantage about

We

ignores history.

from Greek

we

descend from

Rome

interpret Greece through

say this as a doctrine

it is

go

they assume, of course, that

could remain.

The converse

the world did without Greek


still it

did get on.

But

it

namely, that

is
;

is it

'

it

we do not descend

Rome

do not

Now, when

a mere historical fact.

the supporters of this motion say,


'

as

Must Greek be the one to

if

Latin were to go, Greek

the case

of course

it

for a

thousand years

was a great

loss

but

proposed seriously to argue that

the world can get on, can do, without Latin in the same sense

That cannot

May

me a day or two ago with


Nothing,'
by an eminent scholar ?
could be more fatal to Greek itself than to try and

quote words written to

reference to this motion

he wrote,

be, I think.

'

'

break the historical relation in which


as a subject of study in general,

it

stands to Latin, both

and as an element

in English

That I believe to be profoundly true. And you


do not relieve an overloaded curriculum by plumping down
before people a mass of undigested alternatives. Therefore

education.'

let

us be very clear, before putting

and Greek are alternative

let

it

to the world that Latin

us be clear that they are sub-

and vitally alternatives. That there should be students


yet, no
Greek who have learnt no Latin does seem strange

stantially

of

more common at present among


that there are
girls and women than among boys and men
of
Greek without
some who have begun and carried on the study
But that is such an exceptional thing
a knowledge of Latin.
doubt,

it is

a fact

I believe it is

that I should hesitate very strongly myself before propounding


it

as a process which could be adopted as the basis of

practice.

It is

very right to deprecate what,

any large
it was

think,

Professor Murray spoke of as mechanical uniformity in education

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

28

but the word mecliamcal was used slightly ad invidiam. You


may say there are disadvantages about the mechanical uniformity

on your coat and it is


to take
it done
but that is not a thing that one would
the reverse order
recommend seriously as an alternative to be adopted where
of putting

possible

on your

it

shirt before putting

has been done, and I have seen


;

That seems a nearer analogy than to speak of inwhich you have to choose between shirt and coat
that choice had to be made, I think I shall not be giving

possible.

stitutions in

yet

if

my

opinion alone

for, as

if

say that the choice should be for Latin

a matter of fact, our civilization, our whole

life

derives

from the Latin civilization and Greek is, and always


remain to us something no doubt priceless, something
intensely stimulating, but also utterly foreign. Now if we are
to have something like a fixed basis for education, as does seem
directly

will

not only practically necessary, but theoretically right, we must


consider what subjects are really necessary.

It still, I believe,

remains true that, without Latin, education is essentially and


necessarily imperfect and incomplete. "We can only say that
as regards Greek in a very different sense.

Perhaps

may

be

pardoned if I recall that more than seven years ago, at the first
General Meeting of this Association, in speaking of the place
of the Classics of Latin and Greek in human life, I laid stress,
and the stress I laid was, I think, accepted by the Association
as justified, on the fact that the Latin achievement represents
all
life

the constructive and conservative forces which make modern


what it is, while Greek represents the dissolving influence

and the creative force of pure intelligence. It is


on the constructive side that school education must be based.
The taste for Greek comes later, when the intellect has been
developed, and a foundation of mental discipline has been laid
and Greek without Latin, I am afraid, would be in future, as
it has been in the past, something of the nature of a superstructure without foundation. I am afraid it would be so.

of analysis

motion without guarding ourselves


very carefully against historical and educational misconceptions
which, from one point of view at least, it labours under, I doubt
whether we shall not be doing injury to Greek, through conIf,

therefore,

necting

its

we adopt

this

study with a mistaken theory of education

and,

THE STUDY OF GREEK


if

we

ttis is the case,

we

generally than

shall be doing

realise.

fectly before the Association

more injury

29
to the Classics

put these considerations imperbut I hope they will afford a

suggestion for some one else to take up."

Rev. Professor

Henry Browne. "

It is

with the utmost

regret that I find I cannot agree with the motion, because I

am

sympathy with the

spirit that I believe underlies it, and


arguments and the general position taken
up by the proposer and seconder of the motion. Professor

in

especially with the

Gardner made

it

very

and

clear,

agree with him, that the great

think nearly

work

trying to advocate classical education

And

studies.

Murray

also

said, at least

present would

is

the defence of Greek

sympathise with what Professor Gilbert


if

considered as an abstract proposition,

that we ought to do everything we can to

system as

all

at present before those

elastic as possible,

make our

and not to keep

it

educational

hide-bound

by hard-and-fast rules, by mechanical systems of compulsion,


and so on. But at the same time, what is so strongly before
my mind is this the defence of Latin is like the defence of
our last line. We have no business to give that line up at all,
or to do anything that would seem to tend to weaken our defence
of Latin, I will not say as a compulsory subject, but as an
important and vital and fundamental part of education, and

especially of classical education.

modern

My own

view

is

that although

and perhaps in certain schools


of a rather exceptional type, it might be a good thing to try
if we pass the resolution it would
an experiment of this kind
appear as if the Association were tied as an association to this
general position that we look upon Greek as the rival of Latin,
and that of the two languages we think it would be better that
Latin should be abandoned than Greek. I think the natural
result of the whole thing would be, in the mind of a great many
in the case of

universities,

people, and, at

any

rate, of thoughtless people, to

say

Well,

the Classical Association have put before us the principle that

Latin

may

be treated as an alternative subject

apparently

we can do
and though we are offered Greek as the alternative,
well, we may also perhaps prefer to take some other subject
instead.
Thus the impression created would be this, that

it

is

not very vital

without

therefore

it

is

a thing that

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

30
Latin

not, in our mind, of vital importance

is

and, conse-

quently, the influence of the Association would, perhaps, tend


to weaken, not only the position of Latin, but also the position

Greek indirectly, and thus the position of the Classics in


What I believe we ought to aim at rather is to insist
more and more, not, of course, on the higher importance of

of

general.

Latin as compared with Greek, but upon the close connexion

between the two languages and

Rome

literatures

and cultures

of

and, as far as the Association can efiect


anything, we should do all we can to defend and protect the
teaching of Greek in addition to that of Latin, but not as a

Greece and

substitute for

proposal

However

it.

may

attractive to Hellenists this particular

cannot believe that, considered in

be, I

all

its

be found in the end to be the wisest and best


course for the Association to have adopted."
Professor Lehmann-Haupt, in speaking in favour of the
bearings,

it will

motion, pointed out that the Greek question did not apply to

England alone, but was an international one.


"Greek being a most important element of our European
culture, everything ought to be done to preserve the possibility
Not only is liberty one of the most
of its being studied.
powerful conditions for the promotion of genuine study and
scholarship, but the possibility of choosing between two
classical languages is in itself to be considered as an important
It has been said
impetus to the study of either of them.
that to study Greek without Latin would mean abandoning
But is this
history, our whole culture being based on Latin.

really the case


attire,

Is

not

Roman

culture Hellenism in

and ought we not to go back to the

Roman

real sources instead

of contenting ourselves with the study of a secondary develop-

ment

Furthermore, has not the Renaissance come in, and was not
one of the chief features of the Renaissance the revival of Greece ?
not say that the change from mediaeval to modern
times has been in a very essential way helped on and extended

May we

by Greek culture

Gardner and Professor Murray, each in


u different way, spoke about the necessity of reading Greek well,
and having it taught thoroughly, not only grammatically, but in
Lastly, Professor

THE STUDY OF GREEK


relation to the subject

and contents

perience in England, short though

me

31

My

of the authors.
be, has already

it

ex-

convinced

much could be done, and ought to be done, toward


end in schools and universities. Heading a Greek historian
without some knowledge of Greek history ought to be, but
that very

this

unfortunately seems not always to be considered

as,

a sheer

impossibility.

Though a newcomer, I have been asked to speak to this


and have agreed to do so, because, notwithstanding
some practical difficulties, I feel certain that both the classical
languages, and especially Greek, would gain if Professor Gardner's
motion was carried."
Mr. Headlam. " It does not seem clear what the Association
is asked to vote upon.
The word institutions is vague. Does
Association,

'

it

'

"

apply to the universities or only to schools

Gardner.

Professor

" To

the universities in so far as they

dictate the curriculum of the public schools."

Mr. Headlam.

" Strictly speaking,

if

the proposal

is

only to

be applied to institutions in which only one ancient language


is

taught,

schools,

it

applies neither to the universities nor the public

and only to the

however,

is

less

ambitious secondary schools. This,

what

apparently not

is

really

meant.

Then,

according to some speakers, the motion would apply only to a

very small number of pupils

if

this

is

so, it

hardly worth while to deal with the matter.


ently would wish to
a large

way

make it a
number

general principle applicable in

to a great

of

boys and

Surely for

girls.

the Association to pass this resolution in this sense


thing to do.
there
let it

is

Quite apart from the point

this great danger, that

probably

is

Others appar-

if

made by

you adopt

go out that the Classical Association

is

is

a serious

Dr. Eouse,

this resolution

and

prepared to recognise

that Latin should be an optional subject, Latin will go, but


place will not be taken

Notwithstanding

this,

its

by Greek.
it

is

possible

to defend

the main-

tenance of Latin as a compulsory subject, because Latin

is

by those boys who are going on to the study


but by others as well. A boy who has not learned

required, not only


of Classics,

Latin in his early years will find afterwards that,

if

to study, for instance, the history of Mediaeval

and Modern

he desires

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

32

many

Europe,

of the records are written in

We

unknown tongue.
if,

much

of the

is,

to him,

an

were to study Modern Languages, the origin


German, an enormous part

for instance, he

of French,

what

can say th^t he must learn Latin, because

of the structure of

vocabuhiry of English, would not be understood by him

knew Latin."

unless he

Conway on the
would be a serious blow to the
the study of Greek, in my opinion, in England just
natural approach through Latin were denied. I have

Mr. Sleeman read a letter from Professor


the Motion:

subject of

growth
now,

of

if its

persuaded

'It

many scores of students to begin

they were at

first

interested in Latin

Greek, always because

and

have never found

one who was really interested in Latin who was not eager to
The Greek-less British parent, on the whole,
begin Greek.
realises the

advantage of learning Latin. He does not, and will


advantage of learning Greek except his children

not, realise the

themselves come to desire

it.

The enemy

will only interpret

the proposed resolution as a slur upon the study of Latin,


implying that we do not regard Latin as an integral part of

English education.'

"

would like to support Mr. Headlam. As


chief officer of a Local Education Authority, I see the schools
from a rather different point of view from that of many people.
It is my business to watch the slow growth of the secondary
Mr. Anderson.

school.

committee happen to have warm sympathy with classical


The Chairman of my Higher Education Subeducation.

My

committee

is

a well-known name,

Mr. E. D. Mansfield

and,

thanks to him and others, we have by slow degrees got Latin


more widely introduced. We have first had to persuade those
concerned to send the children to the secondary school earlier
and then to persuade them to keep the children at school longer

and meanwhile

all

through we

are trying to get a more

humane

curriculum.

The

chief difficulty in regard to

subject

another.
girl

is

making Greek an alternative

be alternative at one age and not at

that it may
What might be

offered as alternatives to a

boy or

at the age of eleven are not the same alternatives you

would

offer to

a boy at fourteen, fifteen or sixteen.

THE STUDY OF GREEK

88

At present French is started first and this is followed by


and the alternative to Greek, it might surprise some
to learn, is generally supposed to be German. That is a very
common alternative in modern times, especially in girls' schools.
;

Latin

Greek is seldom a practicable alternative, for many classical


mistresses are weaker in Greek than Latin or German. Besides,

modern girls' school the alternatives are usually Domestic


Science and other subjects which attract girls, and this means
that even a second modern language, like German, is crowded
in the

out.

On

the other hand, I believe that


a general basis for humane studies,
with it."

if

it

you encourage Latin as


inevitably brings Greek

Professor Burrows." The arguments put forward by Mr.


Headlam, Mr. Mackail and Professor Conway are those of the
ostrich.

Is it necessary for us to refrain

because others
against us

may

Surely,

from giving our opinion


misunderstand us and use our arguments
if

there

is

any strength in the arguments

No

against the Classics, they will be used anyhow.

one voting

motion would under-rate the merits of Latin;

for the

Professor

Murray made

Some

Latin.

it

clear that

we were not arguing

and

against

of us were sorry that Mr. Mackail brought in

the philosophical argument as to the comparative merits of

Latin and Greek. In passing, may one point out that it is


not a mere handful of people that are learning Greek before
Latin ; there are four or five millions of modern Greeks
and
;

the point

is

not irrelevant.

The motion was not meant

to be

a challenge to the whole country to substitute Greek for Latin


it is

meant

to be a help to headmasters

them from

before

this unconventional point of view, nor realised

wonderfully popular Greek


to take

and headmistresses and

who have never had the matter put

governing bodies

is

with those

up law, or medicine, or any

and constructive
contend that

it is

professions of

'

not only the

'

who

of the great

life.

Is

it

how

are not going


'

conservative

not possible to

conservative and constructive

'

elements in education that should be put before people ? At


the Renaissance, and at other great epochs since the Latin
domination, the renewed study of Greek has meant new progress

and new
5

life.

Is it

not possible that our young democracy will

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

84

prefer the study of Greek


it

These are questions which

important for the Association to consider.

when reported

afraid that

in the

another argument to our


If

the argument

to give

it

is

newspapers we

think

let

us be

be giving

shall

sound, they are not so stupid as to need us

may
fall

from passing

result

emphasizing, especially for

not be allowed to

not

friends to overthrow us.

scientific

Let us consider the matter on

them.

great deal of good

it

Do

girls'

its merits.

this resolution,

and

education, that Greek should

out just because of the assumption that

can only succeed on the shoulders of Latin."


Professor Sonnenschein.

ponement

of the debate

hardly necessary for

me

I suggest to Professor

"

till

should

like to

to adduce reasons for that.

forward on

the postIt is

But may

Gardner and Professor Murray a possible

modification of the terms of their resolution


it

move

the next General Meeting.

a future

occasion

when they bring


that when I

confess

scrutinised the motion closely I began to feel

it

little

hard

that I personally was, so to speak, left out of the resolution


for

if

you read

it

carefully

you

will see that it refers to institutions

in which only one classical language

University of Birmingham

and

take

it

is

being studied.

we study both

At the

classical languages

that the movers of the resolution would wish

that Greek should be treated as on an equal footing with Latin


at the Intermediate Examination, as

it

already

Examination of the University of Birmingham

is
;

at the Final

but that

is

However, there are so many


questions arising out of this motion that I think we should all
be grateful to the mover and seconder if they would not press
us to vote upon it this afternoon."
Professor Gardner.
" I think that is a most sensible proposal.
The resolution is not worded so happily as it might be
the word institutions,' for instance, would be better avoided.
I do not propose to amend it now
but think it would be better

not included in the resolution.

'

to postpone the subject to another General Meeting of


Association,

when we should

like to present the

motion

the
in a

revised form."

The Meeting having agreed to the postponement, the


was adjourned.

session


THE RITUAL OF DIONYSUS

On
and

the evening of January

their friends

8tli

Members

the

35

of the Association

met

at a Conversazione in the Mercers' Hall,


a large gathering enjoyed the courteous

Cheapside, where

by the Warden and Members

hospitality provided

of the Mercers'

Company.

Murray

In the course of the evening Professor Gilbert


delivered an Address on " The Ritual of Dionysus and

the Forms of Greek Tragedy."


" I fear the subject of my paper

is

a highly technical one, and

not likely to be very interesting to a large part of the audience


I see before me.
Perhaps the best comfort I can offer them is to
suggest that they should listen merely as observers of human
nature. There is always a sort of amusement which the philoso-

pher can derive from observing the curious things other people
are interested in. Well, a point in which a number of us Greek

much

scholars are

interested

just

now

is

concerned with the

Greek Tragedy. I may put it more


precisely thus.
Tragedy, we know, was the performance, or
sacer Indus, of the god Dionysus.
It was acted on the Feast of
origin or ritual beginnings of

Dionysus, in the theatre of Dionysus, the actors were technically


known as the craftsmen of Dionysus,' and the Priest of Dionysus
'

had the seat of honour

we read our extant

in the centre of the front row.

tragedies

it is

very

Yet when
where

difficult to see

Dionysus comes

in.
As we all know, some recent writers, especiRidgeway, have been almost inclined to deny that
Dionysus had anything to do with it. They have laid great stress
on the part of Tragedy that comes directly from the heroic saga,

ally Professor

from the epic

tales of the great deeds of heroes, and from the


worship of heroes at their graves. Well, I am going to suggest

to-night a

way

Dionysus

that is to say,

in

which tragedy obviously

lam

cular riddle which has been puzzling


all

say that

that
all

it is

my

answer

is

is

connected with

going to try and answer that parti-

some of

us.

really as conclusive

Now I do not at
and

satisfactory,

really quite such a serviceable key for the opening of

doors, as

confess that

it

seems to

when

apply the key,

it

me

did open

moment. But I must


upon me, and I began to

at the present

this idea first flashed


all

the locks with such extraordinary

THE CLASSICAL

36

ASSOCIATIOxN

ease that a dreadful thouglit occurred to me. I thought to myI reaching just that stage of development and that
self

Am

men

age at which learned


their bonnets

It

are apt to get a real fixed bee in

obviously not for

is

me

to answer that

question.

Now I ought to

say

first

that the views I have to express will

appear more at length as a note in Miss Harrison's forthcoming


book Themis. All I shall be able to do to-night is to indicate the
general line of argument that I would take in following this question up. I should like perhaps to say also in introduction that I

my

theory with a view to finding an


answer to this particular problem. I approached it in quite a
disinterested way. I was trying to analyse the dramatic condid not originally reach

struction of Greek tragedy,

and the particular forms, the par-

ticular kinds of scene, that tend regularly to recur

things like

the Prologue, the Chorus, the Messenger's Speech, the Theophany,


and the like. And the result of this analysis brought me to the
result I

am

going to suggest to you.

the sacer Indus of Dionysus, if it is connected in


some way with the Eitual of Dionysus, what should we expect that
It is pretty generally admitted that Dionysus in
ritual to be ?
If

Tragedy

is

one of his aspects, one of the most important of them, belongs to


the class that Professor Frazer has called by the name of Vegetation Spirit. The evidence is at any rate as old as Pindar, and I
think one can put

it

little earlier.

As Vegetation

Spirit he

may call Attis- Adonis-Osiris,


nomenclature. You will, perhaps, say

belongs to the great group which we


using again Dr. Frazer's
to

me Ah, yes
'

but the Dionysus who

like Osiris, the

is

Dionysus

He is quite
of Orphism and the Zagreus mystery is not ancient.
say
that in
I
can
now
but
point
argue
that
I will not
late.'
points
to the
way,
other
the
points
evidence
the
my judgment,
Dionysus
case
particular
a
take
To
early.
conception being
;

Eleuthereus, the particular form of Dionysus which is most


definitely connected with Tragedy, was certainly Chthonian, or

connected with the under-world, in his Ritual. He was clad in


black, and the ritual involved a contest and a death. However,
letting that pass, if you grant me that Dionysus belongs to the

group of Vegetation

Spirits,

ritual of those Spirits

what do we know of the normal


comes out pretty clearly in Dr.

It all

THE RITUAL OF DIONYSUS


You

Frazer's book.

37

will find that the Ritual or the Story con-

nected with these spirits

falls into this sort of division.

First

what the Greeks called an Agon or Contest between the


that is between the Old Year and the New
spirit and his enemy
Year that will come and kill the old or between Summer and
Winter. There is, secondly, what the Greeks called a Pathos,
there

is

some

disaster or suffering that overtakes the spirit

always

it is

And

death.

further the death

is

The Pharmakos

definitely ritual or sacrificial kind.

almost

nearly always of a
is

stoned,

This
Osiris, Pentheus, Zagreus and others are torn in pieces.
Sparagmos or tearing asunder is perhaps connected with the

At any

sowing and scattering of corn.


very characteristic of these rites

it is

rate the

Sparagmos

Thirdly, not in every single case, but in nearly every case

tioned in Frazer's

book you will

find that the Pathos

is

the great

dead

'
:

A message comes that Pan


and when the Messenger has come you set

up your lamentation or Threnos.


curious point to notice

lamentation

it

men-

not enacted

but announced by a messenger,


is

is

a ritual form of death.

in a

'

And about this there


many cases it is not

very great

comes with a clash

of emotion.

The

is

pure

clearest

case is in Plutarch's description of an Attic agricultural festival


called the Oschophoria, where the death of the old King, Aigeus,

and the lamentation


the

new

for that, is

mixed up with the

rejoicings for

After this lamentation comes an Anag-

King, Theseus.

Discovery of the slain or mutilated daimon. The most


obvious case is that of Osiris scattered over the world, and of
They collect the pieces,
Isis and her followers searching for him.
norisis, or

This
Osiris, and put them together.
Peripeteia.
or
Feeling
of
Change
a
by
accompanied
Discovery is
The last stage is the re-appearance or Epiphany of the god, risen

they recognize them as

in glory

from the dead.

the result that will come, I think, from examining the


Rituals described in Dr. Frazer's book or any other account of

That

is

these Vegetation Spirits.

Now

I suggest

that a Ritual of that description has

marked

traces on the form of Greek Tragedy.

look for

them

Well,

if

the whole theory

once suggested, a pure bee in


to find these traces

most

my bonnet,

is

left

Where
not, as

very

shall

my

we

fears

one ought to be able

clearly of all in the Play that

is

most

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

38

confessedly Dionysiac in character.


sort in the BaccTiae

Is there

you take the

If

beginning about line 780,

first for

anything of that

last half of the Bacchae,

about 200

lines

you get a long

Agon or contest between Dionysus and his enemy Pentheus.


The Agon begins by Pentheus being strong, and Dionysus weak

there

a clear interval during which Pentheus begins to wither

is

and go down, and

He

power.
sists in

this is

it

ends by his being obviously in Dionysus'

then goes out.

Next comes the Pathos, which con-

the Sparagmos or Tearing Asunder of Pentheus.

announced, just in

its

right place.

lamentation, and you will observe


clash of emotion.

When

Comes the Threnos, or


a lamentation with a

it is

You may remember

in the

Play that the

Messenger comes in wild with grief announcing the death, and is


received by the Bacchanals with shouts of derisive joy.
It
exactly the clash of grief and joy we had in the Osckophoria.
Next comes, exactly in its proper place, the search for the
body of Pentheus, the collection of the fragments that comes

is

in the

gap in our manuscript, but

attested

the

of course, perfectly well

is,

of the fragments of Pentheus' body,

collection

The
and the Anagnorisis or recognition of him by Agave.
recognition is accompanied by a Peripeteia or great change of
Lastly comes the epiphany of Dionysus in glory.
feeling.
That

is,

we have

Spirit, of

in the

Bacchae

all

the Kitual of the Vegetation

the sort described in Dr. Frazer's book, every stage

occurring exactly marked and in the proper ritual order.

Well now, what has happened ? The Bacchae is drama and


moving drama. The Dionysiac ritual was, after all, only ritual
What has been done ? This is a rather
it was not drama.
interesting technical point. If we look up Pentheus in Koscher's
great lexicon of mythology, or any other, we shall find that he is
what is called a Doppelgdnger of Dionysus, a particular form as
The phenomenon is not uncommon. Paralit were of Dionysus.
The Daimon has been doubled, as it were,
lels will occur to you.
The year is doubled into both the
into himself and his enemy.
old year and the new year that kills it. That doubling changes
the whole

myth from

Dionysus who dies and


a long

strife, tears his

is

ritual into

drama.

torn to pieces

it is

It is

not

simply

Dionysus who, after

enemy to pieces and then appears in majesty.


THE RITUAL OF DIONYSUS

89

Let us take another Play

in which exactly the same process is


In the latter part of the Hippolytus,

carried a step further.

about 900 to 1110, is a perfectly clear Agon between Theseus and


Hippolytus
after that a short chorus rather like a Threnos
;

The hero

then comes the Pathos.


that

is

narrated by a messenger.

is

torn to pieces by his horses

comes, in place of the threnos, a curious

hymn

to Aphrodite

rather in a note of triumph, a point which always puzzled


greatly in the Play.

triumph

is

am

there, in the midst of the lamentation,

from some

of Artemis, as god, bringing with

Anagnorisis, or Discovery of the truth,

We

or change of feeling.

me

inclined to think that that note of

aort of reminiscence of the clash of emotion I spoke of.

comes the epiphany

After the messenger there

Then
it

the

and producing a Peripeteia

are just one step further from the

who was Hippolytus ? If we look


any ordinary authority we shall find he was another
the same kind of Daimon who is torn to pieces and comes

original ritual

for, after all,

at Roscher or

form of
to

life

Now

again.

a curious thing

If

one thinks of Hippolytus

one of the chief things we know about him

is

in legend,

that he was brought

life again by Asclepius, and lived as Virbius in South Italy.


But notice what has happened drama has gained upon ritual.
As drama gains upon ritual things become less purely theological,
less like a ritual service, and the characters become more definitely
human beings. This Play ends with Artemis as an avowed
goddess, having her epiphany up in the air, and Hippolytus as
man dying on the ground. I cannot help suspecting that in an
earlier form of the Hippolytus dromenon there was a resurrection

to

or apotheosis of the hero himself, together with his protectress

Artemis.

Next

moved

I will

put before you a third stage, in which drama has

a step or two further from mere ritual.

There

is

now

The Forms of the ritual


Agon, Pathos, Messenger, Lamentation, Epiphany are all
there
but what in the ritual was the continuous history of one
single person, the Year-Daimon, is now the complex interaction
of many presons.
The moulds are all there in order, but a different
subject is poured into each mould. The play I will take is the
Andromache. There is first an Agon between Peleus and Menelaus.
further multiplication of persons.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

40

Then comes an interrupting scene about Orestes, on which I will


not now dwell. Then comes the Pathos, which is a ritual death,
a kind of stoning at the temple at Delphi. It is narrated by a
Messenger. Then the Threnos, then the Theophany. But the
Agon was between Peleus and Menelaus, the Death is that of
Neoptolemus, and the Epiphany is that of Thetis. A different
person, you see, is the centre of each different scene.
Now that is the kind of process by which I think the ritual was
turned into drama and my conclusion is this
The Dionysiac
element in Greek drama is the form, this recurring form which
reminds one so much of the ritual of the Vegetation Spirits, and
the monotony of which will surprise you if you come to analyse
carefully drama by drama.
The content of the play is, as we
:

all

know, the heroic saga.

You

will notice that I

my

have taken

examples from three

some problems arise in connexion


with that.
But I cannot, of course, do more to-night than
suggest a trend of thought. I will not deal with any side issues.
I have tried to trace these Forms in all the Greek Plays that
Plays of Euripides.

exist, and, as far as

Form

Well,

can be done, in

all

existing fragments.

Now

most curious and characteristic is the


Theophany, or appearance of the god at the end. We know
most of the Plays of Euripides end with the appearance of a god
a god that appeared up in the air from a special machine which
Euripides or someone of his time invented, and which provided
a more effective entrance for this divine being.
A thing which comes out quite clearly if one goes through
the evidence is that the Theophany was not an invention of
Euripides. It was used by Aeschylus just about as much, I think
the

that perhaps

is

certainly not less

only, as far as I can

make

out, Aeschylus did

The evidence points to his having


treated the trilogy as one whole, and kept his Epiphanies of the
gods, often on a very large scale, for the end of the third play.
Let us take the extant plays first. The Oresteia has no gods in
it till the end of the Eumenides, then it has a great mass of them
they reconcile a feud, found an institution and go out in proThe SuppUces belongs to a trilogy Supplices, Aegyptii,
cession.
Danaides
and we happen to know about the Danaides, the
it

at the end of the trilogy.

last of the three, that it

ended with a great scene in which

THE RITUAL OF DIONYSUS

41

Apkrodite appeared and ordained the institution of Marriage by


Consent. It is a full-dress epiphany, quite in the style of Euri-

What about

pides.

the Persae

I said that as a rule

keeps his epiphany for the end of the trilogy

an exception.

is

each play.

he

In

In the

Aeschylus

the Persae trilogy

he has an epiphany,

it

first play,

it would seem, in
our extant Persae, the hero, or as

called several times in the play,

is

'

the God,' Darius

evoked

is

Tomb. In the second play, Phineus,


almost the only thing we know is that the denouement showed
the Harpies being hunted away through the air by the Sons of
the North-Wind a great epiphany of divine and winged shapes.
The third play was Glaucus. Was it the Glaucus Pontius ? If
sOj there was an epiphany.
We know that Aeschylus showed
and

rises

from

his holy

the sea-god Glaucus rising, in half-human form, out of the sea.

was not the Glaucus Pontius, but the other play

If it

Glaucus, then, I regret to say, evidence fails us.

the present the Prometheia, where

called

I leave aside for

my case is easy, and the Theban

Trilogy, which seems to have ended with a pure threnos, not a

As

Theophany*

fragmentary plays,

for the

my

rough manner the results of

I will state in

a very

There are some

study of them.

There are two


I can get no evidence.
which probably ended with a Lamentation, not an epiphany.
There are some forty-two in which the evidence, sometimes quite
twenty-one about which

sometimes with great uncertainty, indicates that they


ended with the Epiphany of a God. You may ask what kind of
evidence I mean. Here are the first two cases on my list.
Amymone the heroine was attacked by Satyrs, but Dionysus

clearly,

'

appearing (eVK^avcis) drove

goes with the trilogy, Edoni and Neaniskoi.


a good

many fragments

Bassarai

the satyrs away.'

of the Edoni,

it

We have fortunately

and you can

see

from them

that the play followed very closely the same lines as Euripides'
Bacchae. You can see that (f. 61) it showed the disguised Dionysus
on the stage it had him imprisoned and liberated by an earthquake (58) under those circumstances I think one must assume
that at some point the god threw oE his disguise and appeared in
;

his might, as h does in the Bacchae.

What about
a

Sophocles

little disobliging.

wish.

Sophocles, I regret to say, has been

His theophanies are not as clear as

I get traces of

the ritual in him, but

get

I could

them more

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

42

is

First, this blurring of outlines

would make two remarks.

this I

characteristic of his art altogether.

lines

He

he has elisions from

marked

off,

He

one line to the next.

line,

and

blurs his scenes in

one melts into another. They are not sharply


as in Euripides. There is a sort of deliberate artistic

way

the same

blurs the ends of his

middle of the

he allows speakers to stop in the

On

and Euripides.

blurred, less clear-cut, than in Aeschylus

gradualness about Sophocles' method of writing.


In the second place I would venture this conjecture.
plays of Sophocles are

they are more

less stiffly ritual,

The

like free

than those of the other two tragedians


though of course not at all comparable in this respect with a
modern play. How does this come about ? Well, in my view,
Aeschylus as a rule wrote in trilogies and brought in his epiphany
fiction,

artistic

and his clearest ritual forms only in the final play of each trilogy.
That left two plays over which were comparatively speaking
free from the ritual form and were moving in the direction of free
Sophocles, always moving towards a less stiff form of
fiction.
drama, may well have taken these plays as a normal or legitimate
model. Euripides certainly went back to the stiffer form. The
extremely clear-cut and articulate character of Euripides' art
will be admitted, I think, both by his friends and his enemies.
A word about the Theophanies in Euripides. They occur in
eleven of the extant plays, counting the Rhesus. And you will
The
find that they all are built up according to the same formula.

God

(1)

appears in glory,

people, utters prophecies

worship.

I will

(2)

reconciles feuds or comforts certain

and

(3)

not read them

founds some religious ritual or


through to prove this, but I

all

to suggest that such extraordinary uniformity one might


almost say such bewildering monotony cannot be the product
It can only be understood in the light of
of free composition.

want

some

ritual

which was either obligatory

in

strongly at the back of the poet's mind.

when we

realize that the poet

some way or
It is

else

was

only intelligible

was working under the

spell of

traditional form.

My

general theory then

fixed ritual,

and that

and drama prevailed.


ritual

is

that these dramatists started from a

time ritual gradually faded

in course of
If

that was so, can

forms in the act of fading out

we

find

any

of these

can we catch, for instance,

THE RITUAL OF DIONYSUS


Theoptany

a fading

Yes

Agon, Pathos, Messenger,

take the Medea

etc.,

43

that

everything exactly as

ends with

it

should be,

is no God at the end


there is only Medea herself.
But how does Medea appear ? The Scholiast tell us that she
appears up in the air, on the top of the tower,' and she presently

only there

'

rides off in a

tower

She appears

distributes

curses, prevailingly curses


of her children
is

What

dragon chariot.

does she do when on the

prophecies,

by the people

of Corinth.

to say, she acts the part that the

and

blessings

and she founds the

ritual

worship

Quite evidently, that

god acts

in the ordinary

That I should call a fairly clear case of faded


or atrophied Theophany, especially when we remember that
Medea was really a goddess, and worshipped as such. The
Theophany.

full ritual is just

Another
is

turned into something a

more faded

case,

Theseus who appears.

had worship
like the

He

is

not a god, but he

more human.
is

there

it

a hero and

and he appears at the end making a speech exactly

ordinary speech of a god.

comforts

little

take the end of Heracles

He

settles everything

he

and Amphitryon, and then founds the


Heracles and himself. That is what I call a faded

Heracles

worship of

Theophany.
I could run through other examples showing how you get
other ritual forms melting away into something like what we
should call ordinary drama. But before finishing I would
mention one result of this investigation on our view of the development of Greek drama. It is a result which I think I was getting

on purely literary grounds viz. that our ordinary account


development of Tragedy has been over-simplified. We
have been generally taught at school to think that Greek tragedy

at

of the

began by being over-grand with a large element of the divine in


and then went on through Sophocles as a mean and Euripides

it

more fluent, more fluid, more


Our description of the last phase depended largely on
whether we liked or disliked Euripides. But what I think comes
out clearly from our present inquiry is that it was not one continuous process, it was a process down and then up or, if you
I do not wish to prejudice
like, a process up and then down,
a process first away from Ritual and then back
that question
as an extreme continually becoming

human.

to Ritual.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

44

Take the Prologue, and consider it for a few minutes


you notice the development of the Prologue you find it
First of all there

into stages.

more

no Prologue

is

or, as I

If
falls

think

the Pro-logos, or Fore-speech, was not part of the

likely,

was an explanatory speech made by the poet before the


at any rate the first stage is a play without a Prologue.
The second stage simply a Prologue of one speaker like the
Agamemnon the third gives what we would call a complete
exposition-scene in which the situation of the play is laid out by
play

it

play began

Now

conversation between two or more speakers.

has

Aeschylus
disappears

Sophocles starts always

and so practically does two.

altogether,

stage one

In Sophocles

these stages.

all

moving away from


mere formality, his building up of a vivid and almost natural
technique. What about Euripides ? Well, we find even in
Sophocles the influence of a fourth stage, and this fourth stage is

with an exposition-scene

it is

a part of his

In front of the exposi-

the characteristic opening of Euripides.

tion-scene (or, in two plays where for special reasons an exposition-

scene

is

omitted, without

it),

in front of the exposition-scene or

he has a perfectly definite formal prologue, spoken


by one solitary character and further, what is for our purpose
most important, a character almost always of a religious or superwithout

it,

Now

natural cast.

Dicterich in his famous article on the Origin

Tragedy showed at least he convinced me that the Prologue


was probably derived from the Prorresis of the hierophant
before a mystery or religious ritual. We know that on such
occasions the hierophant came forward and explained what the
of

ritual

was

With that

to be.

in

our mind

let us

consider the sort

of people speaking the Euripidean Prologues Alcestis, Death and


Hecuba, Ghost of Polydorus
Apollo
Hiffolytus, Aphrodite
Bacchae,
Dionysus all frankly
Troades, Poseidon
Ion, Hermes
:

supernatural,

all

Next

gods, or ghosts.

Heracleidae, Heracles,

Helena, Andromache, Supplices, all begin with a


in instant fear of death, clinging to

an

altar.

band

of suppliants

Iphigenia Taurica,

the half -divine priestess of a strange blood-stained temple just


awakened from a dream of death. In every case the speaker
is

sacred, religious, mystical, the kind of atmosphere

unmistakable.
conditions of

It
life.

is

never an

is,

I think,

ordinary person in ordinary

THE RITUAL OF DIONYSUS


What

the explanation of that

is

Indus, the old ritual

old sacer

The Prologue,

itself.

after

seems to

It

45

me

performance, has

that the

re-asserted

becoming a mere dramatic exposition-

scene between ordinary people, returns again to be a solemn

address to the audience, spoken by a sacred or mystical figure.


It is just the same story with other elements of the drama.
The

language and metre get freer in Sophocles, and then return to


The Dialogue becomes irregular and

formality in Euripides.

almost natural in Sophocles, and then returns to a kind of formal


antiphony of symmetrical speeches, or equally symmetrical

The Chorus

Stichomythiae.
at

first

till it

dwindles to a thing of

bears upon

Something
something
seen,

that

the very soul of Greek tragedy,

little

account, and then grows again

shoulders the main weight of the whole drama.

like the old

hierophant reappears at the beginning,

like the old re-risen

we seem

God

And

at the end.

plays of Euripides, and most of

it is in

sequence

its

itself,

as

we have

all in his latest plays,

to get again in clear-cut outline the whole ritual

contest,

tearing-asunder, lamentation,

which

It is a curious result

recognition,

constituted the original Dionysus mystery.

resurrection

at

first

sight I dare say

Greek Drama.

this ritual formation of the

dominated by tough and undying

it will
.

be repugnant,

An

outer shape

and conventional to the last degree


an inner life, fiery with sincerity and
spiritual freedom
that is the sort of paradox which from beginning to end is presented by Greek drama
and I think probably
presented by the greatest art of many ages beside. But I will
not speak more about the aesthetic side of the subject."
The Bishop of Lincoln. " We all wish to thank Professor
Gilbert Murray for the subtle and imaginative criticism and
tradition, formal

analysis of the Greek

share his
said.

'

bee

Many

translator of

'

Drama which he

has given to

us.

We

very gladly, and we shall not forget what he has

of us

know him

some

best as the imaginative and poetical

of our great

He has made Greek Drama

Greek dramatic masterpieces.

on the modern
That is a wonderful thing to do
and we know, some
of us, other books of his very well.
But we thai^k him for having
admitted us, so to speak, into his study to-night, and for having
communicated to us some of his dreams, some of his hypctbcEcs
and suggestions, which we are going to follow in order, if possible,

stage.

alive to English people


;

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

46

to trace the history of Greek Drama, and to find out

how it came

We

thank him with all our hearts, and we


must not forget to thank the Master of the Mercers' Company
and all his colleagues for the beautiful and graceful hospitality

to be

what

it

was.

they have shown the Classical Association to-night. This ancient


and famous Company is closely associated with classical learning
;

and

classical education

owes

it

a great debt, for the Mercers are

the enlightened and magnificent patrons of one of our great public


We thank them for the welcome they have
schools, St. Paul's.

we shall not forget their hospitality when we


go to our several homes and engage once again in our ordinary
given to-night, and

labours."

Mr. R. C. Seaton, in seconding the double vote of thanks, said


all know him and admire him,

"As regards Professor Murray, we

not only for his translations, but also for his book The Rise of the
and if in that book he sometimes alarmed us, he
Greek Epic
;

has

made some compensation

to-night, for I think a

good many

have restored to us our faith in our old friend


Dionysus, which had been shaken by the subversive theories of
Professor Ridgeway.
As regards the Mercers' Company, the Bishop of Lincoln

must be glad

to

has taken out of

my

lips

what

was going to

say.

But there

a peculiar propriety in an Association like this being


entertained by a Company which has been so honourably con-

is

to

me

and I may say I


nected for 400 years with higher education
have personally particular pleasure in seconding the vote of
thanks, because I was for many years a teacher at the institution
:

named St. Paul's School."


The vote of thanks was carried by acclamation.
The Master of the Mercers' Company, in acknowledging
the vote of thanks, said" I think it is we who should thank
you
so

for

coming here to-night, for

many eminent

it is

classics in this Hall.

a great privilege to see


It is a privilege to hear

such a magnificent lecture as we have had. I was going to try


to disabuse your minds, but I think the Bishop has done so,
that City Companies and City Halls meant nothing but banquets.
One of our greatest prides is to be the Governors
It is not so.

But we must not leave out of account


of St. Paul's School.
another guccessful school under our care, the Mercers' School.

THE RITUAL OF DIONYSUS


It is also situated in

in a rather

47

London, and contains some 250 or 300 boys,


position perhaps than those of St. Paul's.

more humble

Being thus interested in education it gave us great pleasure to


fall in with the idea put forward by Dr. Kenyon of
permitting
the use of this Hall for a Conversazione for the
Association."

Classical

Tuesday, January 9th

The Association met at 10


Dr Kenyon in the chair.

a.m., in the Theatre at King's College,

Mr. Caspari read the Report of Council for 1911

In presenting

more able

its

report for the past year the Council

is

once

announce that the prospects of the Association


continue hopeful. The number of its members has remained
stationary at about 1,500. This check in the increase of membership is no doubt due to the fact that no new Branches have
to

been formed, though the Council hears with pleasure that there
a prospect of a Branch being founded at Bristol. The vigorous
and successful work of the existing Branches is one of the chief
sources of the Association's influence, and the Council desires
to urge upon members the importance of promoting the formation

is

of additional Branches, particularly in large educational centres.

The numbers of Local Correspondents have been largely


At Oxford they have risen from nine to eighteen,
and at Cambridge from eight to fifteen.
The Classical Association of South Africa has been affederated
increased.

to the Association.

With the kind co-operation of Dr. Ashby, Director


Rome, some specimen publications

British School at

of the

of the

Association were placed on view in the Archaeological Section


of the International Exhibition held at

Rome

during last spring.

Arrangements have been made for inserting an advertisement

numbers of The Classical Quarterly


and The Classical Review.
The Council is glad to report that the finances of the Association
now permit of The Year's Work being sent post free to all
of the Association in all future

members, who

will

in

future receive copies without having

make special application for them. The Council desires to


make more widely known the reduction which it now offers
to

48

REPORT OF COUNCIL
to

members

49

of the Association in the rate of yearly subscription

to the Classical Quarterly

and

Classical Review.

It also calls

attention to the fact that the subscriptions of all members who


join the Association after October in any year will count for

the following year.

Negotiations have been conducted with the Classical Associa-

and Ireland with a view to the establishment


relations with these bodies.
To this end it
has been agreed that delegates from the Scottish and Irish

tions of Scotland
of

more intimate

Associations should be regularly invited to attend the General

Meetings of the Association in England.

The

Classical Association

of Scotland has recently passed a resolution expressing willing-

ness to co-operate to the utmost in

all

common

interests,

and

the Council of the Classical Association of Ireland has cordially

agreed to certain arrangements for keeping the two bodies

acquainted with each other's work.


Professor Sonnenschein has been appointed to represent the

Association on the Standing Committee on Grammatical Ter-

minology, which has been formed during

the past year

by

the eight associations concerned.

The question of reprinting the Reports of the Curricula


Committee has been taken into consideration, and it has been
decided to issue in a single volume the most important of these
Reports, and also the Reports on the Pronunciation of Latin
and Greek, and on the spelling and printing of Latin texts.
A Deed of Trust to regulate the functions of the Trustees
in dealing with the moneys and property of the Association has
been prepared and approved by the Council under legal advice,
and will be submitted to the General Meeting.
A proposal for an alteration of Rule 13 of the Rules of the
Association has likewise obtained the Council's approval, and
will

be brought before the Meeting.

A memorandum

of the Council, declaring the need of altering

the Minutes of the General Meeting in 1910, with regard to the

Interim Report of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Ter-

minology,

was printed on page 45 of the

last

volume of

Proceedings.

The Council regrets to record the death of Sir Nathaniel


Bodington, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds, who was
7


THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

50

one of the founders of the Association, and a member of

its

original Council.

The Balance-sheet for the period Dec. 21st, 1909, to Dec. 17th,
was published on pp. 184-5 of the last volume of ProThe Balanceceedings, and will now be submitted for approval.
sheet for 1911 will appear in the ensuing number of Proceedings.
The Classical Journals Board makes the following report
" The hopes which the Board held out a year ago ^ were more
1910,

than fulfilled, and the first year of the Association's ownership


of The Classical Review and The Classical Quarterly resulted in
a small balance on the right side. For 1911 a considerably
and the Board hai
larger balance is confidently expected
;

seen

way

its

to repaying the remainder of the private loans to

the purchase fund.


success

is

Still

marked

more

gratifying than this financial

number

increase in the

of subscribers to

both journals.

The Board is glad to say that the five editors of these journals
and The Year's Worlc have accepted ofiice again for 1912 and it is
sure that the Council and the Association will join in thanking
these scholars warmly for their services, especially in view of
the labour and anxiety of the time of transition now happily
;

past."

Dr.

Kenyon.

"

would

like to

Report from the Chair, and to

move the adoption

call attention to

of the

one or two points

One that deserves attention is the relation between this


it.
Association and the corresponding Societies in Scotland and
There is no suggestion, of course, in the way of union
Ireland.

in

between the

and has

Societies, because

to treat

them

in its

each country has its own problems,


but I think the members

own ways

of this Association will agree that the three Associations should

and suggestions
keep in friendly touch as much as possible
whereby this can be achieved have been made during the past
year, and the Council of the Association have fallen in with
;

As a result, it was agreed that the three Associations


should keep one another informed as to what they were doing,
in order that each might judge whether the actions of the others
would affect it, and also might invite representatives of other

them.

Associations to be present at their Meetings;


*

See Proceedings, vol.

viii.,

p. 13.

and

am

glad


REPORT OF COUNCIL
to say

that

at

this

Meeting

representatives

and the

Classical Association of Scotland

of Ireland are present.

members
in this

The

first is in

For the

regard to the journals.

