,.1a;:.

. 20

13ra.nch

,'tu:>ti)elnstic ::;action

ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS

No. II

United States Department of the Interior

BUREAU OF HECLAMATION

HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURES
ON DAMS DUE TO
HORIZONTAL EARTHQUAI(E EFFECTS
by C. N.

Zangar

TC

163
.U58

er, Colorado

R4
no.11
1952
c. 2

1952

10 cents

United States Department of the Interior

OSCAR L. CHAPMAN, Secretary
Bureau of Reclamation
MICHAEL W. S'IRAUS, Commissioner
L. N. McCLELLAN, Chief Engineer

Engineering Monograph

No.

1.1

HYDR'.ODYNAMlC PRESSURES
ON DAMS DUE ~()
HORIZONTAL EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS

by C. N. Zangar
Photoelastic Unit
Dams Branch
Design and Construction Division

Technical Information Office

Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado

ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS are published

in limited editions for the technical staff of the
Bureau of Reclamation and interested technical
circles in government and private agencies.
Their purpose is to record developments, innovations, and progress in the engineeriDg and
scientific techniques and practices that are employed ~n pie pla~g, design, co~tructi!:>n, ~nd
operation: of Reclamation structtn-es and equipment. Copies may be. obtainEt from the. Bureau
of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center~ Denver,
Colorado,
and' Washington,
D.- c,
.
''
..
~

,' ,'.

'

'

'

,-

"

'

-.

CONTENTS

Page
INTRODUCTION

NOTATION

THEORY

EARTHQUAKE INTENSITIES

ELECTRIC ANALOG PROCEDURE .

APPLICATION OF DATA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF FIGURES
Page

Number
.1. Displacement of fluid relative to face of dam

2,

Typical flow net . . . . . .

3. Electric analogy tray model .

4.

Diagrammatic layout of electric analogy tray

5.

Pressure coefficients for constant sloping faces

Values of c for combination slopes in which the inclusive angle

is 150, arid vertical portion of upstream face is variable . .

....

for combination slopes in which the inclusive angle

is 30, and vertical portion of upstream face is variable .

.....

c for combination slopes in which the inclusive anP."le

is 45, and vertical portion of upstream face is variable .

.....

10

. . . ...

11

6. Comparison of experimental and empirical pressure distribution curves

7.

8. Values of C
9. Values of

10. Values of C for combination slopes in which the inclusive angle

is soo, and vertical portion of upstream face is variable
11.

Values of C for combination slopes in which the inclusive angle

is 750, and vertical portion of upstream face is variable

12. Values of
13. Values of
14. Values of

c
c
c

12

for variable slopes with vertical portion always h/4

13

for variable slopes with vertical portion always h/2

14

for variable slopes with vertical portion always (3/4)h

15

LIST OF TABLES
Page

Number
1.

~rrors

introduced by assumption that water is incompressible

ii

INTRODUCTION

net C is a function of the shape of the dam

and reservoir and is unaffected by the intensity of the quake. The designer need only
select a reasonable value for ex: and use the
proper C values given herein to determine
the water pressures on any dam due to a
horizontal earthquak8. With the water pressures known the stresses in the dam can be
computed by statical methods.

This monograph presents a rapid, inexpensive, and accurate method for determining
the increase in water pressure on dams, or
on vessels of any shape, due to horizontal
earthquakes and gives the magnitude of these
pressures for a number of cases. Although
earlier papers1* have shown that the increase in water pressure on dams due to
earthquake is not excessively large, it is an
important factor in their design. It has been
recognized 2 that water pressures due to
earthquake diminish with decrease in the
upstream slope of a dam, but to the writer's
knowledge data do not exist giving these
pressures as a function of slope. Mathematical methods may be used to compute
these pressures, but they are complicated
and time-consuming.

NOTATION

coefficient giving the distribution and magnitude of pressures (dimensionless)

bulk modulus of water

acceleration due to gravity

depth of reservoir at section

being studied

velocity of sound in
water

moment of the pressure Pe

above y and about y

The electric analog method consists of

constructing a tray geometrically similar
to the dam and reservoir area. A linearly
varying electric potential is placed along the
boundar_y representing the upstream face of
the dam, and a constant electric potential is
placed along the boundary representing the
bottom of the reservoir. The tray is then
filled with an electrolyte and the streamlines
are surveyed by means of a modified Wheatstone bridge. The distribution and magnitude of pressures on the face of the dam are
obtained from the equipotential lines that
are constructed from the streamlines. The
procedure is explained later in detail.

