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Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

The Papal Basilica of St Paul Outside the Walls


(Italian: Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le Mura),
commonly known as St Pauls Outside the Walls, is one
of Romes four ancient major basilicas or papal basilicas:[Notes 2] the basilicas of St. John Lateran, St. Mary
Major, and St. Peters and Saint Paul Outside the Walls.
James Michael Harvey was named archpriest of the basilica in 2012.

and basilica to his congregation and Odo placed Balduino


of Monte Cassino in charge. Pope Gregory VII was abbot of the monastery and in his time Pantaleone, a rich
merchant of Amal who lived in Constantinople, presented the bronze doors of the basilica maior, which were
executed by Constantinopolitan artists; the doors are inscribed with Pantaleones prayer that the doors of life
may be opened to him.[1] Pope Martin V entrusted it to
the monks of the Congregation of Monte Cassino. It
was then made an abbey nullius. The abbots jurisdiction extended over the districts of Civitella San Paolo,
1 History
Leprignano, and Nazzano, all of which formed parishes.
But the parish of San Paolo in Rome is under the jurisThe basilica was founded by the Roman Emperor
diction of the cardinal vicar.
Constantine I over the burial place of Saint Paul, where it
was said that, after the Apostles execution, his followers
erected a memorial, called a cella memoriae. This rst
edice was expanded under Valentinian I in the 370s.
In 386, Emperor Theodosius I began erecting a much
larger and more beautiful basilica with a nave and four
aisles with a transept; the work including the mosaics was
not completed until Leo I's ponticate (440461). In the
5th century it was larger than the Old St. Peters Basilica.
The Christian poet Prudentius, who saw it at the time of
emperor Honorius (395423), describes the splendours
of the monument in a few expressive lines. As it was dedicated also to Saints Taurinus and Herculanus, martyrs of
Ostia in the 5th century, it was called the basilica trium
Dominorum (basilica of Three Lords).
Under Gregory the Great (590604) the basilica was ex- Cloister of the monastery of San Paolo fuori le mura
tensively modied. The pavement was raised to place the
altar directly over Pauls tomb. A confession permitted The graceful cloister of the monastery was erected beaccess to the Apostles sepulcher.
tween 1220 and 1241.
In that period there were two monasteries near the basil- From 1215 until 1964 it was the seat of the Latin Patriica: St. Aristuss for men and St. Stefanos for women.
arch of Alexandria.
Masses were celebrated by a special body of clerics instituted by Pope Simplicius. Over time the monasteries and On 15 July 1823 a re, started through the negligence
the basilicas clergy declined; Pope Saint Gregory II re- of a workman who was repairing the lead of the roof, restored the former and entrusted the monks with the basil- sulted in the almost total destruction of the basilica which,
alone of all the churches of Rome, had preserved its primicas care.
itive character for 1435 years. It was re-opened in 1840,
As it lay outside the Aurelian Walls, the basilica was dam- and reconsecrated 1855 with the presence of Pope Pius
aged in the 9th century during the Saracen invasions. IX and fty cardinals. Completing the works of reconConsequently, Pope John VIII (872882) fortied the struction took longer, however, and many countries made
basilica, the monastery, and the dwellings of the peas- their contributions. The Viceroy of Egypt sent pillars of
antry, forming the town of Joannispolis (Italian: Giovan- alabaster, the Emperor of Russia the precious malachite
nipoli) which existed until 1348, when an earthquake to- and lapis lazuli of the tabernacle. The work on the printally destroyed it.
cipal faade, looking toward the Tiber, was completed
In 937, when Saint Odo of Cluny came to Rome, Alberic by the Italian Government, which declared the church a
II of Spoleto, Patrician of Rome, entrusted the monastery national monument. On 23 April 1891 the explosion of
1

2 ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR

The Holy Door

Arnolfo di Cambio's tabernacle

Interior of the church

Apse mosaic (1220). The apse mosaic was made by Venetian


artists. Christ is anked by the Apostles Peter, Paul, Andrew and
Luke.

2 Architecture and interior


the gunpowder magazine at Forte Portuense destroyed the The covered portico that precedes the faade is a Neostained glass windows.
classicist addition of the 19th-century reconstruction.
On 31 May 2005 Pope Benedict XVI ordered the Basilica The 20th-century door includes the remains of the leaves
to come under the control of an Archpriest and he named from the original portal, executed by Staurachius of Chios
Archbishop Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo as around 1070 in Constantinople, with scenes from the New
its rst archpriest.
and Old Testament. On the right is the Holy Door, which

