2011-civ-34 | Ahmad Talha Wali

FLUID MECHANICS LAB

JOB 1:
Draw Layout of fluid mechanics lab and study the basic
function of instruments.
THEORY:
FLUID MECHANICS:
It is the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of fluids at rest or in motion.

BRANCHES OF MECHANICS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Fluid static
Fluid kinematics
Hydrodynamic
hydraulic

MACHINE:
Anything that reduces human efforts is known as machine. Machine converts one
form of energy into other useful forms. Some of them are describe below.

PUMPS:
A machine which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. There are two types
of pumps.
1. Centrifugal pump
2. Reciprocating pump
TURBINE:
A machine which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy
2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

There are two types of turbines.

1. Reaction turbine
2. Impulse turbine
REACTION TURBINE:
In this machine water is admitted over the entire circumference of the runner. The
reaction turbine, as the name implies, is turned by reactive force rather than by a direct push or
impulse. In reaction turbines, there are no nozzles as such.

IMPULSIVE TURBINE:
In this machine there is a turbine that is driven by jets direct against the blades. A turbine
in which the expansion of the fluid(often steam) is completed in a static nozzle.

MOTOR:
Machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

CHANNEL:
It is a passage for liquid to flow. In open channels liquid have contact with air and flow
take place under the action of gravity. While in closed channel , flow take place due to pressure.

NOTCHES:
Notches are used to measure channel discharge.
1. RECTANGULAR NOTCH:
Notch is a place in which rectangular shape cut is made across a channel to measure the
rate of flow.
2. TRIANGULAR NOTCH:
Such kind of place where triangular shape cut is made across a channel to measure the
rate of flow. It is also called as v- notch.

HOOK GUAGE:
It is used to determine depth in open channel and in notches.
2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

PIPE:
Pipe is a conduit in which fluid flow under the influence of pressure. in pipe flow internal
parameter is fully wetted.

EQUIPMENTS:
ORIFICE METER:
It is used to determine the rate of flow in pipes.

VENTURIMETER:
A Venturimeter is used to measure the rate of flow through a pipeline.
It consists of Converging cone ,Throat and Diverging cone.

2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

There are three types of venturimeter.

1. Horizontal venturimeter
2. Vertical venturimeter
3. Inclined venturimeter

MANOMETER:
It is used to measure the pressure in pipelines. It has two types.
1. Simple manometer (to measure pressure in any pipeline)
2. Differential manometer (to measure difference of pressure between two pipelines)

GATE VALVES:
It is used to regulate the flow of fluid in pipe lines.

FLUID FRICTION APPARATUS:

It is used to study the frictional losses in pipelines.
2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

PIEZOMETER:
It consists of transparent tube open at both ends but its lower end is connected to a pipe.
It is used to measure pressure in pipeline.

VISCOMETER:
Viscometer is used to determine the viscosity of the fluid.
There are three types of Viscometer
i.
ii.
iii.

Tube type Viscometer

Rotational Viscometer
Falling Viscometer

WATER TANK:
A container to store water.
Types of water tank are
i.

Over head water tank

2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

ii.
iii.

Under ground water tank

Discharge water tank

METACENTRIC HEIGHT APPARATUS:

This machine is used to determine the metacentric height of floating bodies.
(Metacentric height is the distance between the center of gravity of an object and Metacenter.
Whereas Metacenter is the center of rotation of a floating body.)

IMPACT OR JET APPARATUS:

It is used to determine the force of impact of a jet on a plate.

CENTER OF PRESSURE APPARATUS:

It is used to locate center pressure of a submerged tank.
Center of pressure is a point from which the resultant force of pressure is passing.

2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali

FLOW VISUALIZATION APPARATUS:

This machine is used to visualize different types of flow of fluid.

COMMENTS:
This layout tells us about the arrangement/location of different objects in the room.
This layout also tells us the basic function of different apparatus in the lab.

2011-civ-34
Ahmad Talha Wali