It is

year without financial

loss,

satisfaction.

very satisfactory
difl&culties of

period of transition, and should not only have


first

the

two items

rest, there are

have been heard with

will

that the Board should have surmounted the

through the

both

of

Classical Association

That, I think, will be satisfactory to

of the Association.

Keport which

51

the

way
but should now
made

their

have embarked on the period of progress which was expected


from the change of management. This expectation has been
realized by one year's work, which justifies us in looking forward

And the other


still more prosperous career in the future.
announcement which, I think, will be satisfactory to members

to a

capacity

in their individual

is

the notification that

them

it will

not

pay postage for The Year's


Work
for the Association is now rich enough to meet that
expense. Provided they pay their subscription, members
will get their Year's Work and Proceedings without further
in future be necessary for

to

trouble or inconvenience."

Professor J. F. Dobson.

" As

have been referred to by

implication in this Report, I should like to second


I

am

institute a

may

its

adoption.

glad to hear that the Council approves of the project to

Branch

of the Association in Bristol.

Perhaps

take this opportunity of saying that I shall be glad of any

help or advice which any

member

of the Association can give

There are no details in the Report that call for special


reference beyond those mentioned by the Chairman."
me.

The Report was adopted by the Meeting.


Mr. R. C. Seaton read his statement of accounts for 1910,
and moved its adoption in the following terms
" You have before you the Receipts and Expenditure for
I now ask you to
1910, published in the Proceedings of 1911.
approve that statement which was put before you at the last
:

General Meeting.

You

will see that the receipts

from entrance

and subscriptions were 483, and from investments 23,


making altogether 506. The expenses were 411, leaving a
balance to the good of 93.
Both receipts and expenditure
were, in fact, less by 35, i.e. grants to Branches, and sums
fees

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

52

overpaid and returned, but that, of course, does not affect the
balance.

Turning now to the accounts for the past year we find the

and the expenses 341, leaving a satisfactory


The amount carried
forward from 1910 was 134 8s. lid. Adding that to 105 we
get 239. Of this sum 150 has been invested by the Council
in G.W.R. Co. Debenture Stock, and we carry forward to 1912
the sum of 89 8s. 8d.
The entrance fees were not so many as in the previous year
(94 as against 147), but that is chiefly owing to the phenomenal
growth at starting of the Bombay Branch, which could not be
The investments now
expected to go on at the same rate.
amount to the sum of nearly 850, which produces about
28 per annum.

receipts to be 446,

balance of 105 on the year's working.

The

chief alteration in the financial arrangements has been

already alluded to in the Keport of Council.


of the

payment by members

and the consequent application


Henceforward The Year's Work
sent post free to
for the year,
will

i.e.

all

abolition

for copies to the publishers.


will, like

the Proceedings, be

members who have paid

The Yearns Worlc

mean the

The Year's Work,

of postage of

their subscription

for 1911, which, I understand,

be out very shortly, will be sent to

all

members who have

paid their subscriptions for 1911, without any application on


their part.
scription.

The others

will get it

on payment

of such sub-

who do
and make

This will save inconvenience to members,

not always preserve the printed

slip for application,

much

less clerical work for the publishers.


But of course it
add considerably to the expenses of the Association.
As to the future, I am hopeful that we shall keep up, and
more than keep up, our present income, but the expenses are
growing too. Besides the expense connected with The Year's
Work, just alluded to, the Proceedings have increased in bulk
and, consequently, in cost of publication, and there will be

will

legal expenses in

we must not
glad to

connexion with the Trust Deed.

say that several

through their bankers.


yrill

Therefore

new members. I am
more members have begun to pay

relax our efforts to secure

follow the example, as

thank them, and hope that others


saves a good deal of correspondence.

it

REPORT OF TREASURER
During the past year

I received

53

good many subscriptions

members paying through their bankers,


that they had done so and paying me. I have

twice over, owing to

then forgetting

in each case returned the overpaid subscription, but I

doubt
have not been too scrupulous on this point. Of course
always prepared to return any overpaid subscription at

whether
I

am

once upon application, but

I really

the trouble to ask for their

money

move

to

Flamstead Walters.

Professor

statement

in proposing the

"

it

back.

interest

in

balance-sheet.

In the

first

as treasurer

second

and

think

the matter, for this was

cordial vote of thanks that

my work

wish to

acceptance by you of

accounts for last year,

of

some personal

place, I

must thank you

was passed

in

my

my

beg
the
the

have
last

for the

absence last year

and, in the second place, I should

invoke your sympathy for the present treasurer.

like to

could

they want

that the accounts for 1910 be approved and adopted."

Hon. Treasurer

for

think members might take

if

This

be shown in a practical way, by the further use of the

bankers' orders, and also by the due and early payment of

and another, by not pestering him with letters


on subjects which the treasurer cannot be expected to answer.
Many kinds of questions came before me, and these reached
a climax when I was asked to recommend a Latin dictionary
the answer which I think I gave at the time was, as further
experience has shown me, practically correct that they were
all bad, and I could not recommend one."
The Chairman. " I will now ask simply for your confirmation
subscriptions

Those for 1911 have not yet been

of the accounts for 1910.

audited

year as

it

with the meeting coming so early in the following

now does

that

is

The formal confirmation,


must stand over till next year

inevitable.

therefore, of these accounts

and meanwhile you will have the opportunity of scrutinizing


them."
The accounts were confijmed by the Meeting.
Mr. J. W. Mackail. " The Meeting will have heard, I do not
doubt, with great satisfaction the Report which the Council has
presented to it, as showing that the Association is prospering,
and can be considered as being now upon an established footing,
having won its place as one of the societies which do an active

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

54

and recognized work towards the national


back
years

In looking

interest.

over the past history of the Association for the last eight

we must

recognize, I think, with satisfaction

and with

gratitude that our work has been materially helped, and our
consequence with the public in no small degree enlarged, by

men who have

the distinguished

consented, year after year, to

accept the Presidency of the Association.


distinguished, and distinguished in

many

as Presidents representatives of political

administration, of theology, of science.

They have been

We

ways.

and

civic

life,

all

have had
of public

It is a gratifying fact

that the study of the Classics has been thus seen to af?ect all
sides of national life, and to be an important feature of that
life.

run over the names.

It is not irrelevant to

President,

when the

Our

first

Association was set going, was Sir Richard

Master of the Rolls, afterwards Lord Collins. Succeeding


him was the Earl of Halsbury, then Lord Chancellor. Then
came Lord Curzon, now Earl Curzon then Mr. Butcher, whose
Collins,

lament so deeply then the present Prime Minister,


loss we
of Cromer, then that very distinguished man of
Earl
then the
I might add, that distinguished man of letters,
also,
science, and
and now the Bishop of Lincoln, who, after
Geikie,
Sir Archibald
still

giving his Address to-day, will vacate

considering these

names what a

ofl&ce.

It is

obvious on

large field they extend over,

and how much the Association may pride

itself

upon being able

to point to such a list of Presidents, as indicating the interest


felt in our work and its objects by so many distinguished men,

and

in so

many

fields of life.

now devolves upon me to propose the President for next


year. The Council have unanimously resolved to recommend
to the Association that we elect as President for 1912 the Master
Dr. Butler's name is so well
of Trinity College, Cambridge.
It

known

to all of

you that

it

would be quite superfluous to say

He

is

recognised, I think I

anything about him.

may

say, as

and no more disthe doyen of classical scholars in England


tinguished name in scholarship, and in the conduct of higher
;

education in our schools and universities, could be proposed to


the Association. I will therefore not attempt what would be
quite futile, to eulogize Dr. Butler, or to add anything further
in recommendation of the Council's suggestion, and would

ELECTION OF PRESIDENT

55

simply beg to move, on behalf of the Council, that the Master


of Trinity be elected our President for this year."

Mr. A. B. Ramsay.

Mr.

"

Mackail has said.

need not add anything to what

Dr.

Butler,

as

we

all

know,

great benefactor of classical learning in the country


is

who have

not one of those

of half praise

which

is

is

and he

furthered the Classics by a kind

only too fashionable in these times

has brought them along by his unstinted enthusiasm.

but

daresay

schoolmasters have a particular facility for seeing the effect of

such great personalities in our education.

Dr. Butler

is

a great

and a great name and we feel this in our schools,


even although we do not have text-books published by him for
our use. Perhaps I might allude for one moment to the fact
that Mrs. Butler was at the head of the classical list in the tripos
of her year, and remind you of the brilliant successes of Dr.
Butler's sons at Harrow and Cambridge.
Probably there is
no family in the land that has done classical education so much
credit.
And then if I may speak for a moment from my own
corner at Eton we have been privileged to hear Dr. Butler
preach and lecture
we have heard sermons and lectures from
personality

him, in which the scholarly distinction of every sentence has


inspired the boys

and made them admire, however

the high ideals set before them.

When

unwillingly,

say that such an eminent

is admired and respected by all Eton boys, I am


upon him a very rare testimonial "
The motion was carried unanimously.
Dr. L. C. Purser. " I am exceedingly gratified to have
the opportunity of proposing this motion
That the VicePresidents be re-elected, and that to their number be added
Lord Loreburn, Lord Morley, and the Bishop of Lincoln, who
only vacated the position of Vice-President in order to assume

Harrovian
conferring

the higher one of

President.

It is not necessary for

read through the names of the Vice-Presidents.


tinguished in classical learning, and a great
in

the

Classics.

think

their

exceedingly good argument for the

to

with

its

you to-day,

are experts
office

is

an

They have sympathy,


As to the new members proposed
names are so familiar that it is hardly

ideals.

their

of

to

purposes for which the

Classical Association has been formed.


plainly,

many

acceptance

me

All are dis-

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

56

As to Lord Lorebiirn, he ocThough


profession.

necessary to introduce them.


cupies the highest position

in the legal

not a special expert in the Classics now, when at the University


he was an expert, and won the highest honours in that branch
of study.

Lord Morley, both

considered our Nestor,

in politics

and

in letters,

a high honour,

It is

may

be

think, to the

Association that he should consent to be a Vice-President.

By

our own

day,

his long experience with public

men

of affairs of

and a great many of former days, on whom he has written such


interesting monographs, he has succeeded in gaining that
measured wisdom which is his special characteristic. It is a
great honour to the Classical Association that he should become
one of its Vice-Presidents. As to the Bishop of Lincoln, I need
hardly say what a pleasure it is for us to think of the gracious
influence he has exerted in every sphere of activity in which he

has been engaged, and especially in the sphere of classical learning,

wherein his services have been so signal.

We may

our special gratitude that he should

continue amongst us

still

then express

notwithstanding the arduous duties he has to perform, and

maintain an interest in the Classical Association,

should

still

and be

willing to lend his exertions

Professor Hardie.

"

I feel

on

behalf."

its

that this proposal hardly requires

The
proposal happily includes the Bishop of Lincoln, and the new
Vice-Presidents proposed are Lord Morley and Lord Loreburn,
both from the same school and University, Cheltenham and
any further words to commend

Oxford.

We

it

to the Association.

here might be tempted to attribute their success

That would be too

in public life to their classical training.

much
by

to

assume

but we

may

congratulate ourselves that

their adherence to this Association they indicate that they

attach some value to their classical studies

and we may hope

that in future British statesmen will continue, at least

upon
owe something.

of them, to look back

to which they

the teaching of a subject that


in many places may
body, too much a

An
is

Association concerned with

taught by

many

tend to become too much

owes a great deal of

England

its interest

people and

of a professional

professional union of teachers.

perhaps, little danger of that in


like this

many

their classical training as a thing

There

is,

but an Association

and importance and

ELECTION OF MEMBERS OF COUNCIL


among its members
we are electing Vice-Presidents to-day."
The motion was carried unanimously.

influence to the inclusion

Professor Sonnenschein.

" On

of such

57

men

as

behalf of the Council I beg

move the names of five persons to take the places of the


retiring members of the Council whose time of service has elapsed
to

(Professor Arnold, Mr. Harrison, Dr. Hogarth, Professor Myres,

The names

and Mr. Rushbrooke).

by the Council,
I give them in

selected

after careful consideration, are the following;

order

alphabetical

done yeoman service


in the

North

Professor
in

Connal,

number

for a great

Leeds,

Mr. D.

scholars of the present day.

Dr. Macan, Master


most eminent of Oxford

S.

Robertson, one of the

whom

younger Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, of

great things are expected in the future by those

him

who has

of years.

of University College, Oxford, one of the

brilliant

of

upholding the banner of Latin scholarship

Miss A. F. E. Sanders, Headmistress of the High

well.

Miss Sanders has rendered

School, Tunbridge Wells.


to this Association for a

Curricula

who know

Committee,

number

to

which

member

of years as a

she

contributed

service
of the

important

Professor Slater, of University College, Cardiff,

information.

whose elegant and graceful scholarship has earned the admiration of


I

many

of us during recent years.

think there

is

only one general remark

that the effect of the election of these persons,


will be to increase the

Council by one.

number

to
if

be

made,

viz.

they are elected,

of lady representatives

on the

Hitherto we have been content with two lady

of the Council
in future, if we reckon Miss Sanders
amongst the new members, there will be three. There is, I
think, a general feeling on the part of the Council that the
contingent of lady members might with advantage be increased
I beg to move the adoption of these names."
to this number.
Miss Jane Harrison. " I would second this proposal. I am
sure it will be generally agreed that Mr. Robertson will be an

members

acquisition to the Council,

three, after

all,

is

make the number

am

also glad to hear about the

shows that we are trusted a little


a holy and good number. I hope we

three ladies, because

it

three to-day."

The motion was carried unanimously.


8

and
shall

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

58
Mr.

W.

E. P. Pantin proposed the re-election of Mr. R. C.

Seaton as Treasurer, and Professor Myres the re-appointment

H. Sleeman and Mr. M. 0. B. Caspari as Secretaries.


Both these resolutions were adopted.
Mr. J. W. Mackail moved the amendment of Rule 13 in
the following terms
Rule 13, as it has stood since the
Rules were first drawn up, runs
" The list of Agenda at
the General Meeting shall be prepared by the Council, and
no Motion shall be made or paper read at such Meeting unless
of Mr. J.

notice thereof has been given to one of the Secretaries at least

three weeks before the date of such Meeting."

amendment has been framed


found by experience that
certain points

which

for

there
it

The proposed
it was

view of the fact that

in

were

certain

casus

omissi,

was desirable to make express

and also of the fact that the three weeks' notice


by the present Rule is found to be insufficient,
chiefly for this reason, that more often than not the General
Meetings of the Association are in January, and the intervention
of the Christmas holidays makes a longer period than three
provision

required

weeks necessary for

all

the preliminary arrangements which are

indispensable for organizing business and circulating

members.
The amended Rule now

notices

to our

proposed provides,

in

the

first

place, that the Council shall not only prepare the list of agenda,

but more generally, shall make

all

the necessary arrangements

conduct of the General Meeting. Then it adds what


had been very naturally not thought of when the original rule
for the

was drawn
bring

provision that the Council shall have power to

before the General Meeting, without previous notice,

business which
a provision

is

it

considers urgent.

The

desirability of such

obvious, and I think the Association

the Council not to abuse

it

in

proposed alteration

of

instead of three

is

I have mentioned,
and to this addition it

may

Then there

any way.

six

weeks'

trust
is

the

notice

proposed to add a

further clause, that notice of resolutions sent in shall be circulated to

members, together with the names of the respective


This clause is meant to give definite sanction to

proposers.

what is a piece of businesslike arrangement, namely, that all


members of the Association shall, so far as possible, be fully


AMENDMENT OF RULE

13

59

informed beforehand of the actual business to come before them,


and that, in the case of motions not being proposed on behalf

have the name of the member of the


who brings any one of these forward. The efiect
Amendment is not to make any violent change in the

of the Council, they shall

Association
of the

conduct of our business as

it

has hitherto gone on

to set forth the rules for our business

more

but rather

clearly,

and modify

or supplement them where they have been found insufficient.


I think that is all there is to say.
There is nothing contentious
in the

change

it is

simply meant to make the working of the

business of the Association in future a

little easier

and more

effective."

The Rev. Canon Sloman, in seconding the proposed alteration,


read the rule as it was desired to amend it
" The Council shall make all necessary arrangements
for the conduct of the General Meeting, and in particular
:

shall prepare the list of

agenda and determine what papers


have power to bring before
the General Meeting, without previous notice, all business
which it considers urgent.

shall be read.

"

It shall also

Any Member who may

desire to propose a resolution,

or to read a paper at the General Meeting, shall give notice

accordingly to one of the Secretaries at least six weeks before

the date of the Meeting.


this

Notice of resolutions sent in under


Rule shall be circulated to members, together with

the names
The Rev. A.
too strict in

of the respective proposers."


S.

its

Geden.

"

think that this motion

is

rather

exclusion, in its possible crushing of initiative

on the part of private members. I do not see how harm could


be done by permitting a private member to bring forward at
a public meeting a motion by way of amendment which he
may think desirable. The present motion gives absolute discretion to the Council to preclude any subject coming forward here
which they do not approve."
The Chairman. " I think that is an imaginary difficulty
rather than a practical one. So much business may be sent
in that it would be impossible to deal with it in the time available
at the General Meeting
someone, therefore, must have dis-

cretion in arranging the agenda beforehand."

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

60

short discussion ensued, in which the following

took part

members

Mr. W. F. C. Anderson, Mr. N. H. Baynes, Professor

Hardie, Mr. J. W. Mackail, and Mr. T. E. Page.


The resolution was then put to the Meeting and carried.
The Chairman. " We have now to consider the following

W. R.

Resolution

That the Trust Deed, a draft of which is produced at


this Meeting, and for the purposes of identification signed
by the Secretaries, be approved and adopted by the Association, and that Professor R. S. Conway, F. G. Kenyon, Esq.,
'

and

J.

W.

Mackail, Esq.,

authorized

be

make the

to

declarations of trust therein contained, and to join in the


said Deed and execute the same.'
The object of the Trust Deed is merely

position of the Association with regard to

its

to

regularize

funds.

When

the
the

when we had small balances, and


we could act without
The Council authorized three members of

Association was young, and

very

little in

great

the

way

formality.

of capital to invest,

the Finance Committee for the time being to invest the money.

But we have changed the Treasurer and Finance Committee,


from time to time, and so we get small sums standing in different
names. The object, then, of the present proposal is to establish
it does
a Trust which will hold the Funds of the Association
;

not affect in any way the government of the Association. The


Trustees will deal with this money under the authority of the
Council of the Association.
legal language,

It is

which takes, you

merely putting
will

all

that into

not be surprised to hear,

seven pages, though the Council have reduced by two pages


It is
the original document in which this was expressed.
proposed then that those whose names I have read to you
shall, as Trustees,

and

legal

way.

make a proposal

If

hold the funds of the Association in a formal

any member wishes to ask a question or to

in the matter,

now

is

the time."

The Chairman having read the Trust Deed, and no questions


having been raised, the following motion was put
" That the Trust Deed be approved and adopted, and
that the persons named therein be authorized to make the
declarations of trust therein contained, and to join in the
said Deed and execute the same."
:


PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

61

This was carried unanimously.

Mr. Sleeman

made

a statement with regard to the date

place of the next General Meeting.

"

and

have great pleasure

in reporting that the Council of the University of Shefl&eld has

extended an invitation to the Classical Association to hold


next meeting at the University of Sheffield.
provisionally

however,

but

if

left to

is

January 6th and

7th.

It

its

The date suggested


would be convenient,

the time were not settled definitely at this Meeting,


the discretion of the University.

move

that the

invitation of the Council of the University of Sheffield be gratefully accepted."

The motion was

carried unanimously.

At 11.30 a.m. the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of


Lincoln delivered his Presidential Address in the large
Hall of King's College

" Let me begin by saying how highly I esteem the


honour you did me by making me your President for
the last twelve months. I accepted the honour with
diffidence, for I bethought me of the brilliant names
that had in recent years been associated with this
Yet there were some considerations which
chair.
served to lend colour to my acceptance of your invitation.
I had in earlier years done my share of spade
work, both as a college tutor and as an editor of original
and further, however little claim I might
documents
have to speak with authority, I yield to none in my
;

veneration for classical studies in the wider sense,


including art and archaeology with history and letters

as essential

in

some shape to the higher education.

HELLENISM AS A FORCE IN HISTORY


We meet as
and promoters

lovers of classical literature, as admirers

The thoughts and


Greek and Latin writers have woven
we
themselves into the fabric of our mental being
of classical learning.

fancies of the old

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

62

very largely, because of Homer and


Herodotus, Aeschylus and Euripides, Thucydides and
Aristotle and the rest.
We may not be all of us inclined to make of

are

what we

are,

Greek a compulsory

subject in

school or in college.

But we

do, in the highest sense, assign importance to


we cannot help finding the influence
Greek studies
of Greek culture everywhere in our Western civiliza:

in

our architecture, our science, our literature,


in our terms of art, in our political, our social, our

tion

religious

life.

We

cannot understand modern Europe aright unless


we are familiar with ancient Greece. Greek civilization
it lives in nearly all that is most alive
is not dead
in our own land and day.
:

read and reflect upon European history, the


conviction grows stronger, that some, if not all, of
the great movements that have made that marvellous

As

story, the upheavals of

thought and of

religion,

owed
Very

their origin directly or indirectly to Hellenism.

broad outline, must I attempt to


argue this thesis. It is an act of temerity for me to
attempt it at all. I am not sure whether it will strike
you as a paradox, or as a commonplace. But it is
the duty laid upon each man who receives the high
honour which I lay down to-day to deliver an Address
briefly,

and only

in

upon some subject connected with Classical


and what better subject than mine ? And
chosen it for two reasons.
First, it falls in

with

far as the distractions of

my own
a busy

Studies,
I

have

favourite studies, so

life

And

permit

any hold upon them at

all.

controversial din which

more than ever

me

secondly,

to retain

amid the
around

rises

the maintenance of the classics in our educational


system, it may be worth while to reflect upon some

obvious but sometimes forgotten facts of history.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

63

But, to begin with, what

Hellenism

is Hellenism ?
began with Alexander the Great.

was not content,

like

He

a Themistocles or a Pausanias,

to drive back the Persian.

He annexed

the whole

and made one Empire


of the East and West.
That was his dream the
dream of an idealist who had spent studious days with
Aristotle and who slept with his Iliad under his pillow.
Persian dominion to Hellas,

No

one can look at the portrait of Alexander without

seeing in his features the visionary as well as the con-

queror.

Now his vision, in effect, came true more truly and


more widely than he had dreamed. The world did not
remain under a single sway
but the language of
Greece, the art, the ideas of Greece, began more or less
to mould and modify, at the least to colour, all the
world from the Euphrates in the East to the Rhone
;

West.
How far Hellenism reached the Indus I forbear to
enquire
the answer must be found, and is being found,
not in the vague traditions handed down by postAlexandrian writers but in the surviving monuments
in the

of India

itself.

But enduring

literary

monuments

of the highest in-

remarkable influences of Hellenism


upon the life and belief of the Jews. The Syrian Kings
were bent upon Hellenizing the very varied races which
terest reveal to us the

came beneath their sway and whose exceeding variety


made their Empire from the first highly precarious.
Among these, the Jews of the post-captivity period had
thriven in numbers and in vigour, they had re-edited their
ancient books, and found in their Temple and their Law
a bond which united all the members of their Church
and Nation, wherever they were scattered. Relentless,
exclusive, highly organized, with a national pride

belonged just as

much

to religion as to

which

patriotism.

64

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

the Jews of Palestine offered a most difficult subject


Of course the Jew of the
for Hellenistic influence.

had adopted much of


Antiochus at Tarsus, like
Alexander in the city to which he gave his name, had
incorporated large numbers of Jews into the comso that Jew and Gentile lived on
munity of citizens

dispersion,

when kindly

treated,

Gentile custom and habits

terms of equality and the middle wall of partition did


not exist. But it was otherwise in Jerusalem, where
Hellenizing Jews were few, and where the native in-

habitants hugged closely to their hearts

all

the peculiar

customs and fashions of their race. Antiochus Epiphanes, v/ho appeared to pious Hebrew minds as a
grotesque monster, as a horrible embodiment of satanic
wickedness, was quite honestly trying to civilize and
to him the unprogressive and
humanity centred in Jerusalem
but his good intentions provoked the Maccabean rising
we know what romantic and important results ensued
from that conflict, both immediate and ultimate.
And yet, though coercion failed, the pervasive influence of Hellenism had begun to make its way, and
We have the
profoundly modified Jewish thought.
outcome of this in the earlier Wisdom Literature of the
Old Testament. There are parts of the book of Job

Hellenize

what seemed

painfully oriental type of

that can hardly be other than the reflections of

powerful

Jewish

some

mind imbued already with


Some of the earlier chap-

tinge of Hellenic thinking.

We have
of Proverbs reveal this yet more.
unmistakable proof of this contact in the apocryphal
books of Ecclesiasticus and of Wisdom, of which the
former belonged to the early part of the second cenAnd then we come to Philo. Few things
tury B.C.
are more interesting than this strange and beautiful
development of Jewish Religion under stimulus of
Greek philosophy. To the Jew of the Pharisaic type
ters

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

65

this Hellenization was detestable, and the history and


tragedy of later Judaism are to be read in the frantic
endeavour to preserve the national life from alien contaminations. But with this we are not now concerned.

A similar story, though with far other results, meets


us in the contact of Hellenism with Rome. Greek
and culture reached the Tiber, first from the
Greek Colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia, and then
later from the Attalid Kingdom.
The homely and
unimaginative religion of old Rome could offer no
resistance to the invasion of the Greek cults.
Deity
after deity of Greece was identified with the Italian
gods of the home or the farm, and the businesslike
genius of Rome was glad to adopt whatever Greece had
letters

to offer in aid of the practical arts of husbandry, of

land measuring, or of seafaring.

'

Graecia capta ferum

victor em cepit, et artes intulit agresti Latio.'

In time Greek became a well-known tongue in Italy,


and later, the early Christianity of Rome was notoriously

Greek

in

was only by degrees that the


and this first
North Africa. But the first contact of

speech.

It

Christian Church obtained a Latin Bible,


or chiefly in

Roman

with the new wine of Hellenism did not


without some remarkable results. The
Senatus consultum de Bacanalibus is one of the most
old

take

life

place

precious of old Latin relics

it

may

help us also to

understand how unable was the ruder Italian nation


to adopt the gaieties and the enthusiasms of Greek
religion without carrying its perilous licence to a pitch
of abominable grossness.
Nevertheless, Hellenism triumphed, and under the
long centuries of the later Republic and the Empire,
we speak of the dominant culture as Graeco-Roman,
and recognize the prevailing genius of the whole to be
that of Hellenism. What Alexander had dreamed of
the

Roman Empire more


9

than

fulfilled.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

66

But already we have reached an epoch

in the history
Hellenism
was
called
to take a
which
place more exalted and commanding than before.
Christianity was first presented and preached to the
world in Hellenic guise. It was in Alexandria, in the
third and second centuries, that the Old Testament books
were gradually rendered into Greek. From that time
of the world, in

many thousands

of

Jews must have made Greek the

language of religion as well as of trade. Many thousands more were equally familiar with Greek, and with

whose forefathers had the Tarsian


freedom from the Hebrew
and from the LXX. If Judaism had been thus Hellenized by degrees, Christianity was Hellenized from the
first.
The Four Gospels witness to this fact, and so
Hebrew.

St. Paul,

franchise, quotes with equal

does the rest of the New Testament. And St. Paul, the
master spirit of the Church of the first century, has left
us precious records of his own religious thinking. We

him everywhere the Hellenist, moving further


and further away from Pharisaic Judaism, and philososee in

phising, as only a Hellenist could, concerning the postu-

the pre-suppositions, of faith in Christ as the

lates,

Saviour, and the consequences and implications of the


doctrine of the Cross.

There is no question of the strong impress of Hellenic


thought and expression of the early Christian teachings
Hellenistic Greek was the medium by which the Gospel
was made known, and what Hellenistic Greek was we
have at length discovered in the Greek of the papyri.
It is with something of a shock of surprise that we find
the beautiful formulae of the Johannine letters to be the
;

commonplaces

May

of the epistolary phrasing of the time.

presume, in passing, to say in your

name with

what patriotic pride we note the brilliant part which


our British scholars have played in the recovery, the
editing, and the explanation of papyri ?
But I wish

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
to

upon the

lay stress

67

Hellenistic character

of

the

in the fourth and fifth


and the Gospel received a further
impress from Hellenism, of which historians have made,
The inroads of the barbarians
I think, over much.
from the north and the consequent collapse of the
Empire gave opportunity and impulse to the Church to
take over some of the beautiful elements of the Graecoearliest

Christianity, because

centuries the Church

Roman

culture.

destroying

two

Christianity has been taunted with


civilizations.

It

certainly saved

all

that was rescued of the beautiful things in this tottering


civilization

the fifth century.

of

philosophy.

Christian

teaching

It adopted Greek
assumed more than

ever a philosophical method. The rhetoric of the schools


found a noble and useful development in the preaching
the Christian worship did not scruple
of the Church
to enrich itself by adopting the procession and the art
and elegancies of Greek pagan ceremonial. Something,
too, of the oriental mj^stery-cults, as transformed under
Greek influences, passed into the worship of the Church.
Our very word for Creed (symbolum) is a word of Greek
Indeed, our Christianity bears testimony in a
origin.
hundred ways to the Hellenic medium through which
it passed on its way to the modern world.
Three qualities in particular, essentially Greek and
wholly in harmony with the spirit of Christ, marked the
concrete institutions of the Church as it came to us
;

the instinct of liberty, the love of beauty, the sense of

rhythm and

When Greek Christianity became


Roman genius for law and government

fitness.

Latinized, the

developed the sense of order and


spirit

was enchained.

regained

its

We

fitness, until

shall see

how

it

the Greek

afterwards

freedom.

but a little study of mediaeval history


to make us aware of the chief movements that occupied
the five centuries preceding the Renaissance. During
It requires

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

68

that period the language of Greece, though still a living


tongue in the Court and Empire of Constantinople, was

Western Europe. The divorce between


East and West was disastrous for both. Western life
and thought dwindled and decayed for lack of the

unknown

in

Hellenic spirit.

Stranger

persistently

East,

sterilized

still,

neglecting

by monastic

the Christianity of the


popular education and

routine, lost the peculiar virtues

freedom and speculative curiosity; and


became an easy prey to the austere ferocity of Moslem

of Hellenism

invaders.

the degenerate and monasticized Church of


the East had profited little by her possession of the
monuments of old Greek learning, if she had fallen asleep

But

over

if

these

priceless

treasures,

yet

those

treasures,

came
however forgotten, still
when they were rudely ransacked and by degrees were
were there

made known

until the time

to the West.

would hardly be an exaggeration if we divided the


mediaeval age into periods marked by the revivals of
Greek influence. The first landmark was the recovery
It

of the philosophy of Aristotle

through the Arabic trans-

and Commentaries, as the learning and the speculations of the Moors invaded the Universities of Italy,
France and England. That is the first Renaissance, and
dates from 1200, or thereabouts. It was an age prolific
lation

of great scholars,

among whom my

great predecessor

at Lincoln, Grosseteste, was in all ways conspicuous.


He actually knew Greek, and although he spent too

time upon such unauthentic books as the


Testaments of the XII Patriarchs or Dionysius the
Areopagite, yet he had read the ethics of Aristotle
in the original, and repeatedly quotes him in his

much

of his

letters.

was an age also of much religious doubt and unbelief


Christian complacency had been rudely shaken by

It

for

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

69

the Crusades, which had done more than bring in a


knowledge of Greek they had involved a sharp collision
;

enthusiasm and high culture of Islam.


But especially was Greek Science found to be a solvent
For Greek learning was usually
of popular Christianity.
with the

fierce

transmitted to the West by means of scientific enquirers,


of medical writers and physicians, who had gained their

knowledge

and Galen through


has been noted as something

of Aristotle, Hippocrates

the Arabic revival.

It

highly significant and strangely modern,

when Giraldus

Cambrensis writes to the Bishop of Hereford to recommend his friend Grosseteste to his notice, and then
adds
He is learned in medicine but withal a good
'

Christian.'

Hellenism in the thirteenth century was felt to be a


dangerous and revolutionary as well as progressive
influence.
It was, perhaps, as a means of reviving simple
Christian belief, as well as simple Christian living, that
the same great scholar, Grosseteste, encouraged

Dominican and Franciscan


about him.

We know how

Friars,

the

and had them always

these renovating influences lost their

power how the Church and religion of the West became


more and more intensely Latin how Hellenism died
and Scholasticism triumphed.
Then, again, the zephyr-breath of Greek learning came
abroad and a new intellectual life was quickened which
:

we

call

the Renaissance.

How

largely this

movement

depended on a study of Greek and what were the enlightened aims of its leaders we best apprehend from
reading their actual lives and' words. There is an
autograph letter from Linacre, the physician, to
John Claymond, first President of Corpus Christi College,
Oxford, dated about 1520 from London. I copied it
forty years ago.
Bishop Linacre had been coaching
one of Claymond's undergraduates in Greek, of which

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

70

the President as yet

knew but

pupil back to Corpus with

little,

this letter

and he sends the


:

Linacre to the most worthy President, greeting. I


send you back our joint pupil, not much more learned
for my teaching, but (I hope) more apt to learn and go
on learning. For I have given him a light to guide
'

him, in the shape of Grammar and Rhetoric, whereby


he may dispel the mists which blinded him before, and
may now never lose his way, but observe a good deal as
he goes forward. I followed this plan deliberately as
the quickest in the end. For these arts [of Grammar
and Rhetoric] prepare the way for the reading of the
Ancients and for more solid instruction. Towards the

attainment of this our great aim their omission involves


great loss of time, whereas even a little acquaintance

with them

is

sure to prove a great saving.


distinguished friend (praestantissine

And now my

'

Johannes), I exhort you again and again, and by these


enlightened studies whose nurseling you are I charge you,
to fulfil your purpose of making your College nothing
less

than a home

since I cannot

of

Greek learning.

Which purpose

to help you, nor your Students

come over

leave College to be here you surely will best achieve


by devoting yourself assiduously to Greek letters. In
fact I

doing

am
;

confident that this you will do, or are already

nor

direction,

will

you waste any opportunity

seeing that

you, since you have

it

is

made a

no very

difficult

in this

feat for

beginning, and " well begun

and can acquire what remains to be


learned without much pains, indeed most easily, in the
teaching and drilling of others. But even if it were the
painfullest of tasks, you would be the last to demur
for to what end have you spent your life in study ?
Was it to become a scholar ? But without this knowOr was it
ledge, no one can be ranked as a scholar.
(as I would rather believe) that you might search for
is

half done,"

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
true learning everywhere

But

that, as

all

71

men know,

contained in these authentic originals. But I will


not alarm you by the thought of slow progress, but
venture to promise you that the task will be most
is

and

can be achieved by very moderate


go no further) you will spend a little time
every day upon the clever nonsense [non ineptis ineptiis]
of Lucian.
Neither despair of it because you are advancing in years, for you have famous examples to
encourage you.
Thus, Marcus Cato, as you know, studied Greek in
pleasant
stages,

if

(to

'

his old age,

Plutarch

Eurydice of Illyria, of whom


us that she began her studies, with courage

and there

tells

is

and with good effect, when her sons were stalwart youths.
Like Plutarch I will close my discourse by quoting her
epigram, which was thus
:

'

Eurydice the alien reared this stone,


She who with love of knowledge nobly burned
To teach her sons, well-nigh to manhood grown,
She took her grammar-book, and bravely learned.

'Tis true you have not, nor can have, children of your
own, tho' the having of children is held a benediction,
but you can adopt as sons the bright intellects you are to
train in Greek letters.
Farewell.'
I have ventured to translate this quaint letter,
although my poor English cannot convey to your ears
the ultra-Ciceronianism of its style, nor the writer's
simple joy in the newly discovered wonders. I must
confess, however, that the old Scholar's grip of Greek
prosody is inadequate.
If it was the discovery of Greek that created the
Renaissance, it was to the same source that we must
trace the springs of the Reformation Movement. Luther
would never have been what he was but for the study
of the New Testament in the original.
I am well aware
'


THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

72

that the Renaissance is one thing and the Reformation


that humanism was not the Gospel. But
another
Reformation was primarily a revolt of the
the
though
;

conscience

against

the

degenerate forms

of

religion

presented by the Church, and the Renaissance was an


appeal to knowledge, to reason and to beauty, yet
these two tremendous forces, like two mighty rivers,

and in union were irresistible.


St. Paul the Hellenist was a champion of liberty, as
of the freedom of the
against tradition and authority

ultimately coalesced,

religion, with
the obedience of the law
We
is
nothing.
or
it
spontaneous,
St. Paul, must be
and
may be confident that as long as St. Paul is read
spirit as against

wherever he is understood, revolt against ecclesiastical


tyranny or religious formalism will assert itself. Indeed
the New Testament is a highly revolutionary book,
but the assertion of
from the Magnificat onwards
;

moral freedom reaches

its

highest in the Epistles of St.

Paul.

and seventeenth centuries were


a period of religious and political reaction abroad, and
Both developments
in England of rank Erastianism.
reached a crisis in the eighteenth century, which closed
abroad with the French Revolution and in England
with a Religious and Political Revival. Can we trace
either or both of these great movements in France and
Certainly the Evangelical
in England to Hellenism ?
movement and the Methodist Revival were both
grounded on an appeal to the experience of the human

The

later sixteenth

soul as against the claims of ecclesiasticism

they were

both instant in their appeal to Scripture as against


Erastianism on the one hand, and traditions of the
Church on the other. In other words Paulinism was
awake and stirring again. But the French Revolution

was the train of that vast explosion fired in the last


I think the answer must
resort by the torch of Greece ?

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

73

That Revolution was the outcome of


a long ferment of ideas, and the chief purveyors of these
ideas were Rousseau and Voltaire.
Both Rousseau
and Voltaire owed very much to English influence, and
thus indirectly to the classical education which had
nourished our English thinkers. It is said of Rousseau
that he expressed in earlier life a severe contempt for
the Greeks
he even began to doubt whether such a
nation of chatterers could have produced any solid
But
virtue, even in their ancient and palmy days.
Lord Morley does not hesitate to say of the famous
Discourse,' which had such an immense influence
upon European thought, that it teems with Greek ideas.
be affirmative.

'

It

has

all

Plato's audacity of social speculation, his con-

tempt for existing institutions and habits of thought,


and in particular it exhibits to the full Plato's essentially Greek conception of the Law-giver as almost
omnipotent to mould and fashion the character and
customs of a people. Rousseau must have known some
of Plato's dialogues, although only in translation.

But Rousseau,
greatly on Locke,

in

his theories

education,

leans

whose influence on French thought

in the eighteenth century

And what

of

can hardly be exaggerated.

Locke and the Greeks ? One of Spence's


anecdotes declares that young Locke soon came to detest
the scholastic Aristotelianism which he found dominant
at Oxford, so that for a time he became a slack student
of

spending a great part of his earlier terms in reading


It was from Descartes, we are told, that he

novels.

received later his

impulse towards psychology and

it suffices for
I am content with this
purpose to discover that the germ, and more than

metaphysics.

my

first

the germ of those tremendous ideas which led to the

French Revolution is to be sought in the writing of an


Oxford Scholar, who had been bred up in Greek metaphysics, and had revolted from the sterile methods
10

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

74

which obscured and degraded the great masters of


thought.

Let
It

is

me venture,
common to

as the

tionary period

and others
'

Classical

'

with daring zeal, one step further.


our great poets of the RevoluByron, Shelley, Wordsworth, Coleridge,
class

Romancists, in contrast with the

poets, such as

Pope and those that followed

do not demur to this classification


but all
classification depends upon one's point of view, upon the
him.
'

principiiim divisionis.^

And

for our purpose

it would be equally right to


those Revolutionary poets and Romancists as
being saturated with the essential qualities of Hellenism.

claim

Who

all

loved Greece better than Byron,

Was

for her liberation ?

who gave

his life

not Shelley an eager student

Greek classics, and a powerful translator of Plato


and of the Hymn to Hermes ? What of Keats, who
was entranced by Chapman's Homer and dreamed
lovely dreams over an Attic vase ? Where is even
Wordsworth more at his best, or more himself, than in
Laodamia ? That very love of nature and of man as
he is, which marked the reaction against the so-called
of the

classical

school

Hellenic in

its

English poetry,

of

is

broad human sympathy,

fundamentally
in its love of

beauty and freedom, its hatred of affectation,


ference for the open air.

its

pre-

But I must stop, for I hesitate to enter upon the last


hundred years, with their overwhelming and multitudinous complexity of literary and social influences, which
defies the enquirer to ask how far any one group of ideas,
any one impulse, has a paramount claim to be regarded
Yet assuredly, if I have any
as the formative element.
eyes to see, I perceive Hellenism a persuasive influence
in the English society of the hour.

There has been a sensible decline in the power of


religion
unbelief, though less dogmatic

traditional

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
and more

polite

75

than formerly, has a deep and wide


minds and many of the best

influence over the best

Their ethics resemble the best side of old


Epicureanism pleasant, self-controlled, highly sceptical, very sensible to the appeal of fitness and good taste.
characters.

What

could be more Hellenic

tics of

I see also in the xlesthe-

the hour a wonderful resemblance to ancient

Greece.

ways the

Nor can we
life

and

fail

art

to perceive that in a hundred

and thought

ancient Hellas

of

have been brought nearer to English eyes and hearts


than ever before. Perhaps fewer of our schoolboys
can write good Iambics, or steer safely at sight through
a passage even of Lucian or Xenophon
possibly fewer
boys are adepts in Homer or Euripides
but the excavation of ancient sites, the newly created science
;

of archaeology, the fresh interest in Hellenic art, and


above all, the vastly increased opportunities of travel,
have combined to make us feel far more than before
what the Greek meant by beauty of line and form, and
what was the life of the old Greek peoples. Hellenism
has been infused anew into educated England. We
do not rave about it like Benjamin Hay don when the
Elgin Sculptures were a fresh wonder
we breathe,
unconsciously, Hellenic influences. If I name Walter
Pater and John Addington Symonds as obvious repre:

sentatives of this Hellenization,

it is

only because they

are typical of a great and growing influence that marks

the English literature and art of our time, and

a sensible effect upon our national


I could

wish sometimes that our

is

having

life.

music and in
and poetry, had
those old Greek virtues of beauty and
art, in

architecture as well as in painting

more care for


rhythm, and those untranslatable qualities rb fiirpiov
and at8(6<i. 1 could wish also that where there is an
Hellenic love of liberty of thought, there was an equally
Hellenic love of political freedom.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

76

could wish further that in our popular religion the

vigorous and passionate

mind

so rational

Paul

of St.

and withal so mystical could assert


once again and work a splendid reformation.

and

practical

itself

Of one thing, however,

men

am convinced

and

that wherever

wherever
to learn the thoughts

are beginning seriously to think

feel,

they desire (as they always will)


and understand the feelings of the greatest and best
that have lived before them, so long will the study

Greeks and their literature be an essential part


of the education of the world.
Perhaps one day, in the case of most people, the
poets and thinkers of Greece will be known chiefly
through translation. It is so with the Bible already.
But did this diminish the hold which it has hitherto

of the

had upon the conscience and

dom

and

translators

But
of

Christen-

interpreters of Hellenic masterpieces.

not a question of compulsory Greek, or of

it is

It

translation.

and

affection of

speak in the presence of some remarkable

human

is

a question of the world's progress


Men will never outgrow

enlightenment.

the need of help from the Greek thinkers.

ever be a force in

human

Hellenism will

history.

The Principal of King's College. "Ladies and Gentlemen:


it is

to

one of

my recurring

welcome the

pleasures, which

glad to be able to give you a

which do not,
spirit

We

am

afraid,

home amongst
but

are, I think,

are glad to welcome you amongst us


will infuse

more

We

are

us in our buildings,

show any great traces

in their composition,

your presence

comes every two years,

Classical Association to King's College.

of the classical

very convenient.

and we always hope

of the classical spirit into the

It has also been


London.
of your
courtesy
the
owing
to
me,
a recurring pleasure to
thanks
the
disof
to
a
vote
propose
be
asked
to
Secretaries, to
you
address
get
to
that
administrator
scholar
or
tinguished

modern

you.

life

And

of the University of

it is

with particular pleasure that

do so to-day.

