Chapter 7 Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)

Specializes his study in ophthalmology in Paris and Germany.

o Chose this branch of medicine for he wants to cure his mothers eye ailment.
o Served as an assistant to the famous oculist in Europe.
Continued his observations in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig and Berlin.
Berlin capital of unified Germany
o met and befriended top German Scientists
dr. Feodor Jagor
Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
Dr. Hans Meyer
Dr. Rudolf Virchow
Merits as scientist were recognized by the eminent scientists of Europe
Gay, Paris(1885-86) already 24 yrs. old and physician
o Stopped at Barcelona to visit Maximo Viola (a medical student and a member of rich family of san Miguel,
Bulacan)
o Stayed for a week and befriended Senor Eusebio Corominas editor of the newspaper La Publicidad and
made a crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta (owner of La Publicidad and a statesman)
Gave Corominas an article on the Carolines Question, then a controversial issue, for publication.
November 1885 living in Paris and sojourned for about four months
o Worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906), leading French ophthalmologist, from
November 1885 to February 1886.
o outside his working hours, he visited his friends, such as:
family of Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad, Felix and Paz)
Paz Pardo de Taveras pretty girl engaged to Juan Luna. On the album of this girl, Rizal drew
a series of sketches on the Story of The Monkey and the turtle.
Juan Luna
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
Studio of Juan Luna helped Luna by posing as model in several paintings:
o The death of Cleopatra as Egyptian Priest
o The Blood Compact as Sikatuna with Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as Legaspi
Rizal as musician kundimans and other Philippine melodies are played in all Filipino reunions
o Reason for studying music: many of his schoolmates at the Ateneo were taking music lessons
o November 27, 1878 letter to Enrique Lete
Learned the solfeggio, the piano and voice culture in one month and a half.
o Play the flute fairly well.
Composed alin mang lahi (any race): a patriotic song which asserts that any race aspires for
freedom
Sad Danza- La Deportacion (deportation): composed in Dapitan during his exile.
Historic Heidelberg left Gay Paris on February 1, 1886 for Germany. Visited Strasbourg (Capital of Alsace Lorraine)
o February 3, 1886 he arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany, famous for its old university and
romantic surroundings.
became a member in Chess Players Club
worked at University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker
attended lectures of Dr. Otto Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne
Weekends he visited: Heidelberg Castle, Neckar River, theater and old churches.
Light Blue forget-me-not flower Rizals favorite. Remembered the blooming flowers at the
garden of his home in Calamba.
April 22, 1886 wrote a poem A Las Flores de Heidelberg (to the flowers of Heidelberg)
With Pastor Ullmer at Wilhelmsfeld. 3 months Summer Vacation at Wilhelmsfeld, a mountainous village near
Heidelberg.
o Stayed at vicarage of Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer.

