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SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
TOPIC: DIFFERENTIATION
COURSE CODE: AISM-09/M/DIFF
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Contents- DIFFERENTIATION
Introduction to Differentiation ................................................................................................................ 3
Differentiation as a slope of curve ......................................................................................................... 10
Differentiation by abinitio ..................................................................................................................... 12
Important Differential Formulae ........................................................................................................ 14
General Theorems on Differentiation ................................................................................................ 16
Algebraic Operations on Differentiation............................................................................................. 19
Differentiation of composite functions .............................................................................................. 23
Differentiation of a function given in parametric form ....................................................................... 25
Higher Order Derivatives ................................................................................................................... 25
Differentiation of implicit function ..................................................................................................... 31
Limits using Differentiation: LHospitals Rule .................................................................................... 36
Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................... 45
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Introduction to Differentiation
Differential coefficient of a function y= f(x) is written as
or f (x) or f (1) (x) and is defined by
f'(x)=
f(x) represents nothing but ratio by which f(x) changes for small change in x and
can be understood as
f(x) =
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Then f(x) represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x or in other words f (x)
represents slope of the tangent drawn at point x of the curve f(x).
Slope of PQ =
0.
Then, we observe graphically that the slope of chord PQ becomes the slope of the
tangent at the point P. which is written as
or f(x).
Since, point Q is approaching point P from the Right Hand side, we obtain f(x +)
as follows:
f(x+)=
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Similarly,
f' (x) =
i.e.
From the above graphs, one must not infer that a curve is non-differentiable only
at points of discontinuity. Non differentiability conditions also arise when the curve is
continuous and the curve suddenly changes direction. The easiest example of a curve
being continuous and non-differentiable is y=|x| at x=0. However when there is a
smooth change or gradual change in slope or trajectory of curve, the derivative exists.
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In figure (i), f(a) exists and is finite. In figure (ii) both f(a ) and f(a+) exist but
they are not equal. Hence f(a) does not exist. Figure (iii) and (iv) have infinite
derivatives, i.e. f(a) = + and f (a) = respectively. In case of figure (v) we have f(a)
= + and f(a+) = and hence f(a) does not exist.
Note:
Differentiability implies continuity
differentiability
but continuity
Let y = f(x) be continuous in (a, b). Then the derivative or differential coefficient of f(x)
w.r.t. x at x (a, b), denoted by dy/dx or f(x), is
.. (1)
provided the limit exists and is finite and the function is said to be differentiable.
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As a matter of curiosity let us look what is the angle the tangent line to curve at
A makes with aaxis
tan
Page 10
tan =
The value of tan is called slope of the curve at point A. If the slope of curve at
all points is same, the curve is a straight line. The slope at a point on the curve gives
information regarding bending of the curve.
= f
(x)=y2=y1.
Physically
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Differentiation by abinitio
This is also known as Differentiation by definition or Differentiation by Principle.
y + y = f(x+x)
y = (y + y) y
The derivative of function y = f(x) at a point (x, y) is the slope of the tangent of
the function at that point.
Hence the derivative of the function y=f(x) is found by the above method.
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Illustration:
y + y = (x+x)2
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1.
(x2)=nxn1
2.
3.
(loge x)=
x >0
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Chain Rule
Illustration:
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Differentiate
y = sec1 by ab nitio
sec y=x
(i)
(ii)
x = sec (y + y) sec y
Applying limits y 0
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(wrong)
sec y = x
(Given)
1+ tan2 y= sec2 y
tan y =
Sec1 x = y (0, )
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(a)
L.H.S.
= R.H.S.
(b)
g(x)
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f(x)
Note:
= R.H.S.
Illustration:
(x4 + 4x3 + 5x 6)
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= 4x3 + 12x2 + 5
Illustration:
(x log x)
(log x)+log x
(x)1
= log x
Page 21
Illustration:
y=
Page 22
with respect to x.
Applying limits
Page 23
Illustration:
= cos u.(cosec2x)
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But
Page 25
Illustration:
If x=a (0 + sin),
y = a (1cos), find
x = a ( + sin)
. (1)
And y = a (1cos)
. (2)
Now
Illustration:
Solution:
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(1x2) 2
Illustration:
If y =
, find
in terms of x.
Solution:
Here y =
Page 27
Let y = uv
ln y=v ln u
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Illustration:
If xy = yx, find
xy = yx
or
= ax loge a
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Caution:
Illustration:
find
=
=
Page 30
are as follows.
1.
2.
Illustration:
If xy = x3 + y3
(xy)=
y.1=
or (x3y2)
x3 +
y3
2 +3y2
= 3x2y
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Illustration:
y = f(x) = x5
= f (x)=5x4
f(x)=20x3
f(x)=60x2
and so on.
Note:
Illustration:
Evaluate
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= f (a)
Illustration:
Let
y=3 t2 + 2t 1
X = t3 1
Find
and
Caution:
1.
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2.
3.
4.
= 6t+2
=3t2
Page 34
Illustration:
y = (sin1 x)2
= 2 (sin1x)21
( 1<x<1)
(Hence Proved)
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and 1, 0,
o.
All such values defined above are called indeterminate in the language of
mathematics. Such indeterminacy cannot be resolved by the knowledge if limits
only, to overcome such situation one can use LHospital rule
1.
and g(a) =
then
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Note: LHospitals rule is applicable only when the given expression is of the form
Illustration:
Evaluate
=1
Illustration:
Evaluate
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Illustration:
Method 1:
Using LHospital rule we can get the value of limit by differentiating and
numerator separately.
Method 2:
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=1
Enquiry:
Case I.
Let
f(x) g(x) = 0,
(f(a)=0, g(a)= )
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Illustration:
Find
[0.
form]
= 12 = 1
Case II.
Let y=
Page 40
loge y =
(now form)
(say)
their log y =
or y =
Case III.
y=
logy=
Page 41
since loge0 = )
log y=
Illustration:
(sin x)tan x
= A (say)
A = eo = 1
Case IV.
say
is of the form
0.
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log y =
[form 0
since
It can be written as
log y =
form
Case V.
Let
form
Then such indeterminacy can be resolved by putting the expression in the form
Illustration:
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Method 1:
form
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Solved Examples
Example 1:
i.
ii.
iii.
Solution:
Method 1: i.
Page 45
Method 2: Alternatively
Note:
ii.
= loge(a/b)
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iii.
Example 2:
(i)
(i)
(ii)
Solution:
(i)
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(ii)
iii.
Page 48
Example 3:
(i)
If g(x)=
find
(ii)
Solution:
(i)
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But, g (x)=
(ii)
So,
a+ c = b
L=
. (i)
[0/0 form]
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Denominator =
So for finite,
ac=0
a=c
.. (ii)
L=
Hence 2a = 2
a=1
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a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
Example 4:
(i)
y = esin x
(ii)
x tan-1 x
(iii)
cos (log x)
Solution:
(i)
y = esin x;
log y = sin x
loge =1]
(i)
Let
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.. (ii)
log (y+
) log y = sin (x +
) sin x
log
log
We get
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or
hence
(ii)
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(iii)
f(x) =
Page 55
Alternative method:
y = y = cos [x + x
And u = log x
u + u = log [x + x]
By definition
f(x) =
As
Page 56
f(x) =
= sin u
= sin u log
= sin u log
f(x) =
Page 57
Example 5:
(i)
y=
(ii)
(iii)
y = tan
Solution:
(i)
y=
y = (differentiating w.r.t. )
Let cos x = t
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= (sin x)=
= tan x
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(i)
y=
Differentiating w.r.t. x
(iii)
y = tan1
Subtracting x = tan
Page 60
y = tan1 (
= tan1
= tan1
= tan1
y=
Example 6:
Page 61
Solution:
Let y = 1/x
Then
Example 7:
Page 62
Solution:
(i)
y = log7 (log7 x)
log7 x =
log7
(ii)
y=x
log y = y log x
Page 63
(iii)
y = cos1
= cos1
where
= cos1 [
= cos1 [cos (x )]
Page 64
and
Result:
y=x
is a constant w.r.t x
dy/dx = 1 0 =1
Note:
Example 8:
y = x log
Solution:
Method 1:
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.. (i)
(Hence Proved)
Note:
Method 2:
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Differentiating w.r.t. x
xy y =
xy + y y =
xy =
(using (i))
x3y =
Method 3: loge
Page 67
.. (ii)
loge a=
loge (yxy)
(iii)
0=
(Hence Proved)
Example 9:
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y=
+4)
Solution:
= n tan
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dy/dx =
(Hence Proved)
Example 10:
(i)
y=(
(ii)
y = tan
(iii)
at
then find
with respect to tan1
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Solution:
(i)
y=
Now at x =
, we get
=8
(ii)
y=
Page 71
y=
(iii)
y=
Subtracting x = tan
y=
Page 72
Let u = tan1
Subtracting x = sin
u=
u=2
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Example 11:
(i)
(ii)
f(x)
(iii)
if
f(x) at x= 0
in terms of p(x)?
Solution:
(i)
Page 74
or
y=
) = ax + b
Eliminating
Page 75
(i)
(ii)
f(x)
Result:
f(x)
Then
f(x)
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f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(x)
f(0)
(f(x))at x=0 = 0
(iii)
= p(x)
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2yy = p (x)2y =
2y =
Example 12:
then prove
Solution:
Page 78
Example 13:
If y =
Prove that
Page 79
Solution:
Given y=
y=
y=
y=
Differentiating w.r.t. x
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