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Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, Ao 18, Vol. 18 (2): 143-157, 2012.
RESUMEN
En el presente trabajo se analiza la prdida de cobertura forestal en la reserva de la Mariposa Monarca
en el periodo entre 2006 y 2010, a partir de imgenes satelitales de alta resolucin (10 m) SPOT. Las
imgenes se calibraron, se corrigieron atmosfricamente y se sobrepusieron con puntos de control. En
cada imagen se obtuvo un mapa de bosque y no bosque (con y sin vegetacin arbrea aparente). Los
mapas se validaron a partir de imgenes de muy alta resolucin de las mismas fechas. Dentro de la
zona de bosque, se distingui entre oyamel (Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. y Cham.) y pino, a partir de
una clasificacin supervisada y un criterio de altitud. La comparacin de los mapas permiti establecer
la prdida de bosque de oyamel, se estim en 2,227.00 ha en el periodo estudiado, que corresponde a
una tasa de deforestacin de 556.75 haao-1. El mapa de cambios se compar con los reportes de reas
afectadas por plagas, presentados por la Comisin Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR) y la Universidad Autnoma Chapingo en 2004, y los trabajos de saneamiento realizados por la Secretara de Medio Ambiente
y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) entre 2005 y 2009.
PALABRAS CLAVE:
Deforestacin, WWF, Fondo
Monarca, SEMAR, SPOT, RBMM.
ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the loss of forest cover in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in the period
between 2006 and 2010 using high-resolution SPOT satellite imagery (10 m). The images were calibrated,
atmospherically corrected and superimposed with control points. A map of forest and non-forest (with and
without apparent tree vegetation) was constructed with each image. The maps were validated using very
high-resolution images of the same dates. Within the forest area, the natural boundary between oyamel
fir forest (Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. and Cham.) and pine forest was set based on a supervised
classification and an altitude criterion. Comparing the maps allowed us to establish the loss of oyamel
fir forest in the period studied, which is estimated at 2,227.00 ha, which corresponds to a deforestation
rate of 556.75 ha.year-1. The change map was compared to reports identifying areas affected by pests
presented by the National Forestry Commission and the Universidad Autnoma de Chapingo in 2004,
and others detailing phytosanitary measures undertaken by the Ministry of Environment and Natural
Resources between 2005 and 2009.
INTRODUCCIN
INTRODUCTION
143
Prdida de cobertura...
1986), and in 2000 it was given the status of a biosphere reserve, with a total area of 56,259 ha and a core
area of 13,551 ha (Official Journal of the Federation
[DOF], 2000).
The regions population is mostly rural, with significant
levels of poverty and extreme poverty. The land is mostly
owned by indigenous communities and ejidos (communally
owned and operated farmlands). The use of forest resources was the linchpin of the regional economy until the
areas declaration as a protected nature reserve in 1986.
From this time onwards the poverty situation has worsened.
Currently, a high percentage of comuneros (members of
an agrarian community similar to an ejido), ejido members
and household heads without agrarian rights are employed
temporarily outside the region, but their families continue to
live there, engaging in subsistence agriculture and livestock
farming. In many communities, migration provides the main
source of income. Tourism has failed to become an economically important activity due to the restricted access to
the sanctuaries and the rather limited tourist infrastructure
(Brenner, 2006; DeFries Hansen, Turner, Reid & Liu, 2007;
Mannigel, 2008; Merino & Hernndez, 2004; Naughton
Buck & Brandon, 2005).
In order to mitigate the impact on communities caused by expanding the core area with the 2000 decree, the
Monarch Butterfly Conservation Fund was created with
capital contributed by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), a
private U.S. foundation, the Mexican government and the
state governments of Michoacn and Mexico, where the
reserve is located (Honey-Roses et al., 2004). With the
interest generated by this capital, compensation payments
are made to ejido members that fulfill their commitment to
not cut down trees (Honey et al., 2009; Missrie and Nelson,
2007). While the payments are very low, most of the 38
core area ejidos are participating in the Fund and abiding
by their commitments, insofar as possible. However, despite
significant efforts, such as building barriers and ditches to
prevent the passage of trucks, often indiscriminate logging by groups of armed loggers (sometimes from outside
the region and some allegedly linked to drug trafficking)
cannot be curbed due to the authorities failure to respond
adequately (Brenner, 2006, Honey 2009; Honey-Ross et
al., 2004; World Wildlife Fund Mxico [WWF], 2004, 2006).
Given this situation and the lack of a comprehensive
forest management plan for the entire reserve (there are
only partial, inadequate or poorly applied management
plans), the deterioration of the forest is evident (Navarrete,
Ramrez & Prez, 2011).The forest loss is compounded by
the aging of the trees and the lack of saplings, which results
in increased susceptibility to attack by pests (Nagendra,
2008). Since 2004 there have been reports of areas affected by bark beetles and dwarf mistletoes (Dendroctonus
mexicanus, Dendroctonus adjunctus, Scolytus mundus
and Arceuthobium abietis religiosa, respectively), with different degrees of severity (National Forestry Commission
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Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, Ao 18, Vol. 18 (2): 143-157, 2012.