His pleasing personality and talents in languages and sketching endeared the pastors wife and 2
children, Etta and Fritz.
ended his sojourn June 25, 1886
May 29, 1887 - wrote from Munich (Muchen) to Friedrich (Fritz)
First letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt, director of the Ateneo de Leitmeritz, Austria July 31, 1886.
o Blumentritt (best friend of Rizal) - Austrian ethnologist and has interest in Philippine Languages.
o Sent with the book entitled Aritmetica: published in 2 languages Spanish and Tagalog by the University
of Santo Tomas Press in 1868. Author: Rufino Baltazar Hernandez, a native of Santa Cruz, Laguna
o Impressed by Rizals letter, he gave Rizal 2 books
5th Centenary of Heidelberg University, August 6, 1886.
o 3 days before his departure. Sad because he had come to love the beautiful city and the hospitable people.
o Celebrated Festung in the morning. Bugmuller (famous student) dressed as Frederick the Victorious.
Lieberman as a gentleman in 17th century. Gregoire as wolf of Schwahen. Last night was Schlorsfest
in Leipzig and Dresden (August 9, 1886) boarded a train and visited many cities in Germany
o Arrived at Leipzig (August 14, 1886) attended lectures in History and psychology at University of Leipzig.
o Befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (famous German historian) and Dr. Hans Meyer (German Anthropologist)
o Translated Schillers William Tell from German to Tagalog so that Filipinos might know the story of the
champion of Swiss independence. Also translated Hans Christian Andersens Fairy Tales for his nephews and
nieces.
o October 29 left Leipzig for Dresden. Met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer director of the anthropological and
ethnological museum.
Heard mass in a Catholic Church and was impressed
o November 1 left Dresden by train and reached Berlin in the evening.
Rizal welcomed in Berlins scientific Circles
o Met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor. Had a letter of introduction by Blumentritt for him.
o Was introduced to Dr. Rudolf Virchow (famous German Anthropologist), and his son Dr. Hans Virchow (prof
of Descriptive Anatomy). Also met Dr. W. Joest (German geographer)
o Worked in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger (famous German ophthalmologist.
o Became member of the Anthropological Society, ethnological Society, and Geographical Society of Berlin
1st Asian to be recognized by Europes scientists.
o Invited to give lecture in response he wrote scholarly paper entitled tagalische verkunst (tagalog metrical
art)
Rizals life in Berlin.
o Reasons for living in berlin:
To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
To further his studies of sciences and languages
To observe the economic had political conditions of German Nation
To associate w/ famous German Scientists and Scholars
To publish Noli Me Tangere
o In the morning as assistant to Dr. Schweigger and at night attended lectures in the university of Berlin
o Took private lessons under a professor of French, Madame Lucie Cerdole, to master the idiomatic intricacies
of the French Language.
o Unter den Linden most popular boulevard of Berlin. Rizal enjoyed promenading.
o Rizal on German Women: letter to Trinidad (march 11, 1886). German woman is serious, diligent, educated
and friendly. Not gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome like Spanish woman
o German Customs: Christmas custom delighted him most. And self-introduction of a German when nobody
will introduce him.
o Rizals darkest winter: 1886 in Berlin. He lived in poverty because no money arrived from Calamba and he
was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop. He could not
pay his landlord and had to scrimp eating only one meal a day (bread and water or some cheap vegetable
soup).

Chapter 8 Noli Me Tangere Published in Berlin (1887)

Bleak winter was memorable because:
o It was a painful episode for he was hungry , sick and despondent in a strange city
o It brought him great joy, after enduring so much sufferings, because his first novel, Noli Me Tangere, came off
the press in March 1887.
Dr. Maximo Viola loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel
Idea of writing a novel on the Philippines
o Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin inspiration of Rizal in creating a novel that would depict the miseries of
his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants.
o January 2, 1884 presented the novel to group of Filipinos and unanimously approved by those present:
Paternos (pedro, Maximino and Antonio)
Graciano Lopez jaena
Evaristo Aguirre
Eduardo de lete
Julio Llorente
Melecio Figueroa
Valentin Ventura
The writing of the Noli. Started in Madrid and finished half of it
o Paris, 1885 finished half of the second half
o Finished the last fourth in Germany
o Wrote the last few chapters in Wilhelmsfeld April-June 1886
o In Berlin, winter days, February 1886 made final revisions
o He told Fernando Canon about his discouragement in publishing Noli
Viola, Savior of the Noli.
o Deleted a whole chapter Elias and Salome to reduce printing expenses
o Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft; printing shop charged the lowest rate. 300 pesos for 2000 copies
Rizal suspected as French Spy. chief police of berlin paid a sudden visit to Rizals boarding house, asking for passport
but Rizal did not have one. Gave 4-day ultimatum but rizal failed to present one.
o Reason for suspicion: frequent visits to villages and little towns in rural areas
Printing of Noli finished. March 27, 1887 Noli Me Tangere came off the press.
o sent first copies to his intimate friends:
Blumentritt
Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
Graciano Lopez Jaena
Mariano Ponce
Felix R. Hidalgo
o March 29, 1887- token of appreciation: he gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the
pen that he used in writing it and a complimentary copy.
The Title of the Novel. Noli Me Tangere Latin Phrase which means Touch Me Not not originally conceived by Rizal,
he admitted taking it from the Bible
o Letter to Felix Hidalgo (French. March 5, 1887): said it is taken from the Gospel of St. Luke signify do not
touch me. Rizal made a mistake, it should be from the Gospel of St. John 20:13-17
Authors dedication. to the Philippines to my Fatherland
o human sufferings is a cancer. Social cancer
Synopsis of Noli. Contains 63 chapters and an epilogue.
o begins with a reception given by Capitan Tiago (Santiago de los Santos) in Calle Anloague (now juan luna
street) in honor of Crisostomo Ibarra (young and rich Filipino. Returned after 7 years of study in Europe. Son
of Don Rafael Ibarra, friend of capitan Tiago. And fianc of Maria Clara, supposed daughter of Capitan Tiago.)
o Guests:
Padre Damaso: fat Franciscan friar who had been parish priest for 20 years of San Diego (Calamba)
Padre Sybila: young Dominican parish priest of Binondo

