Heat transfer-Supplementary information

1. Situation:
Flow over a flat plate
Flow type:
laminar, turbulent
Name of the correlation:
Colburn Analogy of Colburn equation
Constant wall temperature/ Heat flux: both with reasonable accuracy
Correlation:
for laminar flow
Nu x 0.332(Re x )1/2 (Pr)1/3

Nu x
is the local Nusselt number

Re x

xhx
k

xv

is the local Reynolds number

is distance from leading edge of the plate

hx
is local heat transfer co-efficient
Nu L 0.664(Re x )1/ 2 (Pr)1/3

for turbulent flow

Nu x 0.0296(Re x ) 4/5 (Pr)1/3

Application notes:

for laminar flow

0.5 Pr 50
5 105 Re x 107

for turbulent flow

Source:
2. Situation:
Flow type:

0.6 Pr 60

Heat transfer principles and applications, B. K. Dutta, p:111-112

Flow past a sphere
Depends on Reynolds number

Name of the correlation:

Krammers, Whitaker equation

Constant wall temperature/ heat flux: both with reasonable accuracy

Krammers:
Nu (Pr) 0.3 0.97 0.68(Re) 0.5

Whitaker:
Nu 2 [0.4(Re)

1/2

0.06(Re) ](Pr)

w
2/3

0.25

0.4

Viscosity of fluid at bulk temperature

w
Viscosity at the wall temperature

1 Re 2000

Application Notes:

Krammers :

Source:

Heat transfer principles and applications, B. K. Dutta, p:116

3. Situation:
Flow type:

Flow across a cylinder

Depends on Reynolds number

Name of the correlation:

Fand, Eckert and Drake, Churchill and Burstein

Correlations:

Fand:
Nu

hD
[0.35 0.56(Re) 0.52 ](Pr) 0.3
k

Eckert and Drake:

Nu [0.43 0.50(Re) ](Pr)
0.5

0.38

Pr

Prw

Pr
Nu 0.25(Re)0.6 (Pr)0.38

Prw

0.25

(I)

0.25

Prw
Prandlt number at wall temperature

(II)

Churchill and Burstein:

Nu 0.3

Nu 0.3

0.62(Re)1/2 (Pr)1/3

0.4
1

Pr

2/3 1/4

5/8
Re
1
5
2.82 10

0.4
1

Pr

(a)

2/3 1/4

1/2
Re
1
5
2.82 10

(b)

Whitaker
Nu 0.40(Re)

1/2

0.06(Re) (Pr)

w
2/3

Application Notes:
Re

dv

Fand:
Eckert and Drake:

0.1 Re 105

(I)

(II)

Churchill and Burstein:

(b)

1 Re 103
103 Re 2 105
102 Re 107

(a)
(Re)(Pr) 0.2

2 104 Re 4 105
(Re)(Pr) 0.2

4/5

0.62(Re)1/2 (Pr)1/3

Whitaker:

0.4

0.25

40 Re 105
0.65 Pr 300

0.25
0.52
w
Extended application option: In case of Churchill and Burstein correlation (b) can be
used instead of (a) for more accuracy
Source:

Heat transfer principles and applications, B. K. Dutta, p:113-114

4. Situation:
Flow across a bank of tubes
Flow type:
Depend on Reynolds Number
Name of the correlation:
Zhukauskas equation
Accuracy:
25% if N=4
Correlation:
Pr
hd
Nu
C (Re d ,max ) m (Pr) 0.36

k
Prw

0.25

= mean heat transfer co-efficient

d vmax
Re d ,max

Pr

Bulk Prandelt number

Prw
Wall Prandelt number
ST
vmax
V
ST d
(Aligned arrangement)

ST
V
2( S D d )

(Staggered arrangement)
Application note:

Configuration of bundle

Constant C and m of correlation

Re d ,max

Aligned

103 2 105

0.27

0.63

Aligned

2 105 2 106

0.021

0.84

Staggered

Staggered

0.60

ST
2

SL

103 2 105

ST
2

SL

103 2 105

0.40

0.60

2 105 2 10 6

0.022

0.84

Staggered

S
0.35 T
S L

0.2

0.7 Pr 500
Source:

Heat Transfer: Principles and Applications, B.K. Dutta, p:119-120

5. Situation:
Forced circulation in a circular tube
Flow type:
Turbulent
Name of the correlation:
Dittus-Boelter equation, Sieder-Tate equation, Whitaker
equation, Seban and Shimazaki equation
Constant wall temperature/ heat flux:
Dittus-Boelter equation: Moderate value of temperature difference between wall
and bulk (Tw-T)
Sieder-Tate equation: Substantial temperature difference between bulk and wall
Whitaker equation: Substantial temperature difference between bulk and wall
Seban and Shimazaki equation: Constant wall temperature
Correlation:

Dittus-Boelter equation
Nu 0.023(Re)0.8 (Pr) n

n 0.4

(Tw T )
for heating

(Tw T )

n 0.3

for cooling

Correlation:

Sieder-Tate equation
Nu 0.027(Re) (Pr)

0.8

0.33

0.83

0.42

0.14

0.14

Viscosity correction factor

w
Viscosity at wall temperature

Viscosity at bulk temperature

Correlation:

Whitaker equation
Nu 0.015(Re)

Correlation:

(Pr)

Seban and Shimazaki equation

Nu 5.0 0.025(Pr)0.8

Application notes:
0.7 Pr 160;

Dittus-Boelter equation:

d
0.1; Re 10 4
L

0.7 Pr 16700; Re 10 4 ;

Seider-Tate equation:
Pr 100;

Seban and Shimazaki equation:

Extended applicability option:

L
60
d

Dittus-Boelter equation

d
0.1
L

Nu 0.023(Re)0.8 (Pr)0.33

w
Viscosity at wall temperature correction for heating and cooling
Source: Source:

Heat Transfer: Principles and Applications, B.K. Dutta, p:109-110

6. Situation:
Circular pipe (smooth)
Flow type:
Turbulent
Name of correlation: Dittus-Boelter equation
Correlation:
Nu 0.023(Pr)1/3 (Re)0.8
Constant wall temperature/ heat flux:
For both
4
5
2 10 Re 3 10
Application note:
Extended applicability option:
0.14
0.8
0.33
Nu 0.023(Re) (Pr)

w
Source: Lienhard
7. Situation:
Flow type:

Circular pipe
Turbulent

Name of correlation: Gnielinski equation

Correlation:

Nu

(f/ 8)(Re D 1000) Pr

1 12.7 f / 8(Pr 2/3 1)

1
(1.82 log10 Re D 1.64) 2

Constant wall temperature/ heat flux: for both

Application note:
2300 Re D 5 106
0.5 Pr 200(6% accuracy)
200 Pr 2000(10% accuracy)

Source: Lienhard