Gramatic i Vocabular (Grammar and Vocabulary)

SUMAR Gramatic (Grammar)

S u ne te l e l i m bi i e n gl e z e ; al fa b et ul l i m bi i e ngl e z e ; c l a s i f i c ar e a
verbului, diateze, aspect, moduri, timpuri verbale;
Prezentul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
Trecutul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii
Prezentul Perfect simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii

Ma i m ul t c a p er f ec t ul s i m pl u i c o nti n u u fo rm i
uti l i z a re ; Exerciii

Viitorul form i utilizare; Exerciii

Modul Condiional i
If clause
form i utilizare; Exerciii

Concordana timpurilor form i utilizare; Exerciii

Modul Subjonctiv form i utilizare; Exerciii

Modul Imperativ form i utilizare; Exerciii

Diateza pasiv form i utilizare; Exerciii

Verbe modale I form i utilizare; Exerciii

Verbe modale II form i utilizare; Exerciii

Infinitivul form i utilizare; Exerciii

Formele n Ing utilizare; Exerciii

Verbe care primesc infinitive sau forma n Ing; Exerciii

Verbe complexe form i utilizare; Exerciii

Vorbirea indirect form i utilizare; Exerciii

Prepoziii, Conjuncii form i utilizare; Exerciii

Substantivul form i utilizare; Exerciii

Articolul form i utilizare; Exerciii

Adjectivul form i utilizare; Exerciii

Pronumele form i utilizare; Exerciii

Consoana [] este asemntoare cu consoana romneascn din

c u v i n t el e n c ar e n e s t e u r m a t d e c
sau de
g
:
nc
,
Anghel
,
singular
, unde
n
devine n parte gutural.

Consoanele
[
p
]
,
[
t
]
,

[
k
]
sunt consoane surde. Spre deosebire deconsoanele corespunztoare
din limba romn, ele sunt urmate
cnd nu sunt precedate de alt consoan i su
n t n s i l a b ac c en t ua t de un u or s u ne t
h
. Consoana
[
t
]
s e p r on u n c u vrful limbii sprijinit pe alveole (pe rdcina dinilor).

Consoanele
[
f
]
i
[
s
]
p o t f i c o n s i d e r a t e c a f i i n d i d e n t i c e c u consoanele
corespunztoare din limba romn.

Consoana
[

]
este aceeai ca i consoana romneasc

Consoana
[
t

este aproape identic cu consoana romneasc dincuvinte ca:

cine
,
ceas
,
cel
etc., i se pronun cu o uoar aspiraie,ca i
[
k
]
,
[
p
]
,
[
t
]
.Consoana englezeasc rmne ns perfect surd i poate fi urmatdirect
de orice vocal, fr a necesita un
e
sau
i
de legtur, ca nlimba romn: c
hild
[
t

aild
]
.De semenea, consoana
[
t

]
final, spre deosebire de consoana corespunztoare din limba romn,
nu este urmat de un
i
asilabic(care nu formeaz silab) ca n
cinci

,
pleci
etc. De exemplu:
much
[
m

]
. E s t e n e c e s a r s d m o d e o s e b i t a t e n i e p r o n u n r i i ac
estei consoane cnd este urmat de alte vocale dect
i
i
e
, saucnd este n poziie final. Deci pronunai
[
t

aild
]
i nu
ciaild
,
[
m

]
i nu
maci
.

Consoana
[

]
este perechea surd a consoanei
[


]
, c a r e s e d e os eb e t e pr i n a c e ea c l a pr o nu n a re a ei
c o ar d el e v o c a l e n u vibreaz. Pentru a pronuna sunetul
[

]
, v om i ne v rf ul l i m bi i ntre dini i vom articula un
t
(sau
s
) romnesc, fr efort. Ca i ncazul lui
[

]
, exerciiile trebuie fcute n faa oglinzii. Consoanele
[

]
i
[

]
sunt reperezentate n scriere prin grupul
th
.

Consoana
[
h
]
s e p r o n u n c u a s p i r a i e ( e m i t e r e d e a e r ) m a i puternic
dect n limba romn.
12

2. The Alphabeta
[
ei
]
n
[
en
]
b
[
bi:
]

o
[
ou
]
c
[
si:
]
p
[
pi:
]
d
[
di:
]
q
[
kju:
]
e
[
i:
]
r
[
a:
]
f
[
ef
]
s
[
es
]
g
[
di:

]
t
[
ti:
]
h
[
eit

]
u
[
ju:
]
i
[
ai
]
v
[
vi:
]
j
[
dei
]
w
[
d

blju:
]
k
[
kei
]
x
[
eks
]

l
[
el
]
y
[
wai
]
m
[
em
]
z
[
zed
]
3. Clasificarea Verbelor
* Conjugarea verbelor engleze se
principale.Acestea sunt
formele de dicionar
ale verbelor engleze:
I form a II-a form a
( t o )
w o r k
w o
( t o )
g i v e
g
13

bazeaz pe trei forme

III-a form
r k e d
w o r k e d
a v e
g i v e n

* Verbele engleze se clasific n verbe

obinuite
i
speciale
. C el e o b i n u i t e p o t f i
regulate
sau
neregulate
, i a r c e l e s p e c i a l e s u n t mprite n
verbe auxiliare
i
verbe modale
.
Verbele obinuite
au un sens propriu i pot avea funcia de predicat n propoziie.
Verbele speciale
nu au un sens propriu i ajut la formarea timpurilor verbale compuse.
a.Verbe regulate
Verbele regulate formeaz
past tense
i
past participle
prin adugareaterminaiei
ED
. Ex:
Worked
;
cleaned
;
closed
b.Verbe neregulate
Verbele neregulate formeaz
past tense
i
past participle
neregulat iaceste forme trebuie nvate.Verbele neregulate se mpart n 3
categorii:
grupa verbelor care nu suport nici o modificarecut cut cut put put put

grupa verbelor care suport o modificare bring brought broughtmeet met

met
grupa verbelor care suport dou modificrido did donering rang rung
c.Verbe auxiliare
Sunt formatori temporali, ajut la formarea timpuril
o r v e r b a l e compuse.
DO
se folosete la present tense simple i past tense simple -forma
interogativ i negativ; (do, does, did)
BE
se folosete la formarea diatezei pasive i a
t i m p u r i l o r verbale continue; (am, are, is, was, were)
HAVE
s e fol o s e t e l a f orm a re a ti m p ur i l o r v er b al e pe r fe c t e ; (have,
has, had)
SHALL, WILL
se folosesc la formarea timpurilor verbale de viitor;
14

SHOULD, WOULD
se folosesc la formarea lui Future-in-the-Past i a modului Condiional;
LET
se folosete la formarea Imperativului pentru persoana I-asg i pl i
persoana a III-a sg i pl.

1. p e ntr u a e x pr im a o ac i u n e vi it o ar e v z ut d i ntr - u n
p u nc t
dev e d e r e t r e c u t . S e f o l o s e t e n p r o p o z i i i
s u b o r d o n a t e completive directe:
She told me that she
would go
there soon.
6. THE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST CONTINUOUS

Form
Formai viitorul n trecut continuu cu
s h o u l d / w o u l d + b e + participiul prezentAfirmativ
I / we
should
be
work
ing
You/ he / she / it / you / they
would be
work
ing
Negativ
I / we
should
not be
work
ing
You/ he / she / it / you / they
would not be
work
ing
Interogativ
Should
I / we
be
work
ing
?

Would
you/ he / she / it / you / they
be
work
ing
?
Interogativ negativ:
Should
I
not
(
shouldnt
I)
be
work
ing
?
Would
you
not
(
wouldnt
you)
be
work
ing
?

Utilizare
Viitorul n trecut continuu se folosete:
1. p e ntr u a e x pr im a u n vii t or c o nt i n u u di n tr - u n pu n c t d e
ve d er e trecut:
T he w om a n a s s ur e d us t ha t, i n l es s t h an ha l f a n h ou r, he r
ba b y
would be sleeping
.
7. TO BE TO FUTURE
46


Utilizare
Viitorul cu
to be to
se folosete:
1. p e ntr u c e va c ar e e st e d e st i n at s s e nt m p le:
T he f am o us t e nn i s pl a ye r b eg a n t he m a tc h i n w hi c h
h e w a s t o break
his arm.
2.pentru un plan sau un aranjament oficial:
The President
was to arrive
at 10 oclock.
3. p e ntr u vo in a u n ei p er s oa n e , al ta de c t vor b it or u l:
This bad news
is to be given
to him after his exam.
4.pentru o datorie:
What exercises
are we to do
?
5.pentru o posibilitate, probabilitate:
Prices
are to be
much higher soon.
8. TO BE ABOUT TO FUTURE