o
o
o

o
o
o

o
o

o
o

Seor Guevara: an elderly and kind lieutenant of the Guardia Civil

Don Tiburcio de Espadaa: bogus Spanish Physician, lame and henpecked husband of Doa
Victorina.
Ibarra produced favorable impression except to Padre Damaso. In accordance to German custom, he
introduced himself to the ladies
Padre Damaso was in bad mood because he got bony neck and hard wing of the chicken tinola.
Padre Salvi: Franciscan parish priest of San Diego. told Ibarra that he had nothing to do with what happen to
his father, for he was not the parish priest at that time. It was Padre Damaso, his predecessor, who was
responsible for it.
Met several interesting people;
Tasio the Philosopher the wise old man whose ideas were too advanced for his times so that the
people who could not understand him called him Tasio the Lunatic
Progressive school teacher complained to Ibarra that the children were losing interest in their studies
because of:
Lack of proper school house
Discouraging attitude of the Spanish friar towards both the teaching of Spanish and of the
use of modern methods of pedagogy.
Spineless gobernadorcillo, who catered to the wishes of the Spanish friar
Don Filipo Lino the teniente-mayor and leader of the liberal faction in the town
Don Melchor the captain of the cuadrilleros ( town police)
Former gobernadorcillos who are prominent citizens- Don Basilio and Don Valentin
Tale of Sisa, most tragic story
Lost her two boys, Basilio and Crispin. They were sacristanes (sextons) in the church. Crispin was
accusedby the brutal sacristan mayor (chief sexton) of stealing the money of the priest. He was
tortured in the convent and died.
Elias one of the boatmen was a strong and silent peasant youth
Ibarra saved the life of Elias.
Maria Clara rendered a beautiful song while playing the harp.
Ibarra and Capitan Tiago played chess. Maria Clara and her friends played the wheel of chance
Padre Salvi came and tore into pieces the book, saying its a sin to play such game
4 soldiers of Guardia Civil came and looking for Elias who was haunted for:
Assaulting Padre Damaso
Throwing the alferez (lieutenant of Guardia Civil) into a mudhole
Ibarra visited old Tasio to consult on his pet project about the school house.
Tasios writing was in hieroglyphics because he was writing for the future generations who would
understand and say not all were asleep in the night of our ancestors
Tasio is pessimistic about the project. But the construction was continued under architect or Juan
Fiesta in honor of its patron saint San Diego de Alcala, November 11.
Laughter, music, exploding bombs, feasting and moro-moro.
Music furnished by 5 brass bands including the famous Pagsanjan band owned by the escribano
Miguel Guevara and 3 orchestras
Elias suspected that the yellowish man, who built the derrick was a paid stooge of Ibarras enemies
Ibarras attack to Padre Damaso produces 2 results:
Engagement to Maria Clara was broken
He was excommunicated
Liberal minded governor general visited the town and befriended Ibarra
Tiburcio de Espadaa a quack Spanish Physician.
Husband of Doctora Doa Victorina de los reyes de De Espadaa
Introduced young Spaniard to Capitan Tiago, Don Alfonso Linares de Espadaa, cousin of
Tiburcio and god son of Padre Damaso
Comedy: the fight between the 2 ludicrous senoras Dona Consolacion, the vulgar mistress of the Spanish
Alferez, and Dona Victorina, the flamboyantly dressed wife of henpecked Spanish quack doctor.

The story of Elias was a tale of pathos and tragedy.

60 yrs ago, accusation to his grandfather for burning the warehouse.
Grandmother became prostitute to support her sick husband and their son
Balat, 1st boy, became a tulisan
Balats younger brother became a laborer. Fell in love to his masters daughter
Elias father was sent to jail. While the girl gave birth to twins, Elias and a girl.
Elias was educated in the Jesuit College in Manila. His sister in La Concordia College
o Pia Alba, late mother of Maria Clara.
o Padre Damaso was Maria Claras real father
o Ibarra and Elias paddled up the pasig river toward laguna de bay. Ibarra hid under the zacate.
o Christmas eve, Elias met Basilio, weeping over his mothers body. Basilio prepared a funeral pyre.
o Elias looked toward the east and murmured I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land!
You, who have it to see, welcome it and forget not those who have fallen during the night.
Epilogue:
o Maria Clara entered the Santa Clara nunnery
o Padre Salvi left the parish of San Diego and became a chaplain of the nunnery.
o Padre Damaso was transferred to a remote province. Next morning he was found dead in his bedroom
o Capitan Tiago became an opium addict and human wreck
o Dona Victorina had taken to wearing eyeglasses because of weakening eyesight
o Linares died of dysentery and buried in Paco cemetery
o Alferez was promoted major
Noli based on truth
o Maria Clara was Leonor Rivera
o Ibarra and Elias represented Rizal
o Tasio the Philosopher was his elder brother Paciano
o Padre Salvi was Padre Antonio Piernavieja, the hated Agustinian Friar in Cavite
o Capitan Tiago was Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas
o Dona Victorina was Dona Agustina Medel
o Basilio and Crispin was Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy
o Padre Damaso was typical of a domineering friar during the days of Rizal
Missing Chapter of Noli. Elias and Salome which follows Chapter XXIV in the woods
Rizals friends praise Noli
o Letter from Blumentritt was significant
o Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Filipino patriot and lawyer who had been exiled due to his complicity in the Cavite
Mutiny 1872, read avidly the Noli and was very much impressed.

CHAPTER 9 RIZALS GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE WITH VIOLA

Decided to travel after the publication of Noli
Dr. Maximo Viola: his traveling companion
Received pacianos remittance of 1000 pesos forwarded by Juan Luna from Paris
Paid 300 pesos loan owed to Viola
Visited first, Potsdam, a city near Berlin, which Frederick the great made famous
May 11, 1887, left Berlin by train, going to Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany
Dresden: Rizal interested in botany, studied numerous plant varieties of extraordinary beauty and size
o Visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
o Deeply impressed by a painting Prometheus Bound
o Met Dr. Jagor at the Floral Exposition. Hearing their plan to visit Leitmeritz (Litomerice, Czechoslovakia) to
see Blumentritt, Dr. Jagor advised them to wire Blumentritt of their coming for he might suffer a shock at
their sudden visit.
o Teschen (Decin, Czechoslovakia) their next stopover after Dresden
First meeting with Blumentritt. at 1:30 p.m. of May 13, 1887. Blumentritt was at the station; carrying a pencil sketch
of Rizal which the latter had previously sent
o Blumentritt: a kind-hearted, old Austrian professor. Helped Rizal and Viola get a room at Hotel Krebs.
o Stayed in Leitmeritz from May 13 to May 16, 1887
Beautiful Memories of Leitmeritz
o Rosa, Blumentritts wife, was a good cook.
o Dolores ( called Dora or Dorita by Rizal), Conrad and Fritz Blumentritts children
o Blumentritt, a great tourist guide, showed the scenic and historical spots in Leitmeritz. Invited Rizal and Viola
to a beer garden where the best beer of Bohemia was served.
o Group of drinkers had a lively discussion, one of them was the burgomaster (town mayor), Blumentritt knew
him so he introduced his friends.
o 11 months - took Rizal to learn German. Burgomaster, in great admiration, lauded the privileged talent of
Rizal.
o Invited to a meeting of the Tourists Club of Leitmeritz, of which Blumentritt was the secretary.
o Painted a portrait of the kind professor to commemorate his happy hours at the Blumentritt home
o Met Dr. Carlos Czepelak, Polish scholar, renowned scientist of Europe, and Professor Robert Klutschak, an
eminent naturalist.
o Tendered a banquet farewell dinner on their last night, to reciprocate Blumentritts hospitality
o May 16 at 9:45 a.m. left Leitmeritz by train
o Letter to Blumentritt, written in Vienna on May 24, 1887, Rizal expressed his and Violas concern for the
illness of Dora
o Another letter, written in Brunn, Austria, on May 19, 1887, three days after leaving Leitmeritz forgot his
diamond stickpin in his room at Hotel Krebs
Prague. they carried letters of recommendation from Blumentritt to Dr. Willkomm, professor of natural history in
University of Prague.
o Visited the tomb of Copernicus, the famous astronomer; the museum of natural history; the bacteriological
laboratories; the famous cave where San Juan Nepomuceno, the Catholic Saint, was imprisoned; and the
bridge from which this saint was hurled into the river.
o Went to Brunn, according to Viola nothing of importance happened in this city
Vienna (Capital of Austria-Hungary). On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived.
o Fascinated Rizal because of its beautiful buildings, religious images, haunting waltzes, and majestic charm.
o Vienna: Queen of the Danube
o Met Norfenfals, one of the greatest novelists in Europe during that time. This novelist was favorably
impressed by Rizal and spoke highly of Rizal, whose genius he so much admired
o Received his lost diamond stickpin, found by a maid and was given to Blumentritt, who, in turn, forwarded to
Rizal in Vienna.
o Stayed at Hotel Metropole. Visited churches, museums, art galleries, theaters and public parks.