increase in water pressure at

point .y due to the horizontal
earthquake
T

period of the earthquake

vibration

time
total horizontal shear at y
due to Pe

The increase in water pressure, Pe,

caused by an earthquake is given by the
equation
=

acceleration due to earthquake

maximum value of C for constant slopes

Jf water is assumed to be incompressible, 3 an electric analog may be used to determine the magnitude and distribution of the
water pressure increases caused by a hori zontal earthquake on a dam of any profile.
Although this assumption is not conservative, a comparison with Westergaard's 1
analytical results for dams with vertical
upstream faces shows that for dams under
400 feet in height the error is exceedingly
small, and that it is not excessive for dams
as high as 800 feet

Pe

Ca.wh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)

u,v,s

three orthogonal displacements

x,y,z

rectangular coordinates

OC

As shown under Notation, w is the unit

weight of water, h the depth of the reservoir at the section being studied, and Ci
the horizontal earthquake intensity. C, the
unknown qua.Iltity, defines the magnitude and
distribution of pressures which are determined by the equipotential lines in the flow

unit weight of water

horizontal earthquake intensity = ....:.

g

i-o

*Superscripts refer to similarly numbered

references in bibliography.

displacement of ground

potential

angle between a vertical and

the upstream face of dam

THEORY

When the compressibility of water is

considered in the hydrodynamic effect of a
horizontal earthquake, it is convenient to
assume that the earthquake manifests itself
in a harmonic motion. Analytic solutions
are also based upon the assumption that the
dam is a rigid wall that moves as a unit with
the foundation. The displacements are assumed to be small and may be determined
from the equation
E, 0

= -

cr:;~2

y
I

w a2u
g 8t2"
w a2v

at2

r--?f~v

oy

I
I
u -->k-- u -->!

!+----- Eo -----~

FIGURE 1 - Displacement of fluid

relative to face of dam.
after consideration of Figure 1. For the
two-dimensional case, the displacements at
the face are:

. . . . . . . . . . . (3)

With these assumptions for a compressible fluid, the conditions of continuity are
given by the equation

ox

_/,r-

~I
~-

as az -

pe

. ... ...

(4)

'E

Using equations (3) and (4), the following

differential equation for the pressure in
three-dimensional flow is obt2ined
g2pe ()2Pe o2Pe
--+--+ax2
oy2
oz2

u ............ ...

(7)

v ............ ......

(8)

= t0

v =

au + 8v +

cos [ 2;t} ..... (2)

By assuming that the displacements of the

water body are small, the differential equations in rectangular coordinates expressing
the relationship of pressure (Pe), time (t),
8.nd the three orthogonal displacements u,
v, and s are:

The top indices refer to the movement of

the water relative to the darri.. The displacement component perpendicular to any point
on the face of the dam must be zero since
the face is a streamline. Therefore, the
following equation may be written:
u + v tan 9 = E. 0

(9)

Now, if water is considered as incompressible, E and hence K become infinite.

With K ii:ifinite the right sides of equations
(5) and (6) become zero. For two-dimensional flow (only two-dimensional flow is
considered hereafter) and an incompressible
fluid, equation (6) then becomes:

For two-dimensional flow the equation

becomes

a2pe a2pe
ax2 + 8y2 = 0 . . . . . . . . . (10)

Analytically the problem resolves itself

into determining solutions for the differential
equations (5) or (6) which also satisfy the
boundary conditions. The general conditions
to be met at any boundary may be written

This is Laplace's equation, which also

governs the steady state flow of electricity.
Therefore, the electric analogy tray apparatus may be used to obtain flow nets for
studying horizontal earthquake effects on
dams of various upstream shapes. The flow
net is an orthogonal system which consists
of two sets of curves, one representing
streamlines and the other equipotential lines.

O.Oh

0.2h

0.4h

0.6h

0.8h

O
I

0.1
I

I. Oh

o. 4

O.!

0.2
I

SCALE FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF C

FIGURE 2 - Typical flow net.

Once the flow net is obtained, the proper
scale of the pressures in the net must be
determined. The pressure scale is easily
determined by the following considerations:

The pressure distribution and magnitude

are shown in the attached figures for several
upstream slopes of dams. The pressures
are given by the equation
Pe

a. Divide the reservoir depth h

into n equal parts

In order to determine the total horizontal

force due to an earthquake, it is necessary
to lmow the acceleration of the quake or the
earthquake intensity. The use of earthquake
spectra 4 , 5 derived from recorded accelerographs is s~gested for determining the intensity. Biot s 4 proposed standard spectrum
may be used if a damage scale is applied
since it does not include damping. A joint
committee of the ASCE and Structural Engineer's Association of California6 has applied a damage factor to Biot's proposed
spectrum and has suggested that the maxi mum value of ex be 0.10 and the minimum
value O. 03 for other than frame structures.
The Bureau of Reclamation has consistently
used a horizontal intensity, o::, 0.10 on
dams, along with a vertical intensity of about
equal or smaller magnitude. Kosi Dam and
Bhakra Dam in India, however, were ana lyzed for a horizontal earthquake intensity
of 0.15.

d. Apply the equations of motion

and continuity to a square in the flow
net (see. Figure 2). Then

o.::h [~ cos~} . . .

(11)

Equation (11) determines the scale of the

pressure. The equation can be further simplified if the flow net is ma9.e into squares
so thatt. =b..s. Only the maximum pressure increase is important, which occurs
when t = T. And so equation (11) becomes
, .t.Pe

(13)

EARTHQUAKE INTENSITIES

c. Nb water can flow across a

streamline at any point

Ca::wh . . . . . . .

which is equivalent to equation (12).

.. . b. Assume the dam is rigid, then

the same quantity of water must flow
through each element

b.Pe

'

n crwh . . . . . . . . . . . (12)

Resonance in dams is not apt to occur

for several reasons. The fundamental
period of vibration of the usual concrete or
earth gravity dam will be from 0. 08 to
about LOO second i, 7,s while the maximum

The pressure coefficient C becomes the

1/n value which is determined directly from
the nominal value of the equipotential line
intersecting the face of the dam.
3

Vertical Portit'ln of Upstream

Face of Dom
(Varroble Potential Boundary)........_\

,,,,--water s u r f a c e - - - : - - ,

Slop;ng Port;on of Upstream/

8a$e of Reservoir ----(Constant

Foce of Dom
{Variable Potentiol Boundary I

Potential Boundary)

FIGURE 3 - Electric analogy tray model.

a wide range of fundamental periods. The
spectra should be obtained by subjecting the
structure with damping to actual recorded
accelerograms of destructive earthquakes
such as the Helena, Montana quake of 1935,
the Ferndale, California quake of 1938, and
the El Centro, California quake of 1940.

energy of the earthquake appears in most

spectra 4,5,6 at a period of approximately
0. 2 second. Resonance with the foundation
is not apt to occur since studies of the fundamental ground periods 9 show values of
0.03 to 0.05 seconds. Although earthquakes
are experimentally and analytically treated
as h::i.rmonic, recorded ground motions do
not appear to be harmonic in the destructive
zone of the quake, and a steady state response of the structures is usually not established. Also, many forms of damping
that are difficult to evaluate act to prevent
resonance.

ELECTRIC ANALOG PROCEDURE

The electric analogy tray experiments
(see Figure 3) were conducted by first constructing a tank of sheet plastic 2 inche&
deep, 32 inches long, and 4 inches wide. The
plastic boundary at one end of the tank was
shaped to represent the upstream face of
the dam being studied (see Figure 4), while
the plastic boundary at the opposite end of
the tank is merely installed in a plane. Any
shape for this latter boundary could be used
if it is placed upstream a distance greater

At the present time, the choice of earthquake intensity to apply to a structure must
be based upon experience in conjunction with
available seismic records. Earthquake
spectra inc:.I.uding the effects of damping
need to be determined for structures having

UPSTREAM FACE OF DAM---,

(LINEAR POTENTIAL BOUNDARY) \
I

,-- ''-WATER SURFACE-_,-,

ELECTROLYTE REPRESENTS RESERVOIR

-<-.

'' ..PROBING

BASE OF RESERVOIR--'
l OONSTANT POTENTIAL BOUNDARY l

NEEDLE

, .. _CATHODE RAY
NULL INDICATOR

VOLTAGE ,,-~ ..
AMPLIFIER ..

TO POWER SUPPLY

FIGURE

4-

Diagrammatic layout of electric analogy tray.

4

read a constant potential, say 10 percent,

and several points in the tray at this potential are determined, plotted on coordinate
paper, and connected by a smooth curve.
This process is repeated for bridge settings
at 10 percent intervals from 20 through 90
percent. The plot of the electric potential
gives the streamline spacing in the prototype. The potentials in the prototype are
now drawn perpendicular to the streamlines
forming a system of squares as illustrated
in the example of Figure 2. The zero potential is the water surface. Proceeding into
the fluid along a streamline, the potential
lines in the square net become in succession
the 10 percent, 20 percent, 30 percent, etc.
A potential line gives the value of the pressure coefficient, C. Therefore, the pressure coefficient at the face of the dam is the
value of the potential line at ifs intersection
with the face of the dam.

than three times the height of the dam. In

these experiments the distance was made Sh
Since the theory assumes that the dam
moves as a rigid body into (or away from)
the reservoir water, the quantity of water
displaced for any elemental height of dam
will be equal to that quantity displaced at
any other element of height. This boundary
condition can be met in the analogy by establishing a linearly varying potential along
the plastic boundary representing the upstream face of the dam. Nichrome wire was
wound around this boundary to bring about
the linear drop in potential. All streamlines
at the face of the dam (see Figure 2) will
then have the same vertical spacing h/n.
Since the bottom of the reservoir is a
streamline, a constant potential electrode
represented by a copper strip is placed along
this boundary. Naturally the potential at the
base of the dam must be the same as the
potential along the reservoir bottom. Note
that in this analogy the electric potentials
represent the streamlines of the prototyped
problem.

APPLICATION OF DATA
In order to make this study of general
value to designers, pressures due to earthquake were determined for several shapes
of dams. Dams studied were those with
constant upstream slopes 9 of 0, 15, 30,
45, 60, and 75 degrees. The pressure at the
base of the dam and the maximum pressure
on the slope are shown in Figure 5. The

Proper boundary potentials having been

established, the tray is filled with an electrolyte. Experience has shown that ordinary
tap water is a S'l.tisfactory electrolyte. The
model or tray is connected to a modified
Wheatstone bridge and to the power supply
as shown in Figure 4. The bridge is set to
.J

cCJ
i=
It:

0
(J)

~~
. _ ......

b
Q)

LI.I

:c

.... ~
2
00

e:

'~

.. "l'ol...

<O

IO

fl

" ~

~ ~- ....

' .... c

'

LI.I 0
CJ 0

ll___ .I\

~O~/.~

I
I

. .. . I

h
I

'~ ....
o~ '

~:::fd..

"o">\

zo
c If)

,
-

TYPICAL PRESSURE
DIAGRAM

~-

'-"".... r".... .... ..

-....... -

CDo

"I ~'

... t\I

......

LI.I~

"' 0

:.>
.J

_____ i_l..-ftbose

~YPICAL SECTION

i.i- ..fkmox .

o,~~ .......

~b

I~

;.'!:a

I~

~v

C!>

:.;~ ek

.'Cf:::.

60.. \ ....

~b

RH. W. S""t

0.1

0.2

0.3
0.4
0.5
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT C

0.6

I"~

FIGURE 5 - Pressure coefficients for constant sloping faces.

5

0.7

ILi

!!: 0.2~~~~__.:::~p..,,~...:o.,~....::::.;~-~!IO:'"",.--r---,---,.--.--;

oO

:~
a:: ILi 0.31-~......+--Plt'Yr~:----f'~-+~-.C---"'RM!~~rl--t--;
:::>
Cl)

Cl)

ILi

~a:: o.4~----lf..---4,;--~1---+~-+-~:--+~+-~~n~~--+--i
o""
.J 0
~ ~

0. 5 ~----lf.---4--.Ji~l---+--rl~-+~:lf;.:..;;...+-~t--i~:-t-~--+L,;.:;:.,............,_T-'_-r---L.+---t

a.

~ ~ 0.61-~~--+-~tt---t--+~*-"'"---Hrt-t--P--t--lltt--+-""'t--+--_.__ _.__-+--;
Cl .J
... Cl

!!? ~

0. 7 L----l---+---tl-+-t--+--t---t--T-tt----1r----W--+-"ti""--;-~

Q ...

11

o.e~~--+---+llf--t---t--lt---t---t1t--t---tt---1:----t't--t---t\'c-.,--.--i---1

>-1.c

0.8

0.9

FIGURE 6 - Comparison of experimental and empirical pressure

distribution curves.
moment Me above y due to Pe may analytically be shown to be

pressure coefficient, C, varies almost

linearly from 0. 735 for a dam with vertical
face 9 = O degrees, to 0.165 for 9 = 75
degr~es. The distribution of pressure for
these constant slopes is shown in Figure 6.
To permit rapid use of these data by designers, the experimentally determined pressure curves of Figure 6 are represented by
a family of parabolas which closely approxi mate the experimental curves for constant
slopes. The parabolic distribution is given
by the equation

c
c = ;: [

+~*

(2 -

(2 -

Ve= 0.726PeY . . . . . . . . . (16)

and
0.299 PeY2 . . . . . . . . (17)
If one desires, he may use the experimentally determined results of Figure 6 in
preference to the ap:proximations of equations (15), (16), and (17).

*)

>] . ........ (14)

Figure 2 is a typical flow net system.

The percent value of the equipotential lines
gives the magnitude of the pressure coeffieient C. Figures 7 through 14 show the
magnitude and distribution of pressures for
certain combinations of vertical with sloping
faces of dams.

where Cm is the ~muin valu,e of C obtained from Figure 5. So, for dams with
constant upstream slopes the increase in
pressure due to horizontal earthquake
becomes
Pe

t~hCm

+~*

(2 -

The slight errors resulting from the

assumption of incompressibility of water
can be shown by comparing the experimental
values for pressure on a vertical face with
~Westergaard's exact analytical solution.
Westergaard'$ data are computed for a
period T of 4/3 seconds. Table 1 shows
percent errors for several heights of dams.
Minus signs preceding the percentages
indicate values less than those given by
Westergaard.

[f (2 - t>
*")] ......... (15)'

The total horizontal force Ve above any

elevation y and the total overturning
6

Interior - Reclamation .. Denver. Colo.

