Range of V1

Performance
Performance Engineer
Engineer Operations
Operations
Flight
Flight Operations
Operations Engineering
Engineering

November
November 2001
2001

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

What is V11?

V11 is the speed at which the takeoff

should be continued unless the
stopping maneuver has already been
initiated

Range of V1. 2

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Pilots definition of V1 (AC 120-62)

V11 - The speed selected for each takeoff, based
upon approved performance data and specified
conditions, which represents:
The
The maximum
maximum speed by which a rejected takeoff must be
initiated to assure that a safe stop can be completed withinthe
remaining runway, or runway and stopway;
The minimum speed which assures that a takeoff can be
safely completed
completed within
within the
the remaining
remaining runway,
runway, or
or runway
runway and
and
clearway, after failure of the most critical engine at a
designated speed; and
The
The single
single speed
speed which
which permits
permits aa successful
successful stop
stop or
continued takeoff when operating at the minimum
allowable field length for a particular weight.

Range of V1. 3

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
Definitions
Physical Representation
Graphical Presentation
Available V1 Range
Examples
Reduced V1 Policy

Range of V1. 4

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Definitions
Engine Failure Speed - The speed at
VEF
EF
which the critical engine becomes inoperative
Rotation Speed - The speed at which the
VRR
rotation from three point attitude to the takeoff
attitude is initiated.
VLOF
LOF Lift-off Speed - The speed at which the
airplane becomes airborne.
V22
Takeoff Safety Speed - The target speed
to be attained at the screen height (e.g. 35 ft),
assuming one engine inoperative and rotation
initiated at VRR
Range of V1. 5

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Definitions (contd)
Ground Minimum Control Speed - The
VMCG
MCG
speed during the takeoff run at which, when the
critical engine is suddenly made inoperative, it is
possible to maintain directional control of the
airplane using rudder alone, without deviating
from the runway centerline by more than 30 ft.
Maximum Brake Energy Speed - The
VMBE
MBE
highest speed from which the airplane may be
brought to a stop without exceeding the
maximum energy absorption capability of the
brakes. Maximum Brake Energy Speed is
compared in takeoff planning to V11.
Range of V1. 6

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Definitions (contd)

V1/VR Speed Ratio - The ratio of V1 to the

rotation speed VR. Used to generalize data for
graphical presentation.
Standard V1/VR - The V1/VR speed ratio defined
by the one engine inoperative field length limited
condition. Commonly used in Boeing takeoff
analysis software.

Range of V1. 7

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
Definitions
Physical Representation
Graphical Presentation
Available V1 Range
Examples
Reduced V1 Policy

Range of V1. 8

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 is selected to ensure:
V22

VEF
EF

V11
All Engine

35 ft

VRR VLOF
LOF
Engine Inop

- Stop on available surface

- Go with engine inoperative
- Greater than or equal to VMCG
- Less than or equal to VR
- Less than or equal to VMBE
Range of V1. 9

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

FAR takeoff field length is the longer of:

Engine Inoperative Accelerate-Go Distance:
Brake
Brake
Release
Release

V22

VRR VLOF
LOF

V
VEF
EF 11

35 ft

One
One Engine
Engine Inop
Inop
Acceleration
Acceleration

All
All Engine
Engine
Acceleration
Acceleration

Accelerate-Stop Distance:
Brake
Brake
Release
Release

EVENT
EVENT

All
All Engine
Engine
Acceleration
Acceleration

V11
BA
BA

VBB
TC
TC

115% All Engine Distance to 35 ft:

Brake
Brake
Release
Release

VRR VLOF
LOF

FULL
FULL STOP
STOP

SP
SP

V22
35 ft

X 1.15

All
All Engine
Engine Acceleration
Acceleration
Range of V1. 10

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 - Distance Relationships
(Constant Gross Weight)

Low V1
35 ft

Brake
Brake
Release
Release
V
V11
Stop
Stop

Range of V1. 11

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 - Distance Relationships
(Constant Gross Weight)

Mid V1
35 ft

Brake
Brake
Release
Release
V
V11

Stop
Stop

Range of V1. 12

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 - Distance Relationships
(Constant Gross Weight)

High V1
35 ft

Brake
Brake
Release
Release
V
V11

Stop
Stop

Note: 115% All Engine Takeoff Distance is

not affected by V1 choice
Range of V1. 13

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Why a range of V1?