o Met 2 good friends of Blumentritt, Masner and Nordmann, Austrian scholars.

Danubian Voyage to Lintz. On May 24, they left Vienna on a river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube
River.
From Lintz to Rheinfall. River voyage end in Lintz. Traveled overland to Salzburg, from there to Munich, where they
savor Munich beer, reputed to be the best in Germany.
o From Munich to Nuremberg, one of the oldest cities of Germany, they were impressed by the manufacture
of dolls which was the biggest industry of the city.
o Visited Ulm in which its cathedral was the largest and tallest in all Germany
o Rheinfall (Cascade of the Rhine), they saw the most beautiful waterfall of Europe
Crossing the Frontier to Switzerland. Stayed from June 2 to 3, 1887 and continued their tour to Basel, Bern and
Lausanne.
Geneva. Crossing foggy Leman Lake to Geneva. One of the most beautiful cities in Europe
o people in this city were linguists, speaking in German, French and Italian.
o June 19, 1887, 26th birthday, treated Viola to a blow-out
o Spent 15 delightful days in Geneva. June 23, they parted ways Viola returned to Barcelona while Rizal
continued the tour to Italy.
Rizal resents exhibition of Igorots in 1887 Madrid Exposition.
o Being a champion of human dignity, Rizal was outraged by this degradation of his fellow countrymen.
o Letter to Blumentritt, June 6, 1887:
El Liberal, a newspaper that did not mocked the Igorots
Barraca, rustic house made of bamboo, grass and tree branches, Igorots house in Madrid.
One woman died because of Pneumonia
El Resumen still makes jokes about it.
Rizal in Italy. He visited Turin, Milan, Venice, and Florence.
o June 27, 1887, he reached Rome, The Eternal City and also called City of the Caesars
o Thrilled by the sights and memories of Rome, describing to Blumentritt, the grandeur that was Rome
o Favorite place: Amphitheater and the Roman Forum
o Visited: Capitolium, Tarpeian Rock, Palatinum, Capitoline Museum, Church of Santa Maria Maggiore etc.
o June 29, feast day of St. Peter and St. Paul, Rizal visited Vatican, the City of the Popes and the Capital of
Christendom.
o Impressed by the magnificent edifices, particularly of St. Peters Church, the rare works of art, the St. Peters
Square, the colorful Papal Guards and the atmosphere of religious devotion that pervaded the Vatican.

