Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships

Movement of skeletal muscles involves leverage

MUSCLE OF THE BODY

Lever a rigid bar that moves

Fulcrum a fixed point
Effort applied force
Load resistance

BMS711
IBMS KMU
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Muscles of the Body

Skeletal muscles
Produce movements
Blinking of eye, standing on tiptoe, swallowing
food, etc.

General principles of leverage

Muscles act with or against each other
Criteria used in naming muscles

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships

Bones act as levers

Joints act as fulcrums
Muscle contraction provides effort
Applies force where muscle attaches to bone

Load bone, overlying tissue, and anything lifted

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Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships

Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

Third-class lever

Skeletal muscles consist of fascicles

Effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum

Work speedily

Fascicles arranged in different patterns

Fascicle arrangement tells about action of a
muscle

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Figure 11.2c

Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships

Most skeletal muscles are third-class levers

Example biceps brachii
Fulcrum the elbow joint
Force exerted on the proximal region of the radius
Load the distal part of the forearm

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

Types of fascicle arrangement

Parallel fascicles run parallel to the long axis of
the muscle

Strap-like sternocleidomastoid
Fusiform biceps brachii

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Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

Types of fascicle arrangement

Convergent
Origin of the muscle is broad
Fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion
Example pectoralis major

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Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

Circular
Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
Surround external body openings
Sphincter general name for a circular muscle
Examples
Orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi

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Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

Types of fascicle arrangement

Pennate
Unipennate fascicles insert into one side of the
tendon

Bipennate fascicles insert into the tendon from

both sides

Multipennate fascicles insert into one large

tendon from all sides

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 11.3

Organization Scheme Based on Embryonic Development

Overview based upon

Embryonic origin
General function

Muscles develop from mesoderm

Myotomes
The first seven myotomes of the head

Splanchnic mesoderm

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Organization Scheme Based on Embryonic Development

Muscles organized into four groups

Musculature of the visceral organs
Pharyngeal arch muscles
Axial muscles
Limb muscles

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organization Scheme Based on Embryonic Development

Musculature of the visceral organs

Includes smooth and cardiac muscle
Develops from splanchnic mesoderm

Pharyngeal arch muscles

Includes
Skeletal muscles of the pharynx
Muscles of the head and neck

Develop from the fourth to seventh myotomes

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Axial Muscles

Develop from myotomes

Dorsal regions of myotomes deep muscles of the
back
Ventral regions of myotomes muscles of the
trunk and neck

Respiratory muscles
Anterior abdominal wall muscles
Muscles of the pelvic floor

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Axial Muscles

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Limb Muscles

Figure 11.4d

Limb Muscles

Limb muscles arise from lateral parts of nearby

myotomes

Extensors
Muscle mass dorsal to limb bones

Flexors
Muscle mass ventral to limb bones

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 11.4e

Myotome distributions of the

upper and lower extremity are as
follows;[4][5]
C1/C2-neck flexion/extension
C3-neck lateral flexion
C4-shoulder elevation
C5-shoulder abduction
C6-elbow flexion/wrist extension
C7-elbow extension/wrist flexion
C8-thumb extension
T1-finger abduction
L2-hip flexion
L3-knee extension
L4-ankle dorsi-flexion
L5-great toe extension
S1-ankle plantar-flexion
S2-knee flexion
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Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body

A muscle cannot reverse the movement it

produces
Another muscle must undo the action
Muscles with opposite actions lie on opposite
sides of a joint

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Muscles Classified into Several Functional Groups

Muscle Compartments of the Limbs

Dense fibrous connective tissue divides limb

muscles into compartments

Muscles in opposing compartments are

Agonist and antagonist pairs

Each compartment is innervated by a single nerve

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Naming the Skeletal Muscles

Prime mover (agonist)

Location

Antagonist

Shape

Has major responsibility for a certain movement

Opposes or reverses a movement

Synergist helps the prime mover

By adding extra force

By reducing undesirable movements
Fixator

Example the brachialis is located on the arm

Example the deltoid is triangular

Relative size
Maximus, minimus, and longus indicate size
Example gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus

A type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Naming the Skeletal Muscles

Direction of fascicles and muscle fibers

Name tells direction in which fibers run
Example rectus abdominis and transversus
abdominis

Location of attachments name reveals point of

Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax

Movements of the scapula

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Subclavius

origin and insertion

Example brachioradialis

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Naming the Skeletal Muscles

Number of origins
Two, three, or four origins
Indicated by the words biceps, triceps, and
quadriceps

Action
The action is part of the muscles name
Indicates type of muscle movement

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Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax

Movements of the scapula

Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

Flexor, extensor, adductor, or abductor

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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 If ORIGIN on scapula = Move Arm

Muscles of
Scapula

Subscapularis
Rotator
Supraspinatus
Cuff
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Teres Major
Latissimus Dorsi (partial O on scap)
Coracobrachialis

If INSERTION on scapula = Move

scapula

Rhomboids
Trapezius
Pectoralis Minor
Serratus Ventralis
Levator Scapulae

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Muscles of arm
Antererior group

Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

Posterior group
triceps brachii
Aconeus

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Major muscles of upper limb

Deltoid
Origin: lateral third of clavicle,
acromion, and spine of scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of
humerus
Action: abductsflexes and
medically rotates, extends, and
laterally rotates arm

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Teres major

Origin: dorsal surface of

inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: crest of lesser
tubercle of humerus
Action: medially rotates
and adducts arm

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Biceps brachii
Origin: long head, supraglenoid
tubercle; short head, coracoid
process
Insertion: radical tuberosity
Action: supinator of forearm,
flexor of elbow joint, weak
flexor of should joint

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Triceps brachii

Origin: long head, infraglenoid

tubercle; lateral head, above
groove for radical n., medical
head, below groove for radical
n.
Insertion: olecranon of ulna
Action: extends elbow joint),
long head can extend and
adduct shoulder joint

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings