The Differential Equations of Beam Deflection

Auburn Walker

Beams can be used in many different settings, as long as their capabilities are
understood. Many different types of beams are available; each with their own identity
and identity that depends on the types of material, length, width, depth, and external
forces being placed on the beam. One major concern that needs to be considered, when
deciding what type of beam to use in a certain structure, is deflection.
Deflection is, the displacement of any point along the beam from its original
position, measured in the y direction (6). It is generally shown in a graph of the
deflection curve, representing the deflection versus incremental load values. The specific
values of deflection can be found through differential equations.
In order to find these equations, we will relate deflection v(x) to the shear force
V(x), bending moment M(x), radius of curvature p(x), and flexural rigidity E(x)I(x). The
last three are related using the equation
1

M ( x)

p ( x)

E( x) I( x)

(1)

Through calculus relationships, it can be proven that

1

M ( x)
E( x) I( x)

p ( x)

1
p

d v

dx

(2)

dv

derivative
dx of deflection enables the ability to relate the
This relation if curvature to the

deflection with the other functions listed (V(x), M(x), and E(x)I(x)).
When the slope is small compared to the unity, equation (2) reduces to

d v

(3)

dx

Thus, through substitution, we obtain

2

d v

EI

dx

(4)

By rewriting equation (4), we arrive at the moment-curvature equation

EIv= M

(5)

Alternatively, depending on the known variables, it may be more convenient to

use other forms of equation (5).
(EIv)= V

Shear-Deflection Equation

(6)

(EIv)= p

Load-Deflection Equation

(7)

where M(x) = V(x) and V(x) = p(x).

If the flexural rigidity, EI, is constant, these equations reduce to
EIv= V
EIv= p
The moment-curvature equation is a second-order, ordinary differential equation;
whereas, the load-deflection equation is a fourth-order, ordinary differential equation.
Both are very useful equations and can be easily programmed for solution by computer.
In solving the differential equations through integration, . . .there will be
constants of integration that must be evaluated(2, pg 453). Boundary and continuity
conditions are used to evaluate these constants.
The information that is gathered by mathematically modeling the deflection of
beams is very beneficial. It enables a better understanding and ability to predict natural

process; however, when using the mathematical modeling assumptions may have to be
made. In order to compensate, a factor of safety is always added into the equations when
the results are going to be used in applications.
The deflection of beams is needed to make several real-world decisions. Many
times we need to know the maximum deflection on a beam under a set of loads and
where it occurs. For example, the beams of [an] equipment trailer must not deflect so
much under load that the clearance between the trailer and the ground becomes
unacceptable small. Also, the beams that support a bridge deck should be designed to
have just the right initial upward camber (deflection) so that they become straight when
they are loaded (2,pg 449). These are situations in which the knowledge of the
deflection is necessary in building these structures. Also, the deflection values are
needed when working with statically indeterminate beams. The reactions and internal
stresses of the beam cannot be found without the knowledge of the deflection.
Beams are used everywhere (stadiums, airports, bridges, etc.), but only when their
capabilities are known can they be used safely.

References
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New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.
[6] Thomas, Jeff. 9.2 Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve. University of
Missouri-Rolla. 2001. 5 July 2002
http://web.umr.edu/~be110-1/lessons/09/02/index.html.
[7] Megson, T.H.G.. Structural and Stress Analysis. London: THG Megson, 1996.
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2002 http://www.geom.umn.edu/education/calc-init/static-beam/modeling.html.
[9] Terms & Definitions. 5 July 2002
http://www.lordmpd.com/catalogs/ia_terms.asp.