CHAPTER 10 FIRST HOMECOMING, 1887-88

DECISION TO RETURN HOME. Warned by Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo, Chengoy and other friends not to return home.
o Reasons for returning:
To operate on his mothers eyes
To serve his people who had long been oppressed by the Spanish Tyrants
To find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards in
the Philippines
To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent
Delightful trip to Manila. July 3, 1887 boarded the steamer Djemnah, the same steamer which brought him to
Europe 5 yrs ago, with 50 passengers, 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, many Frenchmen and 1
Filipino
o Steamer was enroute to the Orient via the Suez Canal
o At Saigon on July 30, he transferred to another steamer Haiphong. On August 2, the steamer left Saigon to
Manila
Arrival in Manila. Near midnight of August 5, the Haiphong arrived in Manila. He found Manila the same as when he
left 5 years ago
Happy Homecoming. On August 8, he returned to Calamba.
o Established a medical clinic. His mother was his 1st patient. But could not perform surgical operations
because her eye cataracts were not yet ripe.
o Called Doctor Uliman because he came from Germany
o Within few months he was able to earn P900 as a physician
o February 1888 he earned a total of P5,000 as medical fees
o Opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced European sports to discourage cockfights and
gambling
o Failure: to see Leonor Rivera
Storm over the Noli.
o Painted several beautiful landscapes and translated the German Poems of Von Wildernath into Tagalog
o Received a letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero (1885-88) requesting him to come to Malacaang
Palace
o He merely exposed the truth but did not advocate subversive ideas.
o Visited the Jesuit Fathers to ask for the copy of Noli he sent them. His former professors Fr. Francisco de
Paula Sanchez, Fr. Jose Bech, and Fr. Frederico Faura were glad to see him.
everything in it was the truth. You may lose your head for it Fr. Faura
o Gov. Gen. Terrero assigned a young Spanish Lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, as a bodyguard of
Rizal
o Archbishop of Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo (Dominican) sent a copy of the Noli to Father Rector Gregorio
Echavarria of the University of Sto. Tomas for examination by a committee of the faculty.
o Faculty members report about Noli: heretical, impious and scandalous in the religious order, and antipatriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine
Islands in the Political order.
o Gov. Gen. Terrero was dissatisfied with the report for he knew that the Dominicans were prejudiced against
Rizal. He sent the novel to the Permanent Commission of Censorship, which was composed of priests and
laymen.
The report was drafted by its head, Fr. Salvador Font, Augustinian cura of Tondo and submitted to
Gov. Gen. on December 29.
Found the novel to contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain and recommended that
the importation, reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be absolutely
prohibited.
Attackers of the Noli. Father Font printed his report and distributed copies of it in order to discredit the
controversial novel.

Fr. Jose Rodriguez, Prior of Guadalupe, published a series of 8 pamphlets under the general heading
Cuestiones de Sumo Interes (Questions of Supreme Interest) to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish
writings. 8 pamphlets were entitled:
Porque no los he de leer? (why should I not read them?)
Guardaos de ellos. Porque? (beware of them. Why?)
And what can you tell me of plague?
Why do the impious triumph
Do you think there is really no purgatory?
Is there or is there no hell?
What do you think about these libels?
Confession or damnation?
o fiercely attacked on the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes by various senators.
Gen. Jose de Salamanca, April 1, 1888; Gen. Luis M. de Prando on April 12; Sr. Fernando Vida on
June 11; Vicente Barrantes, Spanish academician of Madrid, bitterly criticized the Noli in an article
published in La Espana Moderna in January 1890
Defenders of the Noli.
o Marcelo Del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and other Filipino
reformists in foreign lands rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli.
o Father Sanchez defended and praised it in public.
o Dr. Segundo Moret, former Minister of the Crown; Dr. Miguel Morayta, historian and statesman; Professor
Blumentritt, scholar and educator, read and liked the novel.
o Brilliant defense from Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila
Cathedral, and a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis.
o Fr. Garcia penname Justo Desiderio Magalang, wrote a defense published in Singapore as an appendix to a
pamphlet dated July 18, 1888.
Arguments:
Rizal cannot be an ignorant man
Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain
Fr. Rodriguez said that those who read the Noli commit a mortal sin; since he had read the
novel, therefore he also commits a mortal sin
o Rizal defended his novel against Barrantes attack. Exposed Barrantes ignorance of Philippine affairs and
mental dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician
o Letter to Fernando Canon from Geneva, June 13, 1887: price set per copy was only 5 pesetas equivalent to
1 peso but the price later rose to 50 pesos per copy.
Rizal and Taviel de Andrade. Beautiful friendship bloomed
o What marred Rizals happy days in Calamaba with Lt. Andrade
Death of his older sister Olimpia
The groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was a German spy, an agent of Bismarck, a
protestant, a mason, a witch, a soul beyond salvation, etc.
Calambas Agrarian Trouble.
o December 30, 1887, civil governor of Laguna directed the municipal authorities to investigate the agrarian
conditions of their locality.
o Rizal wrote down his findings which the tenants and three of the officials of the hacienda signed on January
8, 1888. Findings:
The hacienda of the Dominican order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but also the
town of Calamba
Profits of Dominican increased because of the arbitrary increase of rentals.
The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the Celebration of town fiesta, for
education of the children, and for improvement of the agriculture.
Tenants who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of said lands for flimsy
reasons

