Acetylene

As for the acetylene, it was collected using the same method of gathering the
butane gas but a little quite different. The test tubes were submerged and filled with
water at the basin again. The calcium carbide, which is the source of acetylene, was
covered with aluminum foil and was poked to make a little hole to serve as the exit
of the gas. Calcium carbide reacts with water to form acetylene:
CaC2 (s) + 2H2O (l) --> C2H2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)
The calcium carbide was now then submerged to water, and let the bubbles
(C2H2) from the carbide to displace the water inside the test tubes underwater and
covering it with a cork stopper. Three samples were collected for the test for
acetylene.
The three samples will now undergo into two tests like for the butane sample,
the combustibility and bromine test. Two samples were initially used to test for
combustibility but another sample was gathered to make sure that the observations
were precise and correct. Combustion reaction is an exothermic reaction which
produces heat. In the combustibility test, with the presence of a flame, acetylene
reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water:
2C2H2 + 3O2 4CO + 2H2O
When the collected gas of acetylene was ignited to test for combustibility, it
produces a yellow flame on top and a blue flame following it which lasts longer
compared to the yellow flame and a black soot and a mini explosion. The following
observations show that the combustibility test for acetylene was successful. The
yellow sooty flame produced from ignition means, it was an incomplete combustion,
which also produces carbon monoxide. The flame was known as carburizing flame. It
means that the flame consists of more acetylene in relation to oxygen, therefore it
was not too hot. The balanced reaction above shows an incomplete reaction. Since
our hydrocarbon was burned inside a confined area, an indoor laboratory, there was
a lack of excess oxygen to have a complete combustion. Incomplete combustion
results to hazardous production of carbon monoxide. Complete combustion of
hydrocarbons only occurs when oxygen completely mixes or has a mole ratio of
oxygen to acetylene with 5:2, respectively. The reaction was shown below:
2H2C2 (g) + 5O2 (g) --> 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
The second test that was done to acetylene was the bromine test. One
sample was added with 1mL bromine water. The test tube was shook well. The
solution turned yellow to pale yellow to colorless. The decolorization of bromine is
the standard test for unsaturation of compounds. Alkynes react slowly with bromine.
These slow reactions may be used to distinguish alkene from alkynes. Bromine is a
good nucleophile therefore it highly substitutes carbon. This reaction was called,
electrophilic addition.

Br + C2H2 --> C2H2Br

Alkynes are hydrocarbons that only consist of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Alkynes are also referred to as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkynes contain triple
bonds between the two carbon atoms. Since the compound was unsaturated with
respect to hydrogen atoms, the excess electrons are shared between the carbon
atoms forming double bonds.

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/demos/main_pages/24.9.html
Flinn Scientific, Inc. Combustion of Acetylene. Batavia, IL. 2012.
https://www.flinnsci.com/media/620698/91300.pdf
Oxy - Acetylene flame. http://sarinamkjb.wikispaces.com/Oxy++Acetylene+flame
Ophardt, C. E. ALKYNES Acetylene. Elmhurst College. 2003.
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/504alkynes.html
Reusch, W. Reactions of Alkynes.
http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/addyne1.htm
Chemlaba. Reactions of the alkynes.
https://chemlaba.wordpress.com/2011/02/22/reactions-of-the-alkynes/
Weiss, H. and Milman, A. Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkynes.
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Hydrocarbons/Alkynes/Reacti
ons_of_Alkynes/Electrophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Alkynes
Hunt, I. Halogenation of Alkynes. University of Calgary.
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch09/ch9-10.html
McGraw-Hill Companies. Chapter 9: Alkynes.
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch09additionreacti
onsofalkynes.html