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INTRODUCTION
Notation
4
CLi
curl
d
The M S . of this paper was received at the Institution orz 16th
October 1967undaccepted for publication on2Yth hrovember 1967. 2
* Engineering Luborutory, Cambridge University.
f R e f m w e s are given in the Appendix.
grad
H
h
R. D. MILLS
134
L,
P
Po
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
In the usual notation the equation of steady, viscous, incompressible fluid flow is
(q.V)q = --gradp+vVf2q
1
(21)).
Number of iterations.
(q.?)q = -ggradp+-Vq
Re
(2)
(3)
Subscripts
i,i
Superscript
(1)
au aw
G-5
. . .
(4)
Fig. 1
Vol10 No 2 1968
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF VISCOUS FLOW THROUGH A PIPE ORIFICE AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS
.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
(7)
1c*aq
r i.z Cr
135
la*&]
r 8 r t k r2 Cz,
. .
Expression of equation (2) in the form
1
q x q = grad(p+:q2)+zcur11;
(8)
. (9)
2(*~~I,~-~~,J)-~2*l~]~~l,~
r1171.3. 1
h hZ
r, 43":
h
(#:2r,
--
1.1
-#FF1'.J>-h"t?lk
'1
(12)
V d 10 NO 2 I968
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R. D. MILLS
136
<
h'/L %@]Re
. . . (17)
where L is the characteristic length of the problem.
Lester (12)and Mills (8) have generalized this work to
include a rectangular cell, Lester considering also the
effect of introducing a disturbance into the $-field. Lester
concludes that a stability criterion based on the latter field
is less stringent than on the vorticity field. Lester also gives
procedures for obtaining 'optimum' convergence. It has
not yet proved possible to derive a similar simple criterion
for axi-symmetric flow, but it has been found that condition (17) does in practice give some indication as to when
divergence is likely to occur. It may be worth observing
here that Fromm (13) has given a stability analysis of the
full time-dependent equations, showing that simultaneous
with a condition like (17) St'lh'2 Q 1/4v must hold.
The following two empirical criteria were utilized for
terminating the iteration process
where
and irirnl are the largest values of 4 and 71
occurring in the undisturbed Poiseuille flow. The fields
were given 20 iterations and then tested every subsequent
10 iterations.
VERIFICATION O F THE METHOD
137
NUMEKICAI, SOLUTIONS OF VISCOUS FLOW THROUGH A PIPE ORIFICE AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS
0.25
100
50
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.030790
-0.030528
-0.029560
-0-030441
-0'030400
-0.030540
-0.028097
-0.030277
-0.110
-0.109
-0.108
-0.109
-0-109
-0.109
-0.104
-0.109
20
50
50
100
20
50
50
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.030 606
-0.030528
-0'031 226
-0.030 342
-0.030616
-0.030540
-0.031 036
-0.030 359
-0.030273
1ih
16
16
8
8
16
16
Re
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
8
8
16
16
8
8
16
16
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
8
8
k
20
100
50
100
20
Exact
0-75
050
1.oo
$-values
-0.202
-0.202
-0.202
-0.202
-0.202
-0.202
-0.199
-0.202
992
381
482
388
254
402
431
141
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
-0.109 935
-0.109 747
-0.1 11 609
-0.109 477
-0.109 967
-0.109 776
-0.111 160
-0.109 524
-0.202 469
-0.202 381
-0.203 520
-0.202 197
-0.202 512
-0.202 403
-0'203 236
-0.202 235
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
-0.109 375
-0.202 148
-0.250 000
492
747
316
739
448
776
324
342
000
?-values
20
100
50
100
20
16
I0
10
10
I0
20
20
20
20
8
8
16
16
8
8
16
16
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
50
50
100
20
50
50
100
16
16
8
8
16
100
50
100
Exact
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0506 089
0.499 344
0,576 993
0.501 253
0.501 131
0.500 547
0.499 132
0.500 113
1.007 39 1
0.997 059
1.157 902
0.999 953
1.003 136
0.998 756
1.042 35 1
1.000 845
1.487 303
1.492 019
1.643 015
1-493330
1,503 257
1.492 660
1.635 715
1.501 477
1.939 197
1.984 150
1.894 199
1.985 105
1.982 480
1.982 723
2.084 726
1.997 151
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-496 611
0.499 345
0-499 841
0.498 926
0.500 467
0500 547
0502 419
0.500 154
0.990 094
0.997 062
0.983 419
0.997 291
0.997 152
0.998 755
0,992 121
0.999 246
1.482 477
1.492 021
1.446 749
1.496 033
1.487 464
1.492 660
1.460 389
1.496 630
1.984 138
1.984 148
1.936 452
1.996 959
1.979 045
1.982 723
1.950 342
1.994 365
0-500 000
1.ooo 000
1500 000
2.000 000
q= 0
16
V d 10 h'o 2 1968
4
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R. D. MILLS
138
Vol In No 2 1968
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF VISCOUS FLOW THROUGH A PIPE ORIFICE AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS
139
Pressure calculations
The usual relationship for the discharge of an incompressible fluid through a pipe orifice is
0.5
Theory
Experimental results
f r o m reference ;2)
I
dRec
0
2.5
25.0
0-220
0.216
0.207
0.184
0.138
Vol I0 No 2 191%
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R. D. MILLS
140
The pressure minima which begin to appear just downstream of the orifice at about Re = 5 are evidently associated with the gradual appearance, as Re increases, of
significant kinetic energy in the flow along the axis. The
pressure drop across the orifice, viewed as a device
incurring a loss of head, can be determined from Fig. 8.
CONCLUSIONS
1475, 1932.
(5) JENSEN,
V. G. Viscous flow round a sphere at low Reynolds
numbers, Proc. R . SOC.1959 249 (Series A), 346.
(6) LESTER,
W. G. S. The flow past a pitot tube at low Reynolds
numbers, Rep. Memo. aeronaut. Res. Comm. 3240, 1961.
(7) THOM,
A. and APELT,C. J. Field computationsin engineering
and physics 1961 (Van Nostrand).
(8) MILLS,R. D. Numerical solutions of the viscous flow equations for a class of closed flows,J. R. aeronaut. SOC.1965
69, 714 (erratum 880).
(9) HARLOW,
F. H. and FROMM,
J. E. Dynamics and heat
transfer in the von Kirman wake of a rectangular cylinder, Phys. Fluids 1964 7, 1147.
(10) PEARSON,
C. E. A computational method for viscous flow
problems,J. Fluid Mech. 1965 21, 611.
(11) THOM,
A. and APELT,C. J. Note on the convergence of
numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations,
Rep. Memo. aeronaut. Res. Coun. 3061, 1956.
(12)LESTER,
W.G.S . Some convergence problems in numerical
solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, Rep. Memo.
aeronaut. Res. Coun. 3239, 1961.
(13) FROMM,
J. E. Article in Methods of computational physics
1965 Vol. 3 (Academic Press).
(14) MILLS,
R.D. The steady laminar incompressible boundary
layer problem as an integral equation in Crocco variables:
investigations of the similarity flows, Aeronaut. Res.
Coun. 28116, 1966 (to be published in the Rep. Memo.
series).
(IS) ROSENHEAD,
L.(Ed.) Laminar boundary layers 1963 (Oxford
University Press).
Vol I0 No 2 1968