VOTE OF THANKS

77

Perhaps most of us have at some time or another turned to


of inscriptions which Dr. Hicks has

those great collections


edited.

look back with intense pleasure to the time when,

work out from these inscriptions


some conception of the life of a Hellenic city. But we welcome
him too because he combines the double function of scholar
and ecclesiastic, because he is at the present time the best modern
example of what in old days used to be called a Greek Play Bishop.
The Greek Play Bishop, as he was sometimes called, was exposed
to a certain amount of criticism, because he was more of a scholar
than a bishop. Now no one who knows Dr. Hicks will say that
however great a scholar he may be, he is more a scholar than a
bishop, because he has given his life ungrudgingly to the work
and we
he has undertaken both at Manchester and afterwards
feel that the classical studies in which he has engaged make him
following his leading, I tried to

and we can point to the


a bishop of unique characteristics
transforming influence of Hellenism on the episcopal mind. But
I think, ladies and gentlemen, that the Greek Play Bishop, if
;

we may continue to use the term, stands


English civilization

it

which have built up modern

And

life

Hebraism

these two combined together have

very strong force in the world.


help thinking that there

for a very real fact in

stands for the union of two great forces

is

And

at the present time I cannot

a tendency to throw

together against one which

is

and Hellenism.
are making a

made and

them

into alliance

asserting itself with tremendous

power, a sort of third spirit which

we may perhaps

call

the

Roman

commercial imperialism, which asks always for the useful


in every form and which sometimes appears before us as un-

spirit, a

and as useful as great ironworks, or some


of modern civilization,
as distressing as some modern developments of imperial bureaucracy. Against that double form of the Latin spirit I think we
have to appeal to the combination of Hebraism and Hellenism.
We do not want at the present moment to go into controversies
in which we have indulged over the interest of compulsory Greek,
sightly, as powerful,

of those other typical representatives

or over the question of the respective merits of Latin and of

Greek

but

strongly,

should only like to say one thing which

and that

not only a

is,

humane

that I believe

we owe

I feel

very

to the Greek spirit

religion but also a living science.

think

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

78
there

great danger at the present time, under the influence of

is

spirit, of building up a religion which is not humane,


and a science which is dogmatic instead of free and it is as much
in the cause of the freedom of the real scientific spirit which came
into Europe with the Renaissance and Greek learning, as in
the cause of humane religion, that I would always be the champion,

the Latin

so far as I could, of the Hellenic spirit in English

life.

have

then to ask you to-day to support the vote of thanks to your

We

President, the Bishop of Lincoln, for his brilliant Address.

charmed at the gracefulness of his diction and the


poetic beauty of his style, as well as by what he has told us of the
power of Hellenic influence on modern life and civilization. I

have been

all

therefore propose a vote of thanks to the Bishop of Lincoln


for his

Address to us to-day."

Dr. Heard.

"

great honour that I have been asked

I feel it a

to second this vote of thanks to your President


I

owe

it

to the fact that I

am here not merely as

and

think

member

of this

Association, but as representative of the Classical Association of

the North.

The whole

classical world, of course, is

great obligation to the Bishop of Lincoln

and

am

under a

sure

we

are

very glad to incur to-day another debt of gratitude to this eminent


scholar.

I confess

the very

delightful, because

I believe

though

powers
it

title of his

subj ect

was to me extremely

in history never finally expire.

And

seems that we have fallen on bad days and

that the cause of Hellenism

is

in rather a serious

way

I believe

we look back upon a considerable period of time, we shall


find that never was Hellenism a more vital power than it is at the
present time. I do not question there have been a great number
of detractors who speak continually and with very unpleasant
voices.
But on the other hand there is also championship of the
cause, not only in the persons of the productive scholars we have
in the country, but in a large body of sympathisers, many of
whom we see here to-day there is a belief in the cause of Helif

lenism which,

I believe, will

prevent

have rather a remarkable instance of

it

from ever dying out.

this.

Some

We

years ago Lord

Rosebery delivered an address at Glasgow, which I cannot say


was quite Hellenic. Yet only last week Lord Rosebery was
speaking on Education, and it was a great delight to me when I
saw that he threw back a wistful eye upon the days of porridge

VOTE OF THANKS

79

and

classics, which he suspected provided a much sturdier race


than we were getting under the present regime. There you have

His willingness to reconsider matters

convert.

really

is

partly in consequence of this Classical Association and other

such influences which are really a power in the country. We


were told this morning that the Classical Association had now

become

a national force

and that

the fact that distinguished

men

would say

is

due largely to

are willing to be your Presidents,

and to give what

little leisure they have to making their learning


and to giving the support of their distinguished
position and eminence to a cause which undoubtedly does need
support. I have great pleasure in seconding the vote of thanks

available to you,

proposed."

The vote

of

thanks was carried by acclamation.

The Bishop op Lincoln.


ness and indulgence. You
Address

gave you.

"

are

thank you for your great kind-

much

too kind over the simple

assure you the pleasure

is

really

mine

am really

once again a reader, student, and teacher of the


classics of which we have been speaking the last day or two.
I
to feel I

hear you have secured a very distinguished teacher and representative of the classics to be your President for the coming year
;

and

I shall

look forward to that day when next year, please God,

I shall sit at his feet

and enjoy what

did not enjoy to-day, the

hearing of the Presidential Address."

Mr. Page.

"

no advocacy

all last year, I

my peace.

have to propose a motion which happily needs

for having been talking at educational meetings

have taken a vow that this year I am going to hold


is a motion to thank the Principal and Authori-

This

ties of this College for their

fectly

generous hospitality.

aware that the Classical Association,

if

am

we would

per-

believe

the enterprising conductors of some modern journals, and if we


would pay attention to those people who are always describing

themselves as the average parent of the average boy, that the


only hospitality which this Association would properly receive
is

that of being decently interred once and

finally.

I attended Mercers' Hall last night I thought the


this Association

showed considerable signs

of

life

But when
members of
when they

thronged the supper table and enjoyed that extremely generous


hospitality.
But apart from that, I thought it was a remarkable

'

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

80

sign that a great City

Company should

a body like this was a thing strictly

and object

feel

that the entertaining

germane

to their real purpose

and
was excessively valuable. And I think
our meeting to-day here mid teeming London's central roar
is a witness that we need and that we mean to keep alive, and
that the work we have to do is one of advantage to this nation.
There is one point I would like to mention, and that is, much
as we owe to the Principal of King's College for his ever kindly
hospitality, I do agree with him in his remark that he is very
adequately remunerated for that hospitality by the admirable
speeches which he has the opportunity of hearing. For indeed
the Address to which we have just listened is one for which anybody would be glad to propose a vote of thanks and it is one
which ought to encourage us all to make the study of the classics
a thing which shall become a real part of national life, a study
of which we are not ashamed, and which we must push forward
as far as we can.
I spent last night, by the generosity of Dr.
Kenyon, in the British Museum, and I believe some of my friends
thought it would be a good thing if a superannuated classical
master could be kept there permanently as a specimen. But
even if the classical schoolmaster is going to become extinct,
when I look at this audience I am certain the public schoolmisof existence

Company gave

I feel the

testimony the Mercers'

to us
'

tress

is

going to set the schoolmaster a great example in keeping

alive the study of classics."

Professor P.

Gardner

"Perhaps

may

be allowed to add

a word in regard to the Address to which


I

should

feeling in

find

rather difficult not

it

to

some way, because the Bishop has

pressed the ideals which

whole of our

lives.

we have

listened.

try to express

my

so admirably ex-

many of us have been urging the


I may speak of this Address more

Perhaps

properly, because in old time I had the honour of working

When The Hellenic Journal was first founded, and


was the editor, Dr. Hicks undertook to examine and report
upon papers on Greek Inscriptions offered to it and it was
a sad day for me as editor when he wrote that the increasing
with him.

pressure of clerical duties compelled

him

to withdraw.

Now,

hardly dare to say in the greater leisure of a Bishop's palace, but


at all events in a

more

lofty position,

we hope he

will

perhaps

VOTE OF THANKS
resume

his useful

work

who were

as those

in that field.

81

The Address

of the Bishop,

present yesterday know, does continue in a

very interesting way, and confirms what came out in the important discussion which we had in regard to the teaching of

Mr. Mackail laid emphasis on the fact that we in England

Greek.

Roman

represent
I

civilization far

was so much upset and

torical notions upside

on their head, that

more than Greek.

At the time

fully occupied in turning all

my

his-

down, to see how they would look standing


was unable to speak. And now of course I

cannot speak in the way of controversy

but the Bishop has


supplemented in a most admirable way what was said by Mr.
Mackail.

think that in the fourteeth century what Mr. Mackail

said would have been almost completely true, that in those days

had come to the Western nations mainly through Eome.


Of course, there was a great admixture of Teutonic and other

culture

was Rome which was spiritually and intellectuBut I think all that was changed. At the Renaissance learning, philosophy, poetry, art went back to Greece. At
the Reformation religion went back from Rome to the Greek
Testament. That has all been set forth so admirably by the
Bishop that I need not say a word more about it. Even in more
ideas,

but

still it

ally the head.

recent times
sents the

it is

true, as he pointed out, that

principles

of

whereas

Rome repre-

continuity and conservatism,

and progress

Greece

and almost all our


great movements, alike in art, in religion, poetry and elsewhere,
do spring from fresh imbibing of the spirit of Greece and therefore it is extremely important that the two languages should be
kept together, and that we should not have, what we find in
America, Greek comparatively rarely taught. Greek is of the
utmost value, because although the spirit of conservatism is
of immense importance to us, yet the spirit of life and of
represents the principles of

life

progress

is,

I think,

even more important.

beg to second the

motion."

The Bishop of Lincoln. "

Principal,

we

the authorities of this College for giving

all

thank you and

us this convenient

opportunity for our gathering, and for enabling us to meet in

London under such pleasant and helpful auspices."


Headlam. " I do not think it is necessary to say anything,
except that I agree entirely with Mr. Page that I am amply re-

the centre of
Dr.

11


THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

82

paid in having the opportunity of listening to such admirable

papers

On

in fact, it

me you

seems to

January 9th the Association met

the afternoon of

Lecture Theatre of

give us gold for our brass."

brought forward a resolution

" That the marking of hidden quantities in


grammars for use in schools is not desirable."

Miss Mason.
that,

"

in the

King's College, when Miss L. G. Mason

am moving

texts

and

this resolution because I feel

of the practical teacher, the question

from the standpoint

one which

of the treatment of hidden quantities is

For while

necessary should be faced.

it is

absolutely

in Latin pronunciation,

some degree of uniformity has been attained, or at


aimed at, there is in this respect a confusing
divergence of theory and practice in the schools, caused by the
as a whole,

least is being

increasing tendency

among

upon us a recognition

of the results of research in nice philological

writers of school books to force

points.

The subject needs ventilation. It is arousing considerable


among teachers, and strong opinions are being formed

attention

as to the desirability or undesirability of marking these hidden


quantities.

As

it is,

then,

that the responsible task


correct

and

upon
falls

us, the teachers in the schools,

laying the foundation for a

of

careful pronunciation, so I feel that

we should not

unduly hesitate to lay before the Classical Association some


statement of the added difficulty, and the confusion that is
already being caused by the introduction of this practice.

And

to begin, I should like to remind the Association of


pronouncement on this question in January 1906, where, in
the Eeport of the Committee on the Spelling and Printing of
its

Latin Texts,

was

it

laid

down

that

'

in texts of

Latin authors

for the use of beginners the quantity of long vowels should be

marked, except in
Certainly
tative

'

the

syllables

where they would also belong by position J'

difficulty

pronunciation

is

of

acquiring

admit its necessity, and aim at producing


not always successful, results.

My

view

is

correct

a very real one to the pupil

that the difficulty

is

it

'

quanti-

but we

with varying, and

so great already that

we

HIDDEN QUANTITIES
should take no steps to add to

it

in schools,
is

I wish,

if

may

be allowed,

my own

to speak briefly of

presume

it.

83

experience in this matter, and I


will not differ greatly from that of many other teachers

and

only one of

especially perhaps in those schools where Latin

many

minimum

other subjects, where the

(between two and three hours a week)

is

given to

nevertheless, such results are aimed at as will justify

carious existence.

In the

this question is

first

pre-

it is

especially to

one of importance.

year of Latin, where naturally the work

where new words

oral,

its

particularly wish to call your attention

to this class of school because I think that

them that

of time

and where,

it,

are

carefully

chiefly

is

considered,

repeated,

dramatically or otherwise, and assimilated, the quantities of the

thousand or so of words thus acquired should be, and probably

Even during

are, fairly correct.

this period, however, the child

can show considerable ingenuity in procuring variety for itself,


while there has already to begin the eternal warfare against
the

'

mensa longa

'

nominative of most mysterious

But, on the whole,

origin.

the pupil of the

first

year should

not go far astray in his quantities, just as in

my

opinion the

I repeat,

public-schoolboy should never go far astray in

much time
But

his.

He

has too

at his disposal.

becomes

after the first year the difficulty

greater.

time can now be given to the assimilation of new words

Less

reading

becomes more rapid, the meaning of new words is grasped more


from analogy comes into play, and the

readily, for reasoning

whole process

of

'

intelligent guessing

'

becomes a

real factor

in the work.

Hence, since we cannot afiord to stop and hammer home


these easily apprehended words
quantities,

purely for the sake of

the

there begins a distinct tendency for correct pro-

nunciation to lag behind the understanding of words.

Moreover, the meaning even

of the word of unfamiliar


remembered far more easily by the child than is its
quantity, to him an arbitrary and tiresome convention, and I
think we are bound to admit that the two things are grasped
with an unequal degree of certainty.
For instance to take
a very simple example I suppose most pupils, during their
first year of more or less
artificial
Latin, learn the word

form

is

'

'

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

84

Then

regina.

it is

quite possible for

simplified Livy, several books

them to read a book of


and some Ovid without

of Caesar,

And apart from Coronation


why
we should find it necessary
there is no particular reason

once meeting the word again.


year

But,

to use the word, even in our attempts at conversation.


for all that, I

regina at

meaning of
have known many, alas who have

have never known

any time, while

a child forget the

resurrected it as regina, with the first syllable short.

To

this mistake to the influence of the English accent

may

an explanation, but

it

renders the difficulty none the less

refer
offer
real.

for the texts with quantities unmarked


sooner or later, when the pupil is
come
must
comes as it
concentrating his energies upon reading a piece of Latin intelligently or upon framing a Latin sentence the trouble becomes
still more marked, and pupil and teacher have to make a very

When

the time

resolute stand against the

my

common

foe.

good and worthy little person


who had learnt Latin for two years, was away from school for
three weeks. During that period her class had learnt a chapter
of Livy from a book with unmarked quantities, and on her
Last term one of

pupils, a

return she told me, shyly proud, that she had learnt

it

too,

and was prepared to say it. The recitation was good, fluent
and vigorous. The false quantities were truly appalling, except
in the case of the words with which she was thoroughly familiar.
She told me afterwards that she had forgotten all about quantities.
I think it must be agreed, then, that considerable demands
are

made upon the

great

demands

pupils in acquiring correct quantities, that

made upon

are

correction of mistakes,

the

teacher in the constant

and that few can boast that at the end

of our four or five years' course our pupils are as accurate in


this respect as

We

hear,

we could

too,

that

wish.

the

Universities,

and

especially

the

newer ones, are by no means satisfied with our efforts in this


They know best whether they are satisfied with the
direction.
results of their

Now,

in this

own.
troubled sea of

quantitative

doubt and un-

certainty the hidden quantity has hitherto been a welcome


island of refuge to the child.

But the

practice of

marking the lengths

of

these hidden

HIDDEN QUANTITIES
quantities which

and

is

out of

is

85

becoming prevalent is changing all this


an additional burden upon the pupils

placing, I believe,

proportion to the benefits gained.

all

In one of the longer chapters of Caesar, taken at random,


found 113 words in which occurred syllables containing hidden

Of these twenty-six were marked long.

quantities.

In another

chapter there were forty-seven, of which thirteen were marked.

Now

not

this does

mean merely

that the lengths of

the

vowels in these twenty-six and thirteen words have to be known


and remembered, but doubt and uncertainty have been introduced
into the whole range of this class of

words before unhesitatingly

must be remembered, too, that the pupil who


presently reads from the unmarked text will consult his dictionary
for guidance in vain.
All he has to assist him is his imperfect
recollections of what he said almost mechanically on former
occasions, when prompted thereto by his elementary marked
pronounced.

It

text.

But there

yet another difficulty.

is

of opinion as to

these elementary books

cannot

fail

to

There

what hidden quantities

we

great diversity

is

are long,

and even

in

find a divergence of practice that

and make

darken counsel

confusion

worse

confounded.
In my own school I have actually in use books in which
vowels long by nature are marked, except where they are
also long by position,' others in which, say the authors,
we
'

'

have marked as long

vowels in whatever position whose


length is certainly known,' others, again, in which hidden
quantities are marked concerning whose length there is obviously
all

a difference of opinion, and

still

others where apparently only

those words are marked which

the author has found to be

universally mispronounced.

According to the book he

is

using, then

fessor Postgate's Latin Primer, or

whether it be ProLimen, or Dr. Rouse's edition

War in Blackie's Latin texts, or one of the editions


which the hidden quantity is not marked the pupil has to
choose between ignosco and ignosco and Ignosco proficiscor and

of the Gallic

in

proficlscor

and missum
Infelix

and posco
trdxi and trdxi

posco
;

and mitto with missum


dignus and dignus, infelix and

mitto

adulescens, adulescens or adulescens.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

86

Where

have allowed, unwillingly, the pronunciation of

the long vowel in hidden quantities I have found a marked

tendency for the pupil to go to extremes, and to pronounce as


long the vowels which should indeed be short.
I believe

ingenious

the child will strive to protect himself in his usual

way by some such unformulated

mind

rule in his

as,

have had occasion to protest


more than once against the use of consul as an English word,
'

Where

in doubt, try the long.^

not a mere

slip of

the tongue.

In bringing forward this motion

am

advocating that the

pupil should not be troubled with this nicety of pronunciation,

and that the teacher should not be compelled against his better
judgment to impose this extra burden upon his pupils.
Let me point out too, that the omission of the marking of
these quantities does not prevent a teacher with strong views

on the subject from teaching them if he so desire however


much we may regret his decision whereas if they are marked
the teacher is no longer a free agent. It is from this kindly

tyranny we wish to be freed.


Supposing, then,

we could agree

to do

away with

this

marking

of hidden quantities, to allow the pupil to continue to use the

and

method of pronunciation
pronounce them any other way if
'

short

'

with Cicero

The boy or

'

'

himself

and

what then

will

to say

leaving school after a few years of studying

Latin will leave school,


of the

left to

Scientiam mihi reservavi


girl

no normal child

'tis

true, with

an incomplete knowledge

exact possibilities of pronunciation

as

he

will

leave

school with an incomplete knowledge of most other things.


But he will probably have learnt through questions that have
arisen by the way, that his knowledge is limited in this respect,

and there I would be content to leave him.


Other than the statements in the prefaces of these grammars
and texts (all with acknowledgments to Professors Hale and
Buck), what practical advice has been offered to the teacher
on the subject ? I have mentioned the resolution of the Classical
Association in the Eeport of 1906.

Turning to the valuable little book of Professor Postgate, How


Latin, published in 1909, we find that he sums up his
Pronounce
to
As these hidden quantities
Quantities thus
Hidden
on
remarks
'

HIDDEN QUANTITIES
do not

affect the scansion of syllables, teachers

wait until they have


urge,

we

87
can afford to

And

been further determined.'

are content to do

this,

indefinitely.

striking piece of evidence testifying against this practice,

and based upon practical experience, is that afforded us by


Dr. Bruhn of the Goethe Gymnasium at Frankfurt. In his
later editions of his Latin Grammar he has given up the marking
of hidden quantities, declaring, as his reason for so doing, that

imposed too great a burden upon the pupil.

it

am

afraid that perhaps I have been almost too moderate

my

in stating

case.

repeat in conclusion that, while I

I will

quite realize that the task of determining the lengths of the

hidden quantities must

and that the matter


yet

by

is

fall

upon the scholar and the expert,

one of academic interest to the teacher,

we have to think. And I contend that


on his trying to pronounce these vowels with their

of the pupil

it is

insisting

proper length, we shall create even more inexactitude in pronunciation than

involved

is

is

now

the

case that the

error in pronunciation

a less evil than the state of indecision and confusion

and

so likely to ensue,
in this respect,

we

that, in our anxiety to reach perfection

shall be in

from our goal."


Professor Sonnenschein.

danger of getting

still

farther

" I second this motion because


seems to me that the facts to which Miss Mason has called
our attention show that some action on the part of the Classical
it

Association

is

necessary in view of the state of things which

has arisen since the adoption of the report of the Committee

on the Spelling and Printing of Latin Texts in 1906.

A new

kind of chaos in the pronunciation of Latin has arisen in connexion


with the question of hidden quantities, so that as matters stand
Classical Association can no longer claim to
have introduced a uniform system of pronunciation into our
schools. The basis on which a general agreement was sought

at present the

and

for a

time obtained was the ignoring of what the Board of

Education's Circular (No. 707, March 1909) calls

'

certain un-

important or debatable points which hardly affect ordinary


usage,'

and

of these the chief is the quantity of vowels in syllables

which are long by position


are called

and

'

hidden

'

the

'

hidden quantities

they are, in two senses,

'

(1)

as they

because

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

88

they are thrown into the shade by the consonants which follow

them, so that they do not afiect the rhythm of verse or prose,


(2)

because in some cases we have no evidence as to their length

or shortness,

and

in

some

cases the evidence

is

conflicting, so

that authorities differ as to whether they were long or short.

That these

hidden

quantities

were

deliberately

excluded

shown not only by the Report of the Spelling


Committee, referred to by Miss Mason, which was signed by
Professor Postgate as Chairman, Professor Conway, Professor
Housman, Dr. RoiJse and Mr. Winbolt, but also by the speech
of Mr. Butcher when he moved the adoption of the Report of
the Pronunciation Committee at Manchester in October 1906.
from view in 1906

is

After drawing a distinction between the question of philological

The
and the question of practice, Mr. Butcher said
niceties and subtleties of pronunciation are not, in their opinion,
fitted for school teaching.
In practice we must be content with
what is approximately right. The Committee have gone as

science

'

far as they thought possible in reconciling the claims of science

and of practice. In their scheme, therefore, they distinguish


between points which they consider to be primary and those
they would lay stress on the
which they regard as secondary
;

essentials.

and

There

as

are,

touching

questions

controversial

knows,

everybody

These they have set aside.

Latin

I received this

many

difficult

pronunciation.

year a letter from

a distinguished classical professor at Harvard, and his warning


He says there is a party
is, in my opinion, of great importance.

America who

in

insist that it

was a mistake to give up the

It is a reaction against the excessive

English pronunciation.

demands sometimes made by learned


are

too

rigorous

for

human

demands which
Though he has no

scholars,

infirmity.

sympathy with their main contention, " I adjure you," he says,


"to be very slow in adopting in schools the teaching of hidden
quantity. It has been a curse to, us in this country. It is just
the sort of thing that half-educated teachers seize upon with

and it adds a serious burden to a boy's work. Of course,


every real scholar knows that there are extremely few things
which we really knotv about hidden quantities, the great mass
avidity,

of
I

what the books

tell

being theory, and constantly shifting.

could enlarge on this, but

spare you."

I,

too, will spare the

HIDDEN QUANTITIES
Association, having added

my word

89

Had

of warning.'^

it

not

been for a general understanding on that occasion that hidden


quantities should not be insisted upon, neither Mr, Butcher nor
myself would have assented to the adoption of the Report.

Some

writers of school books, however, have not been content

to abide
deeper,

by the concordat

many

among them.

of 1906,

but have plunged in much

different varieties of practice being represented

We may now

be said to be divided into three

camps (1) those who ignore hidden quantities (2) those who
mark hidden quantities in texts (disagreeing among themselves as to the length or shortness of some of these vowels)
who mark
and reproduce them in pronunciation
(3) those
hidden quantities in texts, but calmly ignore them in actual
pronunciation. I am inclined to think from what some school
:

inspectors have told

but surely

me

that this

is

a very

For

not a justifiable one.

it is

common
it

practice

involves the evil

number of the long


marks which he sees in his texts, is tempted to ignore all of
them, and that thus the really important distinction between
He who
mater and pater is thrown into the rubbish heap.
marks everything marks nothing.
that the pupil, accustomed to ignore a large

Some

action, then,

on the part

of

the Classical Association

is

called for in order to restore uniformity of practice.

am

in favour of adhering to the concordat of

Personally

1906.

wish to bring forward three reasons for that course


difficulties

of practice

hidden quantities

which

(2)

arise

And
(1)

the

from the attempt to teach

the theoretical or scientific difficulties

which stand in the way of any

final

agreement at the present

time as to the quantity of some of these vowels

(3)

the fact,

seems to me, that the marking of hidden quantities in


as
the case of one large group of words leads to a definitely false
it

pronunciation, for which there

is

no justification in

scientific

philology.
(1)

Hidden quantities are no small

order.

There are over

4,000 words, not including compounds, in which hidden quantities


are contained (the four principal parts of a verb being counted
as only one

word,

12

e.g.

defendo,

defendere,

defendi,

Proceedings, October 1906, p. 46.

dejensum).

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

90

These figures are taken from the third edition of Anton Marx,^
No doubt this list includes many rare words, Lut it also includes

many

am

of the

commonest words

in the Latin language, so that

not surprised to hear that the study of hidden quantities

has been found a practical difficulty both in America (as indicated


by Mr. Butcher's correspondent) and in at least one school
in

Germany

(to

which Miss Mason

I admit, the hidden quantity


regem.,

but

may

in others it creates a

rectum; for the pupil would

be a help to learning,

new

naturally infer

connexion with

in

e.g. rex,

e.g. rego,

difficulty,

and Supine that the Present had a long


tities

In a few words,

referred).

rexi,

from the Perfect


It

e.

the principal parts of verbs that

seem to me seriously to increase the

is

especially

hidden quanthe

difficulty of

for as to the quantity of the vowels of the Perfects


beginner
each case has
in X and the Supines in ct there is no uniformity
In
some verbs
to be judged by itself (Hale-Buck, 18, p. 8).
;

the vowel, though short in the Present tense,


Perfect and Supine
e.g.

rego

rexi

rectum

tego

texi

tectum

cingo

cinxi

cinctum

In others the vowel, short in the Present,


Perfect and Supine
e.g.

coquo

is

also short in

is

long in the Perfect,

is

long in the Perfect,

fingo

finxi

fictum

traho

traxi

tractum

In others the vowel, long in the Present,

but short in the Supine

dico

dixi

dictum

duco

duxi

ductum

In others (with stems ending in a voiceless guttural,


differ as to the
e.g.

both

coctum

coxi

but short in the Supine

e.g.

long in both

In others the vowel, short in the Present,

e.g.

is

quantity in the Perfect

inspicio

inspexi

c)

authorities

inspectum

(Hale-Buck)

inspexi (Marx)
1

Hulfsbuchlein

fiir

die

Ausuprache der

poaitionalangen Silben (Berlin,

Weidmann,

lateinischen

1901).

Vohale

in


HIDDEN QUANTITIES
adlectum

adlexi (Hale-Buck)

adlicio

91

adlexi (Marx)
flecto

There are similar


but facio

To teach

(Marx)

flexum

other classes of verbs

egi

actum

feci

factum

pungo

pupugi

scribo

scripsi

scriptum

cessi

cessum

but cedo
the

(Hale-Buck)

difficulties in

ago

e.g.

flexi
flexi

this tangled

first difficulties of

pilnctum

mass of

facts to pupils struggling with

Perfects and Supines would only distract

Analogy breaks

attention from the really important matters.

down

all

And

along the line.

of the anomalies,

if

the pupil asks for the reason

he can only be referred to the evidence (scanty

and conflicting, in some cases) of inscriptions, and of the shape


which the words have assumed in modern French, Italian and
Spanish.
I

(2)

must

the

treat

theoretical or

the question very slightly.

some

of the results

If

difficulties of

scientific

time permitted

should attack

which have been arrived at by Marx, as

based on a misinterpretation of the evidence of the plays of


Plautus and other Old Latin writers
it is

abundantly

book, that

we

but, apart from that,

Marx's

are not yet able to determine with confidence

the quantity of the vowel in


the whole question

is of

all syllables

long by position

for

recent date, and the evidence has not

been completely collected or

some

clear, as Biicheler said in his preface to

sifted.

It is certain, then, that

of the findings of scholars at the present

day

will

be upset

in a few years, which will involve the unlearning of pronuncia-

tions

now

accepted.^

3rd edition
all

points.

gn

is

Marx himself made many changes

nor are scholars

in his

agreed at the present day on

For example, Marx says that a vowel preceding


e.g. mdgnus, dignus, signum, and quotes

always long,

Priscian in support

Hale-Buck, on the other hand, treats these

vowels as short, saying that the inherited forms of the Romance


^ For instance, the long vowel which was assumed in est, esset (from
the verb meaning "to eat") has recently been shown to rest on no
adequate evidence by VoUmer {Glotta, I. pp. 113-16).

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

93

languages prove shortness in the case of some of these words,


both pronunciations
signum. Their inference is that
e.g.
'

existed, probably in different strata of society

but there

is

no evidence that the pronunciation with the long vowel was


considered preferable.' Are we, then, to say with one stratum
mdgnus or with another mdgmis, mdximus or mdximus, signum
or signum
(3)

Who

Finally,

if

shall decide

our aim

is

to reproduce the pronunciation

of

Romans, the marking of a long vowel before ns and nj is


The Romans did not pronounce Injdns
positively misleading.
the

consul, censor, etc., but Ijds, cosul, cesor, etc. (with a nasalised

shown very

by the statement of
is even some
evidence that Cicero himself, who tells us that the vowel was
The real
long, dropped the n (which he omits to mention).
pronunciation is indicated by inscriptions, and is explicitly
recognized by modern authorities on pronunciation (Hale-Buck,
Sommer, Handbuch der lat. Laut-und
Latin Grammar, 18
Formenlehre, pp. 254-6 Niedermann, translated by Strong and
Stewart, p. 30 and p. 85). To teach pupils to say infdns, consul,
etc., is to teach an incorrect pronunciation which was never
for the lengthening
heard at any period of Roman speech
and nasalising of the vowel in such words was of the nature of

long vowel).

This

is

clearly

the n was dropped, and there

Quintilian that

a compensatory lengthening due to the dropping of the consoin other words the vowel was not lengthened till the
n was dropped, just as happened in the English word five, which
comes from a Germanic word with an n and a short vowel
(something like the German word funf). Finf and five (O.E. flf)

nantal n

are both real pronunciations, which were heard at different

stages in the history of the language, but finf

which never existed.

Similarly infdns

Roman

pronunciations,

infdns

just as

On

is

all

wrong

these grounds, then, I

maximum

time, too,

with what

is,

to

is

a pronunciation

both real
but

Ifds are

periods

different

would be in English.
confess it seems to me that at

in Latin as finf

a time like the present,

teach the

belonging

and

when every

of Latin in the

when many
to them, a

effort

has to be

minimum number

made

to

of hours

teachers and pupils are struggling

new pronunciation

throw a new stumbling-block in the path

it

is

unwise to

of the learner."


HIDDEN QUANTITIES
Professor

Flamstead Walters.

" As

93

perpetrator-in-part of

an elementary school-book where quantities called hidden are


marked as far as they have been ascertained and fairly generally
'

agreed upon, I feel

it is

me to say a few words


many of the complaints

necessary for

in justification of our action.

'

think

that have been brought against the marking of these quantities


would be equally applicable to the marking of long quantities

any kind. It is a matter of great difficulty for the students,


boys and girls, to master even such an elementary fact as

of

that c or a or

Imperfect

of the

is long
and I find people
and I also presume that when they
write their Imperfect of possum they would also pronounce it
The difficulties (raised by Professor Sonnenschein),
potebat.
disagreement
comes in, I leave for some one to deal with
where
myself
than
capable
but with regard to the difficulties
more
mentioned by Miss Mason, I should like to point out that if the
teacher or pupil have before them these quantities marked,
they have something to go upon and they have at any rate
i

of all ages will say regebat,

before

them the

possibility of

surely correctness in quantities

forming a right habit


is

a right habit against a wrong habit


is

and

any more drudgery (though perhaps

right habits than there

is

and

largely a matter of forming


I

do not think there

less pleasure) in

in forming

wrong

habits.

forming
It is a

matter, too, that can be attended to without excessive pressure

the correct pronunciation can be pointed out


on the student
and without severe correction, and the habit can be
gradually formed. However, there was one thing that struck
;

gently,

me

in Miss Mason's complaint as a

most serious matter, and

that was, that although elementary books are marked with


these quantities, the dictionaries are not, and so there are no

means

of a later reference to

matter that can be remedied.

some authority.
In fact,

But that

is

have done so already

as far as I have gone in rewriting a small Latin dictionary

having now reached {apex).

There

is,

however, a small matter which, I think, should

be touched upon here.

Professor Sonnenschein, although he

knows the

quoted without condemnaby position


this old formula,
due to an old bad habit which ought to be got rid of, should

himself, of course,

tion the

old formula

'

long

facts,

'

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

94

be avoided
long

and

quantities

telling

am

helps

us

of

opinion that this marking of the

avoid

to

But it is no good
when you don't

it.

your pupil that the syllable

long,

is

him anything about the quantity of the vowel itself.


If you have quantity of the vowel itself left unmarked or
marked as long, according as it is short or long, then you can

tell

speak about the syllable intelligibly

him the

syllable in the verse

plained that there


itself

is

is

but

no good telling
you have first ex-

it is

long, unless

not any change in quantity of the vowel

to attempt to do so would probably end in a confusion

of the true statement with the old false statement that the

vowel was long by position.


Now, there are a few practical matters to which

should

draw the attention of teachers


Why should you
speak of the two participles of adnitor as adnixus and adnisus ?
Why go from the one quantity to the other, and not allow
the fact that the % is long in both words to be put before the
students, and also where there is a positive advantage, as in
such words as rex, regis ? And then for the difEerentiation of
words, is it not an advantage to have esse and esse distinguished
by the marking of the vowel ? It avoids a good deal of trouble
when the learner comes into contact with esse and est he sees
by the quantity at once that here is some difierence from his
old friends esse and est. Then again, to take the contracted
but coming to portdsse,
Perfect Infinitive, he says portduisse
if he sees portasse, he says portdsse, and then, of course, thinks
it is a difierent word altogether, or wonders what queer change
has passed over the a. Now, to compare Latin and Greek when

like

to

the learner comes on to Greek, he recognizes his old friend mensis


in /A^v, if he has pronounced the word correctly, and in the Greek

yiyvwaKw he also recognizes his old friend nosco of Latin.


absolute pain to

me

to hear

anybody who professes

to

(It is

know

it is absolutely fatuous,
Greek as well as Latin talk of nosco
and yet you hear it over and over again. It reminds me of
manv of my friends among the Greek archaeologists, Greek
;

scholars,

The

who

will talk of the discoveries at

ignoring of such quantities

Latin

if

is

Gnossos or Knossos.

due to their ignoring them in

they had begun with Greek, as

many

people yesterday

advised us to do, they would have learnt Knossos and kept to

it.)

HIDDEN QUANTITIES
When

the

come

students

remember, when

I first

to

tlieir

began to read the

95

Greek

New

Testament

Testament, coming

word

k^vctos, and I had not the slightest idea what


had been told to pronounce the Latin word as
census I should have had no difficulty.
And similarly one
might mention a number of words transliterated from Latin

across the

it

was, but

if

into Greek or from Greek into Latin, which are easily recognized
if

pronunciation

Now

me

let

Most

French,

is

properly attended

to.

leave Latin and Greek and


of your pupils

come to Latin and


have done their French before

they begin Latin but it does not affect my argument.


They
come across the characteristic French word triste, but when
they come to Latin they will call it, if unaided, tnsHs
but
if they have the quantity marked for them, they pronounce
the Latin word properly, and thus see the real connexion between
the words, and that the French sound still continues the Latin
;

So with the French ville, Italian villa if you say villa,


you think of suburban London. If you pronounce the Latin
uilla correctly, you see the difference and the likeness between
the Latin and the modern languages
and you can contrast
sound.

uilla, ville

with

In after

bella, belle.

life

many

of these people,

even those who have not advanced very far in Latin and Greek,
would be exceedingly interested, I think, and perhaps proud,
when they see and could point out a tall I, for instance, in a

Roman

inscription

if

they realized that the

their old acquaintance the long

Finally,

i.

it

tall

/ represented

will hardly be called

a vain imagination to suppose that the Greeks themselves

had

begun this system of marking what we call hidden quantities


they actually took the trouble to invent two new letters to
mark the e and o when they were long, but why they did not
go further and do it for all vowels I cannot say. Perhaps they
'

got tired, and gave up the business of


quantities,' which, after all, they

Rev. Canon Sloman. "


of the pupil.

I will

it

dealing with 'hidden

knew from

habit."

speak from the point of view

When you are teaching boys or girls a new language

there are plenty of difficulties

But

'

seems to

me

this

you do not want to add to them.


Motion would add to the difficulties
;

in the long run instead of diminishing them, as

case

if

all

the texts and

all

the

would be the
grammars that they used had

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

96

The

got these quantities marked.


tlie

difficulties

put forward by

reader and the seconder of the paper arise from the fact

that they are not marked.

If

greater difficulty in teaching a

when

other,

it is

they were marked, there is no


boy one pronunciation than the

before his eyes,

fascens, not pdscens, supposing

e.g.

it is

in teaching

him

to say

And you remove

marked.

future difficulty, because then he has got nothing to unlearn or


relearn

when he grows

older.

great deal has been said this

afternoon with regard to the supposed difficulty of determining

There

which are hidden quantities and which are not.


course, a few doubtful words, but in

are, of

proportion to the whole

number they are exceedingly few. The enormous majority of


them follow certain well-known definite rules, which even a boy
could learn in a few minutes, and about which there

no

difficulty

difficulty

is

supposing that long vowels are marked.

comes when they are not marked.

There

absolutely

The only

are, of course,

a limited number of exceptional words, but there would be


little difficulty in
if

learning the pronunciation of these correctly

they were always before the boys' eyes from the beginning.

And

the

number

of such cases is small.

occupied in drawing up a

list of

have been lately

them, and so

speak with some

and in order to remove difficulty of


that kind, all that you have got to do is exactly the reverse of
what the motion asks us now to sanction. And Professor
Sonnenschein's argument seems strained. He took the word
confidence in so saying

and objected to having the o marked long because


Roman pronunciation n was left out. What does
that come to ? He wants us to introduce two mistakes instead
of one.
The old pronunciation of the o was long and therefore
what possible objection can there be to the o being marked
long ? If he wishes to be very correct, let him teach pupils to
leave out the n. But that is a question that concerns him

consul

in ancient

alone,
it is

and

it is

not necessary to bring

absolutely beside the

it

before us this afternoon

Romans left out the n we should teach boys and girls


the o short.
simplest

question to argue that because the


to pronounce

venture to think, therefore, that by far the


of removing the difficulty is to encourage the
I

way

universal marking of these syllables, and not the leaving of

them

out.

One argument brought forward by the reader

of

HIDDEN QUANTITIES

97

the paper was that she examined a certain "passage of Caesar


and found a very considerable number of vowels that were
long according to the rules of hidden quantities, but only an
inconsiderable
is

proportion

of

the fault of the text, and

text correctly marked.

So

them were marked. But that


you want is simply to have the
would seem the arguments brought

all

it

forward for the carrying of this resolution should be precisely


those that would influence us to vote against

it.

hope this

Association will not take so retrograde a step as to reintroduce

when it is not removing a difficulty


To remove the difficulty we want
uniformity and correctly marked texts."
Miss Janet Case. !i It is an unpalatable task to advocate
anything but the best. But on the score of practical utility
I feel inclined to support the motion before us.
Even when
quantities are marked they are not always observed. And
the greater the number demanding individual attention the

incorrect pronunciation

but only continuing

it.

greater

is

the strain to secure the required accuracy.

think

the existing conditions lay a pretty heavy burden upon the

young student and upon the teacher. At this time when people
are making a transition from the old pronvmciation to the new
I find it is difiicult to get both teachers and pupils to realize the
absolute necessity for accurate pronunciation within the limits

advocated by the Classical Association

and considering

this, I

cannot help feeling that the Classical Association would be well


advised not to urge this further step in accuracy at this point.

Two

or three years ago a teacher from one of

me

our secondary

assumed she
was making the transition from the old to the new. I found it
was a question of hidden quantities, on which point the inspector

schools asked

for lessons in pronunciation.

had been rather severe with her. I regretted his sense of relative
and on that occasion I took refuge behind Professor

values,

Postgate.

Seeing

that

the

determination of certain hidden

and considering the


immense importance attaching just now to getting the most
value we can out of the short time at the disposal of the children,
quantities is

still

in a rather fluid condition,

especially girls, I should deprecate adding this additional burden

at the

moment, although

progress would be made."

13

should hope that ultimately further

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

98

Professor Arnold.

" The

point most in the minds of those

present hardly accords with the motion before us, because the

been laid on the hardship of forcing pupils to learn

stress has

which the hidden quantities are carefully


fact that hidden quantities are marked

pronunciation in

attended

But the

to.

in certain elementary textbooks by no means implies that


they are forced upon pupils as a burden, or that they form part
of examination questions.
A motion to the effect that in
examinations questions should not be asked about hidden

quantities,

that

examiners should overlook irregularities of

among

pronunciation in this matter, and that irregularities


teachers should be held excusable, would seem to

and

sufficient to

meet the present


be

of textbooks should

which

is in itself

a class

is

it

difficulties.

me

reasonable

But that

writers

asked to refrain from doing a thing

right seems to

me

going too

comparatively unimportant

In teaching

far.

one makes some

if

concession to the difficulties inherent in a transition period,


for the details of one's

in writing a textbook

'

Long vowels

said that

the stroke

is

way

in the

are

you do not

work are forgotten

in a year or two.

You put

it is different.

But

at the beginning

marked by a horizontal stroke,' and having


Nevertheless, in certain cases
like to add

'

omitted, because there are temporary difficulties

Are you going to let


naturally you hope

of a correct pronunciation.'

and

your book be quoted as an authority


it

be

will

deftly

whilst

may

it

it

contains a qualification which, however

be worded, irresistibly suggests to the reader that

he should mispronounce certain words

seems to

me

The whole matter

of comparatively small importance

but at the

same time do not let us lay it down that we prefer a thing to


be done wrong than to be done right. If some people want it
right, let them have their way.
They won't hurt you and I
do not think it is in your power to hurt them."
Mr. Frank Jones. " Professor Arnold has taken most of
my words out of my mouth. The resolution is of the nature
of an argumentum ad hominem.
I would beseech you not to
;

allow your personal feeling too

much

to influence your verdict.

you something of my own


experience in the last few months. Having to take a class at
the Summer School at Bangor, I thought I would put my house
I

may

perhaps be allowed to

tell


HIDDEN QUANTITIES

99

bring my pronunciation up toward what


But when I got to Bangor I found I had
overdone it and was considered, by one or two of my colleagues,
a purist.
The present state of things is that, although we exhort

and

in order,
I

pretended

I tried to

it

to be.

our pupils to observe niceties of pronunciation (such as the


sounding of double consonants), in practice many of us do nothing

And it is perfectly natural that we who have been


brought up on the old pronunciation should have difficulties
with the new which our young people do not experience. But
of the sort.

because we, in the period of transition, experience

do not
I

let

us

have

often

condemn the observance


difficulties

but when in doubt


tells

me

with

regard

of

to

difficulties,

hidden quantities.

hidden quantities,

ask a boy of twelve or thirteen, and he


Another point is that it is quite unnecessary

at once.

small boys anything about the difficulty.

The

to

tell

is

always printed as long, and always so pronounced

o of 'pons
;

the o of

always printed as short and always so pronounced.


The boy may be fifteen or sixteen before it strikes him there

fontem

is

any divergence between the vowel quantity in the two words."


Professor Dobson. " It seems to me that the last speaker
has given away the situation. It was argued just now that

is

a child who has learnt the proper pronunciation of rex, with the
long vowel, will proceed naturally to the proper pronunciation
of the

genitive

expect,

not regis. But I now learn that the


not pontis, as the reasonable child would

regis,

genitive of pons

is

but pontis

so

that the intelligent argument from

analogy will lead to a mistake."

Heard. " I hope I may not seem too Philistine if I


recommend the Association to adopt the resolution. I think
this teaching of quantities by mathematical signs is by no means
desirable
it is like saying you must not take a walk unless
Dr.

there are signposts on both sides of the way.

stops to ask, under this system.

He

Why

simply sees the sign, and reads

it

is

child never

this long or short

accordingly

it

leaves

no impression on the mind. But my objection is one derived


from experience
I find the ablest teachers are those most
;

impatient of such restrictions, that the teacher

who really does


put a love of the classics into his pupils, who has a strong literary
spirit himself, and who imparts that literary spirit, is the majj

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

100

who

most impatient

is

of these things

experience, I do not think

attention

you

and, judging from

will find

that

is,

my

in the public

would be carried out


left alone.
It must
be remembered that this new pronunciation, which we have
done our best to get introduced, has been discarded by one of
and so, at a time when it is most important
the largest schools
that we should be united, we have got division amongst our-

schools

an

in

efficient

to hidden quantities

way

the thing would be

We

selves.

find schools impatient of the

new pronunciation

add another requirement, I believe we should


weaken our cause it would be very unfortunate at present to
add further difficulties so shortly after the time that we have
if,

then,

we were

to
:

asked schools to accept the new pronunciation.

would be a disastrous thing, and


our cause at
proposal

all."

Hardie.

Professor

do not think

seems to

me

I
it

believe

it

would help

Miss Mason's

that

the only feasible one at present, for two reasons.

is

First, there are

important

" It

many

kinds of hidden quantities

{nosse, audissem),

portant or very doubtful.

some

less

some

quite

important, some unim-

It is not easy to

draw a

line of

demarcation, and inexpedient to enforce the unimportant by

upon all. Secondly, I doubt whether any satisfactory


would be achieved. It is difficult enough to get the
learner to make ordinary long vowels really long. Accustomed
to pronounce English, he makes a change of quality in the sound,

insisting

result

and imagines that he has lengthened it. He will tend to this


It is more important to
still more with hidden quantities.
by position,' on the
insist on his making sure of quantity
'

simple

principle

separating

of

the

consonants

(con-stare,

i'm-memor)y
Mr.

Dingwall

said that he was decidedly in favour of the

was allowed, even by its two strongest


was considerable doubt as to the
opponents, that
vowels in a good many words
pronunciation
of
Koman
consonants.
He thought that the comtwo
followed
by
when
pensatory lengthening of the a in 7ran-cri when it became Tracri
motion, especially as

it

there

was

in favour of Professor Sonnenschein's statement that the

o of consul

He

was pronounced long only when the n was omitted.

thought that there could be no cause for wonder

if

Latin

HIDDEN QUANTITIES
verse

became

neglected

hearing that,

after

101
although

pons

was quite right to pronounce


pontem as pontem, and that this was quite inconsistent with
the theory advanced by the opponents of the motion that,
because regem was pronounced regem, therefore rex ought to
ought to be pronounced pons,

be pronounced

it

rex.''

Postgate said that he should not have ventured


them with any observations at so late an hour if the
references to himself in the course of the debate had not made
some personal explanation inevitable. From the first he had
Professor

to trouble

held the opinion that right rendering of a quantity of the Latin


vowels, wherever this was known, was an indispensable part
of

This opinion was expressed in the

Latin pronunciation.

New

Latin Primer which saw the hght fifteen years before the

Classical Association

was founded.

Nor could he

said to be "hidden," provided this

see

any

when

diffi-

wag
was done from the beginning.

culty in teaching the correct quantity in syllables

it

was as easy for the beginner to say actus as actus. And


was to be taught, then it ought also to be marked. It was
quite true that there was disagreement about the markings
of some of these quantities, as in that of the vowel before gn
but the amount of this disagreement has been greatly overrated
by the opponents of the marking, and in some of the cases
either pronunciation would have passed in Roman times.
An
accurate examination of the whole of the material would reveal
the fact that *' hidden quantity " was not the chaos which it
was alleged to be, but that many of its apparent anomalies
were the direct results of simple laws. For example, the difference of quantity between coctus and tectus was explicable at once
from the law of Latin phonetics by which a voiced consonant,
It

if it

such as

g,

when

assimilated to a breathed one, such as

t,

pro-

duced a compensatory breathing of the preceding vowel. The


aid which the recognition of "hidden quantities" afforded the
teacher in the removal of anomalies had already been pointed

out by others, and in fact was admitted in such cases as


rex, impleuisse, implesse.

He would

ples such cases as larua, mlluus,

word had been abbreviated


of

the hidden quantity

to

two

like to

add

to their

where an originally
syllables

made the

regis,

exam-

trisyllabic

and where the weight

pristine

one unintelligible.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

102

But while he strongly deprecated any attempt, such


motion

as the

an incorrect pronunciation upon those teachers who knew and wished to employ the correct one, he was against coercing those who did
proposed

contemplated, to

force

He

not wish to regard these quantities in their instruction.

did

not, in fact, consider this question as one of the highest im-

This view was embodied

portance in the teaching of Latin.

How

had been quoted from

his pamphlet on
Pronounce Latin, that teachers could afford to wait until

in the sentence that


to

But he was prepared

these quantities were finally determined.


to

admit that

it

was time

that the preparation of a

be done, and he thought

for this to

little

manual

which the ascertained

in

facts

were presented was a work which the Association might

very

fitly

that Miss

promote.

Finally, he

Mason would not

expressed the

earnest

hope

press her resolution, but accept a

proposal that the Council should be asked to nominate a small

committee to deal with the question.

Canon Sloman.

Rev.

" Would

mover and seconder

the

be ready to accept, for instance, the substitution of the previous


question

Following the views of the last speaker,

cannot

but think that we should be wise as an Association to avoid


taking a definite position either on one side or the other.

matter has been brought forward,

it

The

has been well ventilated,

but I
and no doubt a settlement has been brought nearer
feel that it would be better to refrain from pronouncing an
:

opinion this afternoon."

oflGicial

The Chairman
seconder of

Kenyon).
the motion have the
(Dr.

put to the meeting


Miss Mason.

if

"

think the proposer and

right to

have their resolution

they wish."

" Nothing

which leads me to change

has been said on the opposite side

my

opinion.

My

motion

is

based on

the practical difficulties of the situation."


Professor Sonnenschein.

with a

practical difficulty,

opinion on the matter

we

" It

seems we are face to face

and

we

if

any
The Association

decline to pronounce

stultify ourselves.

took up a definite line in regard to the marking of hidden quantities

when it adopted the Report of the Committee on the


and spelling of Latin texts (which, by and by, will

printing

be reprinted and issued as one of the Association's pamphlets

ROMAN LONDON
month

in the course of the next

or so).

103

We

ought, then, either

to adhere to our former opinion of 1906, in which I personally

have seen no reason to desire any change


or, on the other
hand, if we have changed our mind on the subject, to say so.
If it is thought that the appointment of a Committee would
;

throw any essentially new

on the matter, that would

light

the position."

The Rev. Canon Sloman.

"

should consider

it

alter

more wise

to pass the previous question, because I do not think the present

moment

is

one that the question could with any great advantage

be referred back to a Committee.


ship,

It is not a question of scholar-

but of expediency."

The previous question was

After the adjournment


the Lecture
address on "

carried

by 30

to 24.

for tea a large gathering

assembled in

Theatre to hear Professor Haveefield

Roman London."

give an

The Bishop of Lincoln occupied

the chair.

The Bishop of Lincoln, in introducing the Lecturer said


work of Professor Haverfield is an example to us of the
way in which classical life and learning may be made of real
:

" The

help

in teaching.

but not on

have heard Professor Haverfield before,


and I have come with the greatest

this subject,

what he has to say."


Haverfield prefaced his Address by explaining

pleasure and curiosity to hear

Professor

the importance of archaeological matter to teachers, and the

methods
" It

is

of studying

it

always hard to deal suitably with a death-bed repent-

ance,

and

me.

This Annual Meeting of the Classical Association, after

have been a

little

puzzled at the case

now

before

busy days devoted to Greek and to Grammar, has at last found


time, when its life is nearly over and most of its members have
departed, to turn and remember ancient history and the

Empire and English national


confess,

wholly

subjects which
it

it

antiquities.

made when

it

asked

seems, has once more ousted the


:

must

the professions of interest in these

fulfilled

here on false pretences

Roman

It has not, I

non

est

me

to lecture.

Roman, and

The Greek,

I feel that I

Romano cuiquam

am

locus hie'

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

104

No doubt
have

and

both Greek and Grammar are important.

my

in

time taught both Greek and

beUeve

Grammar and

But

History,

possible to hold the balance between them.

it is

I believe, too, that

not only possible, but necessary.

it is

Few

things have so powerfuly helped the recent revolts against Greek


and against Grammar revolts equally serious though quite
distinct

as the tendency to over-emphasize these subjects.

My own

theme

this evening

by some

history illustrated

student

classical

may

a corner of

is

Roman

provincial

of our national antiquities.

think

The

Certainly he

a small subject.

it

it as negligible.
The teachers in our uniand schools have clung to the linguistic system of
classical education, even where it is astray, and have habitually
ignored not only Roman London, but every similar topic. Some
of them here and there have lately shown themselves better than
their creed, but the improvement is as yet sporadic and un-

has always treated

versities

systematic.

Yet the study

serious thing.

man

or

our national antiquities

of

It gives us facts or ideas of

woman

should know.

It

is

an

essential part of

properly organized historical research in England.


I believe,

its

a direct value for historical teaching.

value to the teacher of history

is

which every English

will

has

It

On

any
also,

this point

venture a few

any rate show what I take to be the


on Roman London.
The ordinary teaching of history must always centre round
an abstract narrative. The learner must reahze, to put it
he must know the general
who did what when
baldly,
sequence of events, the names of the chief actors, the positions
he may add to this narrative so much literary
of the chief scenes

remarks which

will at

practical use of a lecture

'

'

adornment or philosophical interpretation as may suit the capacity


of himself or his instructors.

This branch of teaching history

The
all, a linguistic method.
young man or woman learns about things which may sound
intelligible in the abstract, but which practically have no concrete
is

indispensable.

meaning

for him.

But

it

He

is,

after

studies history as long ago

studied

chemistry at school, with a parrot-knowledge of the names of


minerals and gases, but no real conception of iron or oxygen or

any other important substance.


Teachers have tried to cure this linguistic taint in historical

ROMAN LONDON

105

teaching by the use of archaeological illustrations.

we cannot
words by things.

realized that in education

explain words

we can only explain


rhymer, who seems

If I

to

me

extraordinarily bad poetry

may

They have
by words
;

quote a German

to combine quite good sense with


:

Erst das Beispiel fiihrt zum Licht


Reden thut es nicht.

Vieles

The

learner must get at the thing, before he can attach any


meaning to the word. Much, of course, has been done in

real

direction of late years.


In particular, I should like to
mention a volume lately put forth by Dr. J. E. Morris on Local

this

History and Antiquities, which carries out such illustration as far

and

as ingeniously as

This

subjects.

is

perhaps possible in

its

good and well worth doing.

is

this quite achieves

what

own range

of

But not even

want.

At present we

I wish to carry the matter further.

confine

ourselves to the illustration of comparatively simple objects


'

things which

We

we can touch and

see,'

as another minor poet

show how
we show
our pupils sets of mediaeval armour to explain what helm and
hauberk and the rest of it were, or we do any of twelve dozen
similar things.
But when the teacher comes to more complex
ideas, to those abstract terms which sum up whole groups of
human activities, he drops his archaeological illustration and
falls back on the old attempt to explain words by words.
Here he goes seriously wrong. It is just these abstract terms
which are especially hard to grasp in full, and which therefore
need especial explanation by archaeology. To put it briefly,
says.

Roman

order a model from Mainz and set

it

up

to

legionary looked in full accoutrements, or

not history only, but also certain parts of political philosophy

demand

archaeological treatment.

The complex

political administration or of social life

activities

of

have to be studied by an

inquiry into the groups of actual things which constitute them.

Both the nature and the interrelation of their component details


must be made real to the learner by seeing the details actually at
work, and the inner forces which cannot themselves be seen
must be followed in the manifestations of their outward and
visible signs.

14

Evidence must be sought which, when

it

refers

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

106

we

to the present,

we

call

call archaeological

economic, and when

and

this evidence

it

refers to the past

must be taken, not

in

single pieces, but in groups of connected items.

Let

me

instances.
I remember a history
was long ago asked to learn about the emperor
was told that Hadrian had a special interest for

take a couple of

lesson which I

Hadrian.

Englishmen because he built a frontier wall from Tyne to


Solway. I was not in the least interested. I did not understand
even why I should be interested. I was still in the primeval
stage of being taught linguistically.

the wall was or what

was a

it

did.

had no

real idea

knew, of course, that a

what

frontier

'

'

marked on the map by a red line


some peculiar combination of dots and dashes.
frontier
involves, of its military and economic

division of territory

or a green line or

Of

all

and

that a

'

'

between various kinds


meaning and life to the eight
knew nothing, and from the linguistic

racial problems, of the differences

of frontiers, of everything that gives

printed letters

'

frontier,' I

teaching of history I was like to learn nothing.

But suppose
suppose

my

had been a learner

teacher had taken

me

the geographical line chosen for


living

on

my

side of it

needed defence,
sites for forts,

the

it,

and beyond
tactical

close to a real frontier,

to

it,

it

and pointed out

to

and

me

the nature of the peoples


the strategic points which

advantages

of

various

specific

the strength of the garrisons, the conveniences

or otherwise of food-supplies, and finally the history of the whole


defence, I should have ended with real
different items

and

definite ideas.

which make up the complex institution

would have assumed form and shape before me and


have gained some not altogether unreal notion of at

'

The

frontier
I

'

should

least

one

Such lessons might be dangerous on existing modern


frontiers.
But there is at least one ancient frontier which could
be used by those who dwell near it the Roman frontier in North
frontier.

one reaching from Tyne


and the other from Forth to Clyde. The University
of Durham, Avith its Filiale in Newcastle-on-Tyne, is close to the
one, the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow are close to the
other.
The common man has recognized that readily enough.
Each summer numerous stray enthusiasts wander out over the
ruins nearest to their homes and admire the scenery and along
Britain, with its

two

lines of defence, the

to Solway

ROMAN LONDON
Hadrian's Wall at

least,

the scenery

is

well

107

worth

all

admiration

and, between whiffs of tobacco in

moments of rest, comment


vaguely on the greatness of the Romans. That is very pleasant.
Only it is not business. The real student must not merely tramp
open-mouthed along the wall
he must study it learning by
seeing (not by hearing at second-hand) why it was laid out thus and
:

thus,

why forts stand here and not there, what

in themselves

and what

'

forts

'

really

were

what the precise, actual


dangers which they confronted, what disasters and recoveries and
rebuildings mark their history, and what, finally, was the service
their garrisons,

which the whole frontier defence rendered to the empire behind


The man who has gone through this, and grasped the dominant

it.

details, will have learnt, by one instance, what a great frontier


system can mean for an empire. He has now a standard by
which all frontier problems, even the most modern, can be com-

He is ready not only for a school examination,


but for the duties of a citizen. Sense has been given to a dead
word, and an abstract term, which is otherwise so puzzling and yet
so important, becomes alive.
pared and tested.

Take another example.

Histories

talk

of

Few

towns.'

'

learners at school, not even all learners at a University, under-

stand what a town really


it is

To most young men and women,

is.

a more or less smoky, noisy, enjoyable, lively conglomeration

and persons. The problems of town life in any


community of life and action and government, its
common churches and hospitals, its street-planning, the troubles
of houses, shops,

age

its

of its food-supply, the masses of

its

unhappy poor

often paper themes, words that signify nothing real.

be made
selves.

real

are

too

They can

only by seeing and studying the things themdoubt, could usually be done in a modern

That, no

town without recourse to Greek or Latin or mediaeval antiquities.


But problems often appear in a more intelligible form if
studied apart from the complications and prejudices and selfinterest of the present day.
of

contemporary

It

is

really

to be able to

some gain

examine

to the student

us say our
town-system with some previous and unbiassed idea of what a
town is. That he can get best and surest by looking at actual
remains of ancient towns and realizing through them the items
life

which in the past have gone to make up a

let

city.

Perhaps

if


THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

108

Londoners were to study periods of London history, illustrated


by a careful understanding of its monuments, they would gain
a truer sense of the character of town-life in various ages of
English history, of the effects (as I hope to show) of English

geography on the development of a


of the causes

site like

London, perhaps even

which make London to-day a doomed and declining

city.

It may be thought that this kind of work requires much time


and a favoured locality. I do not think it need take very much
time. The lessons may cost the teacher some labour to prepare,
but they themselves will not be so very long, and part of them
The rewill be field work, suited to so-called half-holidays.
But all
sources of the locality are a more serious problem.
over England, within reach of every University and school,
remains of one sort or another form the outward and visible
signs of institutions or tendencies or organizations which have
meant much and which still mean much to mankind. If one

thing

is

not to be had, another

illustrations of

Koman

will be.

frontiers will

do not contend that

be everywhere as handy

as they are to the students of Edinburgh, Glasgow,

and New-

But other human


and other remains besides Roman. The great
need is to show, by the evidence not of words but of things, that
these abstract terms answer to and denote real and living human
activities.
If a pupil has learnt that by outward demonstration
in even one case, he will realize it more easily in others where
institutions will serve the

castle.

purpose as

well as frontiers,

such archaeological lessons

The following
The Lecturer

is

first

Roman London,
inadequate.

Roman

The

may be

an abstract

at

impossible."

of the rest of the

Address

pointed out that the evidence for a pre-

any

rate north of the

earliest

Thames, was quite

London was probably created by

merchants settling in a position of extraordinary geoadvantages, which united a first-rate harbour, an

graphical

important river-crossing, access to the continent, and access


The place grew large very early in the
to all southern Britain.
1 Arrangements
are being made to supply the members of the
Association at a later date with an illustrated text of the remaining
part of Professor Haverfield'a lecture, as printed in the Journal of

the Society for the

Promotion

of

Roman

Studies.

ROMAN LONDON

109

Roman period. The theory recently suggested in the "Victoria


History " of London and elsewhere, that the original Roman roads
crossed the
at

Thames

In any case, the

able.

and missed London, as being


him unproven and improbroads must have been taken

at Westminster

quite unimportant, seemed to

first

Roman

through London (and not through Westminster) within a dozen


years of the

Roman

The

invasion of a.d. 43.

earliest

Roman

settlement Professor Haverfield took to be a small, unfortified


trading town occupying the eastern half of our " City," Cannon

Bank and the line of Walbrook


town spread westwards over
now vanished Fleet watercourse,

Street marking the southern, the

the western limit.

From

this the

Walbrook to Newgate and the


and became very large nearly half as large again as any
other Romano-British town, and larger than York and Colchester
rolled into one.
It was full of well-built houses and good mosaics,
while the works of art, marbles, bronzes, etc., found in it surpassed those of any other British site. The inhabitants were
apparently both Romanized and civiUzed. Of the native Celtic
language and culture there was no trace
even the bricklayer
used and wrote in Latin, as an inscribed tile showed. Though

the municipal status of the town was not recorded,

was obvious.

its

importance

was a centre of the financial administration,


the seat of an imperial mint and the diocesan city of a Christian
bishop
and it also bore in later Roman times the honourable
It

title

" Augusta."

history

it

contractors.

At an uncertain date probably late in its


by substantial walls, still a terror to
In the fifth century it was destroyed by the Saxons.

was

fortified

In that troubled age, indeed,


ceased for a while to matter.

its

splendid geographical position

There was, therefore, no continuity

Roman Londinium and English London. The Lecturer


added the observation that in the present day the geographical
between

advantages of London were once more ceasing to count, and he

wondered whether presently the

site of the English capital might


not be shifted to the north, and the English Government follow
the London newspapers, which were already beginning to set up
offices in Manchester.

The Bishop of Lincoln.

" It

is

President of the Association should

becoming that the expiring

propose a hearty vote of


thanks to Professor Haverfield for his fascinating lecture, which

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

ilO

more than an hour. He has helped us to


was said Sir Roger de Coverley did that he
made a beautiful end. We have made a beautiful close to our
Meeting this year, and shall not soon forget the brilliancy of
the lecture we have heard. Professor Haverfield has redeemed
London from the reputation of being inferior to other Roman
centres of civilization. He has done more
he has redeemed
classical students from all reproach of being rather dull and dryas-dust people, for he has not only shown us a most scientific
method of investigation, he has been not only a lucid exhas charmed us
do what I think

for

it

ponent of

effective researches,

tion of brilliant

but also there has been a

humour from end

scintilla-

to end of his Address

and

one wish that there had been time to write down all the
delightful sayings which he brought forth on the spur of the
for

moment.
profit

move

a hearty vote of thanks for the pleasure and

he has given to us."

Mr. Philip Norman.


I

am

"Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,

proud to be asked on

second the vote of

this occasion to

thanks to the distinguished lecturer who has addressed us. He


who has such a profound knowledge of Roman Britain has come,
nevertheless, with

Roman London

somewhat

of a fresh

mind

to the study of

from a detached point of


view and he has told us many highly stimulating and suggestive
When London is compared with Trier we must bear in
things.
mind that London too has been an important city from very early
he has looked at

it

times

has been destroyed and rebuilt again and again, the

it

old buildings being used as a quarry

at

its

early remains

been largely obliterated.


extremely suggestive

There

taken up.
large

amount

of

is

and

indeed the traces of

What he

but that

said about interments

considerable difficulty in dealing with a

somewhat

is

the nucleus.

early date

get at the truth, not to ride a

reasons on which

made

was

a study I have not specially

is

wall, I confess I rather belong to the party


it

to get

of London
As to the Roman

swampy ground immediately south

on an area of which Southwark


assign to

it is diflficult

Roman London have

which

although

hobby

base the idea of

its

my

is

inclined to

only wish

to death.

being early

One
is

is

to

of the

the fact

which could easily be quarried in the


neighbourhood of Maidstone, taken down the Medway and brought

that

it

is

of stone

ROMAN LONDON
up the Thames
It

is

great

all

111

and that you never see traces of re-used material.


same style
and whereas in a

built precisely in the

many Roman

walls of which one finds remains there are

you never find this feature in the Roman


At the same time there is great difficulty in
regard to the question of interments
and as Professor Haverfield says, I think we shall need to have further light thrown
upon this point, for it is a very important question indeed. Once
pieces of re-used stone,

Wall of London.

again I repeat that I

The vote

am

of thanks

highly pleased to second this resolution."

was carried by acclamation.

The thanks of the Association are due to Dr.


permission to use the rooms of King's College for

Headlam
its

for

sessions

and to Professor Flamstead Walters and Mr. Walter Smith,


Secretary of the College, for their assistance in organizing the

General Meeting.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS


A. COMMUNICATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
PAGE

Discussions

On Greek as an Alternative Subject to Latin


On the Marking of Hidden Quantities
.

The President's Address


Address by Professor Haverfield

....

Address by Miss Lorimer

13-35

82-103
61-76
103-109
1-11

Address by Professor Gilbert Murray

35-45

B.ACTA
Alteration of Rule

Balance Sheet Approved

58-60
.

Election of Officers and Council

53-58

Place and Date op next General Meeting


Trust Deed Approved

53

61

60-61

Report of Council

48-51

Treasurer's Report

51-53

Votes of Thanks

To
To
To
To
To
To

....

the President
Professor Haverfield

76-79
109-111

Miss Lorimer

11-13

Professor Gilbert Murray

45-46

the Mercers' Company

46-47

the Authorities op King's College

79-82

112

INDEX

C NAMES

OF THOSE WHO TOOK PART


IN THE PROCEEDINGS

Adam, Mrs.
Anderson, W.
Arnold,

C. F.

Prof. E. V.

Baynes, N. H.

Browne,

Prof.

Burrows,

H.

Prof. R.

Case, Miss

M.

J. E.

Caspari,M. O. B.

Dingwall, W.
DoBSON,

F.

Prof. J. F.

ESDAILE, A.

J.

K.

Gardner,

Prof. E. A.

Gardner,

Prof. P.

Geden,

Rev. A. S.

Hardie,

Prof.

W. R.

Harrison, Miss

Haverfield,

J. E.

Prof. F.

Headlam,

Rev. Dr. A.

Headlam,

J.

Heard,

W.

Rev. Dr.

W.

Jex-Blake, Miss K.
Jones, Fr.

Kenyon,

Dr. F. G.

113

DECLARATION OF TRUST
Prof. R.
J.

S.

CONWAY,

W. MACKAIL,

KENYON,

G.

F.

Esq., and

Esq., as Trustees of the Classical

Association

THIS INDENTURE made

the ninth day of January

MOUR CONWAY

Professor

One thou-

Between ROBERT SEY-

sand nine hundred and twelve

Latin

of

University of Manchester of the

first

in

part

the

Victoria

FREDERIC

GEORGE KENYON of the British Museum London Esquire


JOHN WILLIAM MACKAIL of 6 Pembroke Gardens
Kensington in the County of London Esquire of the second
part

and

the

said

ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY

FREDERIC GEORGE KENYON and JOHN WILLIAM


MACKAIL of the third part WHEREAS the Classical
Association

(hereinafter

called

" the

Association ")

was

formed in or about the year One thousand nine hundred and


four and is governed by rules a copy of which is set out in
the First Schedule

hereto

AND WHEREAS

in or about

the month of December One thousand nine hundred and


nine the copyrights and goodwill in the two periodical publications known respectively as " The Classical Quarterly " and

Review " were purchased from Alfred Triibsum of Three hundred pounds by Samuel
Henry Butcher M.P. (since deceased) and the said Robert
Seymour Conway and they were registered as the proprietors
of the said copyrights and by an agreement dated the Third
day of December One thousand nine hundred and nine and
made between the said Alfred Triibner Nutt of the one part
"

The

Classical

ner Nutt for the

This First Schedule

is

list

of the Rules of the Classical Associa-

tion (see pp. 127-9).

114

DECLARATION OF TRUST

115

and the said Samuel Henry Butcher and Robert Seymour


of the other part a certain covenant was entered
into by the said Alfred Triibner Nutt for the protection of

Conway

the copyrights so purchased as aforesaid


the said

sum

Conway

as Trustees for

AND WHEREAS

hundred pounds was money belonging


to the Association and the said copyrights were acquired
by the said Samuel Henry Butcher and Robert Seymour
of Three

and on behalf

of the Association

AND WHEREAS

the several investments specified in the

Second Schedule

hereto are investments which were pur-

chased with moneys belonging to the Association

WHEREAS

sum

AND

Three hundred pounds and


the moneys with which the said investments were purchased
the said

of

were and the moneys mentioned or referred to in the next


moneys which have arisen from voluntary

recital are all

subscriptions to the Association or the produce thereof and

which were and are respectively applicable for the general


purposes of the Association whether as capital or income

AND WHEREAS under directions duly given by the Council


of the Association (which Council is hereinafter called " the

Council ") the periodical preparation publication distribution and sale of " The Classical Quarterly " and " The
Classical Review " are managed by a Board called " The

Board " (hereinafter called " the Board ")


Members appointed by the Council two
of whom are so appointed on the nomination of the Oxford
Philological Society and the Cambridge Philological Society
respectively AND the Board has in its custody certain
Classical Journals

consisting of seven

moneys belonging to the Association that is to say the sum


of One hundred and fifty pounds on deposit with the Manchester Liverpool and District Banking Company and certain
moneys standing in the Current Account of the Board with the
same Bank AND WHEREAS the said Samuel Henry Butcher
died on the Twenty-ninth day of December One thousand
nine hundred and ten and since his death the copyrights of
the said publications and the investments specified in the
Second Schedule hereto have been transferred into the joint

names

of the said

Robert Seymour Conway Frederic George


i

Seep.

119.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

116

Kenyon and John William Mackail

AND WHEKEAS

ciation

declarations stipulations

it

as Trustees for the Asso-

has been agreed that such

and provisions

shall be

made and

entered into with reference thereto and otherwise as are


hereinafter contained and a resolution of the Association
was duly passed on the ninth day of January One thousand
nine hundred and twelve approving of the terms hereof and

authorising the parties hereto to


trust as are hereinafter contained

and execute the same

NESSETH

NOW

make such
and

declarations of

to join in these presents

THIS INDENTURE WIT-

that in pursuance of the said agreement and

and in consideration of the premises they the said


Robert Seymour Conway Frederic George Kenyon and
John William Mackail do hereby declare that they and the
survivors and survivor of them and the executors or ad-

resolution

ministrators of such survivor or other the Trustees or Trustee


for the time being of these presents (all which persons are
hereinafter included in the expression " the Trustees " where

the context so admits) shall hold the copyrights of the


publications known as " The Classical Quarterly " and " The
Classical

Review " and

all

profits to arise

from the said

publications or otherwise in connection with the copyrights

and

also the said investments specified in the

Second Schedule

hereto and the income thereof and any other moneys or

property to be received or acquired by the Trustees for or

on behalf of the Association upon trust for the Association


and to be dealt with in all respects as the Council shall
determine and direct. And in the meantime and until and
subject to any other direction the Trustees shall hold the
same trust premises upon the trusts and with and subject
to the powers and provisions hereinafter contained that is
to say

As regards the two publications hereinbefore mentioned


any other publications which may be acquired
and
by the Trustees for or on behalf of the Association or which may
1.

as regards

be handed over to them in accordance with a resolution of the


Council the Trustees shall permit the preparation publication
distribution

and

sale thereof to be

under the sole management

DECLARATION OF TRUST

117

and control of the Board and may permit all proceeds income or
therefrom to be received by the Board.

profits arising

2.

The Trustees

any time on the request

shall at

of the

Council apply any part of the trust premises in the purchase of


any publications which the Council may think fit in the interests

any other manner which in


tend to promote classical studies.

of the Association to acquire or in

the opinion of the Council will

The Trustees may if they think fit receive any profits


arising from any publication for the time being vested in them or
the Association and any subscriptions contributions or donations
to or for the Association and any such profits subscriptions contributions or donations so received may be used and applied by
the Trustees in any manner in which money in the nature of
3.

capital in their

hands may be used or applied.

PROVIDED ALWAYS AND


DECLARED as follows :

IT IS

HEREBY FURTHER

The Trustees shall not nor shall any of them be responsible


any acts of the Council or the Board or for any irregularity
in the appointment of any Members thereof and acts purporting
to be done by the Council or by the Board may be accepted by
the Trustees as being done by the Council or the Board respec4.

for

tively without inquiry.

5.

Any

written statement signed by one of the Secretaries for

the time being of the Association as to who are the Members of


the Council or of the Board or as to who is the Treasurer of the
Association or of the Board

may

be accepted by the Trustees

as conclusive evidence as to the fact so stated

and they may act

on such statement without inquiry and notwithstanding any


notice to the contrary.

6.

The Trustees and each

of

them

shall

be respectively

chargeable only for such moneys and property as they shall

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

118

respectively actually receive notwithstanding their respectively

signing any receipt for the sake of conformity and shall respec-

and responsible only for their own respective


and defaults and not for those
of any other Trustee nor of any banker broker or other person
with whom or into whose hands any trust moneys or property shall
be deposited or come nor for purchasing or lending on the security

tively be answerable

acts receipts omissions neglects

of hereditaments with less than a marketable title nor for the

any investments
through their
happen
nor for any other loss unless the same shall
own wilful default respectively. And the Trustees and each of
them may reimburse themselves or himself or pay and discharge
out of the trust premises all expenses incurred in or about the

insufficiency in title or deficiency in value of

execution of the trusts or powers of these presents.

7.

The Statutory power

new Trustees

of appointing

of these

presents shall be vested in the Association and shall be exercised


by Resolution in General Meeting but so that the person so

appointed shall be elected by the General Meeting from one or


more persons nominated by the Council provided nevertheless
that a statement in writing signed by one of the Secretaries of
the Association as to a resolution of the Association having been

duly passed and as to the nomination of the Council having been

duly made shall be conclusive as regards the surviving or continuing Trustees or Trustee and the Executors and Administrators of a last Surviving or Continuing Trustee.

IN WITNESS whereof

the said parties to these presents have

hereunto set their hands and seals the day and year

above

first

written.

Signed sealed and delivered by

the-j

(Sd.)

R.

S.

Conway

above-named Robert Seymour

/^

^x

J-

Conway

in the presence of

l.S.

Ronald Montagu Burrows,


The University

of

Manchester,
Professor of Greek.

DECLARATION OF TRUST
Signed sealed and delivered by the]

above-named Frederic George

Kenyon

in the presence of

Max Otto Bismarck

(Sd.)

119

Frederic G.

Kenyon

I
J

Caspari,

University College,

London, W.C.,
Reader in Ancient History.

Signed sealed and delivered by

the"j

John William
y' \
Mackail

(Sd.)

above-named John William [


Mackail in the presence of
J

LS

Edward Adolf Sonnenschein,


The University,
Birmingham,
Professor of Classics.

THE SECOND SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO


289 18

New

Zealand 3

IO5.

per cent, stock.

300
100

India 3 10s. per cent, stock.

133

Great Western Railway

Cash on deposit at 4 per cent, with the Chartered

Bank

of India, Australia,

Debenture Stock.

and China.

Company 4

per

cent.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION

120

STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS
lieceiptfi.

Entrance-fees (94)
Life

Members

(10)

Subscriptions, 1908 (4)

Libraries

1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914

(29)

(165)
(1,115)
(50)
(8)

(3)-(l,374)

...

...

...

...

Odd Sums
Donations

...

Pronunciation of Latin, sales


advertising,

5.?.

6.v.

\d.,

less

3r/.

New South Wales C.A.


South Australia C. A
Interest on Investments

289 18*. 5d. New Zealand 3|% Stock


300 India 3^% Stock
133 G.W.R. Co. 4% Deb. Stock
(half-year)

100 on Deposit
Balance from 1910

at Chartered

Bank

...

STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS

DECEMBER

18th,

DECEMBER

1910, to

18th,

121

1911.

Expenditure.

s.

Printing and Stationery

25 19

Postage

24
48

...

...

...

Clerical assistance

Railway Expenses of Members


and Committees ...
Bank Charges
Accommodation of Council
Grants to Branches

of

...

...

Bombay
Liverpool

...

...

Council

4 17

s.

...

...

15

...

...

5 15

...

...

Manchester

42 18 11
8 19

Birmingham

d.

d.

15
10

8 15
Proceedings, vol.

(1910)

vii.

Years Work, vol. v. (1910)


...
Liverpool Meeting Reporting, etc.

77 16
90 13

2
7

341

Investment in 133 G.W.R. Co.

4% Deb. Stock

Balance, December 18th, 1911

(Signed) R. C. Beaton,

Hon. Treasurer.

16

9
149 19
89 8

580 17

...
...

7
5

APPENDIX

123

OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR


1912

PRESIDENT
The Very Rev. Henry Montagu Butler,

D.D., D.C.L., LL.D.,

Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.

VICE-PRESIDENTS
The Right Hon. H. H. Asquith,

D.C.L., K.C., M.P.

Professor R. S. Conway, Litt.D., Manchester.


The Right Hon. the Earl of Cromer, G.C.B., O.M., G.C.M.G.,
K.C.S.I., LL.D.
The Right Hon. Lord Curzon of Kedleston, G.C.S.I.,
G.C.LE., D.C.L., F.R.S.

Professor Robinson Ellis, M.A., LL.D., Oxford.


The Right Hon. Sir R. B. Finlay, K.C, LL.D.
Sir Archibald Geikie, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., P.R.S.
The Right Rev. Charles Gore, D.D., D.C.L., Lord Bishop
of Oxford.

Professor W. Gardner Hale, LL.D., The University, Chicago.


The Right Hon. the Earl of Halsbury, D.C.L., F.R.S.
The Right Rev. Edward Lee Hicks, D.D., Lord Bishop of
Lincoln.

Professor Henry Jackson, O.M., Litt.D., LL.D., Cambridge.


The Right Hon. Lord Justice Kennedy, M.A., LL.D.
F. G. Kenyon, Esq., D.Litt., British Museum.
The Right Hon. Lord Loreburn, G.C.M.G., D.C.L., Lord
High Chancellor.
J. W. Mackail, Esq., M.A., LL.D.
The Right Hon. Viscount Morley of Blackburn, P.C, O.M.,
LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.

Professor Gilbert Murray, M.A., LL.D., Oxford.


The Hon. Mr. Justice Phillimore, Bart., D.C.L., LL.D.
125

: :

APPENDIX

126
Professor

Edward

J. P.

Postqate, Litt.D., Liverpool.

Poynter, Bart., D.C.L., Litt.D., President


of the Royal Academy.
The Rev. E. S. Roberts, M.A., Master of Gonville and

Sir

J.

Caius College, Cambridge.

Professor E. A. Sonnenschein, D.Litt., The University,


Birmingham.
Sir E. Maunde Thompson, G.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.
Professor T. Herbert Warren, M.A., D.C.L., President
Magdalen College, Oxford.

of

HON. TREASURER
R. C. Seaton, Esq., M.A., Woodburn, Reigate.

HON. SECRETARIES
J. H. Sleeman, Esq., M.A., The University, Sheffield.
M. 0. B. Caspari, Esq., M.A., University College, London, W.C.

COUNCIL
Professor R. C. Bosanquet, The University, Liverpool.
C. D. Chambers, Esq., M.A., The University, Birmingham.
Professor B. M. Connal, M.A., The University, Leeds.
Professor F. Granger, M.A., University College, Nottingham.
Miss Jex-Blake, Girton College.
R. W. Macan, Esq., D.Litt., Litt.D., Master of University College,
Oxford.

W.

E. P. Pantin, Esq., M.A., St. Paul's School.

A. B. Ramsay, Esq., M.A., Eton College.


Robertson, Esq., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Miss A. F. E. Sanders, M.A., High School for Girls, Tunbridge.
Professor D. A. Slater, M.A., University College, Cardiff.
Miss M. E. J. Taylor, M.A., Royal Hollo way College.
Professor W. C. Flamstead Walters, M.A., King's College,
London, W.C.
H. B. Walters, Esq., M.A., British Museum.

D.

S.

Representing the Classical Association of South Australia

Professor

J. P.

Postgate, Litt.D., Liverpool.

Representing the Classical Association of

New

E. R. Garnsky, Esq., B.A.

South Wales

; ;

RULES
first General Meeting of the Associatum, May 2%th, 1904
at the General Meetings of January 5th, 1906, October lOth

Adopted at the

Amended
1908,

1.

January

llth, 1910, a7id

The name

January

9th, 1912.

the Association shall

of

be

"The

Classical

Association."
2. The objects of the Association are to promote the development and maintain the well-being of classical studies, and in

pai'ticular
(a)

To impress
studies to

upon public opinion the

claim of

such

an eminent place in the national scheme

of

education
(b)

To improve the

(c)

and methods;
To encoui'age investigation and call attention

practice of classical

teaching by free

discussion of its scope

to

new

friendly intercourse

and

discoveries
{d)

To

create

opportunities

co-operation

among

for

all lovers of classical

learning in

this country.

The Association shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents,


a Treasurer, two Secretaries, a Council of fifteen members besides
the Officers, and ordinary Members,
The officers of the Association shall be members thereof, and shall be ex-officio members of
3.

the Council.
4.

The Council

shall be entrusted

with the general administra-

tion of the affairs of the Association, and, subject to

any

special

direction of a General Meeting, shall have control of the funds


of the Association.

meet as often as it may deem necessary


by the Secretaries to each member, and
at every meeting of the Council five shall form a quorum.
6. It shall be within the competence of the Council to make
5.

The Council

upon due

shall

notice issued

127

APPENDIX

128
rules for its

own

procedure, provided always that questions before

the Council shall be determined by a

majority of votes, the

Chairman to have a casting vote.


7. The General Meeting of the Association shall be held
annually in some city or town of England or Wales which is
the seat of a University, or at any place witlxin the limits of
the British Empire which has been recommended by a special
resolution of the Council

the place to be selected at the previous

General Meeting.

The

8.

President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretaries, and

Council shall be elected at the General Meeting, but vacancies

may

occurring in the course of the year

be

filled

up temporarily

by the Council.

The President

9.

shall be elected for

one year, and shall not

be eligible for re-election until after the lapse of five years.

The

10.

Vice-Presidents, the Treasurer,

shall be elected for

Members

11.

on retirement

one year, but shall be

of the Council shall

and the Secretaries

eligible for re-election.

be elected for three years, and

shall not be eligible for re-election until after the

For the purpose

lapse of one year.

of establishing a rotation the

Council shall, notwithstanding, provide that one-thii-d of

its

original

members shall retire in the year 1905 and one-third in 1906.


12. The Election of the Officers and Council at the General
Meeting shall be by a majority of the votes of those present, the
Chairman to have a casting vote.
13. The Council shall make all necessary aiTangements for the
conduct of the General Meeting, and in particular shall prepare
the list of agenda and determine what papers shall be read.
It
shall also

have power to bring before the Genex'al Meeting without


all business which it considers urgent.

previous notice
13a.

Any member who may

desire to propose

a resolution or

to read a paper at the General Meeting shall give notice accord-

ingly to one of the Secretaries at

date of the Meeting.

Rule

least six

weeks before the

Notice of resolutions sent in under this

shall be circulated to

Members

together with the names

of the respective proposers.


14.

Membership

of either sex

who

of the Association shall be

are in sympathy with

open to

all

persons

its objects.

15.

Ordinary members shall be elected by the CouncU.

16.

There shall be an entrance fee

of 5s.

The annual sub-

RULES
scription shall be

5s.,

129

payable and due on the 1st of January in

each year.
17. Members who have paid the entrance fee of 5s. may
compound for all future subscriptions by the payment in a single

sum

annual subscriptions.

of fifteen

The Council

18.

shall

member's name from the


19. Alterations in the

have power to remove by vote any


list of

the Association.

Rules of the Association shall be made

by vote at a General Meeting, upon notice given by a Secretary


to each

member

at

least a fortnight

before the date of such

meeting.

The

20.

Classical Association shall

relations with

have power to enter into


its own,

other bodies having like objects with

upon their application to the Council and by vote of the same.


The Council shall in each case determine the contribution
payable by any such body and the privileges to be enjoyed
by its members. The President of any body so associated shall
during his term of

office

be a Vice-President of the Classical

But the members of the


not be deemed to be members of the
nor shall they have any of the rights or
Association.

associated
Classical

body shall
Association,

privileges of

members

beyond such as they shall enjoy through the operation

of this

rule.

The

provisions of Rules 8, 10, 12, and 16 shall not apply to

the Vice-Presidents created under this rule.


of

any body

If the President

so associated is unable to attend the meetings of

Council, the Council shall have power to invite that body to

nominate a representative to serve for a limited period (not


member of Council beyond

exceeding one year) as an additional


the

number 15 mentioned

17

in

Rule

3.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OE MEMBERS


*^* lids list is compiled from information furnislied iy Memhers
the Association, and Members are requested to be so kind
to send immediate notice of any Change in their addresses
E. C. Seaton, Esq., M.A., Woodburn, Reigate, Surrey, ivith
view to corrections in the next published List. The Members
lohose names an asterisk is prefixed are Life Members.

of
as
to

a
to

Abbott, E., M.A., Jesus College, Cambridge.


Abel, H. G., M.A., The Grammar School, Barnstaple.
Abernethy, Miss A. S., B,A., Bishopshall West, St. Andrews,
N.B.
Abrahams, Miss E. B., M.A., 84, Portsdown Koad, Maida
Vale,

W.

Adam, Mrs. A. M., 21, Barton Road, Cambridge.


Adam, Miss M. E., B,A., Cairndhu, Kidderminster.
Adams, Miss E. M., 180, Aldersgate Street, E.G.
Adams, T. D., M.A., Otago University, Dimedin, N.Z.
Adcock, F. E., M.A., King's College, Cambridge.
Adshead, F., B.A., Commercial Travellers' School, Pinner,
Middlesex.

Agar,

T. L.,

M.A.,

11,

Clyde Ptoad, West Didsbury, Man-

chester.
S., M.A., Tettenhall College, Wolverhampton.
AiLiNGER, Rev. A., S.J., St. Xavier's College, Bombay.
*Alder, Miss, M.B., 65, Francis Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
*Alpord, Miss M., 51, Gloucester Gardens, Bishop's Road, W.

Ager, R. L.

Alington, Rev. C. A., M.A., School House, Shrewsbury.


Allbutt, Prof. Sir T. Clifford, K.C.B., M.D., F.R.S., St.
Radegund's, Cambridge.
Allen, J. E. R., M.A., Portoi-a, Enniskillen, Co. Fermanagh.
*Allen, p. S., M.A., Merton College, Oxford.
Allen, S., M.A., Lisconnan, Dervock, Co. Antrim.
Allen, T. W., M.A., Queen's College, Oxford.
130

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


Allen, Ven. Archdeacon

W.

0.,

131

Egerton Hall, Victoria Park,

Manchester.

Allison, F. W., B.A.,

Allwood, Miss M.,

9,

I.C.S.,

The

Thana, Bombay Presidency.

College, Sutton-on-Hull, E. Yorks.

Alton, E. H., M.A., F.T.O.D., 37, Trinity College, Dublin.


Anderson, G., M.A., I.C.S., Elphinstone College, Bombay.
Anderson, J. G. C, M.A., Christ Church, Oxford.
Anderson, Prof. W. B., M.A., Queen's University, Kingston,
Ontario.
* Anderson, W. C. F., M.A., Hermit's Hill, Burghfield

Common,

Mortimer, Berks.

Anderson, Y., M.A., LL.B., 50, Pall Mall, W.


Angus, C. F., M.A., Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
*Anson, Sir W. R., Bart., M.P., Warden of All Souls College,
Oxford.

Antrobus, G. L. N., M.A., Cranleigh School, Surrey.


Antrobus, Sir B. L., K.C.M.G., 19, Ci-anley Gardens, vS.W.
*Anwyl, Prof. Sir E., M.A., 62, Marine Terrace, Aberystwyth.
Appleton, R. B., B.A., Perse School, Cambridge.
Archibald, 3Iiss E., University House, Edgbaston Park Road,
Birmingham.
Argles, Miss E. M., Vice-Principal, Lady Margaret Hall,
Oxford.

Armitagb, N. C, M.A., Hertslets, Claygate, Surrey.


Armstead, Miss H., 18, Clifton Hill, N.W.
Arnison, G. Wright, M.A., Royal Gi-ammar School, High

Wycombe, Bucks.
Arnold, A. J., Pupil Teachers' Centre,
*Arnold, Prof. E. V., Litt.D., Bryn

Sheffield.
Seiriol,

Bangor, North

Wales.

Ashbee, J. Neville, B.A,, Rose Valley House, Brentwood, Essex.


*AsHBY, T., Junr., M.A., Bi-itish School, Rome.
AsHFORTH, Mrs. M., B.A., 3, Hawthorne Terrace, Alverthorpe,
Wakefield.

*AsHT0N, Mrs., Heycroft, West Didsbury, Manchester.


AsHWiN, Pev. F., M.A., Magdalen College School, Brackley.
AsHWORTH, Miss H. A., B.A., The High School, St. Albans.
AsQUiTH, Rt. Hwi. H. H., D.C.L., K.C., M.P., 20, Cavendish
Square,

W.

*Atkey, F. a. H., Marlborough College, Wilts.


*Atkinson, Miss A. L., c/o Menzies, 1, Manor Place, Edinburgh.

APPENDIX

182
Atkinson,

W., M.A., Head Master, Grammar School,

Ilkley,

Yorks.

Atkinson, Rev. E., D.D., Master of Clare College, Cambridge.


AuDEN, Prof. H. W., M.A., Principal, Upper Canada College,
Toronto, Canada.
Austen-Leigh, E. C, M.A., Eton College, Windsor.

Badley, J. H., M.A., Bedales School, Petersfield, Hants.


Bagge, Miss L. M., Stradsett Hall, Downham Market,
Norfolk.

Bailey, Cyril, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford.


Bailey, J. C, M.A., 34, Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W.
Baillie, a. W. M., B.A., ll,Chantrey House, Eccleston Street,

S.W.
Baines, Miss K. M,, M.A., High School for Girls, Birkenhead.

Baker, A. B. Lloyd, B.A., Hardwicke Court, Gloucester.


