● Stereo

Mono System
Surround
Quad System
System
INTRODUCTION System

SOUND SYSTEM

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 PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM
Method of power distribut

Sound reinforcemant

Sound system installation

Public Address System

Reinforcement equipment

Equipment
maintenance

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Sound :
The perception of the dinamic convergence and vacuum
air pressure level in ear.
Audio : Produce from sound to electronic
Sound wave : Generate from vibration/ shake. The air
molecul near to the shaking source will shake too. Sound
wave is produce when the molecul move reverse in position
same with the shaking object.
Amplitud & strength of sound : The number of moving
molecul described the strength of sound and this is called –
sound amplitud ( measured in dB )
Acoustic pressure is measured in Sound Pressure Level.
Dinamic range : Range from silence sound level to a noisy
sound level that can be heard.
Monaural : Sound from Headphones
Monophonic : Sound from speaker.

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0 Hz Sound Pressure Level (SPL) –
Infrasound SPL = 20 log Po/ 2 x 10⁻⁵ dB
20 Hz * Po – Sound power level
Hearing band 2 x 10⁻⁵ - Min. pressure of sound
(Sound Freq : Human hearing level - 0 dB-SPL
20kHz to 120 dB- SPL
100 Hz ~
∞ 5kHz) ( ear will start feel the pain)

Ultrasou
The Biology
nd of Ear :
• Divided to 2 area :
i. External – Directional sound area (sound calyx)
ii. Intermediate – Gegendang (reception of different type of
sound freq)
- Differentiate between human and the animal

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 Mono system – Depand to one recording

system and sound channel.
 i.e. – telephone system (monaural system).
Whereas, radio broadcasting and sound
system at cinema (monophonic system).
 Monaural : Sound from Headphones
 Monophonic : Sound from speaker.
 Info from mono system ≠ original info if the
audience concentrate. Because the
microphone pick the sound signal from one
point whilst audience can hear sound from two
points. ™‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻈﺎﻡ‬
•
Stereo system – audio system that produce sound
from 2 direction.
• The good stereo system can produce sound illusion
(position are fixed – cross the sound stage). In hi-fi
system it is called stereo image.
• User can separate and compare the sound o/p
where the sound quality can be adjusted by
considering the sound balance.

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SISTEM QUAD
• QUADRAPHONIC @ 4 audio speaker system.

• To boost the stereo sound.

• Better sound spreading compare to stereo sound

system with 2 speaker.

• Surround @ rear speaker – for environment sound.

• This system are used to compressed the audio o/p.

i.e Concert

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 L C R

Surround Surround

Layout for stereophonic sound /

Dolby Stereo
Dolby Surround
- New dimension of sound addition to
common stereo sound.
- Using Dolby MP Matrix Encoder ~ encod 4
audio channel to 2 audio channel for stereo
broadcasting programme.

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5.1 Channel System
This system have 5 channel - frequency range from
3Hz to 20 KHz for front, left and right, center,
surround o/p and additional of LFE (Low Freq. Effect)
Sub-Woofer - freq range from 3 Hz to 120 Hz.

Digital
Media
L L
Producer Dolby A/V
/ C Digital comp. C

Mixer R Encoder with R

Multi Dolby
Ls Ls
Channel Digital
Audio Rs decoder Rs

Digital Bit
Stream

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 When sampling the wave with an

analog-to-digital converter, two
variables need to be controlled :
 The sampling rate - Controls how
many samples are taken per
second
 The sampling precision - Controls
how many different gradations
(quantization levels) are possible
when taking the sample
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PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (SISTEM
SIARAYA)
Necessary for the user that is far away
from the sound source.
Basic requirement ; microphone, amplifier
P.A.
andsystem divided to 2 level :
speaker.
- High level system - wide area i.e Mosque, stadium and useful
for for place which is crowded with people
- Low level system - narrow area i.e. meeting room and place

which have a few people only.

Divided to 3 category :-
A Category – Open area ~ audiens > 5000
B Category – Inside hall ~ audiens > 1000
C Category – Inside hall ~ audiens ≈ 500

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PERALATAN SISTEM BUNYI
MASJID

COLUMN HORN
SPEAKER SPEAKER

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The effeciency of P.A. system
Depend to :-
i. Sound strength – sound that have enough
strength to
be heard at all position in one area.
ii. Sound quality – The clear sound condition.
Low freq
need to be reduce @ adjusted in a closeted
place. Also
reduce the sound transmission to the mic to
avoid sound
interrupt.
iii. Sound balance – To makesure sound not
interrupted to
any other influence. The sensitivity and tone
control need
to be test from every input area before the
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 Main
Fill Cluster
Syste
m
MIC

Cover by fill Cover by main

speaker cluster
Main
Fill Cluster
Syste
m Balcony
MIC Rear
Fill
System

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 3 procedure on selecting and
setting the sound system
•
Determine the function and the reason why the
audio system and the installation equipment is
used.

•
Before start the equipment installation for audio
system, detail planning is needed to understand
the specification & cost estimation.

•
Others factor that relates is as below :-
Study the sound condition in the area.
Audio system selection and the determine the
position of installation.
Draw the block diagram of the system, circuit
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Additional equipment in P.A.