High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals and when the
rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated their carabaos, tools and homes.
Farewell to Calamba. Reasons:
o his presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends
o he could fight better his enemies and serve his countrys cause with greater efficacy bu writing in foreign
countries.
A poem for Lipa. In commemoration of the towns elevation to a villa (city) by virtue of the Bocerra Law 1888.
Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn to Labor).

CHAPTER 11 IN HONG KONG AND MACAO 1888

Forced to leave the country the 2nd time in February 1888. He was then 27 year of age, practicing physician and a
recognized man-of-letters. At 27, he was an embittered victim of human iniquities, a disillusioned dreamer, a
frustrated reformer.
Trip to Hong Kong. Feb 3, 1888, left Manila for Hong Kong on board the Zafiro
Sick and sad during the crossing of the choppy China Sea
Did not get off the ship when it made a brief stopover at Amoy on feb 7 because: He was not feeling well; It was
raining hard; He heard that the city was dirty.
Arrived in Hong Kong on Feb 8
Feb 16, 1888, wrote a letter to Blumentritt expressing his bitterness
In Hong Kong, he stayed at Victoria Hotel. Welcomed by Filipino residents including Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio
and Manuel Yriarte (son of Francisco Yriarte, alcalde mayor of Laguna)
Jose Sainz de Varanda, former secretary of Gov. Gen. Terrero, shadowed Rizal movement in Hong Kong. Believed that
he was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.
Hong Kong is a small but very clean city
Visit to Macao. February 18, accompanied by Basa, boarded the steamer Kiu-Kiang for Macao. Surprised to see
among the passengers a familiar figure Sainz de Varanda.
Macao a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. Macao is a small, low, and gloomy.
o Rizal and Basa stayed at the home of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros
o Visited theater, casino, cathedral and churches, pagodas, botanical garden and bazaars
o Saw the famous Grotto of Camoens, Portugals national poet. In the evening, February 19, witnessed a
Catholic procession, in which the devotees were dressed in blue and purple dresses and carrying unlightened
candles.
February 20, returned to Hong Kong on board the steamer Kiu Kiang
During his 2-week visit in Hong Kong, Rizal studied Chinese life, language, drama and customs.
Experiences:
o noisy celebration of the Chinese New Year which lasted from February 11 to 13
o boisterous Chinese theater. Observed the following:
a man astride a stick means a man riding on a horseback; an actor raising his leg means he is entering
a house.; Red dress indicates a wedding
A girl about to get married coyly covers her face with a fan even in the presence of her fianc
Man raising a whip signifies he is about to ride a horse
o The Marathon lauriat party wherein the guests were served with numerous dishes like dried fruits, geese,
shrimps, century eggs, shark fins, bird nests, white ducks, chicken with vinegar, fish heads, roasted pigs, etc
o The Dominican order was the richest religious order in Hong Kong.
o Protestant cemetery was the most beautiful because of its well-groomed plants and clean pathways
o Catholic cemetery was most pompous, with its ornate and expensive mausoleums & extravagantly carved
sepulchers
o Muslim Cemetery was the simplest, containing only a little mosque and tombstones with Arabic inscriptions
Departure from Hong Kong. February 22, 1888 left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic, an American Steamer. His
destination was Japan. Cabinmate was a British protestant missionary who had lived in China for 27 years, Rizal called
him good man. Other passengers were 2 Portuguese, 2 Chinese, several British and an American Woman missionary