Utilizare
Viitorul cu
to be about to
se folosete:
1.
pentru a exprima ceva care
e pe punctul
de a se ntmpla:
Our guests
are about to leave
.I
am about to go

to the seaside
9. TO BE GOING TO FUTURE (The Near Future)

Form
Se formeaz cu
to be + going to + infinitivAfirmativ
I
am
/ you
are
/
he, she, it
is
/ we, you, they
are going to
work
Negativ
I
am
/ you
are
/ he, she, it
is
/ we, you, they
are
not going to
work
Interogativ
Am
I / are you /
is
he, she, it /
are
we, you, they
going to
work?
47

Interogativ negativ:
Am
I
not
(
arent
I)
going to
work?
Are
you
not
(
arent
you)
going to
work?
Is
he
not
(
isnt
he)
going to
work?

Utilizare
Forma cu
going to
se folosete:
1.pentru a exprima intenia de a face n viitor ceva
c e n u a f o s t aranjat dar probabil se va ntmpla:
Jim and Sue
are going to move
to Liverpool when they finish their training.Sarah and John
are going to get married
next year.
2.
pentru a prezice o ntmplare n viitor:

Acest timp se folosete pentru a exprima ceea ce credem c se

vantmpla, n special atunci cnd ceva din situaia prezent
indicun rezultat n viitorul imediat. Timpul nu este de obicei menionat.Lo ok ho w
fa s t t ho s e c a rs a r e m o v i ng . T h e re
is going to be
anaccident.That little girl isnt looking where shes going. She
i s g o i n g t o walk
into that tree.
3.
f or m a c u
w as / w e re g oi n g to
e f o l o s i t p e n t r u a e x p r i m a o intenie din trecut care nu s-a
realizat:
I
was going to phone
you last night but I fell asleep in front of theTVMy parents
w e re goi n g to go
to Scotland for their holidays but they changed their minds and went to
Ireland instead.
Exerciii:Punei verbele din parantez la forma corect folosind
will
sau
going to
:
1. The fire has gone out. Oh, yes! I (go) and get some wood. 2.
Whatare you doing with that pan? I (get) lunch ready. 3. Mr. Doyle has
justa r ri v e d. O h, go o d, I (m ee t) h i m a t th e l i f t. 4 . I ha v en t
bo u gh t a n ycigarettes because I (try) to give up smoking. 5. Ive got a
hole in myt r ou s e rs . Gi v e t h em t o m e. I (m en d ) t h em fo r yo u . 6.
Lo ok w h at I bought at the auction this morning! How nice, where (you/
put) it? 7.

Must
este invariabil pentru toate persoanele, n timp ce
have to
i
need to
urmeaz regulile verbelor normale.

Forme contrase:
mustnt
Utilizare:
1.
Have to
se folosete ntotdeauna pentru a face referire la
obligaie
sau
necesitate
l a pr e z e n t a fir m at i v i i n ter o g at i v, adesea cu sens de viitor.
Must
se refer la
obligaie
.
I
must
phone my husband before he leaves the office.The builders
have to
finish the work before winter sets in.

NotMust
se folosete de obicei cnd obligaia vine din partea vorbitoruluicare-i
exprim propriile sentimente.
Have to
se folosete cnd obligaia vine din partea unei a
t r e i a persoane.You
must
tidy up your room before you go out. (= i ordon)You
have to
drive on the left in Great Britain. (= Aa spune legea)
2.
La forma negativ
must
i
have to
au sensuri complet diferite:
Must not
nseamn c eti obligat s nu faci ceva.
Dont have to
sau

havent got to
nseamn c nu este necesar:You
mustnt
e x c e e d t h e s p e ed l i m i t o n th e m ot or w a y. (= E t i obligat de
lege.)You
havent got to
go to that meeting if you are too busy. (= Nu enecesar s te duci.)

Not
n general
have to
i
have got to
se folosesc la fel numai la prezent.
Have got to
este considerat mai formal.
H a ve to
se folosete pentru aciuni repetate, de obicei ntrit cu un adverb de
frecven.Chris
has to
visit her ill mother every day.Chirs
has got to
do some shopping for her ill mother today.
87
3.
Have to
poate fi folosit la toate celelalte timpuri.
I
have
never
had to
work so much before.The police
w o ul d ha v e ha d t o
open fire if the criminals hadntsurrendered.

Not

Deducia negativ se poate exprima cu

cant
sau
cant have
:Its only eleven oclock, Tim
cant
be hungry!T he S m i th s a re i n C hi n a . T h e y
cant have
sent that post-card fromPeru.
4.
Must
se folosete pentru deducii pozitive n prezent.
Must + construcie perfect
se r e f er l a d e d uc ii p o z i ti ve n trecut.
The baby is crying. She
must
be hungry.There was no reply; he
must have been
working in the garden.
Utilizare: Need
este considerat att verb propriu-zis ct i auxiliar.
1.
Need to
, ca verb propriuz i s , u r m e a z f o r m e l e v e r b e l o r r egu l at e n or m al e i
es t e f ol o si t p e ntr u a se f a ce r ef er ir e l a necesitate.
You
will need
flour and water to make bread.I
dont need to
see the doctor. I feel fine.

NotH a v e t o
exprim necesitatea, poate fi folosit i la negativ
i interogativ.We
didnt have to
book the restaurant. There was plenty of room.
Do
we
have to

rush?
2.
Need
ca auxiliar este un verb modal i are aceeai
formpentru toate persoanele. Poate fi folosit numai
la
prezent
(adesea cu sens de viitor) mai ales n construcii negative
sauinterogative.
Construcie negativ:
N e e d n ot
es te s i m i l a r c u
d o n t h a ve t o
.Ambele exprim absena unei obligaii sau necesiti.
88
We
need not
rush. Theres plenty of time.Construcie interogativ:
Need
we rush? Theres plenty of time.
3.
Need not + infinitiv perfect
se refer la o aciune trecut care s-a petrecut fr a fi fost necesar.
You
neednt have told
her about the accident. She will only worry.

NotNeed not + infinitiv perfect

difer de
did not need to
.Jack
ne e d n ot h av e g on e
to t he de nt i s t . (= J ac k s - a d us , da r n u e ra necesar.)Jack
did not need to go
to the dentist. (= Nu era necesar ca Jack s seduc, dar nu tim dac sa dus sau nu.)
Ought to / ShouldOught to
i

Should
au sens identic i pot fi folosite la fel. Ele suntinvariabile pentu toate
persoanele i pot fi urmate de
infinitiv
fr
To
.
Forme contrase:
oughtnt / shouldnt
Utilizare:1. C u r ef er ir e l a o o b li g a i e s a u n d a tor ir e .
I
ought to
mow the lawn this weekend; its overgrown.Little girls
shouldnt
tell lies.Poate urma i forma n
ing
.Tim
oughtnt to be watching
TV. He
ought to be doing
hishomework.We
should be standing
in that queue, not this one.
2.Pentru a cere i a da sfaturi.
Do you think I
should
have my hair cut short?Mike
ought to
see a doctor if it hurts so much.

c
o
f
f
e
e
i
r
e
f
o
o
2.
substantive abstracte
l o v e b e a
f e x p e r i
r i t y j o y f r
n c o u r a g e

b
d

u
s

t
a

t
l

e
t

u t y h o p e r e l i e
e n c e a d v i c e
p u
e e d o m i n f o r m a t i o
d
e
s
i
g
n
d
u
t
y

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
e
v
i
l
t
i
m
e
p
a
t
i
e
n
c
e
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e

NotWork
este nenumrabil dar
job
este numrabil:Harriet is looking for
work
. John has found two
jobs
.
Works
nseamn: fabric, parte mecanic, producie literar, fapte sauacte.Mother
Theresa of Calcutta is known for her
good works
.

Not
Iat cteva substantive nenumrabile care n alte limbi se pot
deseorinumra:
A
d
v
i
c
e
b
a
g
g
a
g
e
l
u
g
g
a
g
e
f
u
r
n
i
t
u
r
e
D
a
m
a
g
e
h
a
i
r
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
h
o
m
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
m
o
n
e
y
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
B u s i n e s s
s p a g h e t t i n e w s
e q u i p
m e n t
3.S u bs ta nt i v e v e r bal e ( g er u n zi i s a u v e r be n i n g) .
C
a
m
p
i
n
g
d
a
n
c
i
n
g
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
j
o
g
g
i
n
g
s
i
n
g
i
n
g
Smoking
is bad for your health.4 . N u m e d e l i m b i
G
e
r
m
a
n
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
I
t
a
l
i
a
n
S
p
a
n
i
s
h

5. U n el e n um e d e b ol i , ti i n e i j oc u ri a u fo rm de p l u r al d ar
n
m od n o r m a l p r i m e s c u n v e r b l a s i n g u l a r . S
u n t c o n s i d e r a t e nenumrabile.
M
e
a
s
l
e
s
m
u
m
p
s
b
i
l
l
i
a
r
d
s
d
o
m
i
n
o
e
s
P
h
y
s
i
c
s
p
o
l
i
t
i
c
s
e
t
h
i
c
s
a
c
o
u
s
t
i
c
s
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
n
e
w
s
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
134
Mathematics is
an important subiect.

Not
Unele substantive sunt att numrabile ct i nenumrabile. Dar sensullor
e diferit n fiecare caz.
n
u
m

r
a
b
i
l
e
n
e
n
u
m

r
a
b
i
l
e
a
p
a
p
e
r
p
a
p
e
r
a
l
i
g
h
t
l
i
g
h
t
a
w
o
o
d
w
o
o
d
a
g
l
a
s
s
g
l
a
s
s
a
n
i
r
o
n
i
r
o
n
a
h
a
i

r
h
a
i
r
H e b u ys
a paper
everyday. The student had written
an
interesting
paper
on Keats.
Paper
is made of wood pulp.

Not
Substantivele nenumrabile nu sunt niciodat precedate de numere (a,an,
one, two, three etc). Iat cteva expresii folosite pentru a
indicanumrul/cantitatea:
A piece of
information/furniture/advice/equipment/glass/paper/news
A type of
atmosphere/behaviour/violence
An item of
luggage/news/baggage
A case of
mumps/measles/flu
A ray of
hope/sunshine
A lot of
strenght/security
Adjective folosite ca substantive
Folosii
the + adjectiv
pentru:1 . gr u pu ri d e p e rs oa n e c u ac el ea i c ar ac te ri s ti c i .
U rm ea z u n v er b l a plural.
The rich
are
not always as happy as we imagine.2 . c al i t at e i m p er s o n al .
U rm ea z u n v er b l a s i n g ul a r .
The impossible has
strong attraction for some people.

135

3. n ai o nal i t at e ( da c e xi s t u n c u v nt s e pa r at ).
T
h
e
F
r
e
n
c
h
t
h
e
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
t
h
e
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
Japanese Dar T
h
e
P
o
l
e
s
t
h
e
G
e
r
m
a
n
s
t
h
e
S
c
o
t
s
t
h
e
Finns
Substantive compuse
Substantivele compuse sunt formate din dou sau mai multe
cuvintecare, mpreun, creeaz un nou substantiv cu un nou sens
B a b y s i t t e r c h e c k u p s w i m m i n g
p o o l
m o t h e r i n - l a w
Substantivele compuse pot fi:1.s c ri s e c a un s i n g ur c uv nt, c uv i n t e
s e pa r at e s au c u c r at i m . D a c avei ndoieli cel mai bine e s
consultai ntotdeauna dicionarul.
A r m c h a i r c a n
o p e n e
r c o v e r - u p o n e w a y
s t r e e t
2.
numrabile
sau
nenumrabile
a
l
a
r
m
c
l
o
c
k
f
a
s
t
f
o
o
d
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
d
i
s
c
h
u
m
a
n
r
a
c
e
t
o
o
t
h
b
r
u
s
h
d
r
i
n
k
i
n
g
w
a
t
e
r
w
a
i
t
i
n
g
r
o
o
m
w
e
l
f
a
r
e
s
t
a
t
e
y
e
l
l
o
w
p
a
g
e
s
p
o
c
k
e
t
m
o
n
e
y

3.
compuse din dou substantive.
Primul substantiv
este folosit caadjectiv i este la
singular
.
Chain factory
(a factory for chains)
Cotton skirt
(a skirt made of coton)
A ten-year-old girl
(a girl who is ten years old)
Car accident
(accident involving cars)
A two-week cruise
(a cruise lasting two weeks)
4.
s u bs ta nt i v el e c om pu s e num ra b i l e f orm e a z pl ur al ul a pl i c n
dregulile normale de plural ultimului substantiv.Mail box
es
dish washer
s
sleeping bag
s
T-shirt
s