1. Microphone
- Convert acoustic energy to
electric
energy
- Able to convert in same value
---
sound wave electric sound
----
in wide range
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2. Speaker
- Mono speaker : give distance info
only.

- Stereo amplifier – give position info

and separation sound.

- Type of speaker :-
a. Moving coil - Common use. Able to stand overload
/ Coil place at the magnet chink.
b. Piezoelectric - Good for high freq / i.e. watch
c. 2 way speaker – suitable for sound reinforcement /
Freq range suitable to be heard.

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LINE ARRARY
SPEAKER

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3. Amplifier
- Amplify audio signal.
- Tone control available.
- Power per channel not more
than 100W
- Input signal from CD have
better distortion compare to
the cassette i/p.

MIXING AMPLIFIER/PUBLIC
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Method of Power line distribution to
the speakers

Speaker selection based on : –

- Sound strength
- Speaker quantity
- Low power amplifier – slow
sound
- High power amplifier – damage
the speaker

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 For o/p amplifier low impedance;

- total impedance value for all speakers should

higher @ same value with the o/p amplifier

Total o/p amplifier ≤ Combination of speaker

impedance impedance

For o/p amplifier high impedance ;

- total power supplied to the speaker should be
lower than the o/p amplifier capability.

Total power supplied to speaker ≤ o/p amplifier

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 Low Impedance Amplifier
 Amplifier produce full power o/p.
 The amplifer attached with speaker
connection point that is labelled with
‘Com., 4Ω, 8Ω dan 16Ω’.
 Variety connection of the speaker
method can be implement as long as
the total impedance connected to
the amplifier is suitable with the
value of the amplifier terminal
connection point.
16Ω

8Ω
4Ω 8Ω 4Ω
4Ω
Com.

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 High impedance amplifier
 Speaker installation method for this
amplifier is called ‘Constant Voltage
Distribution System’ (Sistem Agihan
Voltan Tetap)
 The amplifer attached with speaker
point that is labelled with ‘Com., 4Ω, 8Ω
dan 16Ω’.
 All the speaker connection is in parallel
via transformer for impedance
70V @ 100V line
matching.
 Voltage
C distribution value normally
C C C

from 70V – 100V.

C C

High Low Primar Secondary

impedanceimpedance y
terminal terminal
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Type of the speakers & the range that will
divide the speaker categories.

High impedance

Ø
Mark at the amplifier for high impedance
connection
 mark of 70V, 100V & 110V.

Speaker condition
Ø

For range more than 10 m.

Every speaker is attached with MT.
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 Matching Transformer (MT)

Attached with Horn Speaker type.

Ø

MT will match power which was produced

Ø

by amplifier with rating to Horn speaker.

In other words, amplifier will induce MT

Ø

and MT's output power to produce Horn

speaker sound.

Ø ™‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻈﺎﻡ‬
Type of speakers & the range that will divide
the speaker categories.
Low impedance

Ø
Mark at the amplifier for low impedance
connection
 Mark of 4Ω, 8Ω & 16Ω.

Ø
Speaker condition that is categorized as
high impedance connection
 For range less than 10 m.
 Speaker value – not same
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Speaker Selection
Avoid non clearity problem and low power sound.

Class of Speaker
1. Open place - freq waveform between 800
Hz ~ 6000 Hz
2. Music background – for gentle music freq
between 100 Hz ~ 800Hz

3. Music – refer to the hall condition/ design

for music 40Hz ~15000Hz

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Speaker Arrangement
1. Main System
- Speaker place at the center of the
hall to control sound convergence to one
direction. Low maintenance cost.

2. Spreading System
- Scattered arrangement for
speakers.
- Speaker combination can strengthen
sound at the small space.
- However the sound quality is
reduce.
3. Combination System
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Arrangement & Speaker power distribution at
the internal building area.
When setting the location of speaker in a room,
factor of level of noise, height of ceiling, wide
area of the room, use of the speaker & etc.
Below shows the criteria taken on speaker
installation
Speaker :- Keluasan kawasan bagi memperolehi 76dB
keluaran maksima
WT – 707N (7W) Kira-kira 32m persegi

WT – 715N (15W) Kira-kira 64m persegi

WT – 202AN (10W) Kira-kira 80m persegi

WT – 200AN (15W) Kira-kira 100m™‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻈﺎﻡ‬

persegi
 Introduction to the Sound Reinforcement
system and the different with the PA
system.
Sound Reinforcement system is used to
produce an high energy sound signal in a wider
area.
Suitable for musical & vocal while PA system
is suitable for speech and lecture session.
Additional equipment can increase the
capability of PA system to be a sound
reinforcement system.
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 The different between PA system and Sound Reinforcement system.

PA System Sound Reinforcement

Limited space for equipment.
Level of sound spreading are not
wider.
Lower cost
Low level of power & equipment
consumption.
Suitable for general broadcasting Suitable for music
Have 1 output channel
1 channel o/p connected to a
numer of speaker
Wide area for equipment
Wider of level of sound spreading
More expensive cost
High power and use many
equipment.
Have 2 output channel
2 o/p channel which each o/p
have 1 speaker

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Determination of Speaker Location
Speaker

PointB Point A Point C

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 SOUND SYSTEM FOR 300
PEOPLE3cable
to 3 rca

DVD Player
Canon jack to Equalizer Limiter
2 to 2 rca plug
mono jack cable

Speakon plug to
speakon plug cable
Crossover

Microphone
Amplifier
Mixer
Speakon plug to
speakon plug cable Speakers

Amplifier
Wireless Mic Sub-woofer
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 Additional
equipment for
Sound
Reinforcement
System

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 AUDIO COMPRESSOR

Audio compressor – to compress @

limitting audio signal range.
Automatically fixed the signal level before
send it to tape for recording
The compress process – to allow high/ low
sound to be adjusted.

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‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻈﺎﻡ™‬
Basic control system in the compressor for user :-
* I/P – Set i/p level

* Treshold – set level as a reference

before the compressor operate.

* Ratio – Set ratio to the rise of dB

at the signal below treshold level.
i.e. : Set 4:1 – bila treshold level
dicapai, hanya 1dB kenaikan pd o/p
utk setiap 4dB kenaikan pd i/p signal.

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* Attack – Time taken to act
when the signal cross the
treshold level.

* Decay – Time taken back to

normal condition when the signal
become below the treshold level.

* O/P - Set o/p level.

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 AUDIO COMPRESSOR
Circuit Operation

IC1 act as amplifier where the gain

determine by the R1– resistor between
Drain & Source FET 2N3819. R1, R2 &
R3 determine FET V-I characteristic.
O/p circuit connected with the feed
back circuit.
Attack and Decay controlled by R4
(1ms) and R5 (517ms)
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 AUDIO COMPRESSOR
Circuit Operation

2 way switch – select compressor working

condition –fix gain @ adjustable.

VR1 – adjustable gain

R4, R5 & feedback connection – fixed gain
In this circuit, a 29dB change in the input
signal level produces a 9dB change in the
output.

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 AUDIO MIXER

Audio mixer is used to mix many type of

i/p sound signal.
Normally there is 8 ~ 10 input.
Low freq., mid range freq. & high freq.
The gain for i/p signal can be controlled
to follow needs of user @ to get any
special effect.
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‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻈﺎﻡ™‬
 AUDIO GRAPHIC EQUALIZER
Problem encounter - copying video tapes is the
deterioration in the sound quality. 
To correct the sound signal to produce the o/p sound
approx. near to the original sound. ( by correcting the freq
response ) .
5 band equalizer design to connect 2 AV o/p component to
produce freq response that can be controlled.

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‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻈﺎﻡ™‬
The five controls each have a range of +/- 10dB at centre
frequencies of 100Hz, 300Hz, 1KHz, 3KHz & 10KHz.

The 3dB points on each band are at 1/2 and twice the
centre frequencies.

Thus, the 3dB points on the 100Hz control are at 50Hz and
200Hz.  With all controls at maximum the unit has a total
gain of 15dB.  The unit will accept an input of up to about
1V RMS (3V pk-pk) before distortion occurs with all
controls at maximum.

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 AUDIO GRAPHIC EQUALIZER
Circuit operation
I/p is buffered by the IC1, (non-inverting with gain)
which the gain can be controlled by altering R1 & R4.
For easier explaination, assume 5 frequency selective
sections disappeared, as well as five of the control
pots.  The wiper of the remaining pot is connected to
ground via a 1K0 resistor. So, the gain is 10.
So, if the 1k replaced back to the 5 band freq,
it shows that the gain can be adjusted.

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This cct is using capacitor and inductor in series
connection as an adjuster. Gyrator model cct is used to
replace the inductor due to difficulty
Refer to the cct, C2 - capacitor. Whereas, C3, R7 &
R8 act as inductor. Value of C3 will determine the freq
for each band.
In the last IC3 will function as Unity Gain buffer.
SW1 act as selector switch to select unit to be in
equalizer mode or not.

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‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻈﺎﻡ™‬
 SOUND PROCESSOR

Function to change & adjust the sound structure to

produce the best sound o/p.
The sound effect that can be produce by this processor is
like echo (gema), surround (modulasi keliling) etc.
Normally used in the computer and television application.

* A rapid repetition of the same note, a rapid variation in the amplitude of

a single note, or an alternation between
two or more notesThis is more usually called vibrato.

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 Sound Delay Cct

To delay the signal, which makes the sound are

far away.

Normally in surround decoder cct where the o/p

will provide a passable rear channel signal.

As example, IC M65830 is use.

This IC need 5V supply. Whereas pin 11 & 12

I/P DELAY +/ To O/P
need good separation between ground - for analog
and digital
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signal
Cap 68nF at pin 16 & 20 – to control
modulation ( conversion of digital & analog) &
demodulation. However the tolerance should not
exceeds 5% to get good result.
I/P driver cct – to decrease the i/p value signal
to avoid overload. The max value for this IC
i/p is 1 Vrms.
This is because signal for CD player normally at
2.5 Vrms. So, by using the driver cct, the
signal can be decrease.

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