145
Prdida de cobertura...
146
Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, Ao 18, Vol. 18 (2): 143-157, 2012.
147
Prdida de cobertura...
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Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, Ao 18, Vol. 18 (2): 143-157, 2012.
RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIN
Construccin de los mapas
Se clasificaron las dos imgenes SPOT en dos clases
(bosque y no bosque), utilizando un juego de regiones de
inters para cada clase y fecha. Los mapas obtenidos se
149
Prdida de cobertura...
Zona
Norte
Centro
Ejido
Afectacin
(UACh-CONAFOR)
Saneamiento
(SEMARNAT)
2005
2006
2008
2009
Los Remedios
Alta
Cerro Prieto
Alta
Santa Ana
Media
1.000 m3
870 m3
1.580 m3
7.500 m3
Chincua
Media
4.7 ha
3.3 ha
8.38 ha
45.26 ha
El Calabozo (pino)
Media
Jess de Nazareno
Media
Senguio (pino)
Media
2.200 m3
3.400 m3
14 ha
20.47 ha
El Asoleadero
Ocampo
Sur
Cerro
Peln
El Rosario
Media-Baja
Baja-Alta
28 m3
Baja-Alta
0.06 ha
Nula
Area
Ejido
Damage
(UACh-CONAFOR)
North
Los Remedios
High
Cerro Prieto
High
Santa Ana
Centre
South
Cerro
Peln
Phytosanitary work
(SEMARNAT)
2005
2006
2008
2009
Medium
1.000 m3
870 m3
1.580 m3
7.500 m3
Chincua
Medium
4.7 ha
3.3 ha
8.38 ha
45.26 ha
El Calabozo (pine)
Medium
Jess de Nazareno
Medium
Senguio (pine)
Medium
El Asoleadero
2.200 m3
3.400 m3
Ocampo
14 ha
20.47 ha
El Rosario
Medium-Low
Low-High
28 m3
Low-High
0.06 ha
Nill
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Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, Ao 18, Vol. 18 (2): 143-157, 2012.
A)
B)
(forest)
(non-forest)
(clouds)
(forest)
(non-forest)
(clouds)
FIGURA 1. Mapas de vegetacin bosque/no-bosque (verde/rojo) de la RBMM en 2006 (a) y 2010 (b). En negro se muestran los lmites de
la RBMM, externo y de la zona ncleo.
FIGURE 1. Forest/non-forest (green/red) vegetation maps of the MBBR in 2006 (a) and 2010 (b). The boundaries of the MBBR and the inner
core area are shown in black.
validaron con juegos independientes de regiones de inters. En ambos casos se obtuvo una precisin superior a
98 %, con un ndice Kappa de 0.99.
La Figura 1 muestra los mapas obtenidos a partir de
las imgenes de 2006 y 2010, en los que se distinguen las
dos clases: bosque y no bosque. La clase bosque incluye
zonas con alta densidad de arbolado, predominantemente
151
Prdida de cobertura...
(oyamel fir)
(pine)
(non-forest)
(3000 masl)
(2900 masl)
(2800 masl)
(oyamel fir boundary)
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Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, Ao 18, Vol. 18 (2): 143-157, 2012.
opposite behavior are in blue: that is, they were not forest
in 2006, but they were in 2010 (gains). The pixels that did
not change, including the clouds, which for the calculation
remained covered by a mask, are in blank.
(north)
(center)
(south)
(losses)
(gains)
(reserve boundary)
(oyamel fir boundary)
pests (2004)
FIGURA 3. Mapa de diferencias entre los mapas de bosque/no bosque de 2006 y 2010 en la RBMM. En negro se muestran
los lmites de la RBMM, externo y de la zona ncleo. En
rojo aparecen los pxeles que en la imagen del ao 2006
se clasificaron como bosque y en la imagen del ao 2010
pasaron a la clase no-bosque (prdidas), en azul son los
pxeles que no eran bosque en el ao 2006, pero s en el
ao 2010 (ganancias). Los nmeros indican las zonas de
mayor inters.
FIGURE 3. Difference map between the 2006 and 2010 MBBR
forest/non-forest maps. The boundaries of the MBBR and
its inner core area are shown in black. The pixels that were
classified as forest in the 2006 image but reclassified as
non-forest in the 2010 image (losses) are in red, while the
pixels in blue were not forest in 2006, but they were in 2010
(gains). The numbers indicate the areas of greatest interest.
153
Prdida de cobertura...
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Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, Ao 18, Vol. 18 (2): 143-157, 2012.
ncleo (7), en el ejido Francisco Serrato. Se puede considerar que las prdidas encontradas en el periodo estudiado
(2006-2010) son una ampliacin de la zona deforestada
entre 2001 y 2003, segn reportes de la WWF, quien estim por fotointerpretacin, la prdida de 42.6 ha dentro de
la zona ncleo y del total de las 250 ha de superficie de
bosque denso de oyamel en la zona de amortiguamiento
(en la firma del decreto se negoci que esta parte no
entrara en la zona ncleo). A consecuencia de esto, la
comunidad indgena de este ejido fue la nica que en el
ao 2003 no recibi el pago por servicios ambientales que
esta asociacin internacional otorga como incentivo para
la conservacin del bosque, dentro del programa Fondo
Monarca. Es posible que haya algn grado de afectacin de
plagas, pero por tratarse de ejidos considerados altamente
peligrosos y de difcil acceso, no hay reportes recientes de
revisin ni saneamiento.
En el centro norte de la zona sur (9) se distingui, fuera de la zona de oyamel, un rea de pino que CONAFORUACh reportaron como infestada por murdago y descortezador y donde la SEMARNAT realiz un saneamiento,
en 2009, que abarc 0.06 ha. Estas prdidas no estn
contabilizadas en las reportadas como resultado para
oyamel. Haciendo el clculo por separado, corresponden
a casi 400 ha, lo que elevara la tasa de deforestacin total
a ms de 650 haao-1. Se trata de los ejidos Donanciano
Ojeda y Francisco Serrato, que en 2003 ya presentaban
prdidas, segn el reporte de WWF de 24.17 ha y 49.9
ha, respectivamente; sin embargo, en el reporte para
2005-2006 se menciona que ya detuvieron su proceso de
deforestacin.
La principal mancha de deforestacin en el periodo
estudiado (10) se encuentra en la zona sur, dentro del rea
ncleo. Corresponde al ejido Crescencio Morales y por s
misma supone una prdida de 438 ha. Se trata de una
comunidad con conflictos agrarios y sociales graves, de
acceso difcil por la presencia de grupos armados (segn
reportes de la WWF). Este predio no apareca en la zona
ncleo, hasta el decreto del ao 2000, lo que supuso la
prdida de la autorizacin de manejo; sin embargo, ste
se sigui ejerciendo de manera indiscriminada y la comunidad indgena de Crescencio Morales no quiso participar
en el Fondo Monarca. Para este ejido la WWF reporta una
prdida de 49.9 ha entre 2001 y 2003 y de 427.20 ha entre
2005 y 2006 (WWF, 2006).
En la zona de Cerro Peln, las prdidas de bosque
de oyamel suponen una ampliacin del rea deforestada
en la dcada de 1990.
CONCLUSIONES
El anlisis de las imgenes permiti distinguir dos
tipos de cobertura de la RBMM, correspondientes a la zona
arbolada y la no arbolada, y dentro de la primera, el bosque
CONCLUSIONS
Image analysis allowed us to distinguish two types of
cover in the MBBR, namely wooded and unwooded areas,
and within the former, the oyamel fir and pine forests (or pineoak). Comparing the two maps allowed quantifying the deforestation that occurred in the period studied (2006-2010).
The losses in the oyamel fir area amount to over 2000 ha,
which corresponds to a deforestation rate of more than 500
ha.year-1, while in the core area the rate is over 300 ha.year-1.
Due to the accuracy level of the data used and the
analysis method, the values are approximations, but they
nonetheless reflect the real situation of the reserve in early
2010. Given the particular situation of this area, it is important to have objective and up-to-date information. There
are no reliable official figures regarding the effect this forest
loss is having on monarch butterfly migration, but it is clear
that without the rapid implementation of a forceful rescue
plan they will eventually disappear from the reserve. The
deforestation problem is compounded by global warming,
which is already having a negative effect on the number of
butterflies that arrive annually.
The specific analysis of the situation in each ejido
reveals contrasting positions: while in some cases the
rejection of the areas protected status is strong, in others
there is a clear desire to actively participate in conservation
efforts. Thus, ejidos such as Francisco Serrato or Crescencio
Morales, which from the beginning opposed the reserves
creation, have suffered such severe deforestation that they
have lost their entire tree cover. This suggests that perhaps
the situation has reached its most critical level and that the
estimated deforestation rate will not necessarily be maintained in the coming years.
155
Prdida de cobertura...
Por la precisin de los datos utilizados y la metodologa de anlisis, se trata de valores aproximados, pero que
reflejan la situacin real de la reserva a inicios de 2010.
Dada la situacin particular de esta zona, es importante
contar con informacin objetiva y actualizada. No hay cifras
oficiales confiables del efecto que esta prdida de bosque
est teniendo sobre la migracin de las mariposas monarca, pero es claro que, de no implementarse un plan de
rescate rpido y contundente, terminarn por desaparecer
de la reserva. Al problema de la deforestacin se suma el
calentamiento global, que ya est reflejando efectos negativos sobre la cantidad de mariposas que llegan anualmente.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was generated with data from the ERMEXS-UMSNH 2010.
The authors thank the management of the Monarch
Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (SEMARNAT-MBBR) and
the Michoacn Forestry Commission (known by its Spanish acronym COFOM) for the field data and phytosanitary
reports provided, and the Scientific Research Office of
the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicols de Hidalgo
(known by its Spanish acronym CIC-UMSNH) for funding
this research.
End of English Version
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