Not
Uneori (dar rar) substantivele la plural pot fi folosite ca adjective:
136

S p o r t s
d e p a r t m
s t o r e S
a
s
o
n
s
a
n
k
n
e
w
5.

c a r c
e n t c
l
e
s
v
i
n
s
i

u
l
g
t

s
o

t o m s
t h e s
d
i
v
i
s
b
a
e
m

substantivele compuse formate din verbe co

m p l e x e s a u substantive legate cu
of
i
in
au plurale neregulate.Passer
s
b
y
r
u
n
n
e
r
s
u
p
s
i
s
t
e
r
s
-in-lawLil
ies
of the valley

control; gate; arrival; operator; a reservation; could you take me

tot he A st or ia h ot el ? ; b o o k it ; b ag g a g e r ec l a im ; d e par t ur e
lo u n g e; boarding pass; single room; nothing to declare; make
a complain;make a call; Check-in desk; go through Customs.

INFO BOX
Heathrow, Londons main airport, handles more international flightsthan
any other airport in the world. Every 45 seconds a plane takes off or lands
here and all the four terminals are extremely busy. Another airport,
Stansted was built in the 1980s to relieve the congestion
of Heathrow. The airport at Gatwick also handles many
internationalflights.

INFO BOX
The first underground railway in the world
w a s L o n d o n s Metropolitan line, built in 1863. Londoners call
their underground
thetube
. There are 273 different stations now and the deepest station
isHempstead, 58 metres below the ground.
ATTHERAILWAYSTATION

H e r e w e a re at t he r ai l w a y s t at i on . O ur f ri en d s ar e g oi ng
a w a y f or their holidays. They have
booked their tickets in advance
, so there isno need for them
to queue up at the booking office
now.As it is rather early, and their train has not arrived yet, they
have tow a i t i n t h e
waiting room
. Next door to the waiting room is the
refreshment room
; and there are other notices over the entrances to offices and room:
station masters office
,
inquiry office
,
left-luggage
and
parcels office
.The
porters
are busy carrying the luggage to the train or pushing it ontheir
trolleys
.All kind of trains are passing through the station:
passenger trains
express, fast or slow
goods trains
,
local
and
long distance trains
.After a while, the
public address system
announces that our friendstrain
is in
. They pass through onto the
platforms
and the
ticket214

collector
examines their tickets. (In British railway stations, there is agate at the
end of each platforms. The ticket -collector stands at thegate and
checks the travellers tickets.)Immediately behind the
engine
ar e t he
front luggage van
an d t he
guards van
, followed by
passengers carriages
of the first and secondclass, with
smoking
and
non-smoking compartments
.T he t r ai n al s o h as
dining car
and a
sleeper
w i t h u pp e r an d l o w e r
berths
. As they walk along the platform, they pass the
bookstall
where p e o p l e a r e b u y i n g n e w s p a p e r s a n d m a g a z i n e s t o
read during the
journey
.Finally, they find their compartment a second-class nonsmoker.They put their bags on the
luggage rack
and open the window.The large hand of the station clock points to 30
minutes. The
guard
waves his flag and blows his whistle.

The train is off

. The travellerswave good-bye to the people who have come
to see them off
.The train moves slowly out of the station.

INFO BOXThe Union Jack

is the name of the British flag. It consists of threecrosses: of
England, Scotland and Ireland. The
jack
us ed t o b e th e name of the flag, which hung from the back of a ship.
U n cl e S am
i s th e ni c k nam e f or f e de r al g ov er nm en t o r t h e t yp i c al citizen of
the USA. It arose in the neighbourhood of New York about1812, as a
colloquial way of reading the initials US, frequently used on
government supplies to the army.
BRITISH AIRWAYS INTERCONTINENTAL TIMETABLE

Passenger InformationReservations
A i rl i n es m ak e e v er y ef fo rt t o p r ov i d e s e at s fo r w h i c h
re s e r v a ti on s h a v e b e e n m a d e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , n o a b s o l
u t e g u a r a n t e e o f s e a t availability is denoted by the expression
reservations and bookingsand the timing attached to them.
Your fare includes
215
On British Airways services your fare includes all meals and gratuitiesi n
fl i gh t a nd o n t he g r ou n d fr om t h e d ep a rt ur e o f th e ai rc r af t
un ti l arrival at the airport of destination shown on the flight coupon of
your ticket.
Stopovers
In most cases, you may break your journey at one or more places
onro u te , a nd r e tai n t he be n efi t of t he t h ro u gh f a re , p ro v i de d
no ti c e i s given at the time of reservation. Hotel expenses at each stopover
will be your responsibility.
Validity
Tickets issued at normal one way, round or circle trip fares are
validfor one year.
Reduced fares

Gr o up t r av el o ff er s bi g r ed uc ti o ns f or m em b er s of a n
or g an i z ati o n travelling together. Full details on request.
Health regulations
Valid certificates of inoculation and/or vaccination, issued on a specialinternational
form, are definitely required by most countries.
Portable electronic equipment
Please do not switch on portable radio receivers, trans
m i t t e r s o r television sets whilst on board as they can cause serious
interferencew i t h th e ai rc r af t ra di o na v i ga ti on eq ui pm e nt . P o rt a b
l e r ec or d e rs , hearing aids and heart pacemakers may be used on board.
Punctuality
While every effort is made to ensure the punctuality of our
services,B r i t i s h A i r w a y s c a n n o t a c c e p t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
f o r t h e d e l a y o r suspension of a service, nor guarantee that
connections will be madewith other services.
Baggage free allowance
On Fi rs t C l as s s e r v i c es t h e f r ee b a gg a ge a l l o w a n c e i s 30
k i l os . O n Economy Class services it is 20 kilos.
Excess charges
Baggage in excess of the free allowance is normally charged at 1% of the
First Class single fare per kilo.
Your departure
The departure time shown in this timetable and on your ticket-couponis the
scheduled take-off time. The check-in time at the airport or town
216
terminal shown on your ticketc o v e r a l l o w s m i n i m u m t i m e t o complete all the formalities.
In your own interest you should plan toarrive at the town terminal or
airport in good time as this will help toensure that your aircraft operates on
schedule.
Reconfirmation cancellations
If yo u h ol d a r et u rn r e s e rv at i o n, i t i s n ec e s s ar y to r e c o nf i rm
yo u r intention to travel with the local Reservations Office of the Carrier
atleast 72 hours before departure.
Travel advice
P ac k al l yo u ne e d du ri n g th e fl i gh t i n a s m al l c ab i n b a g. A l l
ot h er articles should be packed in registered baggage. Carry your
passporta n d h e a l t h c e r t i f i c a t e s w i t h y o u . D o n o t p a c

k t h e m . C a r r y a n y valuables, such as jewellery, personally. For

further details please seeour booklet Before you take off.

T he pr oc e d ur e i s a lm os t t h e s am e b ut i n st e a d o f t he
b uz z z i n g y o u l l h e a r t h e o p e r a t o r c a l l i n g : N u m b e r p l e
a s e , i n s t e a d o f dialling the numerals you have to ask for your
number

procedeule s t e a p r o a p e a c e l a i d a r n l o c u l b z i t u l u i v e i
a u z i o p e r a t o a r e a spunnd: Numrul v rog, n loc de a forma tu
numerele trebuie sceri s i se dea numrul.
The moment you hear the operators voice just give the
numberyou want to call
n momentul n care auzi vocea telefonistei indicinumrul
Please connect me with number
- dati-mi, v rog, numrul
C a n yo u p u t m e t hr o u gh to M r P s o ff i ce ? E x t e ns i o n o ne se ve n please
mi putei da legtura cu biroul D-lui P? Interior 17, v rog.
Will you book the call?
doreti s dai un aviz telefonic?
What is the rate for a three-minute call to Paris?
care este taxa pentru o convorbire de trei minute cu Parisul?
I should like to put through a trunk-call to
- a dori s efectuez oconvorbire interurban cu
Im p u t ti n g yo u r ca ll t hr o u g h r ig h t n o w
v f ac l eg t u ra c hi a r acum
Berlin is on the line. Go ahead!
avei legtura cu Berlinul. Vorbii!
When can I get you over the phone?
cnd te pot gsi la telefon?
Will you take down my number?
vrei s-i notezi numrul meu?
By the way, when you ring through to my office, ask the
operatorextension four-six
a p r o p o , d a c m i t e l e f o n e z i l a b i r o u , c e r e - i telefonistei
interior 46
Hello, is that Mr. Johnson? Yes, who is speaking? N.N.

speaking
Alo, D-ul J.? Da, cine e la telefon? N.N. la aparat
I cant hear you I cant understand you I cant understand aword
nu v aud bine. Nu v neleg nu neleg nici un cuvnt
Someone is interfering someone else cut in
e cineva pe fir aintrat altcineva pe fir
Would you like leave a message?
dorii s lsai un mesaj?
THE POST-OFFICE
The PostO f f i c e h a s m a n y d u t i e s a n d h a s h u n d r e a d s o f thousan
ds of officials:
postmasters
who are in charge of post-offices,
282

post-office clerks
an d m a n y
postmen
. It is the
postman
who bringsmany items of news to everybody, going round from house to
house,and droppping the letters into our
letter-boxes
.The Post-Office not only
delivers
and
sends letters
and other mail, but also
controls the telegraphs
and
telephones
,
issues television
and
radio licences

and
registers
them, and
p ay s ou t p en s i on s
and
allowances
.Do you want to
send a telegram
? Just ask for a
telegram
form
at the counter and
fill it in
. A telegram reaches the
addressee
in two or three hours. Remember: the
charge
depends on the number of words;so try to convey your message in as
few words as possible. You canalso dictate a telegram over the
telephone.If yo u w a nt t o p os t an
ordinary letter
,a
postcard
or a small
parcel
, yo u n ee d n t g o t o th e p os t - of fi c e , yo u c a n d r op i t i nt o
th e nearest
letter-box
.In Britain these boxes are either fixed in the wall, or they
arei r o n c y l i n d e r s p a i n t e d r e d , c a l l e d
pillar-boxes
, s t a n d i n g b y t h e kerbstone. The time of the next collection is
indicated on a little plate,w h i c h i s c h a n g e d b y t h e p o s t m a n
every time he comes to
collect letters
. In cities pillar-boxes are emptied several times a day , but
invillages there may be only one or two collections.The letter whose
receivers are unknown are either
returned tothe sender

or
carried to the dead-letter office
.I f y o u w a n t y o u r l e t t e r t o a r r i v e m o r e q u i c k l y t
han by
ordinary post
, you can send it
by Air Mail
.W hen yo u s e n d
a parcel
, yo u h an d i t t o th e as s i s t an t, w ho
weights it on the scales
. You pay according to the weight of the parceland the clerk gives you a
receipt
. Then, if the parcel is lost or stolen,you can claim payment from the postoffice.D o yo u w a n t t o h av e a c on v e rs at i o n w i t h a f ri en d o f
yo u r s who lives in another town? Then you make a
long-distance call
.Youei th e r as k th e o pe r at o r to
connect
yo u , o r , i f yo u r f r i e nd l i v e s i n a bigger town you may
dial
the call yourself. You dial first the
codenumber
for the town that you are calling and then
the number of the subscriber
.If yo u
ma k e a l o c al c al l
, yo u g o i nt o t he
telephone-box
and
l i ft t h e re c ei v er
. W hen you hear the
di al l i n g t o n e
indicating that
283
nothing is wrong on the line,
di al th e n u mb e r

you want. W hen youhear rapid pips, you press in the coin, and then you can
speak.

ExtraLetters
. In Britain letters are brought from
pillar-boxes
to a
Head
or
Branch Post-Office
where they are
sorted
. Then they are
carried totheir destination
and
delivered
. In towns there are several
collections
and
deliveries
a d a y. T h e l e tt e rs w ho s e re c e i v er s a re u nk n o w n a re either
returned to the senders
or carried to the
dead-letter office
. Thereare also
registered
letters and
printed matter
.Letters arrive more quickly by registered post and compensation isoffered
in case of loss or damage.Documents and papers of little or no monetary
value may be sent by
recorded delivery
. Recorded delivery is particularly suitable whena record of posting and
delivery is needed rather then compensationfor loss.
Telephone.
W hen yo u ar e n ot a
telephone subscriber
, yo u m us t g o t o a
call-box
. If yo u c an n ot u s e t h e

dial telephone
, the
exchange puts you through to your correspondent
, but you must not forget to sayyour number figure by figure and remember
that the figure o (nought)is read as the letter o