Baker-Penoyre, J. ff., M.A., Hellenic Society, 19, Bloomsbury Square, W.C.
Bakewell, Miss D. L., Thornhurst, Newcastle-under-Lyme,
Staffs.

Balcarres, Lord, M.P., F.S.A., 7, Audley Square, London, W.


Baldwin, S., M.A., M.P., Astley Hall, Stourport.
Balfour, Rt. Hon. Gerald, Athenaeum Club, S.W.
Ball, Miss M. G., Montcalm, St. Bernard's Road, Olton,
Birmingham.
Ball, S., M.A., St. John's College, Oxford.
Ballinger, Miss I. M., B.A., 53, Stirling Road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham,
Bampfylde, F. G., M.A., Merchant Taylors' School, London, E.G.
Banks, Miss E. J., M.A., The Shanty, Cleeve Hill, Cheltenham.
Barber, Miss G. M., B.A., 14, Lawson Road, Sheffield.
Barke, Miss E. M., Stoke Lodge, Stoke-on-Trent.
Barker, E. J. P. Ross, B.A., White House, Charing, Kent.
Barker, E. P., M.A., 5, Park Avenue, Mapperley Road,
Nottingham.
Barker, Miss E. Ross, B.A., 40, Norland Square, W.
Barker, Rev. Canon P., M.A., St. John's Vicarage, Bromley,
Kent.
Barlee, K. W., B.A., I.C.S., Secretariat, Bombay.
*Barlow, T. D., 64, Eccles Old Road, Pendleton, Manchester.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


Barlow,

2Irs.

T.

D., B.A., 64, Eccles

133

Old Road, Pendleton,

Manchester.
M., The Ladies' College, Cheltenham.
Barnard, P. M., M.A., B.D., 10, Dudley Road, Tunbridge Wells.

Barnard, Miss H.

*Bahnes, JRev. Prof. W. E., D.D., 42, Lensfield Road, Cambridge.


Baknett, p. A., M.A., Board of Education, Whitehall, S.W.
*Barran, Sir J. N., Bart., B.A., M.P., Sawley Hall, Ripon.
Barrett, Miss H. M., M.A., 100, City Road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham.
Barrows, Miss

M. M., Hampton

School,

Malvern P.O.,

Jamaica.

*Batchelor, Hon. Mr.

Justice, S.L., B.A., I.C.S.,

High Court,

Bombay.
Bate, R. S., M.A., King's College, London, W.C.
Battiscombe, E. M., Eastwood, Weston-super-Mare.
Baugh, Miss E. M., King Edward VI.'s High School for Girls,

New

Street,

Birmingham.

Wentworth Road, Harborne, Birmingham.


Baynes, N. H., B.A., Fitz Walters, Northwood, Middlesex.
Beaman, Hon. Mr. Justice, F.C.O., I.C.S., High Court, Bombay.
Bean, Eev. E., M.A., Brentwood School, Essex.
*Beare, Prof. J. I., M.A., Trinity College, Dublin.
Beasley, H. C, 25a, Prince Alfred Road, Wavex'tree, Liverpool.
Beasley, T. E., Ecclesbourne School, Worple Road, Wimbledon,
Bayliss, A. E., 44,

S.W.
Beaumont, 3Iiss, 16, Alexandra Drive, Sefton Park, Liverpool.
Beaven, Rev. A. B., M.A., Greyfriars, Milverton, Leamington.
Beck, Eev. Canon E. J., M.A., 4, Scroope Terrace, Cambridge.
*Beckwith, E. G. a., M.A., The Army School, near Maidenhead.
Beeching, Very Rev. H. C, M.A., LL.D., The Deanery,
Norwich.
Beggs, Miss J. W., Hazeldene, King's Road, Wimbledon, S.W.
Behrens, N. E., M.A., 16, Queen's Gate, S.W.
Belcher, A. Hayes, M.A., The College, Brighton.
Belcher, Miss E. M., B.A., High School, Bedford,
Belcher, Rev. T. Hayes, M.A., Bramley Rectory, Basingstoke.
Bell, Edward, M.A., York House, Portugal Street, W.C.
Bell, Rev. Canon G. C, M.A., 19, Cowley Street, Westminster,
S.W.
Bell, J. Murray, B.A., Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh.
Bell, W. M., Yacht Club, Bombay.

APPENDIX

134

Park Eoad, Newcastle-on-Tyne.


Magdalen College, Oxford.
Benger, Ifiss L. M., High School, Swansea.
Benn, a. W., B.A., II Ciliegio, San Gervasio, Florence.
*Bennett, Mrs. A. H., 53, Vanburgh Park, Blackheath,
Bell,

W.

S., 99,

*Benecke, p. V. M., M.A.,

S.E.

Steyne School, Worthing.


Bennett, G.
*Bensly, Prof. E. von B., M.A., The University, Aberystwyth.
Bensly, Eev. W. J., M.A., Old School House, Sherborne.
B., B.A.,

Benson, A. C, M.A., Magdalene College, Cambridge.


*Benson, Godfrey P., 108, Eaton Square, S.W.
Benton, Miss S., 16, Lancaster Road, Wimbledon Common, S.W.
Bernard, Eev. Canon E. P., M.A., High Hall, Wimborne,
Dorset.

*Bernats, a. E., M.A.,


Berridge, Miss E. H.,

Priory Road, Kew, Surrey.


The Knoll, Beckenham.
F., B.D., 23, Cranmer Road, Cambridge.

3,

7,

Bethune-Baker, Rev. J.
*Bevan, Eev. C. 0., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Bevan, Miss F. E., 16, Alexandra Drive, Sefton

Park,

Liverpool.

Bewsher, J., M.A., St. Paul's Preparatory School, Colet Court,


Hammersmith, W.
Billson, 0, J., M.A., Silchester House, Silchester, Reading.
*BiNGHAM, H. B., B.A., Nalder Hill House, Newbury, Berks.
BiNNEY, E. H., M.A., 21, Staverton Road, Oxford.
*Blagden, Eev. C. M., M.A., Chi-ist Church, Oxford.
Blakiston, C. H., B.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Bland, Miss E. D., XXth Century Club, Netting Hill, W.
Blundbll, Miss A., 42, Powis Square, Bayswater, W.
Blunt, Eev. A. W. F., M.A., 54, Waldeck Road, Nottingham.
Bolus, E.

J.,

B.A., I.C.S., Poena, India.

Lord Bishop of, Altamont Lodge, CumBombay.


balla Hill,
BoNSER, Et. 11071. Sir J. W., M.A., 3, Eaton Place, S.W.
*BosANQUET, Prof R. C, M.A., The University, Liverpool.

Bombay,

Et. Eev. the

Botting, C. G., M.A., 22, Perham Road, West Kensington, W.


Bourne, Miss M. E., B.A., Prating Rectory, Colchester.
BousFiELD, F. S. N., Grammar School, Brisbane, Queensland.

BowEN,

C.

church,

C, Middleton Grange, Upper Riccarton,

New

Zealand.

*BoWEN, H. C, M.A., St. Edmund's School, Canterbury.


BowLBY, Eev. II. T., M.A., Lancing College, Sussex.

Christ-

J^AMES

AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

135

Boyd,
C, I.C.S., Ahmednagar, Bombay Presidency.
Boyd, Miss H., Astell House, Cheltenham.
Bradley, A. C, 9, Ed ward es Square, Kensington, W.
Braham, H. v., BA., I.C.S., Godhra, Panch Mahals, Bombay
Presidency.

Bramley,

M.A., Springfield, Stonehouse, Gloucester.


May Bank, Aigburth, Liverpool,
Bramston, Rev. J. T., M.A., Culver's Close, Winchester.
Bramwell, W. H., M.A., Bow, Durham.
Branfoot, Eev. W. H., M.A., Enford Vicarage, Pewsey, Wilts.
Branpord, Mrs., c/o London and South Western Bank, 46,
J.,

Bramley-Moore, Miss,

Southampton Row, W.C.


Brayne, a. F. L., M.A, I.C.L., Satara, India.
Bridge, Admiral Sir C, K.C.B., 1, Eaton Terrace, S.W.
Bridge, Rev. J., S.J., St. Francis Xavier, Salisbury

Street,

Livei'pool.

Brighouse, T. K., University College, Aberystwyth.


Bright, G. E., Nepean Sea Road, Bombay.

Brightman, Rev. F. E., M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford,


Brinton, H., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Broadbent, C. H., B.A., 4, Apsley Crescent, Bradford.
Broadbent, H., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Brock, Miss M. D., D.Litt., Afton, Hammelton Road, Bromley,
Kent.

Brogkman, Rev. R. T., St. John's Vicarage, Tue Brook, Liverpool.


Brodribb, C. W., M.A., 5, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn,
W.C.
Brooke, Mrs., 33, Acomb Street, Whitworth Park, Manchester.
Brooks, Prof. F., M.A., The University, Bristol.
Brown, A. C. B., B.A., New College, Oxford.
Brown, A. Theodore, The Nunnery, St. Michael's Hamlet,
Liverpool.

Brown,

Prof. J. Rankine, M.A., Victoria University College,

Wellington,

New

Zealand.

Brown, Miss L., The Nunnery, St. Michael's Hamlet, Liverpool.


Browne, Rev. E. L., M.A., St. Andre\v's School, Eastbourne.
*Browne, Rev. Prof. H,, M,A,, University College, Dublin,
Browne, Very Rev. Joseph, S.J., 31, Farm Street, Berkeley
Square,

W,

Browning, Judge W, Ernst, Royal


Street, S.W.

Societies Club, 63, St. James's

APPENDIX

186

Brownjohn, a. D., B.A., Lynton House, King's Road, Richmond, S.W.


Bruce, Hon. W. N., C.B., 14, Cranley Gardens, S.W.
*Bryans, C, M.A., Arundel House, Hay ling Island, Hants.
Bryant, Rev. E. E., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.
*Bryce, Rt. Hon. James, Litt.D., D.O.L. (British Embassy,
Washington, U.S.A.), c/o Miss Bryce, 15, Campden Hill
Square,

Bull,

W.

Rev.

R. A.,

St.

Andrew's,

Southborough, Tunbridge

Wells.

BuLLER, Rev. F. G., Oakford, Bampton, Devon.


BuNCE, Miss M., Merchant Taylors' School, Great Crosby,
Lanes.

BuRGE, Rt. Rev. H. M., D.D. See Southwark, Bishop of.


Burke, Miss M. E., B.A., Girls' High School, Dudley.
BuRKiTT, Prof. F. C, M.A., Westroad Corner, Cambridge.
BuRNE-JoNES, Sir P., Bart., 41, Egerton Terrace, S.W.
Burnet, Prof. J., Ph.D. (Hon.) LL.D., 19, Queen's Terrace,
St. Andrews.
Burnley, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of, Reedley Lodge,
Burnley.

Burns, Mrs. Cecil, School of Art, Bombay.


BuRNSiDE, Rev. W. F., M.A., St. Edmund's School, Canterbury.
Burrell, a., M.A., The Borough Road Training College,
Isleworth.

Burroughs, Rev. E. A., M.A., Hertford College, Oxford.


Burrows, Prof. R. M., D.Litt., The University, Manchester.
Burrows, Ven. Archdeacon W. O., M.A., 4, Manor Road,
Edgbaston, Birmingham.
BuRSTALL, Miss S. A., M.A., Manchester High School for Girls,
Manchester.

*BuRTON, Miss A. L., M.A., Milton Mount College, Gravesend.


Burton, Rev. Edwin, St. Edmund's College, Ware.
Bury, Prof. J. B., LL.D., Litt.D., King's College, Cambridge.
Bury, Rev. R. G., M.A., Vicarage, Trumpington, Cambi-idge.
Butcher, J. G., M.A., K.C., M.P., 32, Elvaston Place, S.W.
Butler, Prof. H. E., M.A., University College, Gower Street,

W.C.
Butler, Rev. H. Montagu, D.D., The Lodge, Trinity College,
Cambridge.
Butler, Mrs, Montagu, Tiinity Lodge, Cambridge.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


Byrne,

3Iiss

137

A. D., 59, Chesterton Eoad, Cambridge.

Cade, F, J., M.A., Masborough, The Park, Cheltenham.


Caldecott, W., M.A., School House, Wolverhampton.
Calthrop, Miss C. M., 29, Argyle Road, West EaKng, W.

Cameron, Eev.

J.,

M.A., Senior Chaplain, Church of Scotland,

Cuffe Parade, Kolaba, Bombay.

Campagnac, E. T., M.A., The University, Liverpool.


Campbell, Miss E. I., 84, Fitzjohn's Avenue, Hampstead, N.W.
Campbell, H. E,, Box 374, Royal Exchange, Manchester.
Campbell, Mrs. L., 50b, Portsdown Road, W.
Campbell, S. G., M.A., Christ's College, Cambridge.
Campion, Rev. C. T., 100, Carter Street, Greenheys, Manchester.
Carlisle, A. D., M.A., Great Comp, Godalming.
Carmichael, Hon. Mr. G., Secretariat, Bombay.
Carnoy, Prof. A. J., Corbeck-Loo, Lou vain, Belgium.
Carrdthers, G., M.A., Municipal Secondary School, Manchester.

Carson, H.

J.,

M.A., Belvedere School, Upper Drive, Hove,

Sussex.
J2ev. T. N., M.A., The Grammar School, Manchester.
Cartwright, Miss M., M.A., 18, Ashfield Road, Abei-tillery.
Casartelli, Bt. Rev. L. C, M.A. See Salford, Bishop of.
Case, Miss Esther, Chantry Mount School, Bishop's Stortford.
Case, Miss J. E., 5, Windmill Hill, Hampstead, N.W.
*Caspari, M. O. B., M.A., University College, London.
Caton, R., M.D., Holly Lee, 3, Livingstone Drive, South

Carter,

Liverpool.

Cattley, Rev. A., M.A., Repton, Burton-on-Trent,


Cattley, T. F., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.

Chambers, C. D., M.A., The University, Birmingham.


Chambers, E. K., M.A., Board of Education, Whitehall, S.W.
Chandavarkar, Hon. Sir Narayanrao G., B.A., LL.B., High
Court, Bombay.
Channon, Rev. F. G., M.A Eton College, Windsor.
Chapman, J., 101, Leadenhall Street, E.C.
Chapman, P. M., M.D., F.R.C.P., 1, St. John Street, Hereford.
Chapman, R. W., M.A., 10, St. John's Street, Oxford.
Chapman, Rev. Uom,, O.S.B., B.A,, Erdington Abbey, Birmingham.
Chappel, Rev. Canon W. H., M.A., King's School, Worcester.

18

APPENDIX

138
Charlesworth, G.
Northampton.

L.,

M.A.,

Masetti,

Church

Avenue,

Chase, lit. Rev. F. H., D.D. See Ely, Bishop of.


Chatpield, H, S., Beryl House, Wodehouse Eoad, Bombay.
Chavasse, a. S., M.A., B.C.L., Crudwell House, Crudwell, near

Malmesbury.
Chettle, H., M.A., Stationers' School, Hornsey, N.
Chilton, Rev. A., D.D., City of London School, Victoria

Embankment, E.C.
J., B.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Cholmeley, R. F., M.A., 7, Gray's Inn Square, London, W.C.
Church, Rev. A. J., 12, Denbigh Gai-dens, Richmond, Surrey.
Church, H. S., B.A., Ellerslie Preparatory School, Fremington,
N. Devon.
Churchill, E. L., B.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Clapham, Miss G. E,, B.A., Municipal High School for Girls,

Chitty, Rev. G.

Huddersfield.

Clark, A. C, M.A., Queen's College, Oxford.


Clark, E. K., M.A., F.S.A., Meanwoodside, Leeds,
Clark, Rev. R. B,, Erpingham Rectory, Norwich,
Clark, Rev. R. M., M.A., Denstone College, Staffs.
Clarke, Miss E. M,, Broughton and Crumpsall High School,
Higher Broughton, Manchester.
Clarke, Rev. E. W., M.A., Trinity College, Glenalmond, Perth.
Claxton, J. A,, B.A,, Grammar School, Doncaster.
Clendon, a., M.A., The Grammar School, Handsworth, Staffs.
CoBBE, Miss A. M,, B,A., 2, Donnington Square, Newbury.
*Cobham, C. D., C.M.G., M.A,, Waverley, Ashburton, S. Devon,
CoDD, A. E., The University, Manchester.
Coghill, D. M. R., M.A., Winchester Street, St. Peter's,
Adelaide, S. Australia.

Coghill, Mrs., 2, Sunnyside, Princes' Park, Liverpool.


Cohen, C. Waley, M.A., 11, Hyde Park Terrace, W.
Cohen, H., 3, Elm Court, Temple, E.C.
Cole, E. L, D., M.A,, Troy House, Rugby.
Coleman, H. O,, B.A. Haberdashers' School, Cricklewood,

N,W.

Coleridge, E. P., M.A., Haileybury College, Herts.


Coles, P, B., B,A., 3, Milton Villas, Aylesbury, Bucks.
Collie, Miss F, A., The University, Liverpool,
Collins, A. J. F., M.A., 14,

Warkworth

Street,

Cambridge.

Collins, V, H,, B, A., Oxford University Press, Amen Corner, E,0.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


CoLLisoN-MoRLEY, L. C, B.A.,

3,

139

Scarsdale Villas, Kensington,

W.
CoLSON, F. H., M.A., 3, Grange Terrace, Cambridge.
OoLViLE, Prof. K. N., B.A., Queen's University, Kingston,
Ontario, Canada.
S., M.A., British Museum, W.C.
CoMPSTON, Rev. H. F. B., M.A., 2, Woodfield Avenue,
Streatham, S.W.
CoMPTON, Rev. W. C, M.A., Sandhurst Kectory, Hawkhurst,
Kent.
CoNDEE, Miss E. M., Milton Mount College, Gravesend.
CoNNAL, Prof. B. M., M.A., The University, Leeds.
CoNNELL, Rev. A., 22, Linnet Lane, Liverpool.
*CoNWAY, Miss A. E., Clough Hall, Newnham College, Cam-

CoLvm, Sir

bridge.

Conway, Rev. F., M.A., Merchant Taylors' School, E.G.


Conway, Mrs. Margaret M., M.A., Draethen, Didsbury,
Manchester,
S., Litt.D., The University, Manchester.
Cook, Prof. A. B., M.A., 19, Cranmer Boad, Cambridge.
Cooke, Miss P. B. Mudie, 3, Porchester Terrace, Uyde Park, W.
CooKSON, C, M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford.
Cooper, Miss A. J., 22, St. John Street, Oxford.
Cooper, H. B., M.A., Keble College, Oxford.
CoRDUE, Lievjt.- Colonel W. G. B., R.E., c/o Messrs. Cox & Co.,
16, Charing Cross, W.C.
CoRLEY, F. E., Torpels, Madras, S.W.
*CoRNFORD, F. M., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Cornish, F. W., M.A., The Cloisters, Eton College, Windsor.
*Coupland, R., M.A., Trinity College, Oxford.
CouRTAULD, G., Junr., M.A., The Waver Farm, Wethersfield,

Conway, Prof. R.

Braintree, Essex.

CouzENS, Miss F. M., 13, Rutland Park, Sheffield.


CovERNTON, A. L., M.A., Dryden, North Road, Bei'khamsted.
CowELL, W. H. A., M.A., St. Edward's School, Oxford.

Cowl, Prof R. P., M.A., The University, Bristol.


Cowley, A., M.A., Magdalen College, Oxfoixl.
CowPERTHWAiTE, Miss E. E., MA., 4, Rue du Pare Royal, Paris.
Grace, J, F., B.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Cradock- Watson, H., M.A., Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby,
Liverpool.

APPENDIX

140
Cran, Miss
Uxbridge.

Secondary Council

L.,

R,

Crawford, G.

School,

The Greenway,

M.A., Milesdown, Winchester.

*Crees, J. H. E., D.Litt., Crypt Grammar School, Gloucester.


Crerar, J., M.A., I.C.S., Byculla Club, Bombay.

Croft, Miss A. M., B.A., 28, Clarendon Eoad, Leeds.


Roan School, Greenwich, S.E.

Crofts, T. R. N., M.A.,

Cromer,

Rt.

Eon.

C.I.E., 36,

the

Earl

of,

G.C.B., O.M., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I.,

Wimpole Street, W.
H. S., M.A., B.D., Willowbrook, Chaucer Road,

Cronin, Eev.
Cambridge.

*Crosby, Miss A. D., 56, Digby Mansions, Hammersmith Bridge,W.


Cruickshank, Rev. A. H., M.A., The College, Durham.
Curtis, Miss K. M., B.A., 80, Fore Street, Hertford.

CuRZON

of Kedleston, Rt.

E.R.S.,

Hon. Earl, G.C.S.I., G.C.I. E., D.C.L.,

Carlton House Terrace, S.W.

1,

CuvELiER, Maurice, Consulat de Belgique, Bombay.

Dakers, H.

J.,

M.A., 71, Clyde Road, West Didsbury, Man-

chester.

Dale, Miss A. M., B.A., 24, Vicarage Road, Eastbourne.


Dale, Sir A. W. W., M.A., Vice-Chancellor of the University,
Liverpool.

Dale, F. H., M.A., Board of Education, Whitehall, S.W.


Dale, F, R., B.A., 18, Cromer Terrace, Leeds.
Dalton, Rev. H. A., M.A., D.D., Harrison College, Barbadoes.
Daniel, A. T., M.A., Grammar School, Uttoxeter, Staffs.
*Daniel, Miss C. I., Wycombe Abbey School, Bucks.
Danson, F. C, Rosewarne, Bidston Road, Oxton, Cheshire.
*Darlington, W. S., B.A., The Hill, Lutterworth, Leicestershire.
David, Rev. A. A., M.A., The School, Rugby.
*Davidson, D. D., B.A., 1, Glendower Mansions, Glendower Place,
S.W.
Davidson, M. G., M.A., 89, Westbourne Terrace, Hyde Park,W.
Davies, Miss C. H., M.A., Brighton and Hove High School,
Montpelier Road, Brighton, Sussex.
Davies, E. J. Llewellyn, B.A., Elstow School, Bedford.
Davies, Frof. G. A., M.A., The University, Glasgow.

M.A., King's College, Aberdeen.


7, Ingestre Road, Oxton, Cheshire.
Davies, R., M.A., Dallas, Lowther Road, Bournemouth.
Davies, G. A.

T.,

Davies, M. Llewellyn, M.A.,

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

141

Davis, Rev. H., B.A., Stonyhurst College, Blackburn.

Davis, Miss M.

(No address.)
Dawes, Miss E. A. S., M.A., D.Litt., Heathlands, Weybridge,
Surrey.

Dawes, Rev. J. S., D.D., Ghapelville, Grove Eoad, Surbiton, S.W.


*Dawes, Miss M. C, M.A., Ghapelville, Grove Road, Surbiton,
S.W.
Dawkins, Miss E. Boyd, Fallowfield House, Fallowfield,
Manchester.

Dawkins, Prof. W.

Boyd,

D.Sc,

F.R.S.,

The University,

Manchester.

Dawson, Rev. W. E,., M.A., The College, Brighton.


Day, Miss K., Rowton, Chester.
De Gruchy, W. L., 14, Great Smith Street, S.W.
Deeks, Miss B. G., B.A., 71, Mill Hill Road, Eailham Road,
Norwich.
Delany, Rev. W.,

S.J.,

LL.D., President, University College,

Dublin.

Denman, Rev. C, Farley, Oakamoor, Stoke-on-Trent,

Staffs.

De

Quadkos, J. P., M.A., LL.B., 18, Kalbadivi Road, Bombay.


Derriman, Miss M. K., Holmwood, Fowler's Road, Salisbury.
Devine, Alex., Clayesmore School, Pangbourne, Berks.
De Winton, a. J., M.A., Gore Court, Sittingbourne.
Dill, Prof. Sir S., Litt. D., LL.D., Queen's College, Belfast.
Dill, T. R. Golquhoun, B.A., 1, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
Dingwall, W. F., 15, Boutflower Road, Battersea Rise, S.W.
Dix, C. M., The Old Bell House, Northfield, Worcestershire.
Djelal Bey, Consul -General for the I^njjerud Ottoman Empire,
Turkish Consulate, New York.
DoBSON, Prof. 3. F., M.A., The University, Bristol.
DoBSON, Mrs. J. F., 64, Coldharbour Road, Redland, Bristol.
DoDD, E. E., B.A., Nicolson Institute, Stornoway, Scotland.
DoDD, P. W., B.A., The University, Leeds.
DoMAiLLE, Miss M., Withington Girls' School, Manchester.
Donaldson, Rev. S. A., M.A., B.D., The Lodge, Magdalene
College, Cambridge,
DoNKiN, Prof. E. H., M.A., Englefield Green, Surrey.
*DoNNER, Sir E., B.A., Oak Mount, Fallowfield, Manchester.
Dover, Miss M., The High School, Ashton-under-Lyne.
DowNiE, Miss 0, G., Raglan, Waterloo Park, Liverpool.
DoweoN, F. N., The Hostel, Sedbergh, Yorks.

APPENDIX

142

*Drewitt, J. A. J., M.A,, Wadham College, Oxford,


Droop, J. P., B. A., 11, Cleveland Gardens, Hyde Park, W.
Drummond, Captain E. G., Government House, Bombay.
Drummond, Major-General . H. R., C.B., O.I.E., c/o Postmaster,
Ambala, Panjab.
*Drysdale, Miss M., B.A., King's Lea, Kemerton, Tewkesbury.

Duckworth, F. R. G., Eton College, Windsor,


Dudley, L. C, B.A., 5, Carter Knowle Road,

Sheffield.

Duff, J. D,, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.


*DuFF, Prof. J, Wight, D.Litt., Armstrong College, Newcastleupon-Tyne,
*DuNDAS, R. H., M.A., Christ Church, Oxford.
DuNLOP, Miss M. M., 23, St. James's Court, Buckingham Gate,
S.W.
Du PoNTET, C. A. A., M.A., Englefield, Harrow.
DuRNFORD, R. S., B.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Durnford, W., M.A., King's College, Cambridge.

*Dymond, Miss

O.,

High School

for Girls, Bolton.

Ealand, Mrs. J. M., Hillmarton,


Earnshaw, Miss E. H., B.A.,

St,

James's Park, Bath.

23,

Massie Street, Cheadle,

Cheshire.

Easterling, H. G., B.A., 37, Glasgow Road, Crouch End, N.


EcKERSLEY, J. C, M.A., Carlton Manor, Yeadon, Leeds.
EcKHARD, Mrs., Broome House, Didsbury, Manchester.
*Eden, Rt. Rev. G, R., D.D, See Wakefield, Bishop of.

Edgehill, Miss E. M., 57, Bromham Road, Bedford.


Edmonds, J. M., M.A., 24, Halifax Road, Cambridge,
Edmonds, Miss U, M., B.A., Great Gransden, Sandy, Bedfordshire,

Edwards, G, M,, M.A., Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.


Edwards, H. J., M.A., Peterhouse, Cambridge.
Edwards, S., M.A., 22, Alan Road, Withington, Manchester.
Edwards, W., M.A., Heath Grammar School, Halifax.
Eliot, Sir C. N. E., K.C.M.G., LL.D., Endcliffe Holt, Endcliffe
Crescent, Sheffield.

Ellaby, C. S., Banister Court, Southampton.


Ellam, E., M.A., Dean Close School, Cheltenham.
Elliott, C. H. B., M.A., Cliff Court, Frenchay, Bristol.
Elliott, R. A, E., I.C.S., High Court, Bombay.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


Elliott,

R.

H.,

Rishworth

Grammar

School,

143

Eishworth,

Halifax.
T., M.A., 26, St. Michael's Street, Oxford.
Ellis, Prof. Robinson, M.A., LL.D., Trinity College, Oxford.
Ellis, 3frs. W., Weetwood, Ecclesall, Sheffield.

Elliott, R.

Ellibton,

W.

R., B.A., LL.B.,

The Ridge, Westerfield Road,

Ipswich.

Elmer, Prof. H. C, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.


Ely, Pt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of, The Palace, Ely.

England, E. B., Litt.D., High Wray, Ambleside.


Enthoven, R. E., C.I.E., I.C.S., Simla, India.
Eppstein, Eev. W. C, M.A., Reading School, Berks.
Ermen, W., Hawthorns Abbey, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire.
EsDAiLE, A. J. K., B.A., British Museum, W.C.
Evans, Lady, M.A., Britwell, Berkhamsted, Herts.
Evans, S. E., M.A., Grammar School, Doncaster.
Evans, W. H., M.A., West Buckland, N. Devon.
Ewart, Miss E. J., B.A., 89, Rippingham Road, Withington,
Manchester.

ExoN, Prof. C, M.A., Queen's College, Galway.


ExTON, G, ., M.A., The College, Cheltenham.
Fairbairns,

Miss M.

E.,

M.A.,

St.

Ives,

Waverley Road,

Enfield.

Faithfull, MissJj. M., M.A., Ladies' College, Cheltenham.


Falding, Miss C. S., Girls' Grammar School, Bradford, Yorks.
Farnell, L. R., M.A., D.Litt., Exeter College, Oxford.
Farside, W., M.A., 17, Burton Court, Chelsea, S.W.
Farwell, Rt. Eon. Lord Justice, B.A., 15, Southwell Gardens,

S.W.
Faulkner,
Felkin, F.

The Anchorage, Bombay.


W., M.A., University College

E.,

School,

Frognal,

N.W.
Fenning, Rev. W. D., M.A., Haileybury College, Hertford.
Ferard, R. H., M.A,, The Academy, Edinburgh.
Ferguson, Miss J. S., Christ's Hospital, Hertford.
Ferguson, Miss M., B.A., L.R.A.M., 20, Beech House Road,
Croydon, Surrey.
Ferrall, C. N., B.A., Rockville, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.
Field, Rev. T., D.D., Warden of Radley College, Abingdon.
Finlay, Sir R. B., K.C., LL.D., 31, Phillimore Gardens, W.

APPENDIX

144

FitzGeeald, Miss A., B.A., 19, Merton Hall Road, Wimbledon, S.W.
*FiTZHuaH, Prof. T,, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va,,
U.S.A.
Flather, J. H., M.A., 90, Hills Road, Cambridge.
Fleming, Miss A., M.A., Milham Ford School, Oxford.
Fletcher, C. R. L., M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford.
Fletcher, F., M.A., Head Master, Charterhouse, Godalming.
Flood, 3Iiss M. L., St. Elphins, Darley Dale, Matlock.
Florian, a. R., The County Secondary School, Shrewsbury.
FooTNER, n., Berkhamsted, Herts.
Forbes, H. T. S., B.A., Balholm, 17, Beverley Road, Barnes, S.W.
Forbes, K., 135, Chatham Street, Liverpool.
Ford, H. J., M.A., 3, Edwardes Square Studios, Kensington, W.
Ford, Eev. Lionel G. B. J., M.A., Head Master, The School,

Harrow.
Forrest, E. Bruce, M.A., County School,

Wood

Green, N.

M.A., The University, Sheffield.


Fotheringham, J. K,, M.A., King's College, London, W.C.
Fowler, W. Warde, M.A., Lincoln College, Oxford.
Frazer, J. G., M.A., D.C.L., St. Keyne's, Cambridge.
Fremantle, a. F., I.C.S., Shahjehanpur, United Provinces, India.
FoRSTER, E.

S.,

Frisch, E., Elmsleigh, Princes' Park, Liverpool.


Fry, C. E., B.A., The Grammar School, Manchester.

Fry, Very Rev. T. C, D.D., The Deanery, Lincoln.


Fuller, Miss B. B., The Training College, Darlington.
Furneaux, L. R., M.A., Rossall, Fleetwood.
FuRNESs, E. IL, B.A., Kidderminster Road, Bromsgrove.
FuRNESS, J. M., M.A., Khedivieh School, Cairo, Egypt.
S. M. M., High School for Girls, 70, Thurlow
Park Road, Dulwich, S.E.
Fyfe, W. Hamilton, M.A., Merton College, Oxford.

FuRNESS, Miss

Gadesden, Miss F., M.A., Blackheath High School, S.E.


Gallie, Major J., B.A., M.C., Ahmednagar, Bombay Presidency.
Gardiner, E. N., M.A., 2, The College, Epsom.
Gardner, Miss A., Newnham College, Cambridge.
Gardner, Prof. E. A., M.A., University College, London.
Gardner, Prof. P., Litt.D., 12, Canterbury Road, Oxford.
Garnsey, E. R., B.A., c/o Agent-General New South Wales,
125,

Cannon

Street, E.G.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

145

Garrod, H. W., M.A., Merton College, Oxford.


Gaselee, S., M.A., Magdalene College, Cambridge.
Gavin, Miss E., M.A., 23, Alwyne Mansions, Wimbledon, S.W.
Geden, Bev. A. S., Wesleyan College, Richmond, Surrey.
Gedge,
Geikie,

3fiss E.

C, B.A., The Rectory, Gravesend.

Sir Archibald,

D.C.L.,

LL.D.,

F.R.S.,

Shepherd's

Down, Haslemere, Surrey.


*Geldart, Prof. W. Martin, M.A., All Souls College, Oxford.
*Genner, E. E., M.A., Jesus College, Oxford.
*Genner, Miss G. B., M.A., Island Road, Handsworth, Bir-

mingham.

Gerrans, H.

T., 20, St.

John

Street, Oxford.

M.A., St. Mary's Hall, Kemp Town, Brighton.


Gibbons, W. M., M.A., The University, Sheffield.
Gibson, H. H., M.A., School Lodge, Abingdon.
Gibson, Mrs. M. D., LL.D., D.D., Castlebrae, Cambridge.

Ghey, Miss F.

L,,

Gibson-Smith, Rev. Canon, The Vicarage, Allerton, Liverpool.


Giles, Prof. H. A., M.A., Selwyn Gardens, Cambridge.
Giles, P., M.A., Litt.D., Master of

Emmanuel

College,

Cam-

bridge.

Gillespie, C. M., M.A., The University, Leeds.

GiLSON, J. P., M.A., British Museum, W.C.


GiLSON, R. C, M.A., King Edward VI.'s School, Birmingham.
GiLSON, Mrs. R. C, M.A., Canterbury House, Marston Green,

Warwickshire.
Gladstone, R., Wool ton Vale, near Liverpool.
Glazebrook, Rev. Canon M. G., D.D., The College, Ely.
Glover, T. R., M.A., St. John's College, Cambridge.
Godfrey, C, M.A., Royal Naval College, Osborne.
God LEY, A. D., M.A., 4, Crick Road, Oxford.
Goode, a. G., B.A., 323, London Road, Lowestoft.
GooDELL, Prof T. D., Ph.D., 35, Edgehill Road, New Haven,
Conn., U.S.A.
Goodhart, a. M., M.A., Mus. Bac, Eton College, Windsor.
Goodrich, W. J., M.A., Hesketh, Bui-ley-in- Wharf edale.
Goodwin, Miss U. M., 99, Iffley Road, Oxford.
Goodyear, C, 39, Lincroft Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Gordon, R. G., B.A., I.C.S., Ahmedabad, India.
Gordon, W. M., M.A., School House, Tonbridge.
Gore, Rt. Rev. Charles, D.D. See Oxford, Bishop of.

GoRSE, Rev. H., Magnus

19

Grammar

School, Newark-on-Trent.

APPENDIX

146

[Redhill.
Goss, W. N., The King's School, Canterbury.
GouGH, A, B., M.A., Ph.D., Sandcroft, Upper Bridge Road,
GouGH, Miss M. M., M.A., 39, Avenue Road, Newport, Salop.
GouGH, Rev. T., B.Sc, Grammar School, Retford, Notts.
Gould, T. W., M.A., 5, Kensington Crescent, W.
Gow, Bev. J., Litt.D., 19, Dean's Yard, Westminster, S.W.
Grafton, Rev. F, W., S.J., St. Stanislaus College, Tullamore,

[Nottingham.
King's County, Ireland.
Granger, Prof. F, S., M.A., Litt.D., University College,
Grant, Prof. A. J., M.A., The Univei-sity, Leeds.
Graves, Rev. C. E., M.A., St. Martin's, Grange Road, Cambridge.
Gray, Miss F. R., St. Paul's Girls' School, Brook Green,

Hammersmith, W.

Gray,

Rev. J. H., M.A., Queens' College, Cambridge.


Gray, Mrs. R. M., Albert Square, Bowdon, Cheshire.
Green, G. Buckland, M.A., 35, St. Bernard's Crescent,
Edinburgh.
Green, Prof. J. A., B.A., 389, Glossop Road, Sheffield.
Green, P. C, 3, Station Road, Ormskirk,
Green, Rev. W. C, M.A., Hepworth Rectory, Diss.
Greene, C. H., M.A., School House, Berkhamsted, Herts.
Greene, H. W., M.A., 4, Stone Buildings, W.C.
Greene, W. A., All Souls College, Oxford.
[chester.
Greenhalgh, J. A., 14, Heslington Street, Moss Side, ManGreenwood, L. H. G., M.A., Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
Gregory, Miss A. M., Hulme Grammar School, Oldham.
Grenfell, Mi's. a., c/o Dr. Hunt, Queen's College, Oxford.
Grenfell, B. p., D.Litt., Litt.D., Queen's College, Oxford.
Grensted, Rev. L. W., Egerton Hall, Victoria Park, Manchester.

Griffin,

Grigg, E.

F.,

Birkenhead School, Oxton, Cheshire.

W.

Grundy, G.

M., B.A., 10, Buckingham Palace Gardens, S.W.


Corpus Christi, Oxford.

B., D.Litt.,

Grundy, W. W.,

B.A., University of Wales, Aberystwyth.


Wilderness Road, Malabar Hill, Bombay.
Gudeman, Prof. A., Ph.D., Franz Josef Strasse 12, Munich.
Gunter, Miss L. M., West View, Clifton Down Road, Bristol.
GUPPY, H., M.A., John Rylands Library, Deansgate, Man-

GuBBAY, M.

S.,

chester.

Gurney, Miss A.,


Gurney, 3fiss M.,

69,
69,

Ennismore Gardens, S.W.


Ennismore Gardens, S.W.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

147

GuTHKELCH, A., M.A., King's College, London, W.C.


C, M.A., Forest School, Walthamstow.
Guy, Rev.
*GwATKiN, Miss E. E,., M.A., 84, Anfield Road, Liverpool.
GwATKiN, Rev. T., M.A., 3, St. Paul's Road, Cambridge.
GwiLLiAM, Rev. G. H., B.D., 61, Alexandra Road, Reading.

*Hadow, W.

H., M.A., Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne.


Haig, Ifiss A. C, The High School, Great Yarmouth,
Haig-Brown, W. a., c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., Bombay.
*Haigh, p. B., M.A., I.C.S., Yacht Club, Bombay, India.
*Haigh, 3Irs. P. B., c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parliament
Street, S.W.
Hale, Prof. W. G., The University, Chicago, U.S.A.
Hales, J. F., M.A., King's College, Strand, W.C.
Hall, F. W., M.A., St. John's College, Oxford.
Hall, Joseph, M.A., D.Litt., The Hulme Grammar School,

Manchester.

*Hall, Miss M. L., Baldock, Herts.


Hallam, G. H., M.A., Ortygia, Harrow-on-the-Hill.
*Halsbury, Rt. Hon. the Earl of, D.C.L., 4, Ennismore Gardens,
[land.
S.W.
Hamilton, J., B.A., Heversham School, Milnthorpe, WestmorHamlet, Rev. J. G., B.A., L.C.P., Newlands, Wellington
College, Wellington, Shropshire.

Hammans, H. C, M.A., The Bi'ewery, Andover.


Hardcastle, H., The Moor House, Oxted, Surrey.
Hardeman, J. T., Greenbank School, Sefton Park,

Liverpool.

Hardie, Prof W. R., M.A., 4, Chalmers Crescent, Edinburgh.


Harper, Miss B., 27, York Stx-eet Chambex-s, Bryanston
Square,

W.

Harper, Miss E. B. (No address.)


Harper, G. P., M.A., 19, Mecklenburg Street, Leicester.
Harris, J. Rendel, Litt.D., LL.D., Chetwynd House, Selly Oak,
Birmingham.
Harrison, B. C, B.A., Sedbergh, R.S.O., Yorks.
*Haerison, E., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Harrison, Miss J. E., LL.D., D.Litt., Newnham College,
Cambridge.
Harrower, Prof. J., LL.D., The Greek Manse, Aberdeen.
Hart, Mrs. H. E., Sassoon Dock Road, Kolaba, Bombay.
Hartley, Rev. E., M.A., South Lawn, Great Crosby.

APPENDIX

148

Hartley, S. B., B.A., Grammar School, Manchester.


Haslam, Rev. A. B., M.A., Round Hill, Grasmere, Westmorland.
Haverfield, Prof. F. J., M.A., LL.D., Winshields, Oxford.
Hawkins, C. V., York House School, 98, Broadhurst Gardens,
Hampstead, London, N.W.
Haydon, J. H., M.A., 41, Birch Grove, Acton, W.
Hayes, B, J., M.A., 5, Queen Anne Terrace, Cambridge.
*Haynes, E. S. p., 38, St. John's Wood Park, London, N.W.
Headlam, Rev. A. C., D.D., Principal of King's College, W.C.
Hbadlam, G. W., B.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Headlam, J. W., M.A., Board of Education, Whitehall, S.W.
Heard, Rev. W. A., M.A., LL.D., Fettes College, Edinburgh.
Heath, C. H., M.A., 224, Hagley Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Heath, H. F., M. A., Ph.D., Board of Education, Whitehall, S.W.
Hbathcote, W. B., M.A., Chingford Lodge, New Walk Terrace,
York.

Hebblethwaite, D. N., Birkenhead School, Oxton, Cheshire.


*Hebbrden, C. B., Principal, Brasenose College, Oxford.
Helbert, L,, M.A., West Downs, Winchester.
Henderson, B. W., M.A., Exeter College, Oxford.
Henderson, H. L., M.A., New College, Oxford.
Hendy, F. J. R., M.A., School House, Bromsgrove.
Henn, Hon. Mrs. Henry, Reedley Lodge, Burnley, Lanes.
Henn, A'^, Rev. H. See Burnley, Bishop of.
Henry, Brother Edmund, Xaverian College, Victoria Park,
Manchester.

Henry,

Prof.

R.

M.,

M.A., Cross Hill, Windsor Avenue,

Belfast.

Henson, Rev. J., M.A., Grammar School, Haverfordwest.


Heppel, Miss M. L., B.A., 3, Palace Grove, Bromley, Kent.
Herford, Miss C, The University, Manchester.

Herman, G. L., B.A., School House, Tonbridge, Kent.


Heseltine, M., B.A., Great Cressingham, Norfolk.
Hetherington, J. N., 16, Lansdowne Crescent, Kensington
Park, W.
Hett, W. S., B.A., Brighton College, Sussex,
He WARD, G. A. L., B.A., Parmiter's School, Approach Road,
Victoria Park, N.E.

Hewart,

G., M.A.,
Manchester.

Bank

of

England Chambers, Tib Lane,

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

149

Hewetson, Miss R. E., East Putney High School, 18, Carlton


Road, Putney, S.W.
Hicks, 3fiss A. M., M.A., 33, Downside Crescent, Hampstead,

KW.
Hicks, Bt. Rev. E. L., D.D. See Lincoln, Bishop
Hicks, Mrs., Old Palace, Lincoln.

of.

Hicks,
D., M.A., Fossedene, Mount Pleasant, Cambridge,
HiGGS, Miss M. K., MA., Slater Ing, Heptonstall, Hebden
Bridge, Yorks.

Htldesheimer, A., 2, Harcourt Buildings, Temple, E.C.


Hill, G. F., M.A., British Museum, London, W.O.
HiLLARD, Bev. A. E., D.D., High Master of St. Paul's School,
West Kensington.
Hirst, Miss G. M., Barnard College, Columbia University, New
York, U.S.A.
*HiRST, Miss M. E., 5, High Street, Saffron Walden.
Hobhouse, Rev. Canon W., M. A., 20, Carpenter Koad, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
HoDD, Miss M., 14, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.
Hodge, Miss D. M. V., M.A., High School for Girls, Lichfield.
*HoDGE, H. S. v., M.A., Lansdowne House, Tonbridge.
Hodges,
L, A.B., A.M., The Wadleigh High School, New
York City, U.S.A.
Hodgkin, T., D.C.L., Barmoor Castle, Beal, Northumberland.
Hodgson, F. C, Abbotsford Villa, Twickenham.
Hodgson, Rev. F. H., M.A., Clopton, Stratford-on-Avon.
Hodgson, S. H., M.A., LL.D., 45, Conduit Street, Regent

Street,

W.

Hogarth, D. G., M.A., 20, St. Giles', Oxford.


Hogarth, Miss M. L, The Red House, Westleton, Sax-

mundham,

Suffolk.

Holder, P. J., M.A., Prescote, St. Edmund's Road, Southsea.


Holding, Miss G. E., B.A., North London Collegiate School,

N.W.
Holland, W.

R,, Barton-under-Needwood, Staffs,


Hollidge, D. H., M.A., Kyre College, Thornbee Street, Unley
Park, S. Australia.

Hollowell, Rev. W., Calday Grange School,

West Kirby,

Cheshire.

Holme, A.
bury.

E.,

M.A,, Wheelwright

Grammar

School,

Dews-

APPENDIX

150

Holmes, T. Rice, Litt.D., 11, Douro Place, Kensington, W.


Hooper, Miss E. S., M.A., Heatherley, Chislehurst Road,
Sidcup.

Hopkins, G. B. Innes, M.A., Orley Farm School, Harrow.


Hopkins, T. H. C, M.A., The School, Berkhamsted, Herts.
HoPKiNSON, Sir A., M.A., LL.D., K.C., Vice- Chancellor
the Victoria "University of Manchester.
HoPKiNSON, J. H., M.A., Hulme Hall, Manchester.
HoRSFALL, Eev. A., 144, Ashley Lane, Moston, Manchester.
*HoRSFALL, Miss K. M., B.A., East Hayes, Cheltenham.
HoRT, Sir A. F., Bart., M.A., The School, Harrow.

of

Hose, H. F., B.A., Dulwich College, S.E.


*HoTSON, J. E. B., M.A., I.C.S., Government House, Bombay.
Houghton, A. V., M.A., Windham Club, St. James's Square,
S.W.
House, H. H., M.A., The College, Great Malvern.
Houston, Miss E. C, High School for Girls, Nottingham.

How, Rev. J. H., M.A., 20, North Bailey, Durham.


How, W. W., M.A., 10, King Street, Oxford.
HowARTH, Miss A., 21, Bold Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Miss

HoYLE,

F.,

S.

B.A.,

Wingfield

House,

Sherborne,

Dorset.

HuBBACK, Miss C. J. M., Claremont College, W. Australia.


HuBBACK, F. W., The University, Liverpool.
HiJGEL, Baron F. von, 13, Vicarage Gate, Kensington, W.
Hughes, Miss J. G., 2, Belgrave Villas, Huddersfield.
Hughes, Miss M. V., 8, Rectory Terrace, Sunderland.
Hughes, Eev. W. H., M.A., Jesus College, Oxford.
HuLBERT, H. L. P., M.D., The Cottage, Brixworth, Northampton.

Hull, RL Rev.

the

Lord Bishop

of,

The Vicarage,

Hessle, near

Hull.

HuLTON, A. E. G., 107, Eaton Terrace, S.W.


Hunt, A. S., M.A, D.Litt., Queen's College, Oxford.
Hunter, L. W., BA., New College, Oxford.
HussEY, Rev. A. L., M.A., Fern Bank, Buxted, Sussex.
Hutchinson, Sir J. T., M.A., Lorton Hall, Cumberland.
Hutchison, C.

W.

S.,

B.A.,

Guildford

Grammar

School, Perth,

Australia.

HuTTON, Miss
S.W.

C. A., 49,

Drayton Gardens, South Kensington,

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

151

*HUTT0N, Hiss E. p. S., M.A., The Writers' Club, 10, Norfolk


Street, Strand, W.C.
F., M.A., Warden of Trinity College,
Htslop, Rev. A.
Glenalmond, Perth, N.B,

J. M., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.


Impey, E., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Impey, R. Levitt, J.P,, F.C.A., Woodlands, Alveehurch, Worcs.

Image,

Ingle, N. L., Christ's College, Cambridge.


BA., Brad field College, Berks.

Irvine, A. L.,

*Jackson, C, M.A., Ballard's Shaw, Limpsfield.


Jackson, Prof. H., Litt.D., O.M., Trinity College, Cambridge.
James, E. I., B.A., Fernley, Maidenhead, Berks.
James, L., M.A., The
James, Miss

James,

Rev.

L., B.A.,
S.

*Jasonidy, 0.
Jelf, C.

li.,

Grammar School, Monmouth.


Wyss Wood, Kenley, Surrey.

R., M.A.,

J.,

The

College, Malvern.

Limassol, Cyprus.

M.A., The Grange, Folkestone,

Jenkins, Miss R. H., M.A., 30, Chichester Street, Chester.


*Jenkinson, F. J. H., M.A., D.Litt., Chaucer Road, Cambridge.

Jenkyns, Miss C, B.A., 16, Victoria Park Road, Cardiff.


Jerram, C. S., M.A., 134, Walton Street, Oxford.
*Jevons, F. B., M.A., Litt.D., Principal, Bishop Hatfield's Hall,

Durham.
Jewson, Miss D., Tower House, Bracondale, Norwich.
Jex-Blake, 3Iiss H., Principal, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
*Jex-Blake, Miss K., Gii^ton College, Cambridge.
Jex-Blake, Very Rev. T. W., D.D., 13, Ennismore Gardens,

S.W.
Johns, Miss E. L., M.A., Queenwood, Eastbourne.
*JoHNSON, Afiss B., 32, Nelson Square, Blackfriars Road, S.E.

*JoHNSON, C, M.A., 11, Willoughby Road, Hampstead, N.W.


Johnson, Rev. G. H., Honey Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex.
* Johnson, Miss L. A., Woodleigh, Altrincham, Cheshire.
Johnson, R., M.A., 33, Broomhall Place, Sheffield.
Johnston, D., M.A., c/o the "Advocate of India," Bombay.
Jones, Miss A. B., 29, Oxford Street, Liverpool.
Jones, A. M., B.A., St. Paul's School, West Kensington, W.
Jones, C. C. Lloyd, The Rectory, Criccieth, N. Wales,
Jones, Miss E, E. C, Girton College, Cambridge.

APPENDIX

152
Jones, F.,

King Edward's

School, Aston,

Birmingham.

Jones, H. L., M.A., Willaston School, Nantwich.


Jones, W. H. S., M.A., St. Catharine's College, Cambridge.
Joseph, H. W. B., M.A., New College, Oxford.
JuDSON, W., B.A., Dean Close School, Cheltenham.

Jukes,

J. E.

C, B.A.,

I.C.S.,

United Service Club, Calcutta.

Keane, Rev. J., S.J., Belvedere College, DubHn.


Keatinge, M. W., 40, St. Margaret's Road, Oxford.
Keeling, Rev. W. H., M.A., Grammar School, Bradford,
Yorks.

Keeling, Rev. W. T., M.A., Cordwalles, Maidenhead.


Keen, Miss E. A., Alexandra College, Dublin.
Keen, Miss E. M., 102, Brookdale Road, Sefton Park, Liverpool.
Kelaart, W. H. (No address.)
Kelsey, C. E., M.A., Hulme Grammar School, Manchester.
*Kelsey, Prof. F. W. (University of Michigan), 826, Tappan
Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
Kemball, Rev. 0., S.J., St. Ignatius, Stamford Hill, S. Totten-

ham.
Kempthorne, Rt. Rev. C. See Hull, Bishop of.
Kendall, G., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.
Kennedy, Rt. Hon. Lord Justice, LL.D., 23, Phillimore Gardens,
Kensington,

Kennedy, B.

Bombay

W.

C.

A. Calcraft,

I.C.S.,

District

Judge,

Nasik,

Presidency.

Kennedy, Miss J. E., Shenstone, Cambridge.


Kennedy, Miss M. G., Shenstone, Cambridge.
Kennedy, W., B.A., Haileybury College, Herts.
Kensington, Miss

F., 145, Gloucester Terrace,

Hyde Park, W.

Kenyon, F. G., C.B., F.B.A., D.Litt., The British Museum, W.C.


Ker, W. C. A., M.A,, 5, Vicarage Gardens, Kensington, W.
KiDD, E. S., M.A., 9, Ivy Street, Southport.
KiNCAiD, C. A., C.V.O., I.C.S., Secretariat, Bombay.
KiNDERSLEY, R. S., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
King, F. L., B.A., The College, Brighton.
King, Rev. H. R., M.A., Abbeylands, Sherborne.
King, J., M.A., Grammar School, Hitchin.
King, J. E., M.A., Clifton College, Bristol.
King, Mrs. Wilson, 19, Highfield Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Kingdom,

T., St. Olave's School,

Tower Bridge,

S.E.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

153

Kipling, Mi's. P. F., Mikleton, Queen's Drive, Liverpool.


KiRBY, W. R., West Downs, Winchester.
KiRKPATRicK, Very Rev. A. F., D.D., The Deanery, Ely.
KiRTLAND, Frof. J. C, The Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter,
New Hampshire, U.S.A.
KioxjHiN, G., Elphinstone College, Bombay.
*Knight, Miss C. M., M.A., 18, Harrington Square, N.W.
Knight, H. F., Ahmednagar, India.
Knight, K., Pinewood Grange, Camberley, Surrey.
Knox, Bt. Rev. E., D.D. See Manchester, Bishop of.
Krause, Mrs. J. M., Comberton Hall, Kidderminster.
Kyrke-Penson, Miss E., 44, Goldington Avenue, Bedford.

La Motte, Digby, M.A., Oxford and Cambridge

Club, Pall

Mall, S.W.

La Touche,

C. D., B.A., 40, Merrion Square, Dublin.


Lamb, Sir Richard, K.C.S.I., CLE., I.C.S., The Cliff, Malabar
Hill, Bombay.
*Lamb, W. R. M., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Lancelot, Rev. J. B., Liverpool College, Liverpool.
Lang, Miss E., Bowdon, Cheshire.
Lang, Miss H. M., Wycombe Abbey School, Bucks.
Langdon-Davies, B. N., M.A., Copthill, Burgh Heath, Surrey.
Langpord, Prof. A. L., M.A., Victoria College, Toronto,

Canada.
Langley, J.

E.,

M.A., Prince Alfred College, Adelaide,

S.

Australia.

Langridge, a., 3, Temple Gardens, Temple, E.C.


Larbolette, Rev. F, X., S.J., St. Xavier's High School, Bombay.
Latham, Mrs. J., Thornfield, Reigate Hill, Reigate.
Latter, H., M.A., North Devon Lodge, Cheltenham.
Lattimer, R. B., M.A., 50a, Albemarle Street, W.
Laurie, G. E., B.A., Royal Academical Institution, Belfast.
Lawson, J. C, M.A., Pembroke College, Cambridge.
Layman, Miss A. M., High School for Girls, Bromley.
Layng, Rev. T., M.A., Grammar School, Abingdon, Berks.
Lea, Rev. E. T., M.A., Steyning School, Sussex.
Leach, Frof Abby, Vassar College, Povighkeepsie, N.Y.,
U.S.A.
Leach, Miss A. K., Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmorland.
Leader, Miss E., Elmshurst, East Finchley, N.

20

APPENDIX

154

*Leaf, W,, Litt.D., 6, Sussex Place, London, N.W.


Leahy, Prof. A. H., M.A., 92, Ashdell Road, Sheffield.

Leary, Miss, B.A., Farnham Common, Slough.


Leckenby, a. E., M.A., Grove Park, Wrexham,
Ledgard, W. H., B.A., 5, Queen's Square, Bognor.
Lee, Rev. R., M.A., Southcote, Elm Grove Road, Ealing

Common.

Lexham Gardens, Kensington, W.


Lee-Strathy, Miss J. L., Craigellachie, Harborne, Birmingham.
Leeper, Alex., LL.D., Warden of Trinity College, Melbourne
Lee, Sir Sidney, Litt.D., 108,

University.

Leqard, a. G., M.A., Brow Hill, Batheaston, Bath.


Legg, Rev. Stanley C. E., M.A., King's College, London, W.C.
Lehmann-Haupt, Prof. C. F., Ph.D., LL.D., 26, Abercromby
Square, Liverpool.

Leman, H. M., M.A., LL.M., 29, Herbert Road, Sherwood


Rise, Nottingham.
Lewer, Miss C. E., B.A., Warden, Queen's College, 43 & 45
Harley Street, W.
Lewis, Mrs. A. S., LL.D., D.D., Castlebrae, Cambridge.
Lewis, Miss D. A., 204, Monument Road, Birmingham.
Lewis, Miss E., 13, Rawlinson Road, Oxford.
liEWis, Rev. F., M.A., The Gale, Ambleside.
Lewis, J. G. R., French Hoek, Cape Colony, S. Africa.
Lewis, L. W. P., M.A., Esholt, near Shipley, Yorks.
Lewis, Miss M. E., 2, Hillside, Wimbledon, S.W.
Lewis, 0. R., M.D., 324, Birchfield Road, Perry Barr, near
Birmingham.
LiBBEY, Rev. E. Jackson, M.A., Fulneck School, Pudsey, Leeds.
Liberty, Miss M., 58, Clax-endon Road, Putney, London, S.W.
Lidderdale, E. W., M.A., Bank of England, Leeds.
LiLLEY, Miss M., B.A., High School, Dover Street, Manchester.
Limebeer, Miss D., M.A., High School, Manor Road, Wallasey,
Liscard, Cheshii'e.

Lincoln, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of Old Palace, Lincoln.


Lindsay, A. D., Balliol College, Oxford.
LiNDSELL, Miss A. C, M.A., College Hall, Gordon Square, W.C.
LiNNELL, Miss B. M. B., 84, Fitzjohn's Avenue, Hampstead, N.W.

Linton-Smith, Rev. M., The Vicarage, Blundellsands, Liverpool.


LiNZELL, Miss E. M., Prior's Field, Godalming.
Lipscomb,

W.

G.,

M.A., The

Grammar

School, Bolton.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

155

Livingstone, R. W., B.A., Corpus Christi College, Oxford.


Llewellyn, Miss G., Pendlebury High School, Eccles Old Road,

Pendlebury, Manchester.
LoANE, G. G., M.A., Knockaverry, Linnell Close, Hendon, N.W.
Lock, Rev. Canon W., D.D., Warden of Keble College, Oxford.
Lodge, J., Junr., BA., Highfield, Ha warden, N. Wales.
LoEWE, H., M.A., St. Catharine's College, Cambridge.
LoLY, G., B.A., Queenmore School, Bromley, Kent.

Longman,

C. J., 39, Paternoster

Long WORTH,
LoREBURN,

Row, E.C.

M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.


Hon. Lord, Lord High Chancellor,

F. D.,
Rt.

8,

Eaton

Square, S.W.

LoRiMER, Miss H. L., Somerville College, Oxford.


LoRiNG, W., M.A., AUerton House, Blackheath, S.E.
LovEDAY, Miss A., Girls' High School, Leamington.
LovEGROVE, E. W., M.A., School House, Stamford, Lines.
LowRY, C, M.A., School House, Tonbridge.
S. G., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Lucas, F. W., Colfe Grammar School, Lewisham, London, S.E.
Luce, Miss S., B.A., High School, Tettenhall Road, Wolverhampton.

*LuBB0CK,

LuNN, Miss A. C. P., Brighton and Hove High School, Montpelier Road, Brighton.
LuPTON, Miss E. G., Springwood, Roundhay, Leeds.
Luxmoore, H. E., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Lys, Rev. F. J., M.A., Worcester College, Oxford.
Lyttelton, Rev. the Hon. E., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
*Lyttleton, Hon. G. W., B.A,, The Old Christopher, Eton
College, Windsor.
Macalpine, B. I., 145, Dickenson Road, Rusholme, Manchester.
*Macan, R. W., D.Litt., Master of University College, Oxford.
Macfarlane, W. a., Wadham College, Oxford.
Macfarlane-Grieve, W. A., M.A., J.P., Impington Park,
Cambridge.

MacGrbgor, J. M., Bedford College, London.


MacInnes, J., M.A., 92, Clarendon Park Road, Leicester.
Mackail, J. W., LL.D., 6, Pembroke Gardens, Kensington, W.
*Mackenzie, Rev. H. W., Uppingham School, Rutland.
Mackesy, Rev. T. L., M.A., 96, Stafford vStreet, Swindon.
Macleod, iwsE., 6, Church Street, Chelsea, S.W.

APPENDIX

156

Macmillan, G. a., D.Litt., 27, Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W.


Macnaghten, Rt. Hon, Lord^ 198, Queen's Gate, London.
Macnaghten, H., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
*Macnaghten, H. p. W., B.A., Bombay Co. Ltd., Calcutta.
Macnaughton, D. a., M.A., The Crossways, Eshe Road,
Blundellsands, Liverpool.

Maconochie, a. F., I.O.S., Nasik, Bombay Presidency.


Macurdy, Miss G. H., Ph.D., Vassar College, Poughkeepsie,
N.Y., U.S.A.
MacVay, Miss A. P., A.B., A.M., D.Litt., Wadleigh High
School, New York City, U.S.A.
Madan, D. M., M.A., LL.B., Whiteaway Buildings, Hornby
Road, Bombay.
Magnus, Laurie, 12, Westbourne Terrace, London,

Magrath,

Rev.

R.,

J.

D.D.,

Provost

of

Queen's College,

Oxford.

Mainwaring, C. L., B.A., 3, Bedford Place, Croydon.


*Malim, F. B., M.A., Sedbergh School, Yorks.
Manchester, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishoj) of, Bishop's Court,
Manchester.

Manley,

Mann,

J.

Rev.

H. H., M.D.,

H. K.,

St.

20,

New

Cuthbert's

Street,

West Bromwich.

Grammar

School, Newcastle-

on-Tyne.

Mansfield, E. D., M.A, Luckley, Wokingham.


Marchant, E. C, M.A., Lincoln College, Oxford.
Marillier, H. C, 37, St. John's Wood Park, Hampstead,

N.W.
Marrs, R., B.A,, Elphinstone College, Bombay.
Marsh, W., M.A., 11, The Crescent, Bedford.
Marshall, Miss A. M. C, Far Cross, Woore, Newcastle-underLyme, Stafls.
Marshall, Rev. D. H., M.A., Ovingdean Hall, Brighton.
Marshall, Mrs. D. H., B.A., Ovingdean Hall, Brighton.
Marshall, Rev. G. A., M.A., 7, St. Matthew's Drive, St.
Leonards-on-Sea.
J. H., CLE., M.A., F.S.A., Director-General of
Archaeology in India, c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parlia-

Marshall,

ment Street, S.W.


Marshall, Prof. J. W., M.A., University College

of

Wales,

Aberystwyth.

Martin, Rev. A.,

S.J., St.

Xavier's

High

School,

Bombay.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


Martin, Miss A. Pearce, M.A.,
Hill,

3,

157

Muswell Avenue, Muswell

Martin, A. T., M.A., King's College, Bangkok, Siam.


Martin, Miss M. K., 70, Doods Eoad, Reigate.
Masham, Rev. J. G., M.A., Merchant Taylors' School, E.G.
Mason, Bev. Canon A. J., D.D., The Lodge, Pembroke Gollege,
Cambridge.
Mason, Miss D., The University, Liverpool.
Mason, 3iss L. G., L.C.C. Stockwell Secondary School, Durand
Gardens, Brixton, S.W.
Mason, Rev. W. A. P., M.A., The Perse School, Cambridge.
Massey, Mrs., 2, Demesne Road, Wilbraham Road, Fallowfield,
Manchester.

Matheson, p. E., M.A., 1, Savile Road, Oxford.


Mathews, L. H. S,, B. A., St. Paul's School, West Kensington, W.
*Matthaei, Jliss L. E., Newnham College, Cambridge.
Matthew, Miss M. W., B.A., 70, Belsize Park Gardens, South
Hampstead, N.W.
Matthews, Rev. J. E., Ampleforth College, Oswaldkirk, York.
Mattingly, H., M.A.,iBritish Museum, W.C.
Mavrogordato, J. N., 52, Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W.
May, T., F.E.I., F.S.A. (Scot.), Lonmay House, Lower Walton,
Warrington.

Mayall, a., Gordon House, Bromsgrove School, Bromsgrove.


Mayo, Ch., B.A., 6, Warkworth Street, Cambridge.
Mayor, Rev. Prof. J. B., M.A., Queensgate House, Kingston
Hill, Surrey.

*Mayor, R.

J. G.,

M.A., Board of Education, Whitehall, S.W.

McAnally, H. W. W., B.A.,


Hill,

6,

Inverness Gardens,

Campden

W.

McClurb, J. D., LL.D., B.Mus., Mill Hill School, N.W.


McCormick, Rev. J. G., St. Michael's Vicarage, Ebury Square,
S.W.

McCrba, Miss G. J., High School for Girls, Stafford.


*McCutcheon, Miss K. H., B.A., Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
McDouGALL, 3fiss E., M.A., Westfield College, Hampstead, N.W.
McElderry, Prof. R. K., M.A., 3, Devon Place, Galway.

McKay, H.

G., B.A., St. Bede's School,

McLean, Miss M., B.A., P.


McMillan, G. A., B.A.,
Australia.

O.

Eastbourne.

Box 24,Otane, Hawkes Bay, N.Z.

St.

Peter's

College,

Adelaide,

S.

APPENDIX

158
McMuRTRiE, Miss B.

S.

B.,

M.A.,

40,

Eversley Crescent,

Isleworth, Middlesex.

Mead, P. J., Wadham House, Hale, Manchester.


Measures, A. E., M.A., King Edward VI. School, Birmingham.
Meiklejohn, E.. S., M.A., 105, Holland Boad, Kensington, W.
Melhuish, J. E., M.A. (No address.)
Menzies, G. K., M.A., 14, Milborne Grove, The Boltons, S.W.
Menzies, J/rs., 14, Milborne Grove, The Boltons, S.W.
Merrick, Eev. G. P., M.A, M.B., 110, Belgrave Koad, S.W.
Merrill, Prof. E. T,, LL.D., University of Chicago, U.S.A.
Merry, Rev. W. W., D.D., Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford.
Meyer, Dr. F. A., D.Phil., Yacht Club, Bombay.
MiALL, Prof. L. C, D.Sc, F.R.S., Norton Way N., Letchworth.
Michael, Miss E. McL., B.A., 14, Compton Road, Canonbury, N.
MiCHELL, W. G., M.A., The Lawn, Rugby.
Miles, Miss A. N., 10, Wellington Square, Cheltenham.
Miles, J. C, M.A., Merton College, Oxford.
MiLFORD, Rev. L. S., M.A., Haileybury College, Hertford.
*Millard, V. C. H., M.A., Shrewsbury House, Surbiton.
Miller, A. W. K., M.A., British Museum, W.C.
*MiLLiNGTON, Miss M. V., 47, Peak Hill, Sydenham, S.E.
Mills, Miss B. T., Milverton, Somerset.
Mills, E. G., St. Luke's College, Exeter.
MiLMAN, Rev. W. H., M.A., Sion College, Victoria Embankment, E.C.

Milne, J. G., M.A., Bankside, Goldhill, Farnham, Surrey.


MiLNBR, Rt. Hon. Viscount, G.C.B., G.O.M.G., D.C.L., Brooks's
Club, St. James's Street, S.W.
MiNTURN, Miss E. T., M.A., 14, Chelsea Embankment, S.W.
*MiTCHESON, R. E., M.A., B.C.L., 46, Ladbroke Square, W.
Montague, C. E., M.A., Oak Drive, Fallowfield, Manchester.
Montague, Mrs., Oak Drive, Fallowfield, Manchester.
MoNTEATH, G., B.A., I.C.S., Karwar, North Kanara, India.
MoNTEATH, J., I.C.S., Rajkot, Kathiawar, Bombay Presidency.

Moor, Mrs. E. S., 1, Clifton Hill, Winchester.


MooR, Miss M. F., 1, Clifton Hill, Winchester.
Moor, S. A., M.A., Head Master, Grammar School, Kendal.
MooRE, Miss, M.A., Lis Esgol, Worcester.
MooRE, Miss E., Greenbank Cottage, Liverpool, E.
Moore, E. W., M.A., Christ's Hospital, West Horsham,
Moore, Rev, W., M.A., Appleton Rectory, Abingdon.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


Morgan, Miss B. H., County High
MoRisoN,

159

School, Sale, Cheshire.

M.A., Board of Education, Whitehall, S.W.


MoRLEY, of Blackburn, Et. Hon. Viscount, Flowermead, Wimbledon Park, S.W.
MoRRELL, W. J., M.A., Otago High School, Dunedin, New
L.,

Zealand.

Morris, G. G., B.A., Jesus College, Cambridge,


Morris, H, H., M.A., 1, St. George's Square, Worcester.
*MoRSHEAD, E, D. A., MA. (No address.)
Morton, Miss M., 15, Greville Road, Kilburn Priory, N.W.
Moss, Rev. Prebendary H. W., M.A., Highfield Park, near
Oxford.

MouLTON, Rev. J. H., D.Litt., Didsbury College, Manchester.


*MoxoN, Rev. T. A., M.A., Alfx^eton Vicarage, Derbyshire.
Muir-Mackenzie, Sir K., K.C.B., K.C., 39, Grosvenor Road,
S.W.
*MuMM, A. L., M.A., 4, Hyde Park Street, W.
MuNRO, J. A. R., M.A., Lincoln College, Oxford.
Murray, Prof. G. G. A., LL.D., Christ Church, Oxford.
Murray, Prof. Howard, LL.D., Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Canada.

*MuRRAY, John, M.A., 50a, Albemarle Street, W.


MuscHAMP, J. G. S., MA., 57, Westbury Road, Bristol.
MussoN, Miss C. J ., Cintra Lodge, Reading.
MusPRATT, E. K., LL.D., Seaforth Hall, Liverpool.
Myers, Ernest, M.A., Brackenside, Chislehurst.
*Myres, Prof. J. L., M.A., 101, Banbury Road, Oxford,
Nairn, Rev. J. A., Litt.D., Merchant Taylors' School, E.C.
Nairne, Rev. Prof. A., M.A. (King's College, London), Tewin,

Welwyn, Herts.
Prof. H.

Naylor,

Darnley,

The

University,

Adelaide,

S.

Australia.

M.A., The Vista, Leominster.


Helena Road, Redland, Bristol.
M. L., The High School, Rutland Park,

Neild, Miss H.

T.,

Newcomb, Miss
Newman, Miss

E., 19, St.

Sheffield.

Newman, W.
Newton,

L., Litt.D., 1, Pittville

3Iiss

A.,

B.A.,

The

Lawn, Cheltenham.

Grammar

School,

Witney,

Oxford.

*Newton,

C.

W., M.A., Ivy Dene, Hampton Park, Hereford.

APPENDIX

160

Newton, Miss E. H., B.A,, Aske's Haberdashers' School for


Girls, Jerningham Road, New Cross, S.E.
Nicholson, Miss J., The High School, Kiddermiuster.
Nicholson, Miss M., 26, Talgarth Road, West Kensington, W.
NiCKLiN, Rev.

T.,

M.A., Rossall, Fleetwood, Lanes,

NicoL, J. C, M.A., Grammar School, Portsmouth.


Nightingale, A. D., M.A., Sidney House, Oundle, Northants.
NiMMO, Miss, King Edward's School for Girls, Handsworth,

Birmingham.
NixoN, J. E., M.A., King's College, Cambridge.
Nolan, Very Rev. Monsignor E., M.A., 21, Oxford Terrace, W.
Nolan, Rev. T. V., S.J., Clongowes Wood College, Sallins, Co.
Kildare.

Norfolk, His Grace


St.

the

Duke

of,

E.M., K.G., Norfolk House,

James's Square, S.W.

NoRRis, Miss M. E., M.A., 15, Barton Street, West Kensington,

W.

Northbourne, Rt. lion. Lord, Betteshanger, Eastry, Kent.


Norton, D. E., M.A., King's School, Bruton.
Norwood, C, M.A., The Grammar School, Bristol.
Norwood, Prof. G., M.A. (University College), 65, Ninian
Road, Cardiff.
Nowers, G. p., M.A., Haslemere, Baldock Road, Letchworth.

Oakeley, Miss H.
Square,

D.,

M.A., King's

College,

Kensington

W.

O'Brien, Rev. P. P., M.A.,


Minnesota, U.S.A.
*Oke, a. W., B.A., LL.M., 32,

St.

Thomas's College,

St.

Paul,

Denmark Villas, Hove, Sussex.


Oldershaw, L. R. p., Fernley, Maidenhead, Berks.
Oliphant, Prof S. Grant, A.M., Ph.D., Grove City College,
Grove City, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
O'Malley, B. F. K., Liverpool College, Liverpool.
Orange, Miss B., University House, 215, Hagley Road, Birmingham.
Ormerod, H. a., B.A., The University, Liverpool.
OsBORN, T. G., M.A., Rydal Mount School, Colwyn Bay.
Owen, A. S., M.A., Keble College, Oxford.
Owen, S. G., M.A., Christ Church, Oxford.
Owen, W. C. Tudor, I.C.S., Palitana, Kathiawar, Bombay
Presidency.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


Oxford, Rt. Rev.
Oxon.

the

Lord Bishop

of^

161

Cuddesdon, VVheatley,

Page, T. E., M.A., Woodcote, Godalming.


Paget, R., B.A., 50, Old Bailey, E.G.
Paine, W. L., M.A., 3, Bedford Place, Croydon.
Pallis, A., Tatoi, Aigburth Drive, Sefton Park, Liverpool.
Palmer, Rt. Rev. E. J., D.D. See Bombay, Bishop of.
Pantin, W. E. p., M.A., 17, Dewhurst Road, W. Kensington,

W.

Papillon, Rev. Canon T. L., M.A., Acrise, Hall Place Gardens,


St.

Albans.

Parker, Miss C. E., Westfield College, Hampstead, N.W.


Parry, E. H,, Stoke House, Stoke Poges, Bucks,
Parry, Rev. Canon R. St. J., B.D., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Paterson, Prof. A. C, Transvaal University College, Pretoria.
Paton, a. v., West Kirby, Cheshire.
Paton, J. L., M.A., Grammar School, Manchester.
Paul, Miss A. S., M.A., Netting Hill High School, Norland
Square,

W.

Pavri, N. p., B.A., LL.B., Small Cause Court, Bombay.


Peacock, M. H., M.A., 153, Woodstock Road, Oxford.

Peake, Prof. A. S., M.A., 16, Wellington Road, Whalley


Range, Manchester.
Pearce, J. W. E., M.A., Merton Court Preparatory School,
Footscray, Kent.
Pearman, Miss C. G., B.A., Ravensholt, Summerfield Road,
Wolverhampton.
Pearman, J. O'H., 16, Macaulay Road, Birkby, Huddersfield.
Pearse, p. J., B.A., 13, Barrow Street, West Bromwich.
*Pearson, a. C, M.A., Nateby, Warlingham, Surrey.
*Pearson, Miss E. R., M.A., Abbey Park South, St. Andrews.
*Pearson, Miss M. E., M.A., University Registry, Cathay's
Park, Cardiff.
Pember, F. W., M.A., 60, Queen's Gardens, W.
Pendlebury, C, M.A., Arlington House, 39, Brandenburgh
Road, Gunnei'sbury, W,
Penny, Miss D., A. A., The Hermitage, Marlborough.
*Penrose, Miss E., Somerville College, Oxford.
Percival, p. E., B.A., I.C.S., Secretariat, Bombay.
Perman, Miss Ida A., M.A., County School, Pembroke Dock.
Peskett, a. G., M.A., Magdalene College, Cambridge.

21

APPENDIX

]62

Peskett, Miss S. M., 80, Huntingdon Koad, Cambridge.


*Peterson, Princijyal W., LL.D., C.M.G., McGill University,
Montreal, Canada.
*Phelps, Eev. Ij. R., M.A., Oriel College, Oxford.
Phillimore, Hon. Sir W. G., Bart., D.C.L., Cam House,

Campden

Hill,

Kensington, \V.

Phillips, Rev. L. A., Theological College, Lichfield.


Phillips, Rev. W. K, M.A., South Lodge, Lowestoft.

Phipps, Miss M. E. A., B.A., 29, Blossom Street, York.


*PiCKARD, Miss E. M., Overdale School, Settle, Yorks.
PiCKARD, Miss K., B,A., Bradford Commercial Institute,
Telegraph Chambers, Market Street, Bradford,
Pickard-Cambridqe, a. W., M.A., Balliol College, Oxford.
Pickering, T. E., M.A., The Schools, Shrewsbury.
PiGOTT, R. E. P., Marine Lines, Bombay.

PiLKiNGTON, Mrs., Briar's Hey, Rainhill, Lanes.


Plaistowe, F. G., M.A,, Queens' College, Cambridge.
Plaskitt, M.A., LL.B., Grendon, Walm Lane, Cricklewood,

N.W.
Plater, Rev. C. D., S.J., St. Mary's Hall, Stonyhurst, Blackburn.
Platt, Prof. A., M.A., 5, Chester Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W.
Plunkett, Count, F.S.A., 26, Upper Fitzwilliam Street,
Dublin.

Pollard, A. T., M.A., 24, Harley Street, W.


Pollock, Sir F., Bart., M.A., D.C.L., 21, Hyde Park Place, W.
Poole, Miss D. J. L., Mansel House, Oxford.
Pooler, Rev. C. K., D.Litt., B.D., M.A., English Street,
Downpatrick.
PooLEY, H. F., M.A., Scotter, Well Walk, Hampstead, N.W.
Pope, G. H., M.A., B.C.L., 60, Banbury Road, Oxford.
Pope, Mrs., 60, Banbury Road, Oxford.
PosTGATE, Prof. J. P., Litt.D., The University, Liverpool.
Powell, Miss H. L., St. Mary's College, Paddington, W.

Powell, J. U., M.A., St. John's College, Oxford.


Powell, Miss M., Orme Girls' School, Newcastle-under-Lyme,
Staffs.

*PowELL, Miss M. H., St. Michael's Hostel, Grove Park, Lee, S.E.
PoYNTER, A. M. (No address.)
PoYNTER, Sir E, J., Bart., D.C.L., Litt.D., P.R.A., 70, Addison
Road, W.
Pratt, E, M., Judicial Commissioner of Sind, Karachi.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

163

M.A., 14, Hillside Gardens, Highgate, N.


Wood Lane, Headingley, Leeds.
Prichard, H. a., M.A., 43, Broad Street, Oxford.
Prickard, a. O., M.A., Shotover, Fleet, Pv,.S.O., Hants.
Prideaux, W. R., M.A., Liverpool Collegiate School, Liverpool.
PuRDiE, 3Iiss E., Ph.D., Ladies' College, Cheltenham.
PuRDiB, Miss F. M., M.A., L.O.C. Secondary School, Sydenham

Preedy,

J. B. K.,

Price, A. C, M.A., 29,

Hill Road, S.E.


Purser, L. C, Litt.D., 35, Trinity College, Dublin.
PuRTON, G. A., The Grange, King's School, Canterbury.
Pye, Prof. J., D.Sc, University CoUege, Galway.

Qdelch, Miss IC, Women's Settlement, 318, Summer Lane,


Birmingham.
QuiN, Hon. Mr. H. 0., I.C.S., Bombay.

*Rackham, H., M.A., Christ's College, Cambridge.


Rackham, Miss J. M,, B.A., 53, Deronda Road, Herne Hill, S.E.
Radcliffe, Rev. R. C, M.A., Holland House, Farnham, Surrey.
*Radcliffe,

W. W.

Fonthill, East Grinstead, Sussex.

*Radford, Miss, 36, Moscow Court, Queen's Road, W.


Ragg, Rev. W. H. M., M.A., The Cathedral School, Hereford.
*Rainy, G., I.C.S., Simla, India.
*Raleigh, Miss K., 8, Park Road, Uxbridge.
*Ramsay, a. B., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Ramsay, Pq'o/. G. G., Litt.D., Drumore, Blairgowrie, N.B.
Rapson, Frof. E. J., M.A., 8, Mortimer Road, Cambridge.
Rawlins, F. H., M.A,, Eton College, Windsor.
Rawnsley, W. F., M.A., J. P., Shamley Green, Guildford.
Reade, B. C, c/o Messrs. Gill & Co., P.O. Box 86, Bombay.
Reeve, Miss J. J., Stanstead Abbots, near Ware, Herts.
Reid, Prof. J. S., Litt.D., West Road, Cambridge.
Reilly, Lieut. B. R., Kolhapur, India.
Rendall, Rev. G. IL, M.A., Litt.D., Dedham House, Dedham,
Essex.

Rendall, M. J., M.A., The College, Winchester.


Rendall, Y., M.A., 15, Wellesley Mansions, West Kensington,

W.

Rennie, W., M.A., Tho University, Glasgow.


Reynolds, F., M.A., Intermediate School for Boys, Newport
Road, Cardiff.

APPENDIX

164

Rhoades, J., M.A., Kingsthorpe, Kelvedon, Essex.


Rhodes, Miss 0. M., M.A., Aske's Haberdashers' School for
Girls,

New

Cross, S.E.

Rhys, Miss M., The Lodgings, Jesus College, Oxford.


Richard, Miss K. A., 67, Gordon Road, Ealing, W.
Richards, F., M.A., Kingswood School, Bath.
Richards, Miss F. G., B.A., Gainsborough House, Borough
Road, Prenton, near Birkenhead.
Richards, Rev. G. C, M.A., Oriel College, Oxford.
Richards, H., M.A., Wadham College, Oxford.
Richards, Eev. J. F., M.A., The Rectory, South Luffenham,
Stamford.
Richards, 3fiss S. E. S., M.A., Training College, Stockwell
Road, S.W.
Richardson, Miss A. W., B.A., Westfield College, Hampstead,

N.W.
Richardson, Miss E. M., B.A., Wyss Wood, Kenley, Surrey.
Richardson, G., M.A., Felbrigge, Lichfield Road, Sutton
Coldfield.

Richmond, B. L., M.A., 9, Victoria Square, S.W.


Richmond, O. L., M.A., King's College, Cambridge.
Richmond, Sir W. B., K.C.B., R.A., Beavor Lodge, Hammersmith,

W.

RiCKARDS, F. T., Victoria Terminus, Bombay.


*RiDDiNG, Miss C. M., 30, Windsor Court, Bayswater, W.
RiDGEWAY, Prof. W., Litt.D., Sc.D., F.B.A., Fen Ditton, Cambridge.

RiGBY,

JRev.

R.

C, M.A.,

St.

Edward's

College,

Everton,

Liverpool.

Riley, Miss M. E., 43, Liverpool Road, Chester.


Ritchie, F., M.A., Beechview, Sevenoaks.
Robert, Prof. Br. C, Angerweg 34, Halle-an-der-Saale,

Germany.
Roberts, Rev. E.
Cambridge.

S.,

M.A., Master of Gonville and Caius College,

Roberts, Miss M. E., Girls' Grammar School, Bradford, Yorks.


Roberts, T, F., M.A., LL.D., Principal of University College,
Aberystwyth.
Roberts, Prof. W. Rhys, M.A., Litt.D., 13, St. Michael's
Crescent, Headingley, Leeds.
Robertson, A. J., 5, Falkner Square, Liverpool.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


Robertson,
Robertson,
Robertson,
Robertson,

165

B.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.


Frof. J. C, M. A., Victoria College, Toronto, Canada.
M., B.A., Finstock, Charlbury, Oxon.
Rev. W. L., M.A., 11, St. Andrew's Crescent,

D.

S.,

Cardiff.

Robinson, G. G., c/o Messrs. Alden

&

Co. Ltd., Bocardo Press,

Oxford.

Robinson, Miss M. E., Holmfield, Aigburth, Liverpool.


Gordon, M.A., 14, St. Andrew's Road, Bedford,
Robinson, T.
RoBY, A. G., High Bank, Didsbury, Manchester.
RoBY, H. J., Llancrigg, Grasmere, Westmorland.
Rogers, 3fiss A. M. A., 39, Museum Road, Oxford.

Rogers, Miss M. D., 199, Coldhurst Terrace, West Hampstead,

N.W.
RoMANis, Rev.

W.

F. J.,

M.A., Charterhouse, London, B.C.

Queen Anne's Gardens, Bedford Park, W.

RooKE, Miss, 7,
RoscoE, H. W. K.,

Ilsley Cottage, Streatley, Reading.


RossiTER, Afiss G. M., B.A., The High School, Beverley.
RoTHFELD, Otto, B.A., I.C.S., Broach, Bombay Presidency.
RouGHTON, N. J., B.A., I.C.S,, Nagpur, Central Provinces, India.

*Rou8E, W. H. D., M.A., Litt.D., Perse School, Cambridge.


RuBiE, Rev. A. E., M.A., Eltham College, Kent.
RuDD, Rev. E. J. S., M.A., Souldern Rectory, Banbury.
RuDD, G. E., M.A., Stoneygate School, Leicester.
RuNDALL, G. W., M.A., West View, Reigate.

RusHBROOKE,

W.

G.,

M.A.,

St. Olave's

Grammar

School,

Tower

Bridge, S.E.

Russell,

B.

W.

N.,

M.A.,

St.

Mary's

Lodge,

Knighton,

Leicester.

Russell, E. C, Yacht Club, Bombay.


Russell, J., M.A., 328, Mansfield Road, Oarrington, Notts.
*Ryle, Miss E., 15, German Place, Brighton.
*Sadler, Prof. M. E., LL.D., The University, Leeds.
Sale, E. L., Ridge Road, Malabar Hill, Bombay.
Sale, Prof. G. S., 80, Esmond Road, Bedford Park, W.
Salfoed, Rt. Rev. the Bishop of, St. Bede's College, Manchester.

*Salmon, H. G. C, M.A., The College, Malvern.


Sanday, Rev. W., D.D., Christ Church, Oxford.
Sanders, Miss A. F. E., M. A., High School for
Wells.

Girls,

Tunbridge

APPENDIX

166

Sanderson, F. W., M.A., The School, Oundle.


Sanderson, P. M. D., c/o Messrs. Phipson & Co., Apollo Street,

Bombay.
Sandford, Miss E. H., B.A., 5, Hartley Road, Exmouth.
Sands, P. C, M.A., 36, Cautley Avenue, Clapham Common,

S.W.
Sandys, Sir J. E., Litt.D., Merton House, Cambridge.

Sargeaunt,

J.,

M.A., Westminster School, S.W.

Sarson, Arnold, M.A., The High School, South Shore, Blackpool.

Saunders, J. V., College House, Hymer's College, Hull.


Saunders, Miss M. B., M.A., Ladies' College, Cheltenham.
Saunders, T. Bailey, Fern Lodge, Milnthorpe Road, Eastbourne.
ScHOMBERG, Miss I., 16, Woodstock Road, Oxford.
ScoLES, Eev. I. C, S.J., M.A., S. Mary's Hall, Stonyhurst,
Blackburn.
Scott, G. R., M.A.,

2,

Scott, Walter, M.A.,

Clarendon Villas, Parktown, Oxford.


1,

Keble Road, Oxford.

Seaton, R. C, M.A., Woodburn, Reigate, Surrey.


Seebohm, H. E., Ponders End, near Hitchin.

Selwyn, Rev. E. C, D.D., Hindhead.


Semple, Miss B., Wallasey High School, Liscard, Cheshire.
Shadwbll, C. L., D.C.L., Provost of Oriel College, Oxford.
Shannon, G. C, I.C.S., Bijapur, India.
Sharp, Eev. D. S., M.A., Stavelea, Hebdcn Bridge, Yorks.
*Sharpley, Miss E. M., Newnham College, Cambridge.
Sharpley, H., M.A., Harley Court, The Close, Hereford.
Sharwood-Smith, E., M.A., School House, Newbury.
*Sheepshanks, a. C, B.A., Eton College, Windsor.

Shepherd,
Sheppard,
Sheppard,

W. C,

B.A. (No address.)


M.A., King's College, Cambridge.
T., c/o The Times of India, Hornby

J. T.,
S.

Bombay.
Shewan, a., Seehof,

St.

Andrews,

Road,

Fife.

Shillington, Miss A., Girton College, Cambridge.


SiDGWiCK, A., M.A., 64, Woodstock Road, Oxford.
Sikes, E. E., M.A., St. John's College, Cambridge.
*SiLC0X, Miss L., St. Felix School, Southwold.
Simmons, Miss N. J,, 15, Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead,

N.W.

Simon, Mrs. H., Lawnhurst, Didsbury, Manchester.

SiMPS0N,P.,M.A.,St. Olave's

Grammar

School,

Tower Bridge, S.E.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

167

Sinclair, Prof. Sir W. J., Victoria University, Manchester.


Sing, Miss E. Joyce, Fernley, INIossley Hill, Liverpool.

W. W., Litt.D., LL.D., D.C.L., 2, Salisbury


Cambridge.
Skeel, Miss 0. A. J., D.Litt., Holly Hedge Cottage, Well
Road, Hampstead, N.W.
Slater, Prof. D. A., M.A., Llanishen, Cardiff.
*Slateb, E. v., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Slater, Miss W. M., M.A., 114, Elgin Avenue, W.
Sleeman, J, H., M.A., 33, Rossington Road, Sheffield.
Sloane, Miss E. J., M.A., 13, Welford Road, Leicester.
Sloman, Rev. Canon A., M.A., The Vicai-age, Godmanchester,

*Skea.t, Rev. Prof.


Villas,

Hunts.
Smedley, I, F., M.A., 12, Newton Grove, Bedford Park, W.
Smiley, Miss R., B.A., Southlands College, Battersea, S.W.
Smith, A. J., Grammar School, Darlington.
Smith, D. Riicker, M.A., King's College School, Wimbledon,

S.W.
Smith, Miss E. M.,
Smith, Prof. G.

St. Christopher's,

O., M.A..,

Linnet Lane, Liverpool.

University College, Toronto, Canada.

*Smith, Prof. J. A., Magdalen College, Oxford.


Smith, Miss M. L. S., Giils' High School, Durham.
*SMiTn, N. C, M.A., The School, Sherborne.
Smith, Miss W., St. Christopher's, Linnet Lane, Liverpool.
Smyth, C, M.A., The Grammar School, Bradford.

Snow, T. C, M.A., St. John's College, Oxford.


Solomon, L., M.A., 66, Fairholme Road, West Kensington, W.
Sonnenschein, Prof E. A., D.Litt., The University, Birmingham.
Sonnenschein, E. J., B.A., c/o Mrs. Gillaid, 15, Sharia-el-

Madabegh, Cairo.
Southwark, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of, Bishop's House,
Kenniugton Park, S.E.
Sowels, F., M.A., The Rookery, Thetford, Norfolk.
SowELs, Miss G. R., 31, Kittsbury Road, Berkhamsted, Herts.
Sowerby, Mrs., Pali Hill, Bandra, Bombay.
Spalding, K. J., M.A., Whitburgh, Northwood, Middlesex.
Spenser, Dr. H. J., University College School, Frognal, N.W.
*Spilsbury,

a.