EVEN THOUGH ANY VALUE IN THE ALLOWABLE
RANGE OF V1 MEETS REGULATORY
REQUIREMENTS, ONLY ONE V1 SHOULD BE
SELECTED FOR EACH SCHEDULED TAKEOFF. TO
AID IN THIS SELECTION, THE FOLLOWING FACTS
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED:

Range of V1. 14

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Why a range of V1 ?(contd)

WHEN A LOW V11 IS SELECTED:
(FOR A CONSTANT GROSS WEIGHT...)
1. The stopping margins are increased for a rejected takeoff.
(increased stopping margin is helpful on runways with
reduced braking capability)
2. There is additional margin from Brake Energy Limits
3. There may be only the minimum required clearance over
the end of the runway if it is necessary to continue the
takeoff after an engine failure.

Range of V1. 15

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Why a range of V1 ?(contd)

WHEN A HIGH V11 IS SELECTED:
(FOR A CONSTANT GROSS WEIGHT...)
1. The margins are increased for a continued takeoff.
(required takeoff distance is less; V2 is reached at an earlier
point)
2. There is additional margin from Ground Minimum Control
Limits
3. There may be only the minimum required on stopping
distance (the entire runway may be required if the takeoff is
rejected at V1

Range of V1. 16

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
Definitions
Physical Representation
Graphical Presentation
Available V1 Range
Examples
Reduced V1 Policy

Range of V1. 17

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances

TEMP
TEMP == 15C
15C
ELEV
=
SEA
ELEV = SEA LEVEL
LEVEL
NO
NO WIND
WIND
NO
NO SLOPE
SLOPE
A/C
A/C ON
ON
FLAPS
FLAPS 55

V1

Accel-Go

Accel-Stop

180000 kg

130 kts
140 kts
150 kts

12050 ft
11220 ft
10250 ft

6025 ft
6910 ft
7890 ft

170000 kg

130 kts
140 kts
150 kts

10050 ft
9300 ft
8430 ft

5710 ft
6540 ft
7450 ft

160000 kg

130 kts
140 kts

8440 ft
7660 ft

5310 ft
6190 ft

150 kts

6870 ft

7050 ft
Range of V1. 18

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 Effect on Accel-Go and Accel-Stop (X-Plot)

Ac
ce
l-G
o
Re
qu
ire
d

Balanced Field Length

d
re
i
u
q
Re
op
t
Balanced Field
l-S
e
c
c
Length V1
A

Range of V1. 19

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1 Effect on Accel-Go and Accel-Stop (Web chart)

Constant Pressure Alt, Temp, Wind, Slope

180t

kt
s
15
0

160t

V1

=
V1

V1

14
0

13
0

kt
s

kt
s

170t

Range of V1. 20

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Runway Length and V1 Adjustments (Web Chart)

ng

ee
d

Ra
tio

,V

1/
VR

rea
si

Sp

ENGINE INOPERATIVE
CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE

inc

CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE

Range of V1. 21

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

ng
rea
si
inc

ENGINE INOPERATIVE
CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE

Runway Length and V1 Adjustments (Web Chart)

Ru

Co
r
nw recte
ay
d
Le
ng
th

CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE

Range of V1. 22

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Corrected Runway Length:

One Engine Inoperative
Corrected Runway Length
(CRL) generalizes:
Altitude
Temperature
Gross Weight

Range of V1. 23

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Corrected Runway Length Required

CORRECTED RUNWAY LENGTH REQUIRED
CORRECTED
RUNWAY
LENGTH
LO

AIRPORT
PRESSURE
ALTITUDE

NG

H
HIG

LOW

LOW

SH

HIGH

AIRPORT TEMPERATURE

O
RT

LOW

HIGH

TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT

Range of V1. 24

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Engine Inoperative Corrected Takeoff Distance