Table 1

2. Hinds, J., Creager, W. P., and Justin,

J.D., Engineering for Dams, Volume II,
John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1945, pp.
279-286.

PERCENTAGE ERRORS INTRODUCED

BY ASSUMPTION THAT WATER
IS INCOMPRESSIBLE

Quantity

100'

Height of Dam
200' 400' .600.!..

Pe

-0.9

-1. 9

-5.2

-9.1

-15. 7

Ve

-1. 7

-2.4

-4.9

-8.8

-14.8

Me

+1.1

+0.2

-2.1

-5.8

-11.5

800'

3. Werner, P. W. and Sundquist, K. J. l

"On Hydrodynamic Earthquake Effects,'
Transactions American Geophysical Union,
Volume 30, 1949.
4. Biot, M.A., "A Mechanical Analyzer
for the Prediction of Earthquake Stresses,"
Bulletin, Seismological Society America,
Volume 31, No. 2, April 1941, pp. 151-171.

or

5. Glover, R. E., "Earthquake Stresses

in Frame Structures," Proceedings ACI,
Volume 38, 1942, pp. 453-470.

These errors are small and are usually

negligible compared to the total water force
applied to the dam.

6. "Lateral Forces of Earthquake and

Wind," Proceedings ASCE, Volume 77, 1951,
(Separate No. 66). (Joint Committee Report,
San Francisco Section ASCE and Structural Engineers' Association of Northern
California. )

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

7. Reiland, C. A. , ''Geophysical Investi gations Concerning the Seismic Resistance

of Earth Dams," Technical Publication No.
1054, AIMME, 1939.

H. J. Kahm, John R. Brizzolara, and

Robert J. Haefeli assisted in carrying out
the electric analogy experiments. Figures
were prepared by H. E. Willmann.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

8. Mononobe, N., Takata, A. and Matumural M., "Seismic Stability of the Earth
Dam, ' Question VII, Second Congress on
Large Dams, Washington, D. C., 1936.

1. Westergaard, H. M., "Wat;; Pressures on Dams During Earthquakes, Transactions ASCE, Volume 98, 1933, pp. 418-433.

9. Bernhard, R. K, "Geophysical Study

of Soil Mechanics," Technical Publication
No. 834, AIMME, 1938.

RY

-~

20
.
------~- --~
.

..

Bureau of Redamation

. Cenler

ID "'ii

~~
I-'

NOTES
Pe=Cawh

t.:i::.l

Where, Pe is pressure due to horizontal earthquake

(lbs. per sq. ft.)
C is a pressure coefficient

m -...;i
I-'

a is the horizontal earthquake intensity(0.1,02,etc.)

~<1

'" !!.
l~

SHAPE A -I

o.

<I 0

Water Surface-)

~H:J
ct-

1-'oO

()

0.

H:J
0

SHAPE A-2

I'd '1
0
'1 ()

~~

0 ~
H:J ct-

......

;;~

,gm 8

"

>.l.c

SHAPE A-3

0.7

llf,+rrv-:-'- --;:-;li41

0.8

~ 'g

ID_...,.
() ;:I
CD
...... ~

-~-===-

t-

ct- m
'1 I-'
CD 0
H:J

-~

;~~~"'f'~00.6
""'

;:I I-'

co

Water Surface-/;.
---=-----

0.5

0.9

1.00

I-'

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

~:- :.

.. :

. -.-.

SHAPE A-4

PRESSURE COEFFIClENT C

()

<I P"

Water

...... P"
ID CD

C'
I-' ......
CD ()
~

~
m
......

Surface-~~

~~

cT

)(

;!!
r

...
I

VERTICAL

'

IOlj

~
.....
I'll

CX>

!..Al

~5
'" ~

~!

<I 0
~ 1-b

Ii
i

NOTES
Pe =Cawh

Where, P9 is pressure due to horizontal earthquake

(lbs. per sq. fl.)
C is o pressure coefficient

a is the hori1ontal earthquake intensity (0.1, O.Z, etc.)

w is the unit weight of water \lbs. per cu. ft.)

o,~

0.1

0.2

0.3

l'k~
~

(')

~
'd

Iii

~
~

i'-Jl'l~
"'-l I "l I~~
N\11 N~

PN[\\I 1+~~1
IIIIIII
'1-r
'Rtt V[Tl Nd 1111

"'01"

~go.4

<I>

=>

-~

!~

~~
i::s .......

t:J

SHAPE B -I

""

ct

1-'oQ

h is the depth of the reservoir(!!.)

~ 0 o.5
..,:i:

u>-

za.
~~

~
1-b .ct
.....
0

0.6

XI'\
y ~'g I\

"

,a 8

~1.c

q~
CD 0

~~I'll

1-b
Ill .....
0

CD

i::s

..... ~

I'll .....

o\1'01\-~\1___.

0.8

----~

0.9

l-----+--+--+------+-+--t---+-+--t---+----1-----1----

1.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

/F111
0.5

Water Surface-

:_;_-/!ti

;_, D'

I\
~

.t..

'-4--

~.

J -----'--

Jd~i' >\".,_____

~!h

_L
SHAPE B-4

<I P"
ct
..... P'

Water Surface--)

ij

g.

--- -

(b

..........
CD

g
~
m
.....
~

Water Surface- -'j/

------

h :

I\
0.7

r-r------.
j

'

I
0.6

,;o \,

SHAPE B-3

1/11 I I /f7
0.4
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT C

rr-77 \. ,-- -~ -

\I\

/I IH.!J_11y
rrr

0.7

I'll

SHAPE B-2

)(

,.,"O

rI

VERTICAL

--------

~~
tD'

.....
01

.J:-

\J1

~ti:!

Woter Surfaca-;;

\0
I

o~

'" ~

0.1

~ 0
'1 111
c+

r""Oi

~~

R: \::::::: ~ .,,_

\'-...

"" ~

fi

"'

~~0.4

1il

111 c+

.....

.....

.......

0.6

I/

-.....: t-.......
'~i-..

. : -~ :
SHAPE C-2

]'.... ['....

I\.

"~-~
'<

I~

I/

'~

01

111
ID ...,.

l/J

0.9

;::I

..... ~

1.00

01 .....

QI

02

0.3

~ t ____ c-~,--c_o_
:
: .. . .;.~.

[\

I\
'

Woter Surface-' 'i

I\

'

~<~-c........

/
0.5

0.6

- -

0.7

SHAPE C-4

~~

Water Surface_/)

~~
ID CD

C' -

..........

CD

g
~
.....

' ........ ,

SHAPE C-3

I--

0.4
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT C

""' ,
n

',,_

..... [......-

/_,,, v

,, ~

rr-;---~--[/:><.:-~~

--

"- I\

V:

OB

Water Surface';?

c+ 01
'1 .....

CD

\"{,
~
"\~!

0.7

01

s.~""'~c.. ~

I\

"'!~

.a 8
0

r---

\
\

UJ

li
~l
0

Woter Surfoce-'ji

~llL
., 0.5
j'!

~-:- ._._: :::..-.:~-

-: ....

r--....

~"'
~~

"

f!0 itr
;::I .....
0 g

.......
"-.

'\
'

"'I
0

~o

..... :::

SHAPE C-1

0.3

~111

"]'..

r--a~-~-~
:

02

.... a

....

....... ~

f'..,._

a!

'd

NOTES
P0 ,Gawh
Where, P0 is pressure due to horizontal earthquake
(lbs. per sq. ft.)
Cis a pressure coefficient
a is the horizontal earthquake intensity{o.1,02,etc.)

"'

VERTICAL

I b;I

~
(])

.....
Ol

0\

Where, Pe is pressure due to horizontal earthquake.

(lbs per sq. ft.)

......

01
0

...

K~

<!

I~

\I

L~-

0.1

p. (])

ct
.....
()

0.2

'
o1---:--l_J__"_1
-

'

1-b

I'd 0
~ Ii
ct 0

'i

OJ

(J>

I
I

10
. 0

t-J

Ol

<I
(])

'

-1-.

'

-1. -_ i

1-_

l+cr,~
4~,,r~~r.-'\ -_1.-

,,

1
____

1---_l --: - I '

'I.

'

~I

'
i '!

---+---l---'--_L~
'! l 'i .I 'i

'_

-f-

/\I

!I

I*''
-"
.
/
.
v

I_ i.-

--1--r-I

-t--t!
!
L

/I

0.1

--

./~

,/I

-1

'

-t-7--,--

'

_Ji.

I;

,/

0.2

,. -..-!
.

I
J.3

'

'

~-

-+

--f---t

-r

!\t"":
,

II

-1--1
I
.
I

I
I
l1j
I
i ' ' . ' !I -; I .:
.. ---,--

r-1---: __1.:. . i' J7 _ r--I

----I
!

t.. _
! I

Ii.-

;.'

1I:

0.4

"30EFF1C:f.NT G

I
! 'i

'

'

0.5

__

SHAPE D-2

rr

7::;;-:-;~:te~~fa:~~_:=---~

~ 2h

-+-1---r-r."-r---:--1

.;r~:~::~,
/

t-..i ' .

.o-

I.
!

;'

1\

+--,\-

___l.___.L_J. _ _, _ ,
0"
0.7

L/>
SHAPE D-3

~h

Water ;;urface,
~-::::=-=.t-~-------

---j':"l=-:::-=-=
/

<i-

'>

---

_,,<I. -, __ ' ' , , ,

,_:/ - --~.:i~-

LrC SHAPf 0-4

,,
I

I'll

r,

.&>

:;.

1L_/;- . . _:~ ',,,

rr t- -

-:--

'

..

f' .. . ""

----r--

' , . , . , ,

--i__--

_:i /'

t-

--

~ c~~~~ ~-

I-'

.....

1'-

'I*t '
I

'I

_' . I

i---j----
---'-- . -'------~'---'---[-..
I
I
!I I I~"
; "
I
-r- c-+-+---r-t
-r---~--;
-f--j-' . ---:--I
i
I . I . I .
-I

<

Water Surf.'ce

g,I-' ~

I-'

-+-

P~~ESSURE

<I 0
~ ::>'

'

[ _ !--f

;(

::t'

;:s

-+---_\___ '
'

09 __

(])

._--tl-e-.-r+. --l_I.... -Il-+--i_-fi-_

. --,_-----~-1-t~+: J:c:-L~
-~ -+---t:_ ;. -t---+ \i-+\--r- : '
'j ~' .fbI
' P:s~-:pe041

- +----1- +-+~l,l!'I
'.----:--t+--~'!/
.' 1.I I'
i 1 '
i I
:
i :
---t--1L - .
-:----r-~-L--f.-~
r---l--f-,-4i
I

1-b tll
I
QI-'
CD p

'

CD

ct

+I

'

I'

O.?l---

~_,

I-'

I'

'

08 1- - - -

Ol

-t---

' '

J-?h<!i'~ o-2L_i ,_~!i t--~NTI''

---~~L'<_)___J___
~--W.
i

I'

~ I'd
c

.....

1
I

'.

i '' . . -. . . '

~J-~:

Water Surface-

+--~~-l--t-1-+--~-:1-~
~"~ _rt_
--rtj ~J~- fJ~ __ w~r.~ ~ -~3~-r=rt~rTt-fi
~-r-l--r ~1-~

OJ
c;t

j_

I
-1

I.
- -- -+-+-1--1-0
.. r- -- -1- _LI--.. I -, --1--t' -

i;..,

g~

b.

~
-e---1 - :
:

::

g ~I-'
~

:;c-04 -

I-' 0

I--'
I--'

~+--+--FR--+-
J__
:
I
I
!
1-shape 0-1
__,__ -1---1-+ -+- 1 -.-

1-b

Woier Surface-,

SHAPE D_:I

-__ , I--;---1-+-_j__r_

(/)

Cis a pressure coefficient

a is the horizontal earthquake intensity[0.1,0Z,etc)
w is the unit weight of water (lbs. per cu. fl.)
h is the deptfl of the reservoir {ft)

-~-+-+

;:l ~

al
Ii

,---------- .

NOTES
PeGawh

VERTICAL

----

~i-

ll

Water Surface--''

NOTES

.....
tll

tz;I

-...J
\J1 I
0

"'

-'

[\-

~~

0.1

~g
c+

'&

!,',

"'
11"'
~

~ 'i

\"'~

\' p

.~

v ---

.....

.....
0 ~
N~

c+

.a b::s
~

I-ti

II?

CD

~ r-.....

~"'
\ "-.

Shape E- ./""1.

IJ

.7

I-'

.gCD

o.

::S

'
17

" K.",.~
v.

Water Surface./}

"' "

--~~:~:'f----~----\

,' .P.' ...

OJ

r-7t~~;>---------

,:

'

j'
--

02
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT C

>

Water Surface--?-

- -~

SHAPEE~3~ 1~

/v

SHAPE E-2

1-J-~

,V

tll

.....

Shape E-4 -

I~

'

:<..
~~

tll

~~
.....

-......::1:::,,,_

,.:1'..c

tll

CD

Water Surface./)

pc::::m~~~:<-----------. _ -~

"-.

c+ 0

b~
j:j b'

"' .._ --="'

"-.

"'

\~

;I~
SHAPE E-1

...........

..
...

-=::::::::::~ ....................... _

~I-ti

Id 0

--

--i-

0..3

OQ

'

o.2

.....

,___
I'<

c+
'i

Pe'Cawh
Where, P0 is pressure due to horizontal earthquake
(lbs. persii ft)
Cis a pressure coefficient
a is the horizontal earthquake intensi1y(o.1,o.2,etc.)

--

__, - -

4r
l_

,. . ~ :-si~-:----->-

:...-.

SHAPE E-4

g.

Water Surface-')
:Ill-=--~

..... c+

g. ~

>i:.

I-'

CD I-'-

::s
0

I-'

s::
tll

.....
~

-~

~----

VERTICAL

~~

.11

rn l:i:l

wnere

<..~

NOTES

Pe= Cawh

..j::"" I

Pe is pressure due to horizontal earthquake

\lbs. per sq.1t.)
C is a pressure coefficient
a is the horizontal earthquake intensity (0.1, 0.2, etc.)
w s the unit weight of water (!bs. per cu ft.)
r. is the depth of tr.e reservoir (tt)

&
ti!

. ~HA.PE

A-2

U~HA~E ~2'.\ Woter_~o::.!

~
.....
w

rn

~
CD

rn

~1~

--===----

Ii
ct
I-'
0

'd

f:l
ct
...,.
0

l:l

.-

V,f. ,2' ..:,:""'"--*;~

.../ ~---...

~ --

.L~,1~~~

:l

'

'<cl~

..

I-'

g:

. ..

I-'

g.
to'

Surtoce~~-

Water

r y~~(-=~

i__; . SHA.PE

0-2_

Wotei:_

___

'mn~n/:JE~:: ~----

Surface~

- -

7'--:x~
, "' .Jr~
~IL--. _______ _
:'.
l_; S~APE
'

II

)
(\~
>

E-2

,6

'

~ I!

t!.

Water Surface. . .;.

NOTES

~~
13'

t;'

.........

fU

0
L

...

,.....~~I

-=====-i>;;:::- -

.1L

PeCawh
Where, Pe is pressure due to horizontal earthquake
(Iba persq. ft.)
Gis o pressure coefficient
the horizontal earthquake intensity(o.1,0.2,etc.)
'lbs. per cu. ff.)
ir(ft.)
h~
wis

-~i::::::--

~
,.
"'"'
~~
"'<>o:
~oa.

"'11

Oo:

du..o.

~I-'

mo

"':c

~h:

r!w

g.

15

I-'

~1~

Cf>OQ.

\\~~,

'

'>
=>o:

~
~

~-----

~~.... ~~

....

Water Surface-7

~~

I'll

ShopeE-V'

'[11iii-+7fr+-+--Jr~IJsh~PJo:-3__,,,.....
/
r
,
.,':J'

\ "0\I ' ',0

IY I/
\

:OJ
; /Lt---t----t-A~':J~:1
r7
f>~f--~J~l
[111--t-t-1
I
I
~V-

0.7

0.8

(I)

I'll

0.9

.q

1.0

g;

I
'1

SHAPE B-3

Water Surface-Ji

'

I\

'.'j

//

II

I'll

'd

l/

(I)

SHAPE A-3

,
I/

I/

,.,f~,_f..-1---l

I/

17
0.1

SHAPE C-3

i
0.2

II

0.3
0.4
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT C

..,~.

I/ 7"'
0.5

SHAPE D-3

06

Wafer Surface J__

l

ct-

,---.-----a--
.."---:..,or---c:::.;o:_- - -: Mi

I-'

(')

:\<;

L_ _____

'd

~ct.....
0

i::s

><I

"'D

..."'~

rI

':t-~,

:,..i

' -~

.... ..

SHAPE E-3

~ ----------I

:-------

~l:r;)

~~

~~

'

Where, Pe is pressure due to horizontal earthquake

(lbs. per sq. ft)

Cis o pressure coefficient

......

-~
1...4)

-.....
.J:-"
?~

~~

0.

~~

~~

""'!

H,i

~~
~

0.3

C11

~~

~g0.4

'

wlL0.5

~~

"a.
;"w

0.7

......

O.B

CD

m
,../

:(
I-'

.'

:ii
;;'

!l.

..:s'

tl

/I'
I
1.00

~:,,

E-4/

_,__

,..,...---

D-4-';

,.../

/
0.2

Shope

--i;

Shope

,.../
0.1

0.3

c-4-,

~ope

--- ---

B-4''i

........

__.....

/-

//
0.4

Shope

~...--/

,..,1

--

,.!II

. ,_

'\
J

z_ 7

A-4~ .

--1-'':c-'-".h--E

.1-. ...... __

I
0.5

SHAPE D-4

0.6

Water Surface-/)

1-x------fl~~:-*------~--~

'i:s0""

----~

'd

..,

Water Surface--?

ct

....

SHAPE C-4

......,_

PRESSURE COEFFICIENT C

I-'
0

ct

0.9

ct
P"
<I

<

""

------- --Shope

Surface~~

.., - - - - -

0
Id

"

,..~

.,c;

Water

'\.

"

......

SHAPE B-4

'\. ~

~OQ.6

CD

.,..a

"

"'o

I-'

,.oo~~
\
.. . '
...<'.

'0 .......

=>

"'w
;;:l!l
ga::

..,

"~' \::--.

Water Surface').!
-~-----=-

~\f

"~ ~

.....

...

""-.,._

;' 3:

SHAPE A-4

0.2

H,i

..
'

~ i
' '
' '

""""" ~ ~ r--.._

a is the horizontal ear1hquake intensity(0.1 10.2,etc.)

ft)

----

Waler Surface-;;

1--it-------,.-.

NOTES

P0 ~Gowh

xI
"D
f'l1

r-

...
a;
I

t.1.;-.~-~l<r~.>d~,~--~-.-:-~--~------~
SHAPE E-4