Detail of the apse mosaic: portrait of Pope Honorius III, who


ordered the mosaic

cient basilica are the interior portion of the apse with the
triumphal arch. The mosaics of the apse, work by Pietro
Cavallini, were mostly lost in the 1823 re; only a few
traces were incorporated in the reconstruction. The 5thcentury mosaics of the triumphal arch are original: an inscription in the lower section attest they were done at the
time of Leo I, paid by Galla Placidia. The subject portrays the Apocalypse of John, with the bust of Christ in
the middle anked by the 24 doctors of the church, surmounted by the ying symbols of the four Evangelists.
St. Peter and St. Paul are portrayed at the right and left
of the arch, the latter pointing downwards (probably to
his tomb).
The tabernacle of the confession of Arnolfo di Cambio
(1285) belong to the 13th century.
In the old basilica each pope had his portrait in a frieze
extending above the columns separating the four aisles
and naves. A 19th-century version can be seen now. The
naves interior walls were also redecorated with scenes
from Saint Pauls life in two mosaics.
The sacristy contains a ne statue of Pope Boniface IX.
South of the transept is the cloister, considered one
of the most beautiful of the Middle Ages.[2] Built by
Vassalletto in 1205-1241, it has double columns of different shapes. Some columns have inlays with golden and
coloured-glass mosaics; the same decoration can be seen
on the architrave and the inner frame of the cloister. Also
visible are fragments from the destroyed basilica and ancient sarcophagi, one with scenes of the myth of Apollo.

3 The tomb of St. Paul


According to tradition, Pauls body was buried two miles
away from the place of his martyrdom, in the sepulchral
area along the Ostiense Way, which was owned by a
Christian woman named Lucina. A tropaeum was erected
on it and quickly became a place of veneration.[Notes 3]

Plan of the basilica

is opened only during the Jubilees.


The new basilica has maintained the original structure
with one nave and four aisles. It is 131.66 metres (432.0
ft) long, 65 metres (213 ft)-wide, and 29.70 metres (97.4
ft)-high, the second largest in Rome.
The naves 80 columns and its stucco-decorated ceiling
are from the 19th century. All that remains of the an-

Constantine I erected a basilica on the tropaeums site,


and the basilica was signicantly extended by Theodosius
I from 386, into what is now known as Saint Paul Outside
the Walls. During the 4th century, Pauls remains, excluding the head, were moved into a sarcophagus. (According to church tradition the head rests at the Lateran.)
Pauls tomb is below a marble tombstone in the Basilicas
crypt, at 1.37 metres (4.5 ft) below the altar. The tombstone bears the Latin inscription PAULO APOSTOLO
MART (to Paul the apostle and martyr). The inscribed
portion of the tombstone has three holes, two square and
one circular. The circular hole is connected to the tomb
by a pipeline, reecting the Roman custom of pouring
perfumes inside the sarcophagus, or to the practice of
providing the bones of the dead with libations. The sarcophagus below the tombstone measures 2.55 metres (8.4
ft) long, 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) wide and 0.97 metres (3.2
ft) high.

8 NOTES

4 Abbots
18671895 Leopoldo Zelli Jacobuzi
18951904 Bonifacio Oslaender
19041918 Giovanni del Papa
19181929 Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster
19291955 Ildebrando Vannucci
19551964 Cesario D'Amato
19641973 Giovanni Battista Franzoni
19731980 Position empty
19801988 Giuseppe Nardin
19881996 Luca Collino
19961997 Position empty
19972005 Paolo Lunardon
2005present Edmund Power
Front of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

5 Archpriests
Cardinal Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo
(31 May 2005 3 July 2009)
The discovery of the sarcophagus is mentioned in the
chronicle of the Benedictine monastery attached to the
Basilica, in regard to the 19th century rebuilding. Unlike
other sarcophagi found at that time, this was not mentioned in the excavation papers.[3]
On 6 December 2006, it was announced that Vatican archaeologists had conrmed the presence of a white marble sarcophagus beneath the altar, perhaps containing
the remains of the Apostle.[4][5] A press conference held
on 11 December 2006[6] gave more details of the work
of excavation, which lasted from 2002 to 22 September 2006, and which had been initiated after pilgrims to
the basilica expressed disappointment that the Apostles
tomb could not be visited or touched during the Jubilee
year of 2000.[7] The sarcophagus was not extracted from
its position, so that only one of its two narrow sides is
visible.[8]
A curved line of bricks indicating the outline of the apse
of the Constantinian basilica was discovered immediately
to the west of the sarcophagus, showing that the original basilica had its entrance to the east, like Saint Peters Basilica in the Vatican. The larger 386 basilica that
replaced it had the Via Ostiense (the road to Ostia) to
the east and so was extended westward, towards the river
Tiber, changing the orientation diametrically.

Cardinal Francesco Monterisi (3 July 2009 23


November 2012)
Cardinal James Michael Harvey (23 November
2012 )

6 Other burials
Thibaud of Ostia

7 See also
Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura
List of Greco-Roman roofs

8 Notes
[1] The basilica, which is owned by the Holy See (article 13
of the Lateran Treaty), form(s) part of the territory of
the Italian State (but) enjoy(s) the immunities granted by
International Law to the headquarters of the diplomatic
agents of foreign States (article 15 of the Lateran Treaty).

[2] Benedict XVIs theological act of renouncing the title of


"Patriarch of the West" had as consequence that Roman
Catholic patriarchal basilicas are today ocially known as
Papal basilicas.
[3] the earliest account of a visit to the memorials of the
apostles is attributed to Gaius, the Presbyter, who lived
when Zephyrinus was bishop of Rome [AD 199217]",
as quoted by Eusebius reporting that I can point out the
tropaia of the Apostles [Peter and Paul]; for if you go to
the Vatican or the Ostian Way, you will nd the tropaia of
those who founded this Church.

References

[1] Margaret English Frazer, Church Doors and the Gates of


Paradise: Byzantine Bronze Doors in Italy, Dumbarton
Oaks Papers 27 (1973:145162)
[2] Hinzen-Bohlen, p. 411
[3] Gheddo, Piero (2006-09-22). Asia News: Saint Pauls
sarcophagus found. Asianews.it. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
[4] St. Pauls Tomb Unearthed in Rome. National Geographic News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 21 July
2013.
[5] St Paul burial place conrmed. Catholic News Agency.
2006-12-06. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
[6] Communiqu about the press conference
[7] Associated Press: ''Have St. Pauls remains been unearthed?''". MSNBC. 2006-12-07. Retrieved 2013-0304.
[8] Fraser, Christian (2006-12-07). Christian Fraser, St
Pauls tomb unearthed in Rome, BBC News, 7 December
2006. BBC News. Retrieved 2013-03-04.

Hinze-Bohlen, Brigitte. Kunst & Architektur-ROM.


Cologne: Knemann.
Rendina, Claudio (2000). Enciclopedia di Roma.
Newton & Compton. pp. 867868.

10

Further reading

Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century,
no. 439-440, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York, ISBN 9780870991790

11

External links

The Papal Basilica St Paul Outside-the-Walls, ocial site.

"St. Paul-without-the-Walls". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
St. Pauls Tomb Unearthed in Rome on National
Geographic News, including a photograph of a side
of the sarcophagus.
The tombs of the apostles: Saint Paul
3D Model of the church
Reliquary of St. Annes forearm venerated in a side
chapel

12

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12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


Text

Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica%20of%20Saint%20Paul%20Outside%20the%


20Walls?oldid=644316587 Contributors: Panairjdde, Olivier, Sannse, JASpencer, Disdero, Adam Bishop, Warofdreams, Wetman, The
lorax, Gentgeen, Radomil, GreatWhiteNortherner, Pauldanon, Matt Crypto, Gugganij, Andycjp, Daniel,levine, Gerald Farinas, DMG413,
D6, Pmadrid, Pasquale, Rich Farmbrough, Dbachmann, Lima, Bill Thayer, Polylerus, JYolkowski, Dachannien, Simone, Ghirlandajo,
David Haslam, Rjwilmsi, Eoghanacht, Angusmclellan, Gryndor, Vegaswikian, Heelgrasper, FlaBot, Jcmurphy, Chobot, Gdrbot, YurikBot, Borgx, RussBot, Thane, HieroHawk, Howcheng, C colorado, Morgan Leigh, Nlu, Nikkimaria, Fastifex, Attilios, Srnec, Hmains,
Carl.bunderson, Derek72, CARAVAGGISTI, AdeMiami, Kendrick7, Will Beback, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Ian Spackman, A. Parrot,
Neddyseagoon, Alessandro57, Micael, LonelyPilgrim, Joey80, Mattbr, Erik Kennedy, Namayan, Cydebot, Colin S, Amandajm, PamD,
Thijs!bot, Marek69, Amity150, Sluzzelin, JAnDbot, MegX, Stonemad GB, Sodabottle, The Anomebot2, Gun Powder Ma, Gwern, STBot,
Yonidebot, Bewareofdog, DadaNeem, Student7, TXiKiBoT, Rei-bot, JhsBot, Juanrra, Nedrutland, SwordSmurf, Jpeeling, Truthanado,
Pjoef, Yoyobenoit, Bacon911, SuzanneIAM, Afernand74, MrsKrishan, Vanished user ewsn2348tui2f8n2o2utjfeoi210r39jf, David1955,
Soidi, Dvl007, TIY, Snaufal, ., Send2wj, Mattissa, EstherLois, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Mephiston999, , Ondewelle,
Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, TaBOT-zerem, Eric-Wester, 1oddbins1, AnomieBOT, Tango7174, Galoubet, JackieBot, Citation bot, Xqbot, Cureden, Cavila, Platia, Aidas, Yimingbao, LazyLizaJane, Rule 56, SkinnyPrude, RedBot, Trifecta dogs, Lotje, Esoglou, EmausBot, Stebunik, Wikipelli, Rcsprinter123, Eccekevin, FAM1885, MIKHEIL, Rotgild, BG19bot, Rococo1700, ChrisGualtieri,
WilliamDigiCol, Lparsp, Tentinator, Dnalor 01, The Herald, Livioandronico2013, CogitoErgoSum14, JoeHebda, Redheadrambler and
Anonymous: 50

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with the normal appearance of old mosaics, and because the original appeared to have had its colour enhanced (ie. over-strengthened.)
Lowering the intensity makes subtle variations of colour, tone and detail apparent. Original artist: Alberto Fernandez Fernandez
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