ENGINE INOPERATIVE
CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE
0

ENGINE INOPERATIVE CORRECTED TAKEOFF DISTANCE - 1000 M

1
2
3
4
5
6

ANTI-ICE
+
WIND
+
SLOPE
-

MAXIMUM ALLLOWABLE CLEARWAY

CLEARWAY
0

ACTUAL RUNWAY LENGTH - 1000 M

Range of V1. 25

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE
0

CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE - 1000 M

1
2
3
4
5
6

INOP

ANTI-SKID
1 BRAKE DEACT.
OPERATING

ANTI-ICE
+
WIND
+
SLOPE
2
3
4
5
ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE - 1000 M

Range of V1. 26

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Takeoff Speeds
TAKEOFF SPEEDS

PRESSURE ALTITUDE
TAKEOFF GROSS

TAKEOFF GROSS

WEIGHT

WEIGHT

AIRPORT OAT

ROTATION SPEED VR TAKEOFF SAFETY SPEED V2

Range of V1. 27

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
Ru Corre
nw
c
ay ted
Le
ng
th

Engine Inoperative Corrected

Takeoff Distance Available
Corrected Accel-Stop
Distance Available

Engine Inoperative
Corrected Takeoff Distance

RUNWAY LENGTH AND V1 ADJUSTMENTS

Corrected Runway
Length Required

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

Range of V1. 28

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1

Engine Inoperative
Corrected Takeoff Distance

RUNWAY LENGTH AND V1 ADJUSTMENTS

Minimum
V1/VR

Ru Corre
nw
c
ay ted
Le
ng
th

Standard V1/VR
Maximum
V1/VR

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

Range of V1. 29

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Determining a Range of V1

USING
USING THE
THE AFM
AFM SECTION
SECTION 4,
4, PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
CHARTS

1.
1. DETERMINE
DETERMINE THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED RUNWAY
RUNWAY LENGTH
LENGTH REQUIRED
REQUIRED FOR
FOR THE
THE TAKEOFF
TAKEOFF
GROSS
WEIGHT,
AIRPORT
TEMPERATURE,
AND
PRESSURE
ALTITUDE.
GROSS WEIGHT, AIRPORT TEMPERATURE, AND PRESSURE ALTITUDE.
2.
2. DETERMINE
DETERMINE THE
THE ENGINE
ENGINE INOPERATIVE
INOPERATIVE CORRECTED
CORRECTED TAKEOFF
TAKEOFF DISTANCE
DISTANCE AVAILABLE.
AVAILABLE.
3.
3. DETERMINE
DETERMINE THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED ACCELERATE-STOP
ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE
DISTANCE AVAILABLE.
AVAILABLE.
4.
4. DETERMINE
DETERMINE (V1/VR)MIN
(V1/VR)MIN FROM
FROM THE
THE RUNWAY
RUNWAY LENGTH
LENGTH AND
AND V1
V1 ADJUSTMENT
ADJUSTMENT (WEB)
(WEB) CHART
CHART
USING
USING THE
THE ENGINE
ENGINE INOPERATIVE
INOPERATIVE CORRECTED
CORRECTED TAKEOFF
TAKEOFF DISTANCE
DISTANCE AVAILABLE
AVAILABLE
(FROM
(FROM 2),
2), AND
AND THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED RUNWAY
RUNWAY LENGTH
LENGTH REQUIRED
REQUIRED (FROM
(FROM 1).
1).
5.
5. DETERMINE
DETERMINE (V1/VR)MAX
(V1/VR)MAX FROM
FROM THE
THE WEB
WEB CHART
CHART USING
USING THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED
ACCELERATE-STOP
ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE
DISTANCE AVAILABLE
AVAILABLE (FROM
(FROM 3),
3), AND
AND THE
THE CORRECTED
CORRECTED RUNWAY
RUNWAY
LENGTH
REQUIRED
(FROM
1).
LENGTH REQUIRED (FROM 1).
6.
6. DETERMINE
DETERMINE ROTATION
ROTATION SPEED
SPEED VR,
VR, FOR
FOR THE
THE TAKEOFF
TAKEOFF GROSS
GROSS WEIGHT
WEIGHT AND
AND AIRPORT
AIRPORT
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE AND
AND PRESSURE
PRESSURE ALTITUDE.
ALTITUDE.
7.
7. DETERMINE
DETERMINE V1
V1 MIN
MIN AND
AND V1
V1 MAX
MAX BY
BY MULTIPLYING
MULTIPLYING THE
THE APPROPRIATE
APPROPRIATE V1/VR
V1/VR RATIOS
RATIOS
BY
BY VR.
VR.

Range of V1. 30

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Determining a Range of V1:

NOTE: V1MIN
1MIN and V1MAX
1MAX are the lowest
and highest values of V11 that will
satisfy all the Federal Aviation
Regulations related to Maximum
Takeoff Gross Weight, Field Length
Limits. V11 must not be greater than
VMBE
MBE or VR
R, nor less than VMCG
MCG

Range of V1. 31

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1 Determination
Actual
Actual Runway
Runway Length
Length
Takeoff
Takeoff Gross
Gross Weight
Weight

22
Engine
Engine Inoperative
Inoperative
Corrected
Corrected Takeoff
Takeoff
Distance
Distance Available
Available
V
V11
V
VRR

44

Actual
Actual Runway
Runway
Length
Length plus
plus
Stopway
Stopway

11

33

Corrected
Corrected Runway
Runway
Length
Length Required
Required

Corrected
Corrected
Accelerate-Stop
Accelerate-Stop
Distance
Distance Available
Available
V
V11
V
VRR

MIN
MIN

66
77

V
V11
V
VRR

Rotation
Rotation Speed
Speed
MIN
MIN

X
XV
VRR

V11MIN
MIN

V
V11
V
VRR

55

MAX
MAX

MAX
MAX

X
XV
VRR

V11MAX
MAX

77

Range of V1. 32

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Actual AFM Charts:

STOP

Actual AFM Charts

Range of V1. 33

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Example Conditions:
767-300ER / CF6-80C2B4
FLAPS 5
A/C ON
ANTI-ICE OFF
TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT = 335,000 LB
AIRPORT PRESSURE ALTITUDE = 5000 FT
AIRPORT TEMPERATURE = 35 DEG C
RUNWAY LENGTH = 10500 FT
SLOPE = -1%
WIND = 11 KTS HEADWIND
NO CLEARWAY OR STOPWAY
Example Solution
Range of V1. 34

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Class Problems:

STOP

Problem Set
Range of V1. 35

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Minimizing V1
At weights below the maximum takeoff weight

When your dispatch weight is below the

maximum allowed, V1 can be reduced while
remaining within the takeoff distance allowed

Range of V1. 36

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1
A
Accccee
One Engine Inop
lleerraat
tee--S
Sttoopp
Field Length Limit
D
Diisstta
annccee
A
Avvaaiil
laabbllee

V 11 = V RR

V1

Range of V1

llee
b
b
iillaa
a
a
vv
A
A
ccee
n
n
ssttaa
i
i
ff DD
f
f
o
eeo
k
k
TTaa

VMC
G
MCG
Takeoff Gross Weight
Range of V1. 37

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

V1

VR

Accel-Stop Dist
Available

CG

Takeoff Distance Available

V1 = V
M

Engine Inoperative
Corrected Takeoff Distance

Range of V1

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

Range of V1. 38

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1

Engine Inoperative
Corrected Takeoff Distance

One Engine Inop

Field Length Limit

e
g
n
a
R

1
V
f

Corrected Accelerate-Stop Distance

Range of V1. 39

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances

TEMP
TEMP == 15C
15C
ELEV
=
SEA
ELEV = SEA LEVEL
LEVEL
NO
NO WIND
WIND
NO
NO SLOPE
SLOPE
A/C
A/C ON
ON
FLAPS
FLAPS 55

V1

Accel-Go

Accel-Stop

180000 kg

130 kts
140 kts
150 kts

12050 ft
11220 ft
10250 ft

6025 ft
6910 ft
7890 ft

170000 kg

130 kts
140 kts
150 kts

10050 ft
9300 ft
8430 ft

5710 ft
6540 ft
7450 ft

160000 kg

130 kts
140 kts

8440 ft
7660 ft

5310 ft
6190 ft

150 kts

6870 ft

7050 ft
Range of V1. 40

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

12000

10000
9000

17
0t

160
kts

11000

150
kts

18
0t

140
kts

13000

130
kts

Engine Inoperative Takeoff Distance - ft

V1 Reduction

16
0t

8000
7000
6000
4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Accelerate-Stop Distance - ft
Range of V1. 41

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

For a field length of 9000 ft:

Field Limit TOW = 180,000kg

12000

10000
9000

17
0t

160
kts

11000

150
kts

18
0t

V1 = 160 kts
140
kts

13000

130
kts

Engine Inoperative Takeoff Distance - ft

V1 Reduction

16
0t

ed
c
n
a
l
Ba V1

8000
7000
6000
4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Accelerate-Stop Distance - ft
Range of V1. 42

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances

TEMP
TEMP == 15C
15C
ELEV
=
SEA
ELEV = SEA LEVEL
LEVEL
NO
NO WIND
WIND
NO
NO SLOPE
SLOPE
A/C
A/C ON
ON
FLAPS
FLAPS 55

F.L. GW = 180t
(CRL = 9000 ft)
Actual GW
GW == 170t
170t

Bal
V1

Delta V1
Minimum V1
for weight from bal to min

160 kts

160 kts

No reduction

Range of V1. 43

18
0t

12000

10000
9000

17
0t

160
kts

11000

150
kts

13000

130
kts

Engine Inoperative Takeoff Distance - ft

V1 Reduction

For a field length of 9000 ft

and Actual
Actual TOW
TOW == 170,000kg:
Balanced V1 = 154 kts
Minimum
Minimum V1
V1 == 144 kts
140
kts

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

16
0t

ed
c
n
a
l
Ba V1

8000
7000
6000
4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Accelerate-Stop Distance - ft
Range of V1. 44

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

767-300ER / CF6-80C2B6/B6F distances

TEMP
TEMP == 15C
15C
ELEV
=
SEA
ELEV = SEA LEVEL
LEVEL
NO
NO WIND
WIND
NO
NO SLOPE
SLOPE
A/C
A/C ON
ON
FLAPS
FLAPS 55

Bal
V1

Delta V1
Minimum V1
for weight from bal to min

F.L. GW = 180t
(CRL
(CRL == 9000
9000 ft)
ft)

160 kts

160 kts

No reduction

Actual GW
GW == 170t
170t

154
154 kts
kts

144 kts

-10 kts

Actual GW
GW == 160t
160t

148
148 kts
kts

120 kts

-28 kts

F.L. GW = 170t
(CRL = 7910 ft)
Actual GW
GW == 160t
160t

154 kts

154 kts

No reduction

148
148 kts
kts

137 kts

-11 kts

Actual GW
GW == 150t
150t

141
141 kts
kts

110 kts

-31 kts

Range of V1. 45

Range
Range of
of V1
V1

Range of V1 - Summary
Range of V1 can be used to optimize both
performance and takeoff safety
Within the allowable V1 Range, all Federal Aviation
Regulations related to Maximum Takeoff Gross
Weight, Field Length Limits, are satisfied.
A single V1 is chosen for each takeoff
V1 within the allowable range can be chosen to
maximize margins on either Go or Stop
Statistical evidence from RTO accidents and
incidents might lead us to consider a Reduced V1
Policy
Range of V1. 46

Range of V1
Performance
Performance Engineer
Engineer Operations
Operations
Flight
Flight Operations
Operations Engineering
Engineering

November
November 2001
2001

W004d. 47