J.,

M.A., City of

London

School,

Victoria

Embankment, E.C.
Spooner, Rev.
*Squire,

S. G.,

W.

A., D.D.,

Warden

of

New

College, Oxford.

M.A., Oundle School, Northanta.

APPENDIX

168

Stanton, C. H,, M.A., Fidd Place, Stroud, Gloucestershire.


Stanton, Rev. Prof. V. H., D.D., Trinity College, Cambridge.
*Stawell, Miss F. M., 41, Westbourne Park Villas, W.
Steele, Miss A. T., M.A., Greycoat Hospital, Westminster, S.W.

Steele,

M.A., M.D., 35, Viale Milton, Florence, Italy.


M.A., 9, Queen Anne Terrace, Cambridge.
Stenhouse, Miss S. E., B,A., 5, Kenilworth Road, Bristol.
Stephanos, A. D., Yacht Club, Bombay.
Stephenson, Rev. F., M.A., The School House, Felsted, Essex.
Stevenson, Miss E., St. George's Training College and High
School for Girls, 5, Melville Street, Edinburgh.
Stevenson, G. Hope, University College, Oxford.
Steen,

J. P.,

W.

p.,

W. E., M.A., 61, Clifton Hill, St. John's Wood, N.W.


Stewart, H., The University, Liverpool.
Stewart, Rev. H. F., B.D., The Malting House, Cambridge.
Stewart, Prof. J. A., LL.D., Christ Church, Oxford.
Stobart, J. C, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge.
Stock, St. George, M.A., The University, Birmingham.
Stevenson,

Stocks, J. L.,

St.

John's College, Oxford.

M.A., M.D., 82, Ecclesall Ptoad, Sheffield.


Stokoe, H. R., M.A., Park House, Tonbridge, Kent.
Stone, Rev. E. D., M.A., Radley College, Abingdon.
*Stone, E. W., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Stoneman, Miss A. M., M.A., The Park School, Preston.
Storr, F., B.A., 40, Mecklenburg Square, W.C.
*Strachan-Davidson, J. L., M,A., Master of Balliol College,
Stokes,

J.,

Oxford.

Strangeways, L. R., B.A., High School, Nottingham.


Streane, Rev. A. W., D.D., Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
Strong, Prof. H. A., M.A., LL.D., Clyst, Farnham Common,
Slough.

Strong, Mrs.

Dover

S.

Street,

Arthur, LL.D., L.H.D., Albemarle Club, 37,

W.

Strong, Very Rev. T. B., D.D., Dean of Christ Church, Oxford.


Strudwick, Miss E., M.A., Bedford College, W.

Stuart, C. E., Trinity College, Cambridge.


J. J., 133, Queen's Gate, W.

*Stuart, Miss

Stuttaford, C, 4, Redington Road, Hampstead, N.W.


Sullivan, Capt. G. A., c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., Charing Cross,

W.C.
Summers, Prof. W. C, M.A.,

15, Endcliffe Rise

Road,

Sheffield.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


SuTTONj E.,

B,A.,

Bank

England Chambers,

of

169

Tib Lane,

Manchester.

Swallow, Rev. Canon R. D., M.A., Chigwell School, Essex.


SwANN, Major- General J. C, C.B., Connaught House, Queen's
Road, Bombay.
SwANN, Miss M. G., 13, George Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
SwiFTE, L.

C., I.C.S.,

Poena,

Bombay

Presidency.

Sykes, a. a., 16, Edith Road, West Kensington, W.


*Sykes, J. C. G., M.A., Board of Education, South Kensington,

S.W.
Symes, Miss A., Victoria

Women's

Settlement, Netherfield Road,

Liverpool.

Symes, Miss E., M.A., The High School, Reading.


Syson, Miss

Tabor, A.
Talbot, J.

M.

S.,

E.,

F.,

Dunmarklyn, Weston-super-Mare,

M.A., The Manor House, Cheam, Surrey.


M.A., 12, Stanhope Gardens, S.W.

F. S., Warden Road, Bombay.


Tancock, Rev. 0. 0., D.D., Tonbridge School, Tonbridge,
*Tanner, Miss L. K. (No address.)
Tarachand, R. K., B.A., 18, Hamam Street, Bombay.
Tarrant, Miss D., M.A., Bedford College, London.
Tatham, M. T., M.A., Northcourt, Abingdon.
Tatton, R. G., M.A., 2, Somers Place, S.W.
Tayler, Rev. C. B., B.A., Brough, near Kirkby Stephen,
Westmorland.
Taylor, A. C, D.Litt., West Deyne, Uppingham.
Taylor, Rev. A. F., M.A., U.F.C. Manse, St. Cyrus, Montrose,
N.B.
Taylor, Miss A. M., 67, Coleherne Court, S, Kensington, S.W.
Taylor, Miss E. M., Woodlands, Baring Road, Grove Park, S.E.
Taylor, Miss G. M., Woodlands, Baring Road, Grove Park, S.E.
Taylor, G. M., B.A., Rossall School, Fleetwood, Lanes.
Taylor, J. H., M.A., Little Trinity, Cambridge.
Taylor, Mrs. Medland, Stanford, Rusholme, Manchester.
Taylor, Miss M. A., B.A., Girls' Grammar School, Bradford.
Taylor, Miss M. B., Stanford, Rusholme, Manchester.
Taylor, Jfzss M. E. J., M. A., Royal Holloway College, Englefield

Talyarkhan,

Green, Surrey.

TcHiRKiNE,
Korea.

22

Serge,

Service

consulairo

de

I'empire

russe,

APPENDIX

170
*Tennant, Miss L. E.,
Terry, F. J., Dial

19,

The

S.W.
Kewferry Road, Northwood,

Boltons, London,

Cottage,

Middlesex.

Thackeray, H. St. J., M.A., 18, Royal Aveiiue, Chelsea, S.W.


Thomas, F. W., M.A., India Office, Whitehall, S.W.
Thomas, H., D.Litt., British Museum, W.C.
Thompson, Carleton, M.A., 6, Inkerman Ten-ace, Whitehaven.
Thompson, Sir E. Maunde, G.C.B., D.C.L., Mayfield, Sussex.
Thompson, E. S., M.A., College House, Grange Road, Cambridge.
Thompson, F. C, B.A., 39, Colum Road, Cardiff.
Thompson, F. E., M.A., 16, Primrose Hill Road, N.W.
Thompson, John, M.A., 40, Harcourt Street, Dublin.
Thompson, Joseph, M.A., 11, Lisson Grove, Mutley, Plymouth.
Thomson, H. R., M.A., The End House, Malcolm Road,
Wimbledon, S.W.
Thorneley, Miss B., Nunclose, Grassendale, Liverpool.
Thornton, C, M.A., The College, Cheltenham.
Thrinq, L. T., M.A., The Wick, Hove.
Tildesley, Miss B. M., The Elms, Goldthorn Hill, Wolverhampton.
TiLDESLEY, Miss E. M., The Elms, Goldthorn Hill, Wolver-

hampton.
2, Selwyn Gardens, Cambridge.
Titherington, Eev. A. F., M.A., Bramshott Rectory, Liphook,
Hants.
Tombs, J. S. O., M.A., 30, Old Elvet, Durham.
ToMPSON, Miss L. G., 17, Stradella Road, Heme Hill, S.E.
Tottenham, Miss E.L.,c/o Messrs. Thomas Cook & Sons, Bombay.
*TowER, B. H., M.A., 16, King's Gardens, Hove, Sussex.

TiLLEY, A. A., M.A.,

Towers, R. M., M.A., The College, Cheltenham.


Trayes, F. E. a., M. a.. The Gables, Dee Fords Avenue, Chester.
Trenerry, Miss E. L., M.A., The High School, Exeter.
Tressler, a. W., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming.
*Trollope, a. H., M.A., Tyttenhanger Lodge, St. Albans.
Turner, Miss E., B.A., Sherbourne Lodge, Leamington.
Tyler, C. H., B.A., Ci-anleigh School, Surrey.

Unwin,

S. R.,

M.A., The Lodge, Louth, Lincolnshire.

IJpcorr, Rev. A. W., M.A., Christ's Hospital,

West Horsham.

Upcott, E. a., M.A., Wellington College, Berks.


Ure, Prof. P. N., B.A., University College, Reading.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS


Vaeth, Rev. A.,

S.J., St.

171

Xavier's College, Bombay.

Vaisey, H. B., M.A., 3, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.


Vakil, F. A., B.A., LL.B., 29, Esplanade Road, Bombay,
Valentine, J., M.A., Lyndhurst, Dovercourt, Essex.
*Varley, R. S., B.A., 11, Stanley Gardens, Kensington Park, W.

Vaughan, Miss E., M.A., Sandbrook, Kingston Road, Wimbledon, S.W.


*Vaughan, E. L., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.
Vaughan, M., M.A., Haileybury College, Hertford.
Vaughan, W. W., M.A., The Lodge, Wellington College, Berks.
Veenon, C. v., I.C.S., Secretariat, Bombay.
Vernon- Jones, V. S., M.A., Magdalene College, Cambridge.
Verrall, Prof. A. W., Litt.D., 5, Selwyn Gardens, Cambridge.
*Verrall, Miss H. W. de G., B.A., 5, Selwyn Gai-dens, Cambridge.
Verrall, Mrs. M. de G., 5, Selwyn Gardens, Cambridge.
Veysey, W. B., B.A., Pierremont Hall, Broadstairs.
ViNCE, 0. A., M.A., 8, Lyttelton Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
*ViNCE, J. H., M.A., Bradfield College, Berks.
Vincent, W., 20-21, Laurence Pountney Lane, Cannon Street,
E.G.

Virgo, Miss E. M., B.A., Braeside, Roxborough Park, Harrow.

Wage, A. J. B., M.A., Leslie Lodge, St. Albans.


Wadia, B. J., M.A., LL.B., Wilderness Road, Malabar Hill,
Bombay.
Wadia, C. N., Altamont Road, Comballa Hill, Bombay.
*Wakefield, Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of, Bishopsgarth, Wakefield.
Walde, E. H. S., M.A., Broomfield, Berkhamsted, Herts.
Waldstein, Prof. C, Litt.D., King's College, Cambridge.
Walker, Miss C. G. W., M.A., High Pavement Secondary
School, Stanley Road,

Nottingham.

Walker, Rev. D., M.A., D.D., 43, North Bailey, Durham.


Walker, Rev. E. M., M.A., Queen's College, Oxford.
Walker, W. W., M.A., 10, Queen Anne Terrace, Cambridge.
Wallace, Miss I. M., A.B., 141, Crafts Street, Newtonville,
Mass., U.S.A.

C, B.A., Langton Rectory, Horncastle.


W.C.
Walters, H. B., M.A., British Museum, W.C.
Warburton, F., Falcon Villas, Halliwell Lane, Oheetham Hill,
Walter,

Rev. J.

Walters,

Prof. C. Flamstead, M.A., King's College,

Manchester.

APPENDIX

172

Ward, A. W., Litt.D,, Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge.


Ward, Rt. Rev. Monsignor B., St. Edmund's College, Old

Hall,

Ware.

Ward,
Ward,

C. H.,
J.

F.,

M.A., Technical College, Huddersfield.


M.A., Prince Alfred College, Adelaide,

S.

Australia.

Ward, W. W,, B.A., Bosloe, near Falmouth.


Wardale, J. R., M.A., Clare College, Cambridge.
Warman, a. S., B.A., The Grammar School, Manchester.
Warner, Sir G. F,, M.A., D.Litt., The Oaks, Beaconsfield.
Warner, Rev. W., M.A., Christ Church, Oxford.
Warren, Prof. T. H., M.A., D.C.L., President of Magdalen
College, Oxford.

Waterfield, Rev. R., M.A., Principal, Cheltenham College.


Waterlow, Sydney, M.A., 10, King's Parade, Cambridge.
Waters, Miss E. A., 28, Oliver Grove, South Norwood, S.E.
Waters, G. T., M.A., Haileybury College, Hertford.
Watkins, Miss L. B., Crich Common, Matlock Bath, Derbyshire.
Watkins, Rev. P. M., The Dene, Caterham-on-the-Hill, Surrey.
Watson, A. K., M.A., School House, Ipswich,
Watson, A. Pv., M.A., 9, Stanwick Road, West Kensington, W.
Watson, Miss E., M.A., St. Paul's Girls' School, Brook Green,
London, W.
Watson, Rev. H. A., D.D., Grammar School, Lancaster.
Watson, Miss J., 7, Upper Cheyne Row, S.W.
Watts, A., M.A., 7a, Abercromby Square, Liverpool.
Webb, C. C. J., M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford.
Webster, E. W., B.A., Wadham College, Oxford.
Wedd, K, M.A., King's College, Cambridge.

Wedd, Mrs. N., Newnham College, Cambridge.


Weech, W. N., M.A., School House, Sedbergh,

Yorks.

Welldon, Rt. Rev. Bishop, D.D., The Deanery, Manchester.


Wells, 0. M., B.A., Eton College, Windsor.
*Wells, G. H., M.A., Merchant Taylors' School, London, E.C.
Wells, J., M.A., Wadham College, Oxford.
Wenley, Prof. R. M., M.A., University of Michigan, U.S.A.,
509, East Madison Street,

Ann

Arbor, Michigan.

Went, Rev. J., M.A., The Wyggeston School, Leicester.


Westaway, F. W., B.A., 1, Pemberley Crescent, Bedford.
Whibley, C, B.A., Wavendon Manor, Woburn Sands R.S.O.,
Beds.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

173

Whibley, L., M.A., Pembroke College, Cambridge.


Whishaw, Miss E. II., M.A., Corran, Watford.
White, A. H., B.A., Hillbrow, Rugby,
White, 3fiss E. L., M.A., Heidelberg, Albany Road, Southsea.
*White, Frof. J. Williams, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass., U.S.A.

White, W., M.A., The Grammar School, Boston, Lines.


White-Thomson, R. W., 39, Hans Place, S.W.
Whitefield, Miss E. G., B.A., 94, Stanwell Road, Penarth,
Glamorgan.
Miss T. G., 82, Vincent Square, S.W.
Whitestonb, R. a. W., M.A., 31, Fordhook Avenue, Ealing,

* Whitehead,

W.

Whitty, R. F. L., B.A., I.C.S., Yacht Club, Bombay.


Whitwell, R. J., B.Litt., 70, Banbury Road, Oxford.
*WHiTWORTn, A. W., M.A., Eton College, Windsor.

Whyte,

Quentin Road, Blackheath, S.E.


W., Mus.B., Castletown Grammar School,

3fiss J., 20,

WiCKSEY,

J. T.

Isle

Man.
Wigglesworth, 3fiss E., 102, Greengate Street, Oldham.
Wild, A. C, I.C.S., Hyderabad, Sind, India.
of

Wiles, G., B.A., I.C.S., Belgaum, India.


Wilkinson, H. Spenser, M.A., 99, Oakley Street, Chelsea, S.W
Williams, A. F. B., Savile Club, 107, Piccadilly, W.
Williams, A. M., B.A., Bedales School, Petersfield, Hants.
Williams, C. A., B.A., L.C.P., 21, Orchard Road, Eastbourne.
Williams, Eev. F. S., M.A., The College, Eastbourne.
Williams, Rev. G. H., M.A., Grammar School, Carlisle.
Williams, Herbert, M.A., 7, Manor Road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
Williams, Rev. II. II., M.A., Hertford College, Oxford,
Williams, L. Stanley, M.A., The Ryleys, Alderley Edge,
Cheshire,

Williams, R., B,A,, Tan-yr-allt, Salva, Pembrokeshire,


Williams, Miss S. J., B.A., Merton Hall, South

Yarra,

Victoria, Australia.

Williams, Prof. T. Hudson, M.A., Plas Tirion, Bangor, N.


Wales.
Williams, W. Glynn, M.A., Friars' School, Bangor.
Williams, Prof. W. H., The University, Hobart, Tasmania.
Williams, W. N., M.A., LL.B., Selwyn College, Cambridge.
Williamson, H., M.A., 46, Park Road, Pendleton, Manchester.

APPENDIX

174

J. A., M.A., 6, Marloes Road, Kensington, W.


Willis, 3Iiss M,, M.A., The High School, Sligo.
Willis, E. A., B.A., Mount Pleasant Road, Bombay.
Wilson, Rev. 11. A., M.A., Magdalen College, Oxford.
Wilson, Prof. J. Cook, M.A., 12, Fyfield Road, Oxford.

Willis,

Wilson, R., M.A., Grammar School, Leeds.


Wilson, T. I. Wood, B.A., The School, Repton.
WiNBOLT, S. E., M.A., Christ's Hospital, West Horsham.
Winter, F. G., Melrose Hall, West Hill, Putney.
W^iSHART, Miss J. R., M.A., Dovedale, St. Luke's, Cheltenham.
WiTTON, W. F., M.A., St. Olave's School, London, S.E.

Wood, 3frs. A. K., Moorside, Glossop.


Wood, H., Ridgefield Terrace, Failsworth, Manchester.
Wood, H. McKinnon, B.A., Balliol College, Oxford.
Wood, Miss M. H., Training College, Cambridge.
Wood, Rev. R. Gifford, East Cowton Vicarage, Northallerton,
Yorks.

Wood, R S,, B.A., 56, St. John's Park, N.


WooDARD, E. A., Liverpool Collegiate School, Liverpool.
Woodward, Miss Avery, B.A., 11, Mecklenburg Road, Nottingham.

Woodward, A. M., M.A., The University, Liverpool.


Woodward, A. W., M.A., The University, Liverpool.
Woodward, Prof. W. H., M.A., Crooksbury Hurst, Farnham
WooLRYCH, H. R., M.A., 31, Redcliffe Gardens, S.W.
Wordsworth, Miss E. C, Bj^., Rydal House, Old Swinford,
Stourbridge.

WoRLEY, Miss M. L., M.A., High School for Girls, Oxford


Worrall, a. H., M.A., The Lodge, Louth, Lincolnshire.
WoRRALL, Mrs. Janet, B.A., Crimsworth, Whalley Range,
Manchester.

WoRTERs, Miss E. B., 2, Saffrons Road, Eastbourne.


WoTHERSPOON, G., M.A., King's College School, Wimbledon, S.W.

Wren,

P.,

Wright,

M.A., Poona, India.


A., B.A.,

Hutton Grammar

School,

near Preston,

Lanes.

Wright, Rev. H. C, M.A., Haileybury College, Hertford.


*Wright, Prof. J., D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., Litt.D., Thackley,
119, Banbury Road, Oxford.
Aldis, LL.D., D.C.L., Trinity College, Cambridge.
M,, B.A., 12, Holland Road, Harlesden, N.W.

Wright, W.
Wye,

J.


NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS

175

Wynne-Edwards, Eev. J. E,., M.A., Grammar School, Leeds.


Wyse, Miss T., B.S., Teachers' College, Columbia University,
New York City, U.S.A.
Wyse, W., M.A., Halford, Shipston-on-Stour.
Yate, Lieut.-Col. A. C, Beckbury Hall, Shifnal.
Young, F. S., M.A., The College, Bishops Stortford, Herts.
Young, Miss M. S., Aske's Haberdashers' School for Girls,

New

Cross, S.E.

Yule, Miss A.

F., F.S.A.S,,

Tarradale, Ross-shire.

Zachary, Miss K. T., 6, Grosmont, Headingley, Leeds.


ZiMMERN, A. E., M.A., Oakhill Drive, Surbiton.
ZiMMERN, Miss D. M., Oakhill Drive, Surbiton.

LIBRARIES
Public Library, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Lake Forest

College,

Lake

Forest, Illinois, U.S.A.

University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.


Public Library, Copley Square, Boston,

Massachusetts,

U.S.A.

Mount Holyoke

College,

South

Hadley,

Massachusetts,

U.S.A.
University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

New

Princeton University, Princeton,

Jei'sey,

U.S.A.

Library of Congress, Washington, U.S A.


Mitchell Library, Glasgow.

Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.


London Library, St. James's Square, S.W.

NOTICE
The Hon. Treasurer

will

addresses of the following

M.
Harper, Miss E. B.
Kelaart, W. H.
Melhuish, J. E.
poynter, a. m.
Shepherd, W. 0.
Tanner, Miss L. K.

Davis, Miss

be

glad

Members

to

receive

the present

TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF MEMBERS


an index intended for reference only. For full titles the aljihabetical list
Names marked * denote the Local Correspondent for the
should be consulted.
place or district.')

(^Tlds is

Buckinghamshire continued

ENGLAJSTD
Bedfordshire

Bedford

Beaconsfield

Warner,

Eton College

Belcher, Miss E. M.
Davies, E. J. Llewel-

Edghill, Miss.

Blakiston, C. H.
Brinton, H.

Kyrke- Penson, Miss E.


Marsh, W.
Robinson, T. P. G.

Channon, Rev. F. G.

lyn.

Sandy

Broadbent, H.
Cattley, T. P.

Chittv, Rev. G. J.
Churchill, B. L.
Cornish, F. W.
Grace, J. F.
Duckworth, F. R. G,
Durnford, R. S.
Goodhart, A. M.
Headlam, G. W.
Impey, E.
Kiudersley, R. S.
Lubbock, S. G.
Luxmoore, H. E.
Lyttelton, Rev. the
Hon. E.
Lyttelton, Hon. G. W.

Westaway, F. W.
Edmonds, Miss U. M.

Wol)urn Sands

Whibley, C.

Berkshire
Gibson, H. H.
Layng, Eev. T.
Moore, Kev. W.
Stone, Rev. E. D.

Abingdon

Tatham, M.
Bradfield

T.
Irvine, A. L.

Coll.

J. H.
Beckwith, E. G. A.
James, E. I.
Keeling, Rev. \V. J.
Oldershaw, L. R. F.
Anderson, W. C. F.
Bingham, H. B.
Cobbe, Miss A. M.
Sharwood-Smith, E.
Devine, Alex.
Field, Rev. T.

Vince,

Maidenhead

Mortimer

Newbury
Pangbovrne
Badley College
Reading
.

Sir G. F.

Austen-Leigh, E. C.
Bevan, Rev. C. O.

Macnaghten, H.
* Ramsay, A.

Billson, C. J.

G William,

Rev. G. H.
Eppstein, Rev. W. C.

Mnsson, Miss

I?.

Rawlins, F. H.
Sheepshanks, A. C.

Slonqh

C. J.

Roscoe, H. W. K.
Svmes, Miss E.
Ure, P. N.
William, Rev. G. H.
Wellington Coll Upcott, E. A.

Stoke Poges

Wycombe Abbey

Slater, E. V.
Stone, E. W.
Vaughan, E. L.
Wells, C. M.
Whitworth, A. W.
Leary, Miss B. A.
Strong. Prof. H. A.
Parry, E. H.
Daniel, Miss C. I.

Lang, Miss H. M.

High Arnison,

G.

W.

Vaughan, W. W.

Wokingham

Mansfield, E. D.

Cambridgeshire
Cambridge

BUCKINQHAMSn IRE
Aylesbury

23

Caiv^ College

Coles, P. B.

177

:
.

Allbutt, Prof. Sir T. C.


Reid, Prof. J. S.

APPENDIX

178

cojitinued
cmitiniied

Cambriogeshiee
Camhridgp

Caius College
(^conUniied)
Christ's College

Clare College

Ridgeway, Prof. W.
Roberts, Rev. E. S.
Campbell, 8. G.
Ingle, N. S.
*Rackham, H.

Cambeidgeshiee contintied
CamiHdge cooitinusd
Selwyn College * Williams, W. N.
Sidney

Sussex

*Edwards, G.
College
.
Trinity College. Butler, Rev.
.

Corpiis Christi
College
Streane, Rev. A, W.
Emmanuel Coll.*G\\es, P.
Greenwood, L. H. G.
.

Image,

Girton College

*Jex-Blake, Miss K.
Jones, Miss E. E, C.
Shillington, Miss A,

Jesus College
King's College

Abbott,

E.

Richmond, O. L.
Sheppard, J. T.

*Lawson, J. C.
Mason, Rev, A.
Petcrhouse

W,
Queens' College

J,

Whibley, L.
Barnes,
Rev,

Prof.

E.

Coll.

Johns

Coll.

Trinity Hall

Training

.*Wood, Miss M. H.

Coll.

Cambridge

Adam, Mrs. A. M,
Appleton, R. B.
Beck, Rev. Canon E.

J.

Burkitt, Prof. F. C.
Bury, Rev. R. G.
Butler, Mrs. H. M,
Byrne, Miss A. D,
Collins, A. J. F,
Colson, F. H.

Edmunds,

M.

J.

Flather, J. H.
Frazer, J. G.

Gibson, Mrs.
Giles, Prof. H. A.
Gwatkin, Rev. T,
Hayes, B. J.

Cook, Prof. A. B.
Grav, Rev. J. H.
Plaistowe, F. G.

Lewis, Mrs.

.* Jones,

Lamb, W. R. M.
Morris, G. G.
Parry, Canon R. St. J,
Robertson, D, S,
Stanton, Rev. Prof.
V, H.
Stobart, J. C.
Stuart, C. E.
Verrall, Prof. A. W.
Wright, W, Aldis.
Angus, C. F.
Crouin, Rev, H. S,

Kennedy, Miss J. E.
Kennedy, Miss M. G.

W. H,

S.

Loewe, H,
St.

M.

Edwards, H. J.
Ward, Dr. A. W.

Catharine's

St.

J.

Jackson, Prof. H,
Jenkinson. F. J. H.

Adcock, F. E.
Bury, Prof. J. B.
Durnford, W.
Nixon, J. E.

Tilley, A. A.
Waldstein, Prof. C.
Wedd, N.
Magdalene Coll. Benson, A. CDonaldson, Rev. S. A.
Gaselee, S.
*Peskett, A. G.
Vernon-Jones, V. S.
Newnham Coll. Conway, Miss A. E.
Gardner, Miss A.
Harrison, Miss J. E.
*Matthaei, Miss L. E.
Sharpley, Miss E. M.
Wedd, Mrs. N.
Pembroke Coll. Bethune-Baker, Rev,
J. P.

H. Mon-

tagu.
Cornford, F. M.
Duff, J. D.
* Harrison, E,
Hicks, R. D.

Skeat, Rev. Prof. W.W.


Atkinson, Rev. E.
*Wardale, J. R.

M.

Glover, T. R,
Graves, Rev. C. E,
Sandys, Sir J. E.
Sikes, E. E,
Stewart, Rev. H. F.

Macfarlane

Grieve,

W. A.
Mason, Rev. W. A.
Mayo, C.
I'eskett, Miss S. M.
Rapson, Prof. E. J.
Rouse, W, H. D.
Steen, W. P.
Taylor, J, H.
Thompsou, E. S,

P,

TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF MEMBERS


J)'EVOT^sniRi& continued
Cambridgeshibb continued
Cambridge

continued

Verrall,

Bampton
H. W.

Miss

Exeter

deG.
M. de G.
Walker, W. W.
Waterlow, S.
Chase, Rt. Eev. F. H.
(Bishop of Ely).

Buller, Rev. F, G.

Mills, E. G.

Bar/istaplv
.

Abel, H. G.

Trenerry, Miss E. L.
Sandford, Miss.
Church, H. S.

Verrall, Mrs.

Ely

Glazebrook, Rev.
Canon M. G.
Kirkpatrick, Very

Exmoxvth
Fremington
.

Thompson, J.
Plymouth
West Buckland Evans, W. H.

Dorset

Sherborne

Bensly, Rev. W. J.
Hoyle, Miss S. F.
King, Rev. H. R.
Smith, N. C.
Bernard, Rev. Canon

Rev. A. F.

Fen Ditton

Ridgeway, Prof. W.

Wimborne

Cheshire
Alderley Edge

Altrinoham
Birkenhead

Bowdcn

Cheadle

Chester

Williams, L. Stanley.
Johnson, Miss L. A.
Baines, Miss K. M.
Richards, Miss F. G.
Gray, Mrs.
Lang, Miss E.
Earnshaw, Miss B. M.

E.

Durham
Darlington

Fuller, Miss B. B,
Smith, A. J.

Durham

Bramwell, W. H.
Cruickshank, Rev. A.

H.

Day, Miss K.

How, Rev.

Jenkins, Miss R. H,
Riley, Miss M. E.
Trayes, F. E. A.

Jones, H. L.

Suiiderland

Danson, F. C.

Davies,

M. L.

Essex

Griffin, F.

Sale

Wallasey

West Kirby

Hebblethwaite, D.N.
Morgan, Miss B. H.
Limebeer, Miss D.
Semple, Miss B.
HoUowell, Rev. W.
Baton, A. V.

COR>fWALL
Falmouth

Braintree

Courtauld, G., Junr.

Ashbee, J. H. N.
Bean, Eev. E.
Chigivell School Swallow, Rev. R. D.
Bourne, Miss M. E.
Colchester
Rendall, Rev. G. H.
Dedham
Valentine, J.
Doveroourt
Stephenson, Rev. F.
Felsted
Rhoades, J.
Kclvedon
Saffron Walden Hirst, Miss M. E.
Waltham Abbey Johnson, Rev. G. H.
Guy, Rev. R. C.
Walthamstow
.

Williams, Rev. G. H.
Hutchinson, Sir J. T.

Thompson,

Gloucestershire

C.

Bristol

Derbyshire
.

Moxon, Rev.

T. A.
lood. Miss M. L.

Barley Dale
Qlossop

Brentwood

Ward, W. W.

Lorton
Whitehaven

Alfreton

H.

Cumberland
Carlisle

J.

Jevons, Principal F. B.
Smith, Miss M. L. S.
Tombs, J. S. O.
Walker, Rev. D.
Hughes, Miss M. V.

Ermen, W.

Holmes Chapel
Nantvnch
Oxton

179

Matlock Bath
Repton
.

Wood, Mrs. A. K.
Watkins, Miss L. B.
Cattley, Rev. A.
Wilson, T.

I.

W.

Brooks, Prof. F.
Cowl, Prof. R. P.

Dobson,

Prof. J. F.

Dobson, Mrs. J. F.
Elliot, C. H. B.
Gunter, Miss L. M.
King, J. E.

Muschamp, J. G. S.
Ncwcomb, Miss B.
Norwood,

DevonshieeAshburton

Cobham,

C, D.

C.

Stenhouse, Miss

S.

E.

APPENDIX

180
GhoucESTEUSniUEcontmued
Cheltenham,

Thornton, C.
Towers, E. M.
Waterfield, Eev. R.
Bea/iCloseSch.Cade, F. J.
Judson, W.
Ladies' Coll. Barnard, Miss H. M.
Faitbfull, Miss L. M.
*Purdie, Miss E.
Saunders, Miss M. B.
Banks, Miss E. J.
Cheltenham
Boyd, Miss H.

The

College,

R'EB.TFO'RDBHI'REOontinucd
Covernton, A. L.
Berkhamsted
Evans, Lady.
Footner, Harry,
Greene, C. H.
Hopkins, T. H. C.
Sowels, Miss G. R.
*Walde, E. H. S.
Bishop's

ford

Stort.

Case,

Haileybury

Fenning, Rev. W. D.

Kennedy, W.

E.
Exton, G. F.
Horsfall, Miss.
Latter, H.
Miles, Miss A. N.

Qloucester

Milford, Rev. L. S.

Vaughan, M.

Hertford

L.

Wishart, Miss J. R.
Baker, A. B. L.

Bramley,

Stanton, C. H.

Hammans, H.

Hayes Belcher, Rev.

Bournemouth

Waters, G. T.
Wright, Rev. H. C.
Curtis, Miss K. M.
Ferguson, Miss J. S.
King, J.

Miall, Prof. L. C.

Nowers, G. P.
Ashworth, Miss H. A.

Drysdale, Miss M.

Stonehouse
Stroud

Hitchin
Letchworth

Crees, J. H. E.

Kemerton

St.

J.

Albans

Papillon, Rev.
T. L.
Trollope, A. H.
Wace, A. J. B.

Hampshire
Andover

Basingstoke
Fleet

C.
T.

Davies, R.
Prickard, A. O.

....

S.

Coll. Coleridge, E. P.

EUam,

Newman, W.

Esther.

T\Iiss

Young, F.

Ware

....

Watford

Canon

Burton, Rev. Edwin.


Ward, Rev. Canon B.

Whishaw, Miss E. H.

May ling

Island Bryans, C.
Isle of Wight,
Godfrey, C.
Osiorne
.

Lijjhook

Petersjield

Portsmouth
Southampton
Southsea

Winchester

Huntingdonshire
Godmanchester

Titherington, Rev. A,
F.
Badley, J. H.
Williams, A. M.
Nicol, J. C.
Ellaby, C. S.

Sloman, Rev. Canon

Kent
Beelienham
Blackheath

Berridge, Miss E. H.
See London.
Veysey, W. B.
Barker, Rev. Canon P.
Brock, Miss M. D.
Heppel, Miss Mary L.
Layman, Miss A. M.
Loiy, G.

Broadstairs

Holder, P. J,
White, Miss E. L.
Bramston, Rev. J. T.
Crawford, E. R.
Helbert, L.
Kirby, W. R.
Moor, Mrs. E. S.

Bromley

Bowen. H.

Canterbury

Moor, Miss M. F.
Rendall, M. J.

Heeefoedshiee
Hereford

Leominster

Heetfoudshiee
Sald^ch

Charing

Chapman, P. M.
Newton, C. W.
Ragg, Rev. W. H. M.
Sharpley, H.
Neild, Miss H. T.

Hall, MJ-gs

M,

L.

Chislehurst

Eastry
Elthaui

Folkestone

Fuotscray

Gravesend

Hawkhurst

C.

Burnside, Rev. W. F.
Goss, W. N.
Purton, G. A.
Barker, E. J. P. Ross.
Myers, Ernest.
Northbourne, Lord.
Rubie, Rev. A. E.
Jelf, C. R.
Pearce, J. W. E.
Burton, Miss A. L.
Conder, Miss E. M.
Compton, Rev. W. C.

TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF MEMBERS


Kent continued
Sevenoaks
Sidcuj)

liANCASniUEcontimied

Sittingbourne

Tonlridge

Liverpool

Ritchie, F.

Hooper, Miss E. S.
de Winton, A. J.
Gordon, W. M.

(^continued)

Hodge, H.

C. F.

Linton-Smith, Rev. M,
Macnaughton, D. A.
Mason, Miss D.
Moore, Miss B.
Muspratt, B. K.
O'Malley, B. F. K.
Ormerod, H. A.
Pallis, Alexander.

V.

S.

Lowry, C.
Stokoe, H. R.
Tancock, Rev. C. C.
Tunbridge Wells Barnard, P. M.
Bull, Rev. R. A.
Sanders, Miss A.
E.

F.

Postgate, Prof. J. P.
Prideaux, W. R.
Rigby, Rev. R. C.
Robertson, A. J.
Robinson, Miss
B.
Sing, Miss E. J.
Smith, Miss B. M.

Lancashire
Ashton-under-

Lyne

Blackjjool

Bolton

Dover, Miss M.
See Stonyhurst.
Sarson, Arnold.
Archer, F.

Smith, Miss

Dymond, Miss O.
Lipscomb, W. G.
Goodrich, W.

Great Crosby
Lancaster

Bunce, Miss M.
Watson, Rev. H. A.
Beasley, H. C.

J.

Woodard, E. A.
Woodward, A. M.
Woodward, A. W.

Henn,

Rt,
Rev. H.
(Bishop of Burnley).

Henn, Hon. Mrs.

Liverpool

Beaumont, Miss.
Bevan, Miss F. E.
Bosanquet, Prof. R. C.
Bramley-Moore, Miss,
Bridge, Rev. J.
Brockman, Rev. R. T.
Brown, A. Theodore.

Brown, Miss L.
Campagnac, Prof.
Caton, Dr. Richard.
Coghill, Mrs.
Collie, Miss F. A.
Connell, Rev. A.

Cradock-Watson, H.

W. W.

Dale, Sir A.

Downie, Miss C. G.
Forbes, Kenneth.
Frisch, E.

Rev.
Gibson-Smith,
Canon.
Gladstone, Robert.
Gwatkin, Miss E. R.

Hardeman,

J. T.

Hartley, Rev. E.

Hubback,

F.

W.

Jones, Miss A. B.

W.

Stewart, H.
Symes, Miss A.
Thorneley, Miss B.
Watts, A.

Burley-in-

Wharfedale
Burnley

Keen, Miss E. M.
Kipling, Mrs. P. F.
Lancelot, Rev. J. B.

Lehmann-Haupt,Prof

Herman, G. L.

Blackburn

181

Manchester

Agar, T. L.
AUen, Ven, W. C.
Ashton, Mrs.
Barlow, T. D.
Barlow, Mrs. T. D.
Brooke, Mrs.
Burrows, Prof. R. M.
Burstall, Miss S. A.
Campbell, H. E.
Campion, Rev. C. T.
Carruthers, G.
Carter, Rev. T. N,
Clarke, Miss E. M,
Codd, A. E.

Conway, Prof. R.
Conway, Mrs.
Dakers, H.

Dawkins,
Boyd,
Dawkins,
Boyd,

S.

J.

Miss
Prof,

Domaille, Miss M,
Donner, Sir E.
Eckhard, Mrs.

Edwards, S.
Ewart, Miss E.

J,

Fry, C. E,

Goodyear, C.
Greenhalgh, J, A.

E,

APPENDIX

182

LAi^CASni'RE continued
Grensted, Rev. L. W.
Manchester
Gnppy, H.
(^continued)
.

LEICESTERSniBB Leicester

Rudd, G. E.

Hall, Joseph.
Hartley, S. B.

Russell, B. W. N.
Sloane, Miss E. J.

Henry, Brother E.
Herford, Miss C.
Hewart, G.
Hopkinson, Sir A.
Hopkinson, J. H.

[NCOLNSHlKi!;-

Horsfall, Rev. A.

Boston

Went, Rev.
Lutterworth

Howarth, Miss A.
Kelsey, C. E.

Knox, Rt. Rev. E.


(Bishop of Manchester),
Lilley, Miss

M.

Llewellyn, Miss G.

Macalpine, B.
Massey, Mrs.

I.

May, T.
Mead, P. J.
Montague, C. E.
Montague, Mrs.
Moulton, Rev. J. H.
Paton, J. L.
Peake, Prof. A. S.
Roby, A. G.
Simon, Mrs. H.
Sinclair, Prof. Sir

W.

J.

Sutton, E.
Taylor, Mrs. M.
Taylor, Miss M. B.
Warburton, F.

Warman, A.
Welldon,
J.

S.

Rev,

Rt.

E. C.

Williamson, H.

Wood, H.
Neiotoii

Heath

Oldham

Ormskirk
Preston

Rainhill
Rossall School
.

Salford

Worrall, Mrs. Janet.


Horsfall, A.
Gregory, Miss A. M.

Wigglesworth, Miss E
Green, P. C.
Stoneraan, Miss A. M.
Wright, A.
Pilkington, Mrs.
Fumeaux, L. R.
Nicklin, Rev. T.
Taylor, G. M.
Casartelli, Rt. Rev. L.
G. (Bishop of Salford).

Southport
Stonyhurst

Kidd, E.

S.

Davis, Rev. H.
Plater, Rev. C. D.
Scoles, Rev.

Harper, G. P.
Maclnnes, J.

I.

C.

Darlington,

J.

W.

S.

TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF MEMBERS


London continued
London continued
King's College

Univerdty

Oakeley, Miss H. D,
Spalding, K. J.
Turner, B.

(co7itinue(V)

Walters,

Prof.

W.

C. F.

Lewkhavi High
School

Adams, Miss

E.

M.

Mary Datchelor
School

and

Training

Eeeve, Miss J.

Coll.

Butler, Prof. H. E.
Caspari, M. 0. B.
Gardner, Prof. E. A.
Piatt, Prof. A,
Solomon, L.
Univ. Coll. Sch. Felkin, P. W.
Spenser, Dr. H. J.
Westfield Coll. . Alford, Miss M.
Coll.

McDougal, Miss E.

J.

* Parker, Miss C. E.

Merchant
Taylors' Sch.

Bampfylde,

F. G.
Rev. F.
Masham, Rev. J. G.
Nairn, Rev. Dr. J. A.
Wells, G. H.
McClure, J. D.

Richardson,

fll mil

Sch.

London

Hill
School

Islington
Queen's College
.

Paul, Miss A. S.

Wimbledon :

Miss W. M.

St.

Olave's

School

Kingdom,

T.

Bell,
Bell,

Powell, Miss M. H.
Purdie, Miss F. M.
Tollington H. S. Martin, Miss A, P.

School

Sydenham S. Sch.

ff.

W.

Edward.
Rev. Canon G.

C.

Bennett, Mrs. A. H.
Benson, Godfrey R.
Benton, Miss S.
Bland, Miss E. D.
Blundell, Miss A.
Bonser, Right Hon.
Sir J.

Streatham High

W. M.

Beggs, Miss J.
Behrens, N. E.

Balfour,
Hon.
Rt.
Gerald.
Barker, Miss E. Ross.
Barnett, P. A.

Watson, Miss E,

Baker-Penoyre, J.
Balcarres, Lord.

Sotting, C. G.
Gould, T. W.
Hillard, Rev. A. E.
Jones, A. Melville.
La Motte, D.
Loane, G. G.
Mathews, L. H. S.
*Pantin, W. E. P.
Sotithlands Coll. Smiley, Miss R.
Stationers' Sch. Chettle, H.
Stookwell Sec.
School
Mason, Miss L. G.
Training Coll. Richards, Miss S. E.

Bailey, J. C.

Paul's Girls'
Gedge, Miss E. C.
School
Gray, Miss F.
Rogers, Miss M. D.

St. Paul's Sch.

Gavin, Miss E.
Lewis, Miss M. E.

Baillie, A.

St.

Anderson, Y.
Antrobus, Sir R. L.
Armstead, Miss H.
Asquith,Rt.Hon.H.H.

Rushbrooke, W. G.
Simpson, P.
Witton, F. \V.
.

Wotherspoon, G.
Green,
County School Forrest, E. Bruce
London
Abrahams, Miss E. B.

Or.
.

J.

Wood

Cholmeley, R. F.
Harper, Miss B.
Lewer, Miss C. E.

Gow, Rev.

Ecclesbourne
School
Beasley, T. E.
King's Coll. Sch.^mith, D. R.

Crofts, T. R. N.
Mary's Coll.*Powel\, Miss H. L.
Wood, Miss M. H.
.

Sargeaunt, J.
Smedley, I. F.
School

Roan Sch. Greentvich

Wimbledon High

Owen's School,

St.

Armstead, Miss H.
Holding, Miss G. E.

Slater,

A.

Skeel, Miss C. A. J.

Westminster
School

Col-

legiate Sch.

High

Miss

W.

* Conway,

Netting

188

S.

W.

Bradley, Prof. A. C.
Branford, Mrs.
Bridge, Admiral Sir C.
Brodribb, C. W.
Browne, Very Rev. J

APPENDIX

1S4

London continued

London continued
Loiidon
{continued^
.

Browning, Judge

W.

Ernst.
Bruce, Hon. W. N.
Burge, Kt. Rev. H. M.

(Bishop of Southwark).
Burne-Jones, Sir P.
Butcher, J. G.
Calthrop, Miss C. M.
Campbell, Miss E. I.
Campbell, Mrs. L.
Chambers, E. J.
Chapman, John.

London

(continued)

Hodd, Miss M.
Hodgson, S. H.
Holmes, Dr. T. Rice
Houghton, A. V.
Hiigel, Baron F. von.
Hulton, A. E. G.
Eutton, Miss C. A.
Hutton, Miss E. P. S.
Jex-Blake, Rev. T. W.
Johnson, Miss B.
Johnson, C.
Kemball, Rev. O.

Kennedy,

Hon.

Sir

Cohen, C. W.
Cohen, H.
Collins, V. H.

Kensington, Miss F.
Kenyon, P. G.

Collison-Morley, L. C.
Colvin, Sir S.
Cooke, Miss V. B.

Ker, W. C. A.
Knight, Miss C.
Langridge, A.

Mudie.
Cromer, Rt. Hon. Earl

Lattimer, R. B.
Leader, Miss E.
Leaf, Walter.
Lee, Rev. R.
Lee, Sir Sidney.
Liberty, Miss M.
Lindsell, Miss A. C.

W.

of

Crosby, Miss A. D.
Curzon, Rt. Hon. Earl.
Dale, F. H.

Davidson, D. D.
Davidson, M. G.
De Gruchy, W. L.
Dill, R. T. Colquhoun.
Dingwall, W. F.
Droop, J. P.
Dunlop, Miss M. M.
Easterling, H. G.
Esdaile, A. J. K.
Farside, W.
Farwell, Lord Justice.
Finlay, Sir R. B.
Fitzgerald, Miss A.
Forbes, H. J. S.
Ford, H. G.
Garnsey, E. R.
Gilson, J. P.

Greene, H. W.
Grigg, E.

W. M.

J.

W.

Heath, H. F.
Hetherington,

J.

N.

Heward, G. A. L.
Hicks, Miss A. M.
Hildesheimer, A.
Hill G. F.

Linnell, MissB. M.
Longman, C. J.
Loreburn, Rt. Hon.

Lord.
Loring, W.
Mackail, Prof.

J.

W,

Macleod, Miss E.
Macmillan, G. A.
Macnaghten, Rt. Hon,
Lord.
Mc Anally, H. W. W.
McCormick, Rev. J. G.

Magnus, L.
Marillier, H. C.

Marshall, J. H.

Matthews, Miss M. W.
Mattingly, H.

Gurney, Miss A.
Gurney, Miss M.
Haigh, Mrs. P. B.
Halsbury, Earl of.
Haydon, J. H.
Haynes, E. S. P.

Headlam,

R.

Mavrogordato, J. N.
Mayor, R. J. G.
Meiklejohn, R, S.
Menzies, Mr. G. K.
and Mrs.
Merrick, Rev. G. P.
Michael, Miss E. McL.
Miller, A. W. K.
Millington, Miss M. V.
Milman, Rev. W. H.
Milner, Rt. Hon.

Viscount.

Minturn, Miss E. T.
Mitcheson, R. E.

TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF MEMBERS


London continued
London

{contimied^

IjQ'&'dot^ continued

Morison, L.
Morley, of Blackburn,
Et. Hon. Viscount.
Morton, Miss M.
Muir-Mackenzie,SirK.
Mumm, A. L.

London

Waters, Miss E. M.
Watson, A. R.
Watson, Miss J.

(continued)

White-Thomson,

Whitehead, Miss T. G.
Whitestone, R, A. W.

Whyte, Miss

J.

Wilkinson, H. Spenser.
Williams, A. F. B.
Willis, J. A.
Wi ter, G.
Wood, R. S.
Woolrych, H. R.

Norfolk, Duke of.


Paget, R.
Pember, F. W.
Pendlebury, C.
Phillimore, Sir W. G.

Wye,

Plaskitt, W. L.
Pollard, A. T.
Pollock, Sir F.

J.

M,

Middlesex
Enjield

Pooley, H. F.
Poyoter, Sir E. J.
Preedy, J. B. K.
J.

Fairbairns, Miss M. E.
Pontet, C. A. A.
Ford, Rev. L.
Hallam, G. H.
Hort, Sir A. F.
Hopkins, G. B. Innes.
Virgo, Miss E. M.
Burrell, A.
McMurtrie, Miss B. S.
B.

Du

Ilarnnv School

Harrow

M.

Radford, Miss
Kendall, V.
Richard, Miss K. A.

Richmond, B. L.
Richmond, Sir W. B.
Ridding, Miss C. M.
Romania, Eev.W. F. J.
Rooke, Miss M.
Sale, Prof. G. S.
Sands, P. C.

Simmons, Miss N. J.
Stawell, Miss F. M.
Stevenson, W. E.
Storr, F.
Strong, Mrs. S. A.
Stuart, Miss J. J.
Stuttaford, C.
Sullivan, Ca^jt. G. A.

Sykes, A. A.
Sykes, J. C. G.
Talbot, .J. E.
Taylor, Miss A. M.
Taylor, Miss E, M.
Taylor, Miss G. M.
Tennant, Miss L. E.

Thackerav, H. St. J.
Thomas, F. W.
Thomas, H.
Thompson, F. E.
Thomson, PI. R.
Tompson, Miss L. G.
Vaisey, H. B.

Ideioorth

Nortliwood

Pinner

Ponder' s

Baynes, N. H.

Terry, F. J.
Adshead, F.

LJtid

Tiviclienham

Uxhridye

Seebohm, H. E.
Hodgson, F. C.
Gran, Miss L.
Raleigh, Miss K.

Norfolk
Diss

W.

Green, Rev.

Marhet

Bagge, Miss L. M.

Great Cressing-

ham

Yarmouth
Norwich
(ft.

Heseltine, M.
Haig, Miss A. C.

Beeching, Very Rev.

H. C.

Thetford

Clark, Rev. R. B.
Deeks, Miss B. C.
Jewson, Miss D.
Sowels, F.

NORTHAMPTONSHIBE
Brixtoorth

Northampton
Oundle
.

Varley, R. S,

Vincent, William.
Walters, H. B.

C.

Doxonham

Hulbert, H. L. P.
Charlesworth, G. N,
Nightingale, A. D.
Sanderson, F. W.
Squire, S. G.

Vaughan, Miss E.

24

R.

W.

Murray, John.
Nicholson, Miss M.
Nolan, Mgr. E.

Rackham, Miss

185

NORTHUMBEBLANDBeal

Hodgkin, T.

APPENDIX

186

Oxfordshire continued

J^OB.TB.ViiBEB.i.AyiD continued
Newcasth'-on-

Tyne

Bell,

W,

Exeter College .*Binney, E. H.


Farnell, L. R.

S.

Duff, Prof. J. Wight.

Hadow, W. H.
Mann, Rev. H. K.
Hertford

Nottinghamshire
Neivark-onTrent
.

Nottingham

Jesus College

Qorse, Rev. H.
Barker, E. P.
Blunt, Rev. A. W. F.
Granger, Prof. F. S.

Coll.

Houston, Miss E. C.
Leman, H. M.

Keile College

Henderson, B. W.
Keatinge, M. W.
Wright, Prof. J.
.Burroughs, Rev, E. A.
Williams, Rev. H. H.
.*Genner, E. E.
Hughes, Rev. W. H.
Cooper, H. B.
Lock, Rev. W.
.

Owen, A.
Hull

Argles, Miss E.

Jex-Blake,

Russell, J.

Strangeways,
Walker, Miss C. G. W.
Woodward, Miss A.
Gough, Rev. T.

McCutcheon,

Brackley
Charllury
Cuddesdon
.

Oxford, :
All Souls

Rudd, Rev. E. J. S.
Ashwin, Rev. R. F.

Magdalen

Coll.

Robertson, M.
Rev. C.
Rt.
Gore,
(Bishop of Oxford).

Geldart,
.*

W. M.

Webb,
.

How, W. W.
Joachim, H. H.

J. L.

Wood, H. McKinnon.
Coll.

Christ Church

Haverfield, Prof. F. J.
Heberden, C. B.
Anderson, J. G. C.

Neto College

Blagden, Rev. C. M.
*Dundas, R. H.
Murray, Prof. G. G. A.

Owen,

G.
Sanday, Dr. W.
Stewart, Prof. J. A.
Rev.
Strong,
Very
T. B.
Warner, Rev. W,

College

Miles, J. C.
Scott, G. R.
Scott, Walter.
Brown, A. C. B.
Henderson, H. L.
Hunter, L. W.
Joseph, H. W. B.

Matheson,

S.

Corpus Christi

Grundy, G. B.
Livingstone, R. W.
Sidgwick, A.
Whitwell, R.

J.

Allen, P. S.

*Fyfe, W. H.
Garrod, H. W.

Lindsay, A. D.
Pickard - CamVjridge,
A. W.
Strachan - Davidson,

Brasenose

C. C. J.

Wilson, Rev. H. A.

Mcrfon College

Bailey, Cyi-il.

Marchant, E. C.
Merry, Rev. W. W.
Munro, J. A. R.
Benecke, P. V. M.
Brightman, Rev. F. E.
Cookson, C.
Cowley, A.
Godley, A. D.
Smith, Prof. J. A.
Warren, T. H.

Greene, W. A.
Balliol College

Miss

Fletcher, C. R. L.

Anson, Sir W. R.

H.

K. H.
Lineuln College. Fowler, W. Warde.
Gardner, Prof. P.

OXFOBDSHIRE
Banhvry

M.

Miss

(Principal).
L. R.

Betford

S.

Lady Margaret

Oriel College

Queen's College

P. E.
Spooner, Rev. W. A.
Wilson. Prof. J. Cook.
Phelps, Rev. L. R.
Richards, Rev. G.
Shadwell, C. L.

Allen, T.

W.

Clark, A.

C.

Grenfell, B. P.

Hunt, A. S.
Magrath, Rev.

J. R.

Walker, Rev. E. M.

TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF MEMBERS


OXFOEDSHlEE

Somersetshire continued
Legard, A. G.
Bath

continued

St. John's Coll.

....

Ball, S.

*Hall, F. W.
Powell, J. U.

Snow,

Bruton
Weston

Lorimer, Miss H. L.
Penrose, Miss E.
Trinity College *Coupland, E.
Ellis, Prof. R.
Prichard, H. A.
University Coll. Macan, R. W.
*Stevenson, G. H.
Wadham Coll. Drewitt, J. A.
Macfarlane, W. A.
Pope, G. H.
Richards, H.
.

Webster, E. W.
Coll.

Oxford

R.

Luffenham

TTppingham

W.

Mare

Mills,

Myres, Prof. J. L.
Peacock, M. H.
Poole, Miss D. J. L.
Pope, Mrs.
Rhys, Miss M.
Robinson, G. G.
*Rogers, Miss A. M. A.
Schomberg, Miss I.
Worley, Miss M. L.
Newton, Miss A.

Battiscombe, E. M.
Syson, Miss M. P

Barton . wider
Needwood

Denstone

Coll.

Farley.

Handsworth
Lichjield

Holland, W. R.
Clark, Rev. R. M.
Denman, Rev. C.
Clendon, A.
Genner, Miss G. B.

Hodge, Miss D. M. V.

Bakewell, Miss D. L.
Marshall, Miss A.M. C.
Powell, Miss M.
McCrea, Miss G. J.
Stafford
Barke, Miss E. M.
Stoke-on-Trent
Sutton Coldfield Richardson, G.
Daniel, A. T.
Uttoxeter
West Bromwich Manley, Dr. J. H. H.
.

Pearse, P. J.
Wolrerham2>to7i Ager, R. L. S.
Caldecott, W.

Luce, Miss S.
Pearman, Miss C. G.
Tildesley, Miss B.
Tildesley, Miss E.

Suffolk

Richards, Rev. J. F.
Mackenzie, Rev. H. W.
Taylor, A. C.

Newport

Shifnal

Elliston,

Shrewsbury

Gough, Miss M.
.

W.

Lowestoft

Phillips, Rev.

Bath

Ealand, Mrs.

J.

M.

W.Rich-

mond.
Silcox, Miss L.
Hogarth, Miss M.

South wold

I.

Surrey
Burgh Heath

Charterhouse
School
.

Langdon-Davies, B. N,
Knight, R.
Watkins, Rev. P. M.
Bryant, Rev. E. E.
Fletcher, F.

Kendall, G.
Longworth, F. D.
Tressler, A.

Somersetshire

E.

Watson, A. R.
Goode, A. G.

Camberley
Caterham

Yate, Lt.-Col. A. C.
Alington, Rev. C. A.
Florian, A. R.
Pickering, T. E.
Hamlet, Rev. J. G.

M.
M.

Ipsioieh

WcstleUm
.

Miss B. T.

Staffoedshire-

Shropshire

Wellington

s?/per

under-Lyme

RUTLANDSHIBBS.

Newcastle'

Cooper, Miss A. J.
Cowell, W. H. A.
Fleming, Miss A.
Goodwin, Miss N. M.
Grenfell, Mrs. A.
Hogarth, D. G.
Jerram, C. S.
Lewis, Miss E.
Moss,Rev.Preb. H. W.

Witney

Richards, F.
Norton, D. E.

Phillips, Rev. L. A.

Wells, J.
Elliott, R. T.
Gerrans, H. T.
Lys, Rev. F. J,

Chapman,

Milverton

T. C.

Somerville Coll.

Worcester

(^continued)

Stocks, J. L.

187

Cheatn School
Claygate
.

Tabor, A.

W.

S.

Armitage, N. C.

APPENDIX

188
Surrey

Suss EX continued
Eastbourne
Johns, Miss E. L.
{continued^
McKay, H. G.

continued
Cranleigh Soh. Antrobus, G. L. N.

Croydmh

Tyler, C. H.
Ferguson, Miss M.
Mainwaring, C. L.

Paine,

W.

L.

EngleJieldQreen Donkin, Prof. E. H.


Taylor, Miss M. E. J,
Gardiner, E. N.
Epsom
Milne, J, G.
Farnham
Radcliffe, Rev. E. C.
.

Godalming

Guildford
Haslemere

Hindhead

Kenley

Eew

....

Kingston Hill

lA-mjJsfield

Oxted

....

Redhill
Reigate

Richmond

Surliton

Hove

....

Woodward, Prof. W. H.

Lancing

Carlisle, A. D.
Linzell, Miss E.

Mayfield

Maunde.

M.

Page, T. E.

St.

Leonards

Rawnsley, W. .

Stey7iing

Geikie, Sir A.

West Horsham

Selwyn, Rev. E. C.
James, Miss L.
Richardson, Miss E.

Worthing

Warlingham

Pearson, A. C.

Weyhridge

Dawes, Miss E. A.

Brighton

Birmingham

Bayliss, A. E.

Burrows, Ven. W. O.
Chambers, C. D.
Chapman, Rev. Dom.
Gilson, R. C.
Harris, J. Rendel.

Heath, C. H.
Hobhouse, Rev. Canon.
Jones, Frank.
King, Mrs, Wilson.
Lee-Strathy, Miss J. L.
Lewis, Miss D. A.
Lewis, Dr. 0. R.
Measures, A. E.

S.

Nimmo,

Ledgard, W. H.

W.

S.

King, F. L.
Lunn, Miss A. C.

Buxted

P.

Marshall, Rev. D. H.
Marshall, Mrs. D. H.
Ryle, Miss E.
Hussey, Rev. A. L.

East Grinstead. RadclifiEe, W. W.


Eastbourne
Browne, Rev. E. L.
Dale, Miss A. M.
.

Miss.

Orange, Miss B.
Quelch, Miss K.
Sonnenschein,
Prof.
E. A.
Stock, St. George,
Swann, Miss M. G.

Ghey, Miss F, L.
Hett,

Alder, Miss M. B.
Archibald, Miss E.
Ball, Miss M. G.
Ballinger, Miss I. M.
Barrett, Miss H. M.
Baugh, Miss E. N.

*Belcher, A. Hayes.
Davies, Miss C. H.
Dawson, Rev. W. R.

Moore, E. W.
Upcott, Rev. A. W.
Winbolt, S. E.
Bennett, G. B.

WAKWICKSHIEB

Sussex
Bognor

Marshall, Rev. A. G.
Lea, Rev. E. T.

M.
Bernays, A. E.
Mayor, Rev. Prof, J. B.
Jackson, C.
Hardcastle, H.
Gough, A. B.
liatham, Mrs.
Martin, Miss M. K.
Rundall, G. W.
Seaton, R. C.
Brownjohn, A. D.
Church, Rev A. J.
Geden, Rev. A. S.
Dawes, Rev. J. S.

Dawes, Miss M. C.
Millard, V. C. H.
Zimmern, A. E.
Zimmern, Miss D. M.
.

Saunders, T. B,
Williams, C. A.
Williams, Rev. F, S.
Worters, Miss E. B.
Carson, H. J.
Oke, A. W.
Thring, L. T.
Tower, B. H.
Bowlby, Rev. H. T.
Thompson,
Sir
E.

Leamington

3Iarston Green

Rugby

Vince, C. A.
Williams, Herbert.
Beaven, Rev. A. B,
Loveday, Miss A,
Turner, Miss E.
Gilson, Mrs, R. C.
Cole, E. L. D.
David, Rev, A. A.

TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF MEMBERS


Warwickshieb- continued
Rugiy
Michell, W.
.

(continued)
Strafford - on

Avon

G.

Ambleside

(rrasmere

Kendal
Kirkby
dale

Hodgson, Rev. F. H.

Esholt.

Kirby Stephen
Milntliorpe

Wiltshire

England, E. B.
Lewis, Rev. F.
Haslam, Rev. A, B.
Roby, H. J.
Moor, S. A.

Chavasse, A.

S.

Penny, Miss D. A. A.

Smyth, C.
Edwards, W.
Elliott, R. H.
Hebden Bridge Higgs, Miss M. K.
Halifax

Hessle

Sharp, Rev. D. S.
.

Kempthorne,

Rt. Rev,
C. (Bishop of Hull).

Hull

Clapham, Miss G. E.
Hughes, Miss J. G.
Pearman, J. O'H.
Ward, C. H.

Huddersfield

Leach, Miss A. K.
Tayler, Rev. C. B.
Hamilton, J.

Malmesbi/ry
3Iarlborough

A. F.
Claxton, J. A.
Evans, S. E.
*Lewis, L. W. P.

Boncaster

Lons-

....

Yo'RKSuiRE continued
Bewsbury
Holme,

White, A. H.

Westmorland

IlJiley

Leeds

Allwood, Miss.
Saunders, J. V.
Atkinson, C. W.
Clark, E. K.
Connal, Prof. B. M.
Croft, Miss A. M.

Marlborough
College

Pewsey

Salisbury

Swindon

Atkey, V. A. H.
Branfoot, Rev. W. H.

Dale, F. R.

Dodd,

Derriman, Miss M. K.
Mackesy, Rev. T. L.

Impey, R. L.
Furness,

Dudley

Kidderviinster

Malvern

Northfield
Shipston - on

Dix, C. M.

Stour
Stourbridge

Wyse, W.
Wordsworth, Miss E.

Price, A. C.

Roberts, Prof. W.Rhys


Sadler, M. E.
Wilson, R.

Wynne-Edwards, Rev
J.

Northallerton

Oswaldkirk
Jiipoti

Sedbcrgh

Baldwin, S.
Chappel, Rev. Canon
W. H.
Moore, Miss M. A.
Morris, H. H.

Beuerley

Settle

Sheffield

Pickard, Miss E. M.
Arnold, A. J.
Barber, Miss G. M.
Couzens, Miss F. M.
Dudley, L. C.
Eliot, Sir C.
Ellis, Mrs.

YorkshireBradford

R.

Zachary, Miss K. T.
Wood, Rev. R. G.
Mathews, Rev. J. E.
Barran, Sir J. N.
Dowson, F. N.
Harrison, B. C.

Malim, F. B.
Weech, W. N.

C.

Stourport
Worcester

W.

Lupton, Miss B. G.

J. R.

Mayall, A.
Burke, Miss M. E.
Adam, Miss M. E.
Krause, Mrs.
Nicholson, Miss J.
House, H. H.
James, Rev. S. R.
Salmon, H. G. C.

W.

Lidderdale, E.

E H.

Hendy, F.

P.

Gillespie, C. M.
Grant, Prof. A. J.
Libbey, Rev. E. Jackson.

WorcestershireAlve church
Sromsgrove

189

Rossiter, Miss G. M.
Broadbent, C. H.
Falding, Miss C. S.
Keeling, Rev. W. H.
Pickard, Miss K.
Roberts, Miss M. E.
Taylor, Miss M. A.

Escott, Miss A. E.
Forster, E. S.

Gibbons, W, M.
Green, Prof. J. A.
Johnson, Robert.
Leahy, Prof. A. H.
Newman, Miss M. L.

APPENDIX

190
Yo'RK.BUi'RE continued
Sleeman,
Sheffield

Pembrokeshire c(ii^m?/e(^
J.

Salva

Stokes, J.

(^continued)

* Bummers,

Wakefield

Pembroke

H.

Trof.

W.

(Bishop

of

Wake-

field).

Yeadon
York

Eckerslev, J. C.
Heathcote, W. E.
Phipps, Miss M. E. A.

I.

A.

Williams, R.

C.

Ashforth, Mrs.
Eden, Rt. Rev. G. R.

Perman, Miss

....

IRELAND
Belfast

Dill, Prof. Sir S.

Henry, Prof. R. M.
Laurie, Geo. E.
Clongowes Wood Nolan, Rev. T.
Allen, S.
Dervock
Pooler, Rev. Dr.
Bflwnjiatrick
Alton, E. H.
Dublin . .
*Beare, Prof. J. 1.
Browne, Rev, Prof. H.
Delany, Rev. W.
Keane, Rev. J.
Keen, Miss E. A.
La Touche, C. D.
Plunkett, Count.
Purser, L. C.
,

ISLE OF
Castletown

Wicksey,

MAN
J. T.

W.

WALES
C 1EDIGAN
Aberystwyth

Anwyl, Prof. E.
Bensly, Prof. E. von B.
Brighouse, T. K,

Grundy, W. W.
Marshall, Prof. J. W.

Thompson, John.

Dundrum

Ferrall, C. N.
Allen, J. E. R.
.*Exon, Prof. C.
McElderry, Prof. R. K.
Pye, Prof. J.
Willis, Miss M.
Grafton, Rev. F. W.
,

Enniskillen

Galway

.
.

Roberts, Principal.

Carnarvon
Bangor

SUgo
-

Arnold, Prof. E. V.
T.
Prof.
*Williams,

SCOTLAND

Hudson.
Criccieth

Tullamore

Williams, W. G.
Jones, C. C. Lloyd.

Aberdeen

narrower, Prof.
Blairgorvrie

Denbigh
Coltvyn Bay

Wrexham

Edinburgh

Osborn, T. G.

Davies, G. A. T.

Flintshire
Hawarden

Lodge,

J.,

Junr.

Glamorganshire
Jcnkyns, Miss C.

Cardiff

Norwood, Prof. G.
Pearson, Miss M. B.
Reynolds, F.
Robertson, Rev. W. L.
*Slater, Prof. D.

Thompson,
Penarth
Swansea

F. C.

AbertUlery

Monmouth

Glasgow

Glenalmond
Montrose
St.

Andrews

Whitefield, Miss E. G.
Benger, Miss L. M.

Monmouthshire
.

Cartwright, Miss M.

James, L.

Prof. G. G.
Atkinson, Miss A. L.
Bell, J.

Leckenby, A. E.

Stornoway
Tarradale

J.

Ramsay,

M.

Ferard, R. H.
Green, G. Buckland.
Hardie, Prof. W. R.
Heard, Rev. W. A.
Stevenson, Miss B.
Davies, Prof. G. A.
Rennie, W.
Clarke, Rev. E. W.
Hyslop, Rev. A. R. F.
Taylor, Rev. A. F.
Abernethy, Miss A. S.
Burnet, Prof. J.
Pearson, Miss E. R.
Shewan, A.
Dodd, E. B.
Yule, Miss A. F.

EUROPE
Belgium

Pembrokeshire
Haverfordwest

Henson, Rev.

J.

Louvain

Carnoy, Prof. A.

J,

TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF MEMBERS


Au^uic A continued

EvnoFH continued
France
Paris

New York

Djelal Bey.
* Hirst, Mis's

Cowperthwaite, Miss

E. E.

Gebmant
Halle - an der-

Poughkeepsie

SaaU

Kobert, Prof. Dr. C.


Gudeman, Prof. A.

Munich

U.S.A.

Italy

Rome

Benn, A. W.
Ashby, T.

Mbditebranban
Cyprus

Montreal
Toronto

Anderson, Prof. W. B.
Colville, Prof. K. N.
.

W.
H. W.

Peterson, Principal

*Auden, Prof.
Langford, Prof. A. L.

Robertson, Prof. J. C.
Smith, Prof. G. O.

Nova Scotia
Halifax
U.S.A.
Ne7v

Murray, Prof. Howard.

Connecticut
Haven

Goodell, Prof. T. D.

op Columbia

U.S.A. District

Washington

Bryce, Rt. Hon.

U.S.A. Illinois
Hale, Prof.
Chicago
.

J.

U.S.A. Mabsachusetts
White, Prof. J. W.
Cambridge
Wallace, Miss I, M.
Nen-tonHlle
.

U.S.A.

U.S.A.
St.

Kelsey, Prof. P. W.
Wenley, Prof. R. M.

O'Brien, Rev. P.

New Hampshire

Exeter
U.S.A.

Minnesota

Paul

U.S.A.

Michigan

An?i Arbor

Kirtland, Prof. J. C.

New York

Ithaca

Boyd, G. C.

Major

J. S.

Ambala

Knight, H. A.
Drummond, Maj.-Gen.

Bombay

F. H. R.
Ailinger, Rev. A.

Anderson, G.
Barlee, K. W.
Batchelor, Hon.

Mr.

Justice.

Beaman,

Hon.

Mr.

Justice.
Bell, W. M.
Boyd, C. C.
Bright, G. E.
Burns, Mrs. C.

Cameron, Rev. J.
Carmichael, Hon. Mr.
G.
Chandavarkar, Sir N.
G.

W. G.

Merrill, Prof. E. T.

G.

Fitzhugh, Prof. T.

Gallie,

NORTH AMERICA
Canada
.

S.

India
A hmednagar

Kingston

Oliphant, Prof.

ASIA

Jasonidy, O. J.

U.S.A. VlRQINIACharlottexville

Steele, J. P.
.

G. M.

Hodges, A. L.
MacVay, Miss A. P.
Wyse, Miss T.
*Leach, Prof. Abby.
Macurdy, Miss G. H.

Pennsylvania

Grove City

Florence

191

Elmer, Piof. H.

C.

Chatfield, H. S.

Cordue,Lieut.-Colonel
W. G. R.
Crerar, J.
Cuvelier, M.

M.

De Quadros, J. P.
Drummond, Capt.
Elliott, R. A. E.
Faulkner, E.

Cubbay, M. S.
Haig- Brown, W. A.
Haigh, P. B.
Hart, Mrs.
Hotson, J. E. B.
Johnston, D.
Kincaid, C. A.
Kitchin, G.
Lamb, Sir. R. A.
Larbolette, Rev. F. X.

APPENDIX

192
Asia

continued
continued

Asia continued
India conti?iucd

India

Madan, D. M.
Marrs, E.
Martin, Rev. A.
Meyer, Dr. F. A.
Palmer, Rt. Rev. E.

Bombay
(^continued)

Simla

Rainy, G.

Thana

Korea

Percival, P. E.
Pigott, R. E. R.
II.

Allison, F.
.

SlAM
Banyhoh

Martin, A. T.

AUSTRALASIA

0.

New ZealandC'hristchurch

Russell, E. C.
Sale, E. L.

Bunedin

Sanderson, P. M. D.
Sheppard, S, T.
Sowerby, Mrs.
Stephanos, A. D.
Swann, Major-General

McLean, Miss M.
Brown, Prof. J. R.

Bousfield, F. S. N.

Coghill, D.

S.

Shannon, G. C.
Rothfield, 0.
Jukes, J. E. C.

Macnaghteu, H.
Braham, H. V.

Bijaxnir

Broach
Calcutta

Oodhra
Hyderahad
Karachi
.

Adelaide

Karrvar

Kathiawar

KolhajniT

Is'asik

Poona

P.

W.

Roughton, N. J.
Kennedy, B. C. H.
Maconochie, A. F.
Bolus, E. J.
Swifte, L. C.

Wren,
Satara
Shahjehanpur
.

Claremont
Perth

W. H.

Leeper, A,
Williams, Miss

S. J.

Hubback, Miss

Hutchison, C.

C. J.

M.

S.

NORTH AFRICA
Furness, J. M.
Sonnenschein, E.

Cairo

J.

SOUTH AFRICA
C.

Cape Colony
French Hock
Pretoria

Lewis, J. G. R.
Paterson, Prof. A. C.

WEST INDIES

P.

Brayne, A, P. S.
Fremantle, A. F.

Williams, Prof.

W. Austealia-

Corley, F. E.

EaYPT

G.
Reilly, Lieut. B. E.

Owen, W.

Madras
Naif pur

Mclhourne
South Yarra

Wild, A. C.
Pratt, E. M.
Monteath, G.
Monteath, J.

M. R.

Hollidge,D. H.
Langley, J. E.
McMillan, G. A,
Naylor, Prof. H.
Ward, J. H.

AUSTEALIA-

Hobart
Victoria

Wiles, G.

J.

Tasmania

Willis, R. A.
.

W.

Queensland

Vakil, F.

Vernon, C. V.
Wadia, B. J.
Wadia, C. N,
Whitty, R. F. L.

C, C.
T. D.

Wellingto^i

BrishaJie

Talyarkhan, F. S.
Tarachand, R. K.
Tottenham, Miss E.L.
Vaeth, Rev. A.

Bowen,
Adams,

Morrell,

Otane

J. C.

Belgaiim

W.

Tchirkine, S,

J.

(Bishop of Bombay).
Pavri, N. P.

Quin, Hon. Mr.


Reads, B. C.
Rickards, F. T.

Enthoven, R. E.

Barbadoes
Jamaica
.

Dalton, Rev. H. A.
Barrows, Miss M. M.

:::

;
;

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION


MANCHESTER AND DISTRICT BRANCH
President

Edward Donner,

Sir

Bart,, B.A., LL.D.

Vice-Presidents

The Right Rev. the Bishop of Manchester

The Right

Rev. the Bishop of Salford Miss S. A. Burstall, M.A.


The Ven.
Professor W. Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S., D.Sc.
M.A.,
Archdeacon
of ManWiLLOUGHBY C. Allen.
Burrows,
M.A.
The
Rev.
Professor R. M.
chester
D.D.
L.
J.
Baton,
Esq.,
Hon.
J. H. Moulton, D.Litt.,
;

The Right Rev. Bishop Welldon, D.D., Dean


The Vice-Chancellor of the VicOF Manchester
Alfred Hopkinson, K.C, LL.D.)
(Sir
toria University
M.A.

H. Williamson, Esq., M.A.


Hon. Treasurer
H. J. Dakers, Esq., M.A.
Hon.
Miss M.

S.

Warre

G.

Secretaries

Lilley, B.A., The High School, Dover Street.

Cornish, Esq., M.A., The University.

Secretary to the Excavation Committee:

Hon.

J,

H. Hopkinson, Esq., M.A.


Committee

Professor R. S. Conway, Litt.D. T. L. Agar,


Miss M. DoRev. C. T. Campion, M.A.
matlle Miss E. J. Ewart, M.A. H. Guppy, Esq., M.A.
Professor H. W. Hogg, M.A. J. H.
Miss C. Herford
Hopkinson, Esq., M.A. C. E. Kelsey, Esq., M.A. Miss
Thos. May,
Miss G. Llewellyn, B.A.
E. Lang, B.A.
Miss R. H.
C. E. Montague, Esq.
Esq., F.S.A. (Scot.)

Chairman

Esq., M.A.

Rees, B.A.
B.A.

The

A.

year's

S.

Miss E. Rhodes, B.A.


Warman, Esq., B.A.

Miss H. V. Schmidt,

work began with the Annual Business Meeting,


Officers and Committee were elected

held on January 27th.

25

193

APPENDIX

1^4

and the Treasurer's Balance Sheet approved. The business


was preceded by a lecture, delivered in the John Rylands Library
by Professor J. P. Postgate, on " Pompeius the Great in
Literature."

15th the Branch joined with the Manchester Branch of


the Historical Association in an excursion to Lincoln. The
party visited the castle, where they profited by the presence of

On July

Professor S. H. Capper, A.R.I.B.A., a

and afterwards, under

member

of the

Branch

Lord Bishop
Arch,
Newport
the Branch, the

the kind guidance of the

of Lincoln, late President of

the remains in Bailgate, and the cathedral.

Thereafter they were

most kindly entertained to tea at the Palace by the Lord Bishop

and Mrs. Hicks.


October 27th a fresh period of work ])egan with a lecture
by Miss Jane Harrison, Litt.D., on " The Dithyramb, Dionysus,
and the Drama, in the Light of Recent Discoveries in Crete."

On

This was followed by a social meeting at which Miss Harrison

was present.
Members of the Branch
Public
"

University

also received special intimation of

Lectures

one by Professor

Mackail

two
on

Tenth Century," and the other


by Rev. Professor Moulton on " The Making of a Language."
As mentioned in last year's Report, the Excavation Committee

An Arabian Romance

of the

have devoted much attention to the site of the Roman Fort


at Ribchester, and have held careful consultation with the
Local Committee, of which the Bishop of Burnley is Chairman.
In the autumn of 1911 it published a brief Report of the excavations hitherto conducted there. The Report is written by
Mr. J. H. Hopkinson, M.A., Lecturer in Classical Archaeology
in the University of Manchester, and contains six photographs

and a plan.

(Manchester

at

the

University

Press.)

The

excavations will be resumed early in the spring of this year,


and it is hoped that a permanent Museum will be erected on the
spot in the charge of the Local Committee.

The Branch's scheme

for the interchange of lectures in schools

has continued to operate through the year.


The membership remains nearly the same,

and over 60

associate

members.

viz.

over 60 regular

::

::

BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLANDS BRANCH

195

BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLANDS BRANCH


The

list of officers for

1911-12

is

as follows

President

The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Oxford.


Vice-Presidents

The Ven. Archdeacon Burrows,


The Rev. Canon Ford, M.A.
R. Cary Gilson,
F. J. R. Hendy, Esq., M.A.
G. Hookham,
Esq., M.A.
The Right Rev. Bishop Ilsley, D.D. The
Esq., M.A.
Rev. S. R. James, M.A. Miss Major J. T. Middlemore,
The Rev. J. Norris Professor SonnenEsq., J.P.
The Rev. R. Waterfield, M.A. C. A.
schein, D.Litt.

G. Balfour, Esq., M.A.

M.A.

Vince, Esq., M.A.

Hon. Treasurer
Miss E. M. Baugh, King Edward VIL's High School

New

for Girls,

Street.

Hon. Secretary
R. W. Reynolds, Esq., M.A., King Edward's School,

Hon. Registrar

New

Street.

Miss Inez Watson, 49, City Road, Edgbaston.

Hon. Secretary

of the

Reading Circle

Miss H. M. Barrett, M.A., 100, City Road, Edgbaston.


Committee

Miss Alder

Miss Baugh

The Rev.

A. P. Beaven, M.A.

Miss Brock
The Rev. A. Cattley,
Miss M. Bentley
A. Clendon,
The Rev. W. H. Chappel, M.A.
M.A.
;

Esq., M.A.

Esq., M.A.

R. Gary Gilson, Esq., M.A.

H. Heath,
Miss
Miss Nimmo

C.

The Rev. Canon Hobhouse, M.A.

LovEDAY A. E. Measures,
St. George Stock, Esq., M.A.

Esq., M.A.

D.Litt.

Professor Sonnenschein,

APPENDIX

196

The Branch has held General Meetings


February 23rd.

as follows

Lecture

the passing of Accounts and Election of Officers.

Mr. St.

Annual General Meeting of the Branch for

George Stock, M.A., "The

by-

Conception of Fortune in

Greek Writers."
Friday, October 20th." Life in Ancient Egypt in the Feudal
Age." Mr. Aylward M. Blackman (of Queen's College, Oxford,

and the Egyptian Archaeological Survey).


Thursday, December Uth.'' The Greeks in Cyprus." Professor
J. L.

Myres (Wykeham Professor

Two

of Ancient History, Oxford).

with the

further nieetings were held in conjunction

Socratic Society of

The membership
The Reading
lUO.

Birmingham
Branch remains slightly in excess of
has
met regularly and has been well
Circle
University.

of the

attended.

LIVERPOOL AND DISTRICT BRANCH


President

Professor R.

C.

Bosanqdet.

Vice-Presidents

ViceThe Right Rkv. the Lord Bishop op Liverpool


Chancellgr'^ir Alfred Dale Miss Baines The Rev.
Professor E. T.
S. E. Brown, Esq
J. Bridges, S.J.
Campagnac R. Caton, Esq., M.D., LL.D. H. Cradock\V.\TSOx\, Esq.
The Rev. Canon Gibson-Smith Robert
;

Professor P.
Hebblethwaite The Rev. J. B. Lancelot J. G. Legge,
The
Esq.
Professor C. F. Lehmann-Haupt, LL.D.
Rev. M. Linton-Smith
E. K. Muspratt, Esq., LL.D.
Professor J. L. Myres A. Pallis, Esq. A. V. Paton,
Gladstone,

Esq.

Esq.

Griffin,

F.

Professor J. P. Postgate, Litt.D., F.B.A.


Emeritus Professor H. A. Strong, LL.D. H. E. Vipan,
Esq.
H. V. Weisse, Esq.

Esq.

Hon. Treasurer
J.

Montgomery, Esq.
Hon.

Kenneth Forbes,

Secretaries

Esq.

Hugh Stewart,

Esq.


LIVERPOOL AND DISTRICT BRANCH
There are now 112 members of the Branch, of
full

members

whom

197
63 are

of the Association.

The following meetings have been held during the year


1910

October

28th. " National

Character

as

revealed

by

the Language of a Nation," by Professor Strong.

November

18th.

" Man

and Nature

in the

Augustan Poets,"

by Professor Conway.
1911

February 17^^. "The Province of Asia in the First

Century a.d.," by the Rev. M. Linton-Smith.

May

" The

Relations between Research and Teaching


by A. W, Gomme, Esq., followed by a discussion.
June 10th. An expedition was made to Ribchester to view
the Roman Fort and the results of excavations made by the
Manchester Branch. Miss M. Greenall kindly showed the objects
in her custody at Ribchester, and T. May, Esq., F.S.A., personally
I2th.

in Classics,"

conducted the party over the


October 12th.

site.

" Some Aspects of the Status of Women,

Legal

and Moral, under the Roman Empire," by Professor Strong.


November 10th.'' Erasmus at School," by P. S. Allen, Esq.,
Fellow of Mertou College, Oxford.
December Sth."" Sophocles," by A. Y. Campbell, Esq., Fellow
of St. John's College,

Cambridge.

::::

APPENDIX

198

NOTTINGHAM AND DISTRICT BRANCH


President

Lord Savilb.
Vice-Presidents

Rev. Principal Symes Dr. G. S.


Rt. Rev. Bishop Baynes
Miss
Miss E. C. Houston
Miss C. Clarke
TuRPiN
;

C. G.

Rev. P. J. Brady Mr. E. P. Adam


Mr. J. A. Jones Mr. L. R. Strangeways.

W. Walker

Mr. E. Francis

Secretary

Mr. E. p. Barker.
Treasurer

Dr. F.

S.

Chairman
Dr. F.

of
S.

Granger.
Committee

Granger.

Committee

Miss E. C. Houston Mr. H. M. Leman Mr. E. L. Guilford


Mr. L. R. Strangeways Mr. R. S. Wood the Secretary
;

and the Treasurer.


The number of members was 55.
The following papers were read at meetings of the Branch
its
February 22nd.'' The MaussoUeum of Halicarnassus
Knowlton
Mr.
B.
J.
History, Sculptures and Restorations," by
:

Preedy.

19<^. " The Brehon Laws," by Rev. P. J. Brady.


November 15t^. " Realia in Latin Teaching," by Dr. F.

May

S.

Granger.

The Branch also held two joint meetings :


March I5th (in conjunction with the Thorston Society).
A paper was read by Dr. Felix Oswald on the results of the
previous season's excavations at Margidunum. A collection of
objects of interest discovered at Margidunum was exhibited.

::

::

NOTTINGHAM AND DISTRICT BRANCH


November 25th

199

conjunction with the Nottingham Branch

(in

A discussion was held


on reformed methods of classical teaching. The discussion was
opened by short papers on the subject by Messrs. E. P. Adam
and E. J. Thomas.
of the Assistant Masters' Association).

On March llth, 1912, a performance of the Medea of Euripides


was given by the University College Students' Dramatic Society
under the auspices of the Branch. The play was produced
under the direction of Mr. W. H. Newton.

BOMBAY BRANCH
Patron

His Excellency Brevet-Colonel the Hon. Sir George


Sydenham Clarke, R.E. (Retd.), G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E.,
G.C.S.G., Governor of Bombay.
President

The Hon. Mr. Justice Beaman,

I.C.S.

Vice-Presidents

The Hon. Mr. Justice Batchelor, I.C.S. The Right Rev.


E. J. Palmer, M.A.
Lord Bishop of Bombay The Hon.
Sir Richard Lamb, C.S.L, CLE., I.C.S.
Mrs. E. A. R.
Haigh Major-General J. C. Swann, C.B.
;

Hon. Treasurer
G. Anderson, Esq., M.A., I.C.S.

Bon. Secretary

The Rev.

A. Ailinger, S.J., St. Xavier's College, Bombay.

Committee
G. Anderson, Esq., M.A.
B.A.,

LL.B.

Sheppard, Esq.
J.

N.

P.

The Hon. Sir N.

G.

R. F. L. Whitty, Esq.,
Cameron, M.A,
;

Chandavarkar,

Pavri, Esq., M.A., LL.B.


I.C.S.

S.

t!

The Rev.


APPENDIX

200

The year under report, the second of the existence of our


Branch, has been one of steady progress. Our numbers have
risen to 120.

in

Bombay,

as

The Branch and its work have become well known


is shown especially by the surprisingly good attend-

ance at our meetings.

No

fewer than seven papers have been

promised for next year.


Besides the meeting of January 10th, 1911 (reported last year),

we have held five meetings, at all of which lectures were delivered:


March 9th. Mr. F. T. Rickards read a paper on " Classical
Scholarship, Past

and Present."

April 6th." Plato as a Literary Artist," paper by Mr. E. J.


Bolus, I.C.S.

July 5^;?. Paper by the Rev. A. Vaeth, S.J., on " The Influence of Geographical Conditions on the Civilization of Greece."
Some Classical Novels," by Mr. 0. Rothfeld,
August

m.

'

I.C.S.

September 6/A. Lecture by the Rev. J. Cameron, M.A., on


" The Roman Numerals, their Origin and Use."
We have suffered a great loss by the departure for Europe of
Mrs. E. A. R. Haigh, the founder of the Branch and

Hon. Secretary.

its first

::

:::

NEW SOUTH WALES

201

REPORT FROM THE


NEW SOUTH WALES

CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION OF

19101911
President

The Hon.

W.

Sir

P.

Cullen, M.A., LL.D., Chief Justice


South Wales.

of

New

Vice-Presidents

The Right Hon.

Edmund Barton,

Sir

G.C.M.G.,

M.A

LL.D.,

His Honour Judge Backhouse, M.A


D.CL., P.O.
Professor Thomas Butler, B.A. The Right Rev. Mon
signor O'Brien The Rev. Andrew Harper, M.A., D.D.
Miss Badham
Mrs
Miss Louisa Macdonald, M.A.
Garvin; Mrs. Stiles A. B. Weigall, Esq., C.M.G., M.A.
W. A. Purves, Esq., M.A. The Rev. R. J. Little, S.J.
The Rev. Br. Clement Professor Alexander Mackie,
M.A.
The Rev. C. J. Prescott, M.A. F. S. N. BousMiss Fidler, B.A.
FiELD, Esq., M.A.
;

Hon. Treasurer

Professor W.

J.

Woodhouse, M.A.

Hon. Secretary
F. A.

Todd, Esq., B.A., Ph.D.


Council

Miss Eleanor Watson, M.A.; C. J. Brennan, Esq., M.A. L. H.


Allen, Esq., B.A., Ph.D. G. L. Byth, Esq., B.A. Assistant Professor E. R. Holme, M.A. C. H, Kaeppel, Esq.,
B.A. J. Mutton, Esq., B.A. H. S. Nicholas, Esq., B.A.
;

A. B. Piddington, Esq., B.A.

The Rev.

L. B.

Radford, M.A.

J.

Lee Pulling, Esq.

T. A. H.

Wing, Esq., M.A.

Mr. E. R. Garnsey, B.A., was reappointed as the representative


of the Association
of England.

26

upon the Council

of the Classical Association

APPENDIX

202

At the Second General Meeting, held

in

August 1910, the

President delivered an interesting address on the relation of


classical studies to

modern

life.

There were three ordinary meetings held during the year, in


the months of November, March, and May respectively. As
the result of the experience of the previous year it was found
desirable to

have only one paper read at each meeting

in order

The papers
to give more ample opportunity
"
its Monuand
Forum
Roman
The
(1)
read were as follows
means of
by
illustrated
was
ments," by Dr. F. A. Todd. This
Mr. R.
by
Critics,"
his
and
the lantern.
(2) "Demosthenes
was
meeting
this
at
attendance
Franklin, B.A. Although the
for

discussion.

not large, the paper provoked an interesting discussion. (3) Professor MacCallum read a paper on the Epistulae Ohscuronm

Virorum before a large audience (about seventy).


The membership reached a total of 79.
In accordance with a resolution passed at the Second General
Meeting steps have been taken to issue an abstract of the papers
read before the Society, and it is hoped that the third year of the
Association's

life will

see the issue of its Proceedings

up

to date.

The prospects of theAssociation from thepoint of view of membership and in respect of the interest taken by members in its work
are encouraging.

THE CLASSICAL ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH


AUSTRALIA
19101911
Patron

The Right Hon. Sir Samuel James Way (Bart.), LL.D.,


Chief Justice of South Australia, Chancellor of the
University of Adelaide.
President

Professor Henry Darnley Naylor, M.A.


Vice-Presidents

(Cantab.).

:.

Professor William Mitchell, M.A., D.Sc. (Edin.).


Professor George Cockburn Henderson, M.A. (Oxon.).
Professor William Jethro Brown, LL.D.

(Cantab.),

SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Hon. Treasurer

203

D. H. HOLLIDGE, M.A.

Hon. Secretary

G. A. McMillan, B.A. (Cantab.).

Executive

The President, The Hon. Treasurer, The Hon. Secretary,


J. F. Ward, M.A.
Rev. H. Girdlestone, M.A. (Oxen.)
;

Mrs. Dorsch.

At

by Professor Henry Darnley Naylor,


was resolved that "a Classical Association
The Classical Association of South Australia be

a meeting convened

on March 28th, 1908,


to be called

it

formed."

committee was appointed to draft

rules to be

submitted to

a General Meeting.

The

First General Meeting

was held on April

10th,

1908.

Rules were adopted, and an Executive was appointed. Since


the foundations of the Association, seventeen meetings have been

and four in
The members number 36.
The following papers have been read and discussed

held, three in 1908, five in 1909, five in 1910,

1911.

" Set Books


" Civilizain University Examinations," D. H. Hollidge, M.A.
" Lucian," D. H.
tion in the Odyssey," J. F. Ward, M.A.
" The Policy of Demosthenes," G. A. McMillan,
Hollidge, M.A.
" Teaching of Latin," Rev. J. Fitzgerald, M.A.

B.A.

M.A.

"
;

The Cretan

Inscription," Professor

H, Darnley Naylor,

PRINTED BY
H4ZKLL, WAISON AND VINEY, LD.,

LONDON AND AXLESBUBy.

PA
11

Claaeical Association
Proceedings

C6
V.9

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CARDS OR

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