CHAPTER 12 ROMANTIC INTERLUDE IN JAPAN 1888

happiest interludes in Rizals life was his sojourn in the Land of the Cherry Blossoms for one month and a half.
(February 28 to April 13, 1888)
enchanted by: natural beauty of Japan, charming manners of the Japanese people and picturesque shrines
fell in love with a Japanese girl, whose loveliness infused joy and romance in his sorrowing heart
the girl named Seiko Usui. Rizal called her O-Sei-San
Rizal arrives in Yokohama. (February 28, 1888). Registered at the Grand Hotel
o Next day he proceeded to Tokyo and stayed at Tokyo Hotel (March 2 to 7)
o Tokyo is more expensive than Paris. The walls are built in cyclopean manner. The streets are large and white.
Rizal in Tokyo. He was visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish Legation
o Accepted the invitation for 2 reasons:
He could economize his living expenses by staying at the legation
He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities
o March 7, checked out to Tokyo hotel and lived at the Spanish legation.
o Perez Caballero as described by Rizal a young, fine and excellent writer and an able diplomat who had
travelled much
o Embarrassed because he did not know the Japanese Language
o He studied Japanese language, Japanese drama (kabuki), arts, music and judo (Japanese art of self-defense)
o Visited Meguro, Nikko, Hakone, Miyanoshita and the charming villages of Japan
Rizal and the Tokyo Musicians. Heard the Tokyo band playing a classical work of Strauss
o Approached the band members for he heard them speak Tagalog and asked Paisano, taga saan po kayo?
o Principal instruments in the band were Japanese. Filipinos were playing the secondary instrument.
Rizals Impression of Japan.
o Things which favorably impressed him:
the beauty of the country
the cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people
the picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women
there were very few thieves in Japan
beggars were rarely seen in the city streets
o one thing he did not like was the popular mode of transportation by means of rickshaw drawn by men. His
sensitive soul recoiled at seeing human beings working like horses, pulling the carts called rickshaws.
Romance with O-Sei-San. Spanish Legation at Azabu district of Tokyo.
o Learned from a Japanese gardener the name of Seiko Usui, she used to pass by the legation during afternoon
walk.
o He took off his hat and politely introduced himself (custom in Germany)
o They conversed in English and French language barrier was thus eliminated
o They visited: Imperial Art Gallery,, Imperial Library, Universities, Shokubutsu-en (Botanical Garden), city parks
(Hibiya Park), and picturesque shrine.
o O-Sei-San was a lonely Samurais daughter of 23 years old.
She was his guide, interpreter and tutor.
She improved his knowledge of Nippongo (Japanese Language)
o Saw in lovely O-Sei-San the qualities of his ideal womanhood:
Beauty, charm, modesty, and intelligence
o A man of gallantry, dignity, courtesy and versatile talents
Rizals great love for O-Sei-San is attested by the heros diary.
April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded the Belgic, English steamer, at Yokohama, bound for the United States
O-Sei-San After Rizals Departure.
o 1897, a year after Rizals execution, she married Mr. Alfred Charlton, British teacher of Chemistry of the
Peers School in Tokyo. Had a daughter named Yuriko.
o Charlton was awarded by the Japanese government with imperial decoration Order of Merit, 5th Class.
He died Nnovember 2, 1915

o
o

The daughter later married Yoshiharu Takiguchi, son of Japanese Senator

O-Sei-San as a widow lived in Shinjuko Distirct, Tokyo. She died May 1, 1947 at the age of 80. Buried in
her husbands tomb at Zoshigawa Cemetery.
Voyage across the Pacific. On board he met a semi-Filipino Family Mr. Reinaldo Turner, his wife Emma Jackson
(daughter of an Englishman), their children and their maid servant from Pangasinan
Rizal and Tetcho. Tetcho Suehiro, a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist and champion of human rights, who was
forced by the Japanese government to leave the country, just as Rizal was compelled to leave Philippines by the
Spanish authorities.
o Their intimate acquaintanceship lasted for almost 8 months
o December 1, 1888 bid each other goodbye. Rizal remained in London to conduct historical researches on
Mora at the British Museum, while Tetcho returned to Japan
o Tetcho resigned his position as editor of Tokyo newspaper, Choya, and enter politics.
1890 he was elected as member of the lower house of the First Imperial Diet (Japanese Parliament)
1891 he published a political novel titled Nankai-no-Daiharan (Storm over the South Sea) which
resembles Rizals Noli in plot
3 years later he published another novel entitled O-unabara (the Big Ocean) which was similar to El
Filibusterismo
Died of heart attack in Tokyo in February 1896 at the age of 49.

CHAPTER 